96:, the idea that there are only one or two great imitators was more melodrama than objective description. In recent decades, more than a dozen diseases have been recognized in the medical literature as worthy of being considered great imitators, on the common theme of recurring misdiagnoses/missed diagnoses and protean manifestations. Nonetheless, not every DDx caveat (not every mimic) meets the threshold, because it is inherent to DDx generally that there are thousands of caveats (thousands of instances of the theme, "be careful to rule out X before diagnosing Y"); for example, ectopic pregnancy and ovarian neoplasia can mimic each other, as can myocardial infarction and panic attack, but they are not established as great imitators per se (rather, merely DDx considerations). The list of great imitators here relies on references in the medical literature applying that label, or on other references documenting a condition's especially
524:, whose potential as a new great imitator provoked fear in the 1980s and 1990s because of reported cases of misdiagnosis with debilitating consequences; today it is generally considered better understood and is treatable, making it no longer quite so fearfully mysterious, but it remains worthy of consideration with compatible exam findings and when exposure to Lyme-carrying ticks is probable.
643:, causing gait disturbances, poor memory, strange behavior, mental impairment, and urinary incontinence, sometimes leading to psychiatric misdiagnoses, especially in cases where the focal neurologic signs are absent; a warning to obtain CT or MRI of the brain to rule out other causes of apparently psychiatric symptoms
1146:
469:
difficult) "whenever any endocrine gland or endocrine tumor is secreting hormones in unusual ways (either too much or too little)," because of the very nature of hormones as chemical messengers (thus deranged hormones cause deranged
1139:
258:
has been implicated as a great imitator at least once in the medical literature. But the topic of thiamine deficiency also has been identified as an important component not only of
1942:
Keuning, MW; Kamp, GA; Schonenberg-Meinema, D; Dorigo-Zetsma, JW; van Zuiden, JM; Pajkrt, D (July 2020). "Congenital syphilis, the great imitatorâcase report and review".
1052:
994:
1218:
1535:
1555:
Discusses endometriosis, including the themes of misdiagnosis and poor medical understanding as traditionally long-standing problems in this disease.
73:
is logically almost always involved. In some cases, an assumption that a particular sign or symptom, or a particular pattern of several thereof, is
1385:
Often called "the great imitator," gout may masquerade as septic arthritis, RA, or neoplasm, and the diagnosis is often delayed by weeks or months.
274:
is a wide-ranging topic that includes covert, subclinical, minimal, mild, nonalcoholic, alcoholic, moderate, and severe forms, just as (relatedly)
1440:
Tchernev, G (2006). "Cutaneous sarcoidosis: The 'great imitator': Etiopathogenesis, morphology, differential diagnosis, and clinical management".
84:
was widely considered by physicians to be "the great imitator", and in the next few decades after that, several other candidates, mainly
1069:
Because of its protean and often nonspecific clinical manifestation, RCC is sometimes referred to as the 'great imitator' by clinicians.
278:
also has covert, subclinical, minimal, mild, nonalcoholic, alcoholic, moderate, and severe forms. At bottom, it is established that the
2358:
243:(vitamin Bâ deficiency), with focus on subclinical forms and nonsevere clinical forms as well as the severe form called beriberi
1368:
750:
Froede, RC; Gordon, JD (November 1980). "Alcoholism--the second great imitator. An introduction to the problem of alcoholism".
2368:
1378:
1228:
1062:
1004:
848:
702:
179:-producing) endocrine tumor; such tumors secrete excess hormones in a way that is homeostatically senseless, thus disrupting
136:
93:
637:
General theme: "anything inside the head that presses on the brain in unusual ways can cause strange signs or symptoms"
17:
1770:
1093:
1027:
2314:
Knöpfel, N; Noguera-Morel, L; Latour, I; Torrelo, A (2019-05-01). "Viral exanthems in children: a great imitator".
606:
205:
1583:
1567:
1543:
343:
1761:
Kopp, SA; et al. (2010). "Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism". In
Heymann, Warren R. (ed.).
864:
Del Paggio, Joseph; et al. (2017). "Disturbances in blood flow and 'medicine's greatest imitator'".
1246:
950:
Jaros, J; Hunt, S; Mose, E; Lai, O; Tsoukas, M (2020-03-01). "Cutaneous metastases: a great imitator".
1483:
Culley, L; Law, C; Hudson, N; Denny, E; Mitchell, H; Baumgarten, M; Raine-Fenning, N (November 2013).
1259:
298:, due to its wide presentation with neurologic, haematologic, psychiatric, and physiological symptoms.
1999:
Pachner, AR (September 1989). "Neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease, the new "great imitator"".
1336:
1485:"The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a critical narrative review"
1011:
Oral cancer has been called the great imitator, for it can appear as many different oral conditions.
1697:
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168:
1601:
1331:
631:
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542:
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362:
295:
271:
251:
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89:
50:
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1113:
287:
247:
2375:
Scabies is called the great imitator because patients can present with a variety of lesions.
2008:
838:
659:
103:
Conditions or diseases sometimes referred to with this nickname thus include the following:
442:
270:
but also in the sense of high-calorie malnutrition, even in people who do not use alcohol.
255:
221:
187:
183:(in any of many diverse ways, depending on which hormone, what dosage, and which location)
42:
2357:
Bieber, Eric J.; Sanfilippo, Joseph S.; Horowitz, Ira R.; Shafi, Mahmood I. (2015-04-23).
122:
8:
1786:
Sharma, GV; Sasahara, AA; McIntyre, KM (1976). "Pulmonary embolism: The great imitator".
1536:"They Call It a 'Women's Disease.' She Wants to Redefine It. Profiles in Science feature"
1287:
Bell, JM; Nair, R; Solon, A; Walker, PD (2005). "SLE: The great imitator strikes again".
338:
333:
275:
240:
88:
but occasionally others, were asserted as being "the second great imitator". But because
70:
2271:
Gurel, MS; Tekin, B; Uzun, S (2020-03-01). "Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a great imitator".
1985:
1899:Ăakmak, SK; Tamer, E; KaradaÄ, AS; Waugh, M (2019-05-01). "Syphilis: a great imitator".
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2012:
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Wolfe, Scott W.; Pederson, William C.; Kozin, Scott H.; Cohen, Mark S. (2016-02-24).
1349:
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141:
38:
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58:
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Chen, Q; Chen, W; Hao, F (2019-05-01). "Cutaneous tuberculosis: a great imitator".
2138:
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2089:
2039:
2004:
1951:
1908:
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1830:
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201:
seems to be repeatedly failing, as PET can "see" NETs better than other imaging can
163:
62:
1273:
1171:
1028:"Her crippling digestive problems were caused by a 'zebra' malady [pNETs]"
2093:
1864:
Vilela, P (November 2017). "Acute stroke differential diagnosis: Stroke mimics".
1834:
1739:
1587:
1235:
Substance abuse has been called the "great imitator" of our time for good reason.
1170:
Wolffenbuttel, Bruce HR; Owen, P. Julian; Ward, Mary; Green, Ralph (2023-11-20).
591:
308:
1877:
1300:
907:
Hodak, E; Amitay-Laish, I (2019-05-01). "Mycosis fungoides: a great imitator".
720:
Sievers, Maurice L. (3 June 1961). "The Second "Great
Imitator"âTuberculosis".
447:
405:
1322:
Rooney, J (2005). "Systemic lupus erythematosus: Unmasking a great imitator".
2386:
1726:
Williams, Penny; Evans, Sorcha; Thachil, Jecko (2010). "The Great
Imitator".
1195:
640:
569:
380:
267:
74:
1664:
1501:
1484:
1187:
763:
2335:
2292:
2249:
2195:
2152:
2111:
1963:
1941:
1920:
1885:
1842:
1747:
1682:
1625:
1520:
1461:
1418:
1353:
1308:
1203:
971:
928:
885:
823:
532:
521:
491:
429:
423:
328:
259:
112:
85:
54:
2051:
2016:
805:
771:
1807:
655:
618:
597:
549:
527:
375:
365:
difficult) "whenever the body is attacking its own cells in unusual ways"
180:
158:
46:
2030:
Stechenberg, BW (June 1988). "Lyme disease: the latest great imitator".
1086:
Thiamine deficiency disease, dysautonomia, and high calorie malnutrition
1397:
KaradaÄ, AS; Parish, LC (2019-05-01). "Sarcoidosis: a great imitator".
322:
315:
263:
146:
123:
Tumors (neoplasms), especially cancerous tumors or any endocrine tumors
877:
1580:
1511:
510:
77:
turns out to be false, as the reality is that it is only nearly so.
1821:
Moulin, S; Leys, D (February 2019). "Stroke mimics and chameleons".
370:
Dysplastic diseases, some with precancerous or rheumatologic aspects
601:
575:
516:
311:
can be confused with medical, psychiatric, and surgical conditions.
209:
81:
2313:
2228:
Kundakci, N; Erdem, C (2019-05-01). "Leprosy: a great imitator".
673:
564:
559:
176:
66:
495:
485:
194:
130:
592:
Breathing-related sleep disorders (sleep-disordered breathing)
45:
and may be confused with a number of other diseases. The term
2356:
843:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 1â3.
279:
582:
465:
is that strange signs and symptoms can result (and can make
361:
is that strange signs and symptoms can result (and can make
634:
inside the cranium (including from non-neoplastic causes):
350:
1169:
650:
417:
116:
790:"Stroke mimics in patients with clinical signs of stroke"
787:
2078:"Lyme disease: authentic imitator or wishful imitation?"
474:
1898:
1366:
410:
Closely related to gut function is liver function; see
286:
affect the brain and thus the mind, although not every
1785:
1695:
1107:
1105:
1057:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 104.
92:
is inherently subject to occasional difficulty and to
2076:
Melia, MT; Lantos, PM; Auwaerter, PG (October 2014).
1021:
1019:
2075:
1725:
1527:
1482:
1217:
Fatemi, S. Hossein; Clayton, Paula J. (2016-03-17).
316:
Rheumatic diseases (most with autoimmune components)
246:
This topic overlaps substantially with the topic of
1286:
1102:
227:
1754:
1646:
1016:
175:: symptoms from any type of functioning (that is,
61:nature of some diseases. Most great imitators are
2127:"A Case Series and Focused Review of Nocardiosis"
906:
624:
2384:
2217:http://www.malariasite.com/clinical-features.htm
2071:
2069:
1079:
1077:
949:
1978:
1765:. London: Springer Science and Business Media.
1763:Thyroid disorders with cutaneous manifestations
1647:Modgil, G; Cooke, DI; Newbury, L (April 2006).
993:Kellerman, Rick D.; Rakel, David (2018-12-06).
783:
781:
2270:
992:
745:
743:
715:
713:
711:
2307:
2264:
2227:
2221:
2167:
2066:
1935:
1892:
1857:
1814:
1696:Thompson, JP; Selvaraj, D; Nicola, R (2014).
1649:"Appendiceal appearances: the great imitator"
1640:
1476:
1433:
1396:
1390:
1216:
1074:
2124:
2118:
2023:
1992:
1719:
1315:
1280:
943:
900:
778:
749:
2363:. Cambridge University Press. p. 341.
2173:
2125:Lederman, Edith R.; Crum, Nancy F. (2004).
2029:
740:
708:
250:, which impairs Bâ metabolism and leads to
100:and poignant reputation for misdiagnoses.
1820:
1779:
1373:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1905.
1140:"VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY: A GREAT MIMICKER"
1088:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press.
863:
788:Hosseininezhad, M; Sohrabnejad, R (2017).
2142:
2101:
1672:
1510:
1500:
1335:
999:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 971.
813:
208:(panNETs or pNETs) (example: intractable
2032:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1581:Multiple Sclerosis as the great imitator
1442:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1439:
1111:
1083:
1050:
685:
1998:
1026:Boodman, Sandra G. (17 December 2022).
1025:
719:
488:, stroke mimics, and stroke chameleons
418:Abdominal inflammations or their mimics
411:
387:
14:
2385:
1863:
1321:
1137:
752:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
503:
435:
230:(including from non-neoplastic causes)
27:Disease that shows symptoms of another
2009:10.1093/clinids/11.Supplement_6.S1482
1602:"Coeliac disease: the great imitator"
1599:
1533:
830:
651:thromboembolic events or their mimics
475:Thromboembolic events or their mimics
234:
1760:
836:
794:Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine
212:resistant to differential diagnosis)
1289:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
193:Most generally, a caveat to obtain
137:Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
94:false positives and false negatives
24:
2328:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.009
2285:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.008
2242:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.002
2188:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.008
1913:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.007
1689:
1618:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06331.x
1411:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.005
1247:Fibromyalgia as the great imitator
964:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.004
921:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.01.004
667:
612:
581:Gastrointestinal infections: when
441:Adrenal insufficiency, especially
412:information on vitamin bioactivity
302:
228:any mass effect inside the cranium
106:
25:
2404:
2144:10.1097/01.md.0000141100.30871.39
1698:"Mimickers of acute appendicitis"
1600:Woods, William (1 January 2004).
734:10.1001/JAMA.1961.63040220009017A
694:The Dictionary of Modern Medicine
2044:10.1097/00006454-198806000-00007
1728:The American Journal of Medicine
1653:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1534:Gross, Rachel E. (2021-04-28) .
1454:10.2165/00128071-200607060-00006
1346:10.1097/00152193-200511000-00049
1112:Lonsdale, Derrick (2015-11-04).
607:Upper airway resistance syndrome
206:pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
2350:
2210:
1944:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1593:
1590:, retrieved December 16th, 2006
1574:
1360:
1266:
1252:
1249:, retrieved December 16th, 2006
1240:
1220:The Medical Basis of Psychiatry
1210:
1163:
1152:from the original on 2024-01-26
1131:
1044:
399:
53:(DDx), increased potential for
2001:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1370:Green's Operative Hand Surgery
1114:"Beriberi, the Great Imitator"
986:
857:
625:Mass effect inside the cranium
13:
1:
1956:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30268-1
1866:European Journal of Radiology
1800:10.1016/s0011-5029(76)80005-3
679:
262:in the classic senses of semi
2094:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1193
1835:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000620
1823:Current Opinion in Neurology
1740:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.12.027
1051:Guermazi, Ali (2005-10-05).
840:Holland-Frei cancer medicine
583:appendicitis or pancreatitis
344:Systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
1878:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.05.008
996:Conn's Current Therapy 2019
456:
65:in nature or have systemic
10:
2409:
1702:J Am Osteopath Coll Radiol
1566:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1301:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.05.049
1084:Lonsdale, Derrick (2017).
80:As recently as the 1950s,
1489:Human Reproduction Update
1330:(11): 54â60, quiz 60â61.
1223:. Springer. p. 281.
866:Internal Medicine Journal
1120:. CRM Health and Fitness
1054:Imaging of Kidney Cancer
837:Kufe, Donald W. (2009).
169:Paraneoplastic syndromes
2003:. 11 Suppl 6: S1482-6.
1665:10.1136/adc.2005.086348
1188:10.1136/bmj-2022-071725
647:Intracranial hemorrhage
117:an imitator of a stroke
37:) is a phrase used for
2316:Clinics in Dermatology
2273:Clinics in Dermatology
2230:Clinics in Dermatology
2176:Clinics in Dermatology
1986:"STD Facts - Syphilis"
1901:Clinics in Dermatology
1399:Clinics in Dermatology
952:Clinics in Dermatology
909:Clinics in Dermatology
585:have infectious causes
555:Infective endocarditis
543:Cutaneous tuberculosis
538:Pulmonary tuberculosis
467:differential diagnosis
363:differential diagnosis
296:Vitamin B12 deficiency
272:Hepatic encephalopathy
252:hepatic encephalopathy
199:differential diagnosis
90:differential diagnosis
51:differential diagnosis
1502:10.1093/humupd/dmt027
1260:"Psoriatic arthritis"
806:10.22088/cjim.8.3.213
764:10.1093/ajcp/74.5.719
461:A general theme with
357:A general theme with
248:excessive alcohol use
188:neuroendocrine tumors
49:especially difficult
35:the Great Masquerader
1138:Qazimllari, Blerta.
494:as an imitator of a
388:Neurologic disorders
383:, often misdiagnosed
282:'s function and the
256:alcohol use disorder
222:Renal cell carcinoma
151:Cutaneous metastases
147:Malignant metastases
71:nonspecific symptoms
43:nonspecific symptoms
2360:Clinical Gynecology
697:. CRC Press; 1992.
511:infectious diseases
504:Infectious diseases
436:Endocrine disorders
359:autoimmune diseases
339:Lupus erythematosus
334:Psoriatic arthritis
276:fatty liver disease
241:Thiamine deficiency
69:, and an aspect of
1586:2009-01-04 at the
1540:The New York Times
481:Pulmonary embolism
463:endocrine diseases
394:Multiple sclerosis
323:rheumatic diseases
235:Vitamin deficiency
173:endocrine oncology
39:medical conditions
31:The Great Imitator
18:The great imitator
2370:978-1-107-04039-7
1636:– via eMJA.
1380:978-0-323-29534-5
1230:978-1-4939-2528-5
1064:978-3-540-21129-7
1006:978-0-323-59650-3
878:10.1111/imj.13414
850:978-1-60795-014-1
703:978-1-85070-321-1
457:tumor information
443:Addison's disease
142:Mycosis fungoides
16:(Redirected from
2400:
2378:
2377:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1950:(7): e173âe179.
1939:
1933:
1932:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1783:
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1723:
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1714:
1713:
1693:
1687:
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1644:
1638:
1637:
1597:
1591:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1542:. Archived from
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1337:10.1.1.1008.5428
1319:
1313:
1312:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1014:
1013:
990:
984:
983:
947:
941:
940:
904:
898:
897:
861:
855:
854:
834:
828:
827:
817:
785:
776:
775:
747:
738:
737:
717:
706:
689:
453:Endocrine tumors
164:Pheochromocytoma
21:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2312:
2308:
2269:
2265:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2172:
2168:
2123:
2119:
2088:(10): 1209â10.
2074:
2067:
2028:
2024:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1940:
1936:
1897:
1893:
1862:
1858:
1819:
1815:
1788:Disease-a-Month
1784:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1645:
1641:
1598:
1594:
1588:Wayback Machine
1579:
1575:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1528:
1481:
1477:
1438:
1434:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1320:
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1281:
1276:. 12 June 2014.
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1262:. 29 Jan 2017.
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1172:"Vitamin B12"
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426:or its mimics
425:
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381:Endometriosis
379:
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2000:
1994:
1980:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1904:
1900:
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1865:
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1829:(1): 54â59.
1826:
1822:
1816:
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1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1705:
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1605:
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1544:the original
1539:
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1274:"Right Care"
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1154:. Retrieved
1133:
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1031:
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533:Tuberculosis
522:Lyme disease
492:Hypoglycemia
430:Pancreatitis
424:Appendicitis
400:Gut diseases
329:Fibromyalgia
260:malnutrition
204:Functioning
186:Functioning
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113:Hypoglycemia
102:
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86:tuberculosis
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55:misdiagnosis
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30:
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1872:: 133â144.
1794:(7): 4â38.
1182:: e071725.
656:Brain tumor
632:mass effect
619:Amyloidosis
598:Sleep apnea
578:in children
550:Brucellosis
528:Nocardiosis
376:Sarcoidosis
288:correlation
181:homeostasis
159:Oral cancer
1712:2022-02-11
1708:(4): 10â21
1659:(4): 333.
1612:(7): 371.
1550:2022-02-14
1156:2024-01-25
1124:2022-02-14
1037:2022-12-18
680:References
264:starvation
226:See also:
133:generally
57:, and the
2301:201965975
1972:219398876
1734:(7): e5.
1512:2086/8845
1332:CiteSeerX
1196:1756-1833
980:208446382
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576:exanthems
470:function)
98:recurrent
2393:Symptoms
2387:Category
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2336:31178104
2293:32513395
2258:80817680
2250:31178103
2204:80862366
2196:31178102
2161:23940448
2153:15342974
2131:Medicine
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2060:45395427
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1921:31178101
1886:28551302
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1634:31629803
1626:15462655
1584:Archived
1562:cite web
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1470:12854713
1462:17173472
1427:81361928
1419:31178106
1354:16280927
1309:15696465
1204:37984968
1147:Archived
972:32513401
937:81927761
929:31178107
886:28503874
824:28932374
602:hypopnea
517:Syphilis
509:Various
321:Various
210:diarrhea
82:syphilis
67:sequelae
63:systemic
47:connotes
2103:4331047
2052:3292999
2017:2682960
1674:2065994
1324:Nursing
894:3799976
815:5596193
772:7004168
674:Scabies
565:Leprosy
560:Malaria
190:(NETs)
177:hormone
131:Cancers
59:protean
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486:Stroke
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195:PET-CT
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2297:S2CID
2254:S2CID
2200:S2CID
2157:S2CID
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1968:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1847:S2CID
1630:S2CID
1466:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1150:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
976:S2CID
933:S2CID
890:S2CID
280:liver
171:, in
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2332:PMID
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2246:PMID
2192:PMID
2149:PMID
2108:PMID
2048:PMID
2013:PMID
1960:PMID
1917:PMID
1882:PMID
1839:PMID
1804:PMID
1767:ISBN
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1622:PMID
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1375:ISBN
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768:PMID
722:JAMA
699:ISBN
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2005:doi
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