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wooden frame so as to rotate the entire foundation of the mill along with the cap. These towers were often constructed out of wood rather than masonry as well. A movable head which could pivot to react to the changing wind patterns was the most important aspect of the tower mill. This ability gave the advantage of a larger and more stable frame that could deal with harsh weather. Also, only moving a cap was much easier than moving an entire structure.
22:
424:
84:
574:) have a compact, cylindrical or only slightly conical tower. In the southern Netherlands four mills of that type (Dutch definition) survive, the oldest one dating from before 1441. The cap of three of those mills is turned by a luffing gear built in the cap. Older types of tower mill with a fixed cap were found in castles, fortresses or inside city walls from the 14th century, and are still be found around the
68:; the earliest record of its existence is from 1295, from Stephen de Pencastor of Dover, but the earliest illustrations date from 1390. Other early examples come from Yorkshire and Buckinghamshire. Other sources pin its earliest inception back in 1180 in the form of an illustration on a Norman deed, showing this new western-style windmill. The
354: – the turning frame that catches the wind, attached and held by the stock. The traditional style found on most tower mills is a four-sail frame, however in the Mediterranean model there is usually an eight-sail frame. An example of this in St. Mary's Mill on the Isle of Sicilly constructed in 1820.
48:, as they could stand much higher, bear larger sails, and thus afford greater reach into the wind. Windmills in general had been known to civilization for centuries, but the tower mill represented an improvement on traditional western-style windmills. The tower mill was an important source of power for
298:
The advantage of the tower mill over the earlier post mill is that it is not necessary to turn the whole mill ("body", "buck") with all its machinery into the wind; this allows more space for the machinery as well as for storage. However, select tower mills found around
Holland were constructed on a
99:
The tower mill also was seen as a cultural object, being painted and designed with aesthetic appeal in mind. Styles of the mills reflected on local tradition and weather conditions, for example mills built on the western coast of
Britain were mainly built of stone to withstand the stronger winds, and
91:
The origins of the tower mill can be found in a growing economy of Europe, which needed a more reliable and efficient form of power, especially one that could be used away from a river bank. Post mills dominated the scene in Europe until the 19th century when tower mills began to replace them in such
581:
Tower mills were very expensive to build, with cost estimates suggesting almost twice that of post mills; this is in part why they were not very prevalent until centuries after their invention. Sometimes these mills were even built on the sides of castles and towers in fortified towns to make them
557:, with a cap height of 30 metres (98 ft). Since 2005 the mill has a new white rotatable cap with windshaft and fantail in place. The stage was erected during 2008 and new sails were fitted on 21 November 2011 to complete the restoration of the mill. Larger mills have been lost, such as the
55:
It represented a modification or a demonstration of improving and adapting technology that had been known by humans for ages. Although these types of mills were effective, some argue that, owing to their complexity, they would have initially been built mainly by the most wealthy individuals.
390: – Sail design that forms the outline of the sail, usually a meshed wood design that then is covered in cloth. The Mediterranean design is different in that there are several sails on the sail-frame and each supports a draped cloth and there is no wooden frame behind it.
384: – Deck surrounding the floor outside the tower to provide access around the tower mill if it is raised, not present in all tower mills. The gallery allowed access to the sails for making repairs because they could not be easily reached from the ground in larger mills.
458:
kilowatt (20 to 30 horsepower). There were many uses that the tower mill had aside from grinding corn. It is sometimes said that tower mills fuelled a society that was steadily growing in its need for power by providing a service to other industries as well:
182:) slender (mostly tarred) tower mills with their white onion-shaped cap and a huge fantail are still there and working today. Other former five- and six-sailed Lincolnshire and Yorkshire tower mills now without sails and partly without cap are
302:
In the earliest tower mills the cap was turned into the wind with a long tail-pole which stretched down to the ground at the back of the mill. Later an endless chain was used which drove the cap through gearing. In 1745 an
English engineer,
318:
automated patent-sails instead of cloth spread type sails didn't need the sail cross to be stopped to spread or remove the cloth sails because they altered the surface from inside the mill by means of a controlling
118:
In
England around 12 eight-sailers, more than 50 six- and 50 five-sailers were built in the late 18th century and 19th century, half of them in Lincolnshire. Of the eight sailed mills only
360: – A particularly important part of the sail frame, the windshaft is the cylindrical piece that translates the movement of the sail into the machinery within the windmill.
348: – the arm that protrudes from the top of windmill holding the frame of the sail in place, this is the main support of the sail and is usually made of wood.
52:
for nearly 600 years from 1300 to 1900, contributing to 25 percent of the industrial power of all wind machines before the advent of the steam engine and coal power.
311: – a little windmill mounted at right angles to the sails, at the rear of the mill, and which turned the cap automatically to bring it into the wind.
414: – Cloth attached to a sail that collects wind energy; a large sail cloth is used for weak winds and a small sail cloth for strong winds.
776:
446:
is the roundhouse of
Duncton Mill, an older defunct post mill. All three have survived to the present day, and are maintained together as the
314:
Like other windmills tower mills have normally four blades. To increase windmill efficiency millwrights experimented with different methods:
334:
to make sail-crosses with five, six, and even eight blades possible. The cross was named after
Lincolnshire where it was most widely used.
396: – Orientation device that is attached to the cap, allowing it to rotate to keep the sails in the direction of the wind.
582:
resistant to attacks. Some tower mills were still in operation well into the 20th century in southern parts of the United
Kingdom.
530:, meaning 'the North', is a corn mill dating to 1803 that is 33.3 metres (109 ft) to the cap. In 2006 an imitation,
366: – The top of the tower that holds the sail and stock, this piece is able to rotate on top of the tower.
76:, Warwickshire, which has a hollowed conical base with arches. The large part of its development continued through the
481:
Other sources argue against this claiming there is no real evidence, specifically, of tower mills doing these things.
928:
Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia: Volume 11 of
Routledge encyclopedias of the Middle Ages
830:
402: – Thick wooden sailbar on the side of the frame that keeps the narrower sailbars inside the sail.
985:
980:
735:
561:
Southtown mill that was 37 metres (120 ft) to the top of the lantern that functioned as a lighthouse, and
995:
41:
or stone tower, on which sits a wooden 'cap' or roof, which can rotate to bring the sails into the wind.
787:
509:
228:
80:. Towards the end of the 15th century, tower mills began appearing across Europe in greater numbers.
378: – Base level of the tower inside, usually where grain or other products are stored.
341:
in its most developed stage, some elements such as the gallery are not present in all tower mills:
197:
975:
855:
103:
1005:
812:
756:
Cipolla, Before the industrial revolution: European society and economy, 1000–1700 (1994), 144
726:
Cipolla Before the industrial revolution: European society and economy, 1000–1700 (1994), 144
554:
233:
187:
72:
has six mills recorded before the year 1407. One of the earliest tower mills in
Britain was
1029:
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The tower mill was more powerful than the water mill, able to generate roughly 14.7 to 22.1
439:
179:
171:
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8:
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survived in fully functional state. A few of the other ones exist as four-sailed mills (
44:
This rotating cap on a firm masonry base gave tower mills great advantages over earlier
1039:
218:
996:
Dutch website presenting the "Lana
Mariana" windmill at Ede with a built-in restaurant
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447:
990:
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1000:
538:(named after the local Nolet distilling family who owns the mill), was built as a
1034:
64:
The tower mill originated in written history in the late 13th century in western
337:
There are several components to the tower mill as it was in the 19th century in
681:
A short history of technology: from the earliest times to A.D. 1900 (1993), 254
606:
A short history of technology: from the earliest times to A.D. 1900 (1993), 255
558:
521:
284:
161:
1001:
Morgan Lewis Windmill, Barbados. A good example of a tower mill with tail tree
1023:
565:
tower mill that was 42 metres (137 ft) to the cap top, both in Norfolk.
131:
127:
736:
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/energy/wind-energy/windmill/tower-mill.php
1011:
traditional style mill built in 2005 to generate electricicty – Dutch text.
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139:
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279:
963:
Before the industrial revolution: European society and economy, 1000–1700
543:
372: – Supports the cap, the main structure of the tower mill.
69:
618:
Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia (2005), 520
578:. They were built with the sails facing the prevailing wind direction.
304:
264:
258:
123:
879:
Wind, water, work: ancient and medieval milling technology (2006), 122
672:
Langdon, Mills in the medieval economy: England, 1300–1540 (2004), 114
663:
Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996) 51–60
654:
Langdon, Mills in the medieval economy: England, 1300–1540 (2004), 115
138:), or have been dismantled (Holbeach Mill; Skirbeck Mill, Boston). In
435:
93:
45:
699:
Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996), 63
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Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996), 65
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A short history of technology: from the earliest times to A.D. 1900
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292:
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34:
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831:"Norfolk Mills - Gt Yarmouth Southtown High Mill tower windmill"
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Arx - Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
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114:, early 1800s. Burned 1912 and converted to private residence.
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408: – Elongated piece of wood that forms a sail.
893:
Wind, water, work: ancient and medieval milling technology.
201:
926:
Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, and Faith Wallis.
708:
Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 187 (1919), 177
1014:
96:
Mill in Norwich, and Stretham Mill in Cambridgeshire.
777:"Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798-1800"
645:
Righter, Wind energy in America: A History, (1996) 15
597:
Righter, Wind energy in America: A History, (1996) 14
322:
more than four blades to increase the sail surface.
919:Thomas Kingston Derry and Trevor Illtyd William.
549:England's tallest tower mill is the nine-storeyed
914:Mills in the medieval economy: England, 1300–1540
907:Power from wind: a history of windmill technology
1021:
568:In the Netherlands windmills named tower mills (
516:The world's tallest tower mills can be found in
470:Lumber companies used them for powering sawmills
717:Miller in Eighteenth Century Virginia (1958), 7
267:– England's only sandstone towered windmill at
546:that is 42.5 metres (139 ft) to the cap.
100:those built in the east were mainly of brick.
935:Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 187
252:(built by E. Ingledew in 1831, millwright of
765:Wind energy in America: A History (1996), 15
614:
612:
134:Button's Mill), as ruins (Leach's Windmill,
569:
531:
981:Interesting smaller site about Tower Mills
747:Ball, Natural sources of power (1908), 248
636:Ball, Natural sources of power (1908), 243
263:. Another fine six-sailer can be found in
991:Several interesting images of Tower Mills
609:
488:
422:
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82:
20:
902:. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996)
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627:Watts, Water and wind power (2000), 125
92:places as Billingford Mill in Norfolk,
1022:
965:. (W. W. Norton & Company, 1994)
956:Miller in Eighteenth Century Virginia
923:. (Courier Dover Publications, 1993)
909:. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
484:
954:Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
819:. 22 November 2011 – via BBC.
13:
986:Shows components of the Tower Mill
951:. (D. Van Nostrand company, 1908)
916:. (Oxford University Press, 2004)
856:"Norfolk Mills - Bixley towermill"
813:"Lincolnshire mill gets new sails"
14:
1051:
969:
900:Wind energy in America: A History
1015:Fédération Des Moulins de France
958:. (Colonial Williamsburg, 1958)
775:Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008).
430:(foreground), a tower mill, and
216:and (with originally six sails)
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204:(currently being restored),
110:tower mill, five stories of
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944:. (Osprey Publishing, 2000)
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786:(6): 30–31. Archived from
510:French occupation of Malta
442:. Immediately in front of
438:, photographed in 1908 in
59:
937:. (Pergamon Press, 1919)
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229:Long Sutton, Lincolnshire
16:Type of vertical windmill
949:Natural sources of power
905:Hills, Richard Leslie.
738:visited 23 November 2009
142:some of the six-sailed (
330:invented the cast-iron
254:Heckington Mill in 1830
947:Ball, Robert Steele.
860:www.norfolkmills.co.uk
835:www.norfolkmills.co.uk
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933:Harvard University.
555:Moulton, Lincolnshire
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234:Metheringham Windmill
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942:Water and wind power
930:. (Routledge, 2005)
898:Righter, Robert W.
440:Clayton, West Sussex
326:Therefore, engineer
167:Maud Foster Windmill
976:Chesterton Windmill
793:on 26 November 2016
239:Penny Hill Windmill
74:Chesterton Windmill
961:Cipolla, Carlo M.
514:
463:The production of
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332:Lincolnshire cross
296:
219:Barton-upon-Humber
208:(a seven-storeyed
130:), as residences (
120:Pocklington's Mill
116:
89:
27:
1006:Dutch tower mill
576:Mediterranean Sea
485:Interesting facts
448:Clayton Windmills
156:and five-sailed (
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940:Watts, Martin.
912:Langdon, John.
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434:(background), a
309:windmill fantail
193:Holgate Windmill
152:Waltham Windmill
78:Late Middle Ages
37:consisting of a
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87:Alford Windmill
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788:the original
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140:Lincolnshire
117:
98:
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1030:Tower mills
571:torenmolens
544:electricity
508:during the
498:Ta' Buleben
419:Application
147:Trader Mill
70:Netherlands
1024:Categories
1008:Noletmolen
886:References
477:into paper
412:Sail cloth
305:Edmund Lee
265:Derbyshire
261:Tower Mill
259:Wellingore
221:Tower mill
124:Heckington
46:post mills
31:tower mill
1040:Windmills
586:Citations
540:generator
475:wood pulp
436:post mill
358:Windshaft
271:of 1791.
212:mill) in
817:BBC News
797:30 March
534:De Nolet
527:De Noord
518:Schiedam
293:Schiedam
289:De Noord
243:Holbeach
108:Foulsham
35:windmill
865:26 July
840:26 July
494:Maltese
406:Sailbar
400:Hemlath
394:Fantail
382:Gallery
256:), and
198:Holgate
188:Lincoln
136:Wisbech
60:History
1035:Towers
563:Bixley
502:Zabbar
465:pepper
456:
339:Europe
275:Design
248:Wragby
214:Hessle
180:Alford
172:Boston
145:Sibsey
66:Europe
50:Europe
791:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
522:Dutch
388:Frame
376:Floor
370:Tower
346:Stock
319:gear.
285:Dutch
269:Heage
210:chalk
112:brick
39:brick
867:2022
842:2022
799:2015
444:Jack
432:Jill
428:Jack
352:Sail
250:Mill
202:York
132:Diss
553:in
364:Cap
241:in
227:in
196:in
186:in
178:in
170:in
160:in
122:in
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858:.
833:.
815:.
782:.
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869:.
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801:.
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450:.
154:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
