832:
749:
892:
556:
53:
995:
266:
22:
724:
917:
867:
421:
456:
807:
782:
699:
481:
506:
614:
531:
639:
942:
674:
589:
1623:
An analysis of EPA power plant data from 2016 showed improvement in mpg-equivalent ratings of electric cars for nearly all regions, with a national weighted average of 80 mpg for electric vehicles. The regions with the highest ratings include upstate New York, New
England, and California at over 100
1045:
emissions per year in order to make the results more friendly for consumers. The study found that in areas where electricity is generated from natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources, the potential of plug-in electric cars to reduce greenhouse emissions is significant. On the other
1058:
produces slightly less emissions than a PEV. In the worst-case scenario, the study estimated that for a region where all energy is generated from coal, a plug-in electric car would emit greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a gasoline car rated at a combined city/highway driving fuel economy of
301:/km. The study found that in countries with coal-intensive generation, PEVs are no different from conventional petrol-powered vehicles. Among these countries are China, Indonesia, Australia, South Africa and India. A pure electric car in India generates emissions comparable to a 20 mpg
355:
Note that changes since 2013 will make significant changes to the figures, for example the UK emission factor for electricity in 2013 was 0.44546 kg/kWh, by 2023 this had dropped to 0.207074 kg/kWh, about 46% of the 2013 figure, which would move the UK into the "Low carbon" section.
1078:
The following table shows a representative sample of cities within each of the three categories of emissions intensity used in the UCS study, showing the corresponding miles per gallon equivalent for each city as compared to the greenhouse gas emissions of a gasoline-powered car:
341:) petrol car, and correspond to manufacturing emissions. Next in the ranking are other countries with similar low carbon electricity generation, including Sweden (mostly hydro and nuclear power ), Brazil (mainly hydropower) and France (predominantly
1632:
The long tailpipe has been the target of criticism, ranging from claims that many estimates are methodologically flawed to estimates that state that electricity generation in the United States will become less carbon-intensive over time.
1645:
emissions. In 2007 U.S. refineries consumed 39353 million kWh, 70769 million lbs of steam and 697593 million cubic feet of
Natural Gas. And the refining energy efficiency for gasoline is estimated to be, at best, 87.7%.
296:
A study published in the UK in April 2013 assessed the carbon footprint of plug-in electric vehicles in 20 countries. As a baseline the analysis established that manufacturing emissions account for 70 g
248:
A recent study by the German IfW shows that the increased electricity demand, and the resulting delay in the shutdown of coal-fired power plants in
Germany, causes electric vehicles to have 73% higher CO
245:
published a concise description of the problem: "Electric vehicles (EVs) themselves emit no greenhouse gases (GHGs), but substantial emissions can be produced 'upstream' at the electric power plant."
1614:
The ratings are based on a region's mix of electricity sources and its average emissions intensity over the course of a year. In practice the electricity grid is very dynamic, with the mix of
1879:
1641:
published his own criticism of the long tailpipe. The extraction and refining of carbon based fuels and its distribution is in itself an energy intensive industry contributing to CO
2061:
1875:
1037:
all-electric car to establish the analysis baseline, and electric-utility emissions are based on EPA's 2007 estimates. The UCS study expressed the results in terms of
1029:(UCS) conducted a study in 2012 to assess average greenhouse gas emissions resulting from charging plug-in car batteries from the perspective of the full life-cycle (
2144:
1067:). In contrast, in a region that is completely reliant on natural gas, the PEV would be equivalent to a gasoline-powered car rated at 50 mpg
352:
estimated in the study for each of the 20 countries, and the corresponding emissions equivalent in miles per US gallon of a petrol-powered car.
1817:
130:
2165:
Energy and
Environment tab: cars selected Toyota Prius, Prius c, Honda Civic Hybrid, and Chevrolet Cruze automatical, all model year 2012.
2297:
2029:
1616:
power plants constantly changing in response to hourly, daily and seasonal electricity demand, and availability of electricity resources.
1624:
mpg, while only Oahu, Wisconsin, and part of
Illinois and Missouri are below 40 mpg, though still higher than nearly all gasoline cars.
2088:
2118:
1791:
2176:
154:
from the onboard source of power but emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants. From the point of view of a
1764:
105:
have no greenhouse gas emissions from the onboard source of power, it claims that these emissions are shifted from the vehicle
2009:
1995:
1903:
1721:
1687:
2291:
2285:
2152:
1609:
2225:
2317:
2322:
1849:
201:
Because plug-in electric vehicles do not produce emissions at the point of operation are often perceived as being
1354:
1740:
213:
generated by the power plants that provide the electricity to charge the vehicles' batteries. For example, the
186:
for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions. On the other hand, when PEVs are recharged from
134:
2301:
2036:
2030:"State of Charge: Electric Vehicles' Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States"
1033:
analysis) and according to fuel and technology used to generate electric power by region. The study used the
1026:
2298:
State of Charge: Electric
Vehicles' Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States
1974:
170:, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as
845:
1707:
977:
Shades of Green: Electric Cars’ Carbon
Emissions Around the Globe, Shrink That Footprint, February 2013.
138:
2327:
202:
191:
121:, as well as the impact of additional electricity demand on the phase-out of fossil fuel power plants.
1950:/km by country] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)
2281:
2148:
1854:
1713:
1495:
1111:
1042:
380:
242:
143:
98:
94:
75:
1675:
664:
195:
2202:
1679:
1668:
163:
118:
79:
1054:
equivalent emissions than plug-in electric cars, and the best fuel efficient gasoline-powered
1086:
363:
1092:
expressed in terms of miles per gallon of a gasoline-powered car with equivalent emissions
8:
1526:
1191:
1047:
345:). Countries ranking in the middle include Japan, Germany, the UK and the United States.
206:
167:
29:
Parts of this article (those related to emissions data from 2013 and earlier) need to be
1008:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
279:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
35:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2123:
2093:
2066:
349:
1604:
is the baseline car for the assessment, with an energy consumption rated by EPA at 34
1717:
1703:
1683:
147:
102:
97:) compared to those from non-electric vehicles. While the argument acknowledges that
2277:
1508:
1337:
1289:
1242:
1122:
1038:
404:
326:
233:) compared to the same trip in Denver would only have the equivalent of 33 mpg
225:
would have the same environmental impact as a gasoline-powered car with 79 mpg
159:
151:
114:
90:
71:
63:
1547:
322:
109:
to the location of the electrical generation plants. From the point of view of a
190:-fired plants, they usually produce slightly more greenhouse gas emissions than
52:
1822:
1404:
1174:
1055:
729:
329:. Resulting carbon emissions from an electric car in both countries are 70 g CO
214:
210:
56:
2311:
1844:
1225:
1208:
1090:
of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from charging plug-in electric vehicles
1030:
754:
369:
emissions equivalent in terms of miles per US gallon of a petrol-powered car
367:
of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from charging plug-in electric cars and
342:
183:
179:
155:
110:
1908:
1634:
922:
175:
2278:
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions for Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
2252:
1046:
hand, in regions where a high proportion of power is generated from coal,
1601:
1034:
222:
218:
60:
1876:"Electric Mobility and Climate Protection: A Substantial Miscalculation"
434:
314:
171:
2119:"When it Comes to Carbon Dioxide, Lower is Better and Zero is Perfect"
1638:
897:
872:
209:. Assessing the validity of that perception is difficult due to the
1975:"Shades of Green: Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe"
1665:
426:
310:
106:
2292:
Shades of Green - Electric Car's Carbon
Emissions Around the Globe
1931:
1765:"Analyzing effects from well to wheel to air (the long tailpipe)"
1479:
1431:
1384:
1195:
1041:
instead of the conventional unit of grams of greenhouse gases or
704:
461:
318:
67:
2253:"Estimation of Energy Efficiencies of U.S. Petroleum Refineries"
2226:"The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me)"
1574:
1263:
812:
787:
619:
561:
536:
511:
486:
2027:
1367:
947:
837:
679:
644:
594:
2062:"How Green Are Electric Cars? Depends on Where You Plug In"
1818:"How Green Are Electric Cars? Depends on Where You Plug In"
187:
2177:"New Data Show Electric Vehicles Continue to Get Cleaner"
1741:"The Dirty Truth about Plug-in Hybrids, Made Interactive"
1605:
255:
984:
968:
Electric car manufacturing emissions account for 70 g CO
2280:, web tool to estimate GHG by car model and zip code,
131:
Greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in electric vehicles
1996:"Greenhouse gas reporting - Conversion factors 2013"
1753:
Click on the map to see the results for each region.
1709:
Plug-In
Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?
2089:"Carbon In, Carbon Out: Sorting Out the Power Grid"
2010:"Greenhouse gas reporting: Conversion factors 2023"
1929:
1904:"India named least green country for electric cars"
135:
air pollution and carbon emissions in electric cars
1667:
1702:
2309:
1898:
1896:
93:does not always result in fewer emissions (e.g.
1670:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability
2116:
2086:
2059:
1972:
2028:Don Anair and Amine Mahmassani (April 2012).
2023:
2021:
2019:
1893:
309:) petrol car. The country ranking was led by
1792:"Are electric cars bad for the environment?"
1666:Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009).
1661:
1659:
1598:Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2012.
162:depends on the fuel and technology used for
117:depends on the fuel and technology used for
78:depends on the fuel and technology used for
568:
139:greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in hybrids
2016:
1968:
1966:
1964:
761:
651:
333:/km, which is equivalent to a 220 mpg
1932:"VĂ©hicules Ă©lectriques et Ă©missions de CO
1815:
1656:
433:
321:, where electricity production relies on
313:, where all electricity is produced from
2110:
2080:
2053:
51:
2294:, Shrink that Footprint, February 2013.
2137:
1961:
1789:
844:
2310:
1542:Greenhouse gas emissions (grams/mile)
1399:Greenhouse gas emissions (grams/mile)
1258:Greenhouse gas emissions (grams/mile)
1025:In the case of the United States, the
256:Carbon footprint in selected countries
2217:
1733:
1493:
1352:
1189:
985:Carbon footprint in the United States
337:(1.1 L/100 km; 260 mpg
89:is an argument stating that usage of
2286:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2250:
2200:
2153:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1610:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
1071:(4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg
1063:(7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg
988:
259:
237:(7.1 L/100 km; 40 mpg
229:(3.0 L/100 km; 95 mpg
15:
1696:
1612:(2.4 L/100 km) combined.
305:(12 L/100 km; 24 mpg
13:
1930:Michaël Torregrossa (2013-03-21).
1880:Institut fuer Wirtschaftsforschung
1868:
1837:
14:
2339:
2271:
1850:Energy Information Administration
1816:STENQUIST, PAUL (30 April 2012).
166:. From the perspective of a full
2223:
1973:Lindsay Wilson (February 2013).
1743:. Scientific American. July 2010
993:
940:
915:
890:
865:
830:
805:
780:
747:
722:
697:
672:
637:
612:
587:
554:
529:
504:
479:
454:
419:
264:
252:emissions than Diesel vehicles.
20:
2244:
2194:
2169:
2002:
1988:
1923:
1790:Hickman, Leo (5 October 2012).
1809:
1783:
1757:
348:The following table shows the
124:
1:
2302:Union of Concerned Scientists
2255:. Argonne National Laboratory
2181:Union of Concerned Scientists
2117:Paul Stenquist (2012-04-13).
2087:Paul Stenquist (2012-04-13).
2060:Paul Stenquist (2012-04-13).
2037:Union of Concerned Scientists
1942:[Electric Vehicles and CO
1649:
1027:Union of Concerned Scientists
205:than vehicles driven through
2203:"Holes in the Long Tailpipe"
2106:See map for regional results
1627:
1572:
1545:
1524:
1506:
1452:
1429:
1402:
1382:
1365:
1310:
1287:
1261:
1240:
1223:
1206:
1153:
1085:Regional comparison of full
937:
912:
887:
862:
827:
802:
777:
744:
719:
694:
669:
634:
609:
584:
551:
526:
501:
476:
451:
416:
7:
1470:(7.6 L/100 km) to
1328:(5.7 L/100 km) to
362:Country comparison of full
158:, the extent of the actual
113:, the extent of the actual
10:
2344:
2251:Wang, Michael (Mar 2008).
1946:emissions - 70 to 370 g CO
1573:
1546:
1525:
1507:
1478:
1430:
1403:
1383:
1366:
1336:
1288:
1262:
1241:
1224:
1207:
1173:
938:
913:
888:
863:
828:
803:
778:
745:
720:
695:
670:
635:
610:
585:
552:
548:(1.91 L/100 km)
527:
523:(1.76 L/100 km)
502:
498:(1.48 L/100 km)
477:
473:(1.08 L/100 km)
452:
417:
384:emissions per electric car
203:environmentally friendlier
192:internal combustion engine
128:
2318:Electric power generation
2282:U.S. Department of Energy
2201:Hall, Dean (5 Apr 2010).
2149:U.S. Department of Energy
1855:U.S. Department of Energy
1714:The Brookings Institution
1596:
1541:
1503:(7.8 L/100 km)
1453:
1398:
1362:(5.3 L/100 km)
1311:
1257:
1203:(4.7 L/100 km)
1184:(2.10 L/100 km)
1154:
1141:
1112:carbon dioxide equivalent
1084:
1043:carbon dioxide equivalent
1002:This section needs to be
963:
934:(9.8 L/100 km)
909:(9.0 L/100 km)
884:(8.4 L/100 km)
856:
824:(5.9 L/100 km)
799:(5.9 L/100 km)
771:
741:(5.3 L/100 km)
716:(5.0 L/100 km)
691:(4.9 L/100 km)
661:
631:(4.1 L/100 km)
606:(3.9 L/100 km)
578:
445:
443:(1.08 L/100 km)
381:carbon dioxide equivalent
361:
273:This section needs to be
243:U.S. Department of Energy
194:vehicles and higher than
144:Plug-in electric vehicles
99:plug-in electric vehicles
76:plug-in electric vehicles
2323:Greenhouse gas emissions
1729:See definition on pp. 2.
1583:(7.1 L/100 km)
1557:(6.7 L/100 km)
1536:(6.5 L/100 km)
1518:(6.4 L/100 km)
1488:(6.2 L/100 km)
1476:(5.9 L/100 km)
1440:(5.7 L/100 km)
1414:(5.7 L/100 km)
1393:(5.1 L/100 km)
1376:(5.0 L/100 km)
1347:(4.9 L/100 km)
1334:(4.7 L/100 km)
1298:(4.1 L/100 km)
1272:(3.5 L/100 km)
1252:(3.2 L/100 km)
1234:(3.2 L/100 km)
1217:(3.0 L/100 km)
1171:(4.7 L/100 km)
959:(12 L/100 km)
854:(7.8 L/100 km)
769:(5.9 L/100 km)
659:(4.7 L/100 km)
576:(2.7 L/100 km)
196:hybrid electric vehicles
156:well-to-wheel assessment
111:well-to-wheel assessment
95:greenhouse gas emissions
1977:. Shrink That Footprint
1676:Oxford University Press
2145:"Compare side-by-side"
1099:by emissions intensity
164:electricity generation
119:electricity generation
83:
80:electricity generation
1678:, New York. pp.
1464:equivalent to between
1322:equivalent to between
1150:gasoline-powered car
1119:e) emissions per year
1087:life cycle assessment
408:of petrol-powered car
364:life cycle assessment
55:
1769:Green Transportation
1142:Combined EPA's rated
1127:Percent reduction in
1048:hybrid electric cars
401:emissions equivalent
146:(PEVs) operating in
1940:/km selon les pays"
1608:/100 mi or 99
1589:296 g/mi (184 g/km)
1446:202 g/mi (125 g/km)
1304:178 g/mi (111 g/km)
325:, mainly hydro and
207:internal combustion
168:life cycle analysis
2124:The New York Times
2094:The New York Times
2067:The New York Times
1936:– de 70 à 370 g CO
1592:73 g/mi (45 g/km)
1449:50 g/mi (31 g/km)
1355:Honda Civic Hybrid
1307:44 g/mi (27 g/km)
1109:PEV well-to-wheels
399:PEV well-to-wheels
378:PEV well-to-wheels
350:emission intensity
84:
2328:Electric vehicles
1723:978-0-8157-0305-1
1712:(1st. ed.).
1704:David B. Sandalow
1689:978-0-19-537664-7
1680:22–26 and 114–139
1621:
1620:
1617:
1137:27 mpg US average
1023:
1022:
982:
981:
978:
391:
294:
293:
148:all-electric mode
103:all-electric mode
91:electric vehicles
87:The long tailpipe
50:
49:
2335:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:"Electric Power"
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1716:. pp. 2–5.
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1663:
1597:
1290:Washington, D.C.
1144:fuel economy and
1103:miles per gallon
1082:
1081:
1039:miles per gallon
1018:
1015:
1009:
997:
996:
989:
964:
946:
944:
943:
921:
919:
918:
896:
894:
893:
871:
869:
868:
836:
834:
833:
811:
809:
808:
786:
784:
783:
753:
751:
750:
728:
726:
725:
703:
701:
700:
678:
676:
675:
643:
641:
640:
618:
616:
615:
593:
591:
590:
560:
558:
557:
535:
533:
532:
510:
508:
507:
485:
483:
482:
460:
458:
457:
425:
423:
422:
386:expressed in (CO
377:
359:
358:
327:geothermal power
289:
286:
280:
268:
267:
260:
217:reported that a
211:greenhouse gases
160:carbon footprint
152:greenhouse gases
115:carbon footprint
72:carbon footprint
64:charging station
45:
42:
36:
24:
23:
16:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2308:
2307:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2012:. 28 June 2023.
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1630:
1615:
1613:
1599:
1582:
1566:
1556:
1535:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1496:Chevrolet Cruze
1487:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1439:
1423:
1413:
1392:
1375:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1297:
1281:
1271:
1251:
1233:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1183:
1170:
1167:over50 mpg
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:new compact car
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1050:produce less CO
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:
998:
994:
987:
973:
971:
958:
941:
939:
933:
916:
914:
908:
891:
889:
883:
866:
864:
858:
853:
831:
829:
823:
806:
804:
798:
781:
779:
773:
768:
748:
746:
740:
723:
721:
715:
698:
696:
690:
673:
671:
663:
658:
638:
636:
630:
613:
611:
605:
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2257:. Retrieved
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2224:Musk, Elon.
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2205:. neoHOUSTON
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2183:. 2018-03-08
2180:
2171:
2164:
2157:. Retrieved
2155:. 2012-04-13
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
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2098:. Retrieved
2092:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2065:
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2047:
2040:. Retrieved
2004:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1952:. Retrieved
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1912:. 2013-02-07
1909:The Guardian
1907:
1883:. Retrieved
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1796:The Guardian
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1752:
1745:. Retrieved
1735:
1728:
1708:
1698:
1669:
1635:Tesla Motors
1631:
1622:
1454:
1320:e emissions
1312:
1192:Toyota Prius
1180:112 mpg
1155:
1101:expressed as
1097:Rating scale
1077:
1024:
1011:
1003:
974:
965:
923:South Africa
762:Fossil heavy
569:Fossil light
544:123 mpg
519:134 mpg
494:159 mpg
469:217 mpg
439:218 mpg
403:in terms of
354:
347:
295:
282:
274:
247:
200:
150:do not emit
142:
86:
85:
38:
30:
2236:20 December
2209:21 December
1860:21 December
1829:20 December
1801:20 December
1775:20 December
1602:Nissan Leaf
1600:Notes: The
1579:33 mpg
1563:Tailpipe CO
1553:35 mpg
1532:36 mpg
1514:37 mpg
1499:30 mpg
1484:38 mpg
1472:40 mpg
1466:31 mpg
1462:e emissions
1436:41 mpg
1420:Tailpipe CO
1410:41 mpg
1389:46 mpg
1372:47 mpg
1358:44 mpg
1343:48 mpg
1330:50 mpg
1324:41 mpg
1316:Moderate CO
1294:58 mpg
1278:Tailpipe CO
1268:67 mpg
1248:73 mpg
1230:74 mpg
1213:79 mpg
1199:50 mpg
1163:e emissions
1133:e emissions
1059:30 mpg
1035:Nissan Leaf
955:20 mpg
930:24 mpg
905:26 mpg
880:28 mpg
850:30 mpg
820:40 mpg
795:40 mpg
765:40 mpg
737:44 mpg
712:47 mpg
687:48 mpg
655:50 mpg
627:57 mpg
602:61 mpg
572:87 mpg
413:petrol car
223:Los Angeles
221:driving in
219:Nissan Leaf
125:Description
2312:Categories
2230:Tesla Blog
2187:2018-08-26
2159:2012-04-15
2130:2012-04-14
2100:2012-04-14
2073:2012-04-14
2042:2012-04-16
1981:2013-07-08
1954:2013-07-08
1916:2013-07-08
1747:2010-10-16
1650:References
1529:, Missouri
1509:Des Moines
1458:Highest CO
1073:‑imp
1065:‑imp
1014:April 2024
846:Coal based
448:multiples
435:Low carbon
411:Equivalent
339:‑imp
315:hydropower
307:‑imp
285:April 2024
239:‑imp
231:‑imp
129:See also:
2048:pp. 16-20
1639:Elon Musk
1628:Criticism
1581:‑US
1555:‑US
1534:‑US
1527:St. Louis
1516:‑US
1501:‑US
1486:‑US
1474:‑US
1468:‑US
1438:‑US
1412:‑US
1391:‑US
1374:‑US
1360:‑US
1345:‑US
1340:, Arizona
1332:‑US
1326:‑US
1296:‑US
1270:‑US
1250:‑US
1232:‑US
1215:‑US
1201:‑US
1182:‑US
1169:‑US
1159:Lowest CO
1069:‑US
1061:‑US
957:‑US
932:‑US
907:‑US
898:Australia
882:‑US
873:Indonesia
852:‑US
822:‑US
797:‑US
772:Efficient
767:‑US
739:‑US
714:‑US
689:‑US
657:‑US
652:Broad mix
629:‑US
604:‑US
574:‑US
546:‑US
521:‑US
496:‑US
471:‑US
441:‑US
335:‑US
303:‑US
235:‑US
227:‑US
41:July 2020
1550:, Kansas
1405:Columbus
1245:, Oregon
1243:Portland
1177:, Alaska
427:Paraguay
311:Paraguay
241:). The
107:tailpipe
2259:6 March
1548:Wichita
1480:Detroit
1432:Atlanta
1385:Houston
1338:Phoenix
1196:Prius c
1004:updated
975:Source:
859:petrol
857:Average
774:petrol
705:Germany
581:hybrid
462:Iceland
374:Country
319:Iceland
275:updated
68:Toronto
31:updated
1885:7 July
1720:
1686:
1575:Denver
1511:, Iowa
1407:, Ohio
1353:2012
1313:Better
1264:Boston
1175:Juneau
1123:mpg US
945:
920:
895:
870:
835:
813:Turkey
810:
788:Mexico
785:
752:
727:
702:
677:
665:hybrid
642:
620:Russia
617:
592:
579:Beyond
562:Canada
559:
537:France
534:
512:Brazil
509:
487:Sweden
484:
459:
446:Hybrid
424:
405:mpg US
396:source
317:, and
137:, and
70:. The
2033:(PDF)
1494:2012
1368:Miami
1237:174%
1220:193%
1190:2012
966:Note:
948:India
838:China
680:Japan
645:Italy
595:Spain
394:Power
390:e/km)
182:, or
176:solar
2284:and
2261:2016
2238:2012
2211:2012
2151:and
1887:2020
1862:2012
1831:2012
1803:2012
1777:2012
1718:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1637:CEO
1521:37%
1455:Good
1379:74%
1301:115%
1275:148%
1255:170%
1187:315%
1156:Best
1106:City
188:coal
172:wind
1606:kWh
1586:22%
1560:30%
1539:33%
1491:41%
1443:52%
1417:52%
1396:70%
1350:78%
1115:(CO
1075:).
972:/km
952:370
927:318
902:292
877:270
842:258
817:204
792:203
759:202
734:189
709:179
684:175
662:New
649:170
624:155
599:146
566:115
74:of
66:in
2314::
2300:,
2228:.
2179:.
2147:.
2121:.
2091:.
2064:.
2035:.
2018:^
1963:^
1906:.
1895:^
1878:.
1853:.
1847:.
1820:.
1794:.
1767:.
1682:.
1674:.
1658:^
1129:CO
541:93
516:89
491:81
466:70
431:70
297:CO
198:.
178:,
174:,
133:,
2288:.
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1998:.
1984:.
1957:.
1948:2
1944:2
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1934:2
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1016:)
1012:(
1006:.
970:2
388:2
331:2
299:2
287:)
283:(
277:.
250:2
82:.
43:)
39:(
33:.
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