475:(PPS) obtained by the condensation polymerization of p-dichlorobenzene and sodium sulfide, has outstanding chemical resistance, good electrical properties, excellent flame retardance, low coefficient of friction and high transparency to microwave radiation. PPS is principally used in coating applications. This is done by spraying an aqueous slurry of PPS particles and heating to temperatures above 370 °C. Particular grades of PPS can be used in injection and compression molding at temperatures (300 to 370 °C) at which PPS particles soften and undergo apparent crosslinking. Principal applications of injection and compression molded PPS include cookware, bearings, and pump parts for service in various corrosive environments.
356:(PBI, short for Poly-) fiber is a synthetic fiber with a very high melting point. It has exceptional thermal and chemical stability and does not readily ignite. It was first discovered by American polymer chemist Carl Shipp Marvel in the pursuit of new materials with superior stability, retention of stiffness, toughness at elevated temperature. Due to its high stability, polybenzimidazole is used to fabricate high-performance protective apparel such as firefighter's gear, astronaut space suits, high temperature protective gloves, welders' apparel and aircraft wall fabrics. In recent years, polybenzimidazole found its application as membrane in fuel cells.
427:(polyethene, polythene, PE) is a family of similar materials categorized according to their density and molecular structure. It is also known as poly and is obtained by the addition polymerisation of ethylene. It may be of low density or high density depending upon the process used in its manufacturing. It is resistant to moisture and most of the chemicals. It is flexible at room temperature (and low temperature) and can be heat sealed. Since it is an inexpensive plastic it is made in large amounts to cater to the demand. For example:
530:(PVC) is a tough, lightweight material that is durable, fairly rigid and versatile, and is resistant to acids and bases. Much of it is used by the construction industry, such as for vinyl siding, drainpipes, gutters and roofing sheets. It is also converted to flexible forms with the addition of plasticizers, thereby making it useful for items such as hoses, tubing, electrical insulation, coats, jackets and upholstery. Flexible PVC is also used in inflatable products, such as water beds and pool toys. PVC is also a common material in
253:(PMMA) market. PMMA is also known by trade names such as Lucite, Perspex and Plexiglas. It serves as a sturdy substitute for glass for items such as aquariums, buttons, motorcycle helmet visors, aircraft windows, viewing ports of submersibles, and lenses of exterior lights of automobiles. It is extensively used to make signs, including lettering and logos. In medicine, it is used in bone cement and to replace eye lenses. Acrylic paint consists of PMMA particles suspended in water.
1151:
367:(PC) thermoplastics are known under trademarks such as Lexan, Makrolon, Makroclear, and arcoPlus. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed for many applications, such as electronic components, construction materials, data storage devices, automotive and aircraft parts, check sockets in prosthetics, and security glazing. Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code. Items made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer
464:(PPO), which is obtained from the free-radical, step-growth oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6-xylenol, has many attractive properties such as high heat distortion and impact strength, chemical stability to mineral and organic acids, and low water absorption. PPO is difficult to process, and hence the commercial resin (Noryl) is made by blending PPO with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), which serves to reduce the processing temperature.
36:
1157:
186:
299:. It has served as a substitute mainly for hemp, cotton and silk, in products such as parachutes, cords, sails, flak vests and clothing. Nylon fibres are useful in making fabrics, rope, carpets and musical strings, whereas, in bulk form, nylon is used for mechanical parts including machine screws, gears and power tool casings. In addition, it is used in the manufacture of heat-resistant composite materials.
943:
394:(POM), also known as acetal, polyacetal and polyformaldehyde, is an engineering thermoplastic used in precision parts requiring high stiffness, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. As with many other synthetic polymers, it is produced by different chemical firms with slightly different formulas and sold variously by such names as Delrin, Celcon, Ramtal, Duracon, Kepital and Hostaform.
405:(PEEK) is a colourless organic thermoplastic polymer in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family, used in engineering applications. It was originally introduced by Victrex PLC, then ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) in the early 1980s. It has attractive properties like good abrasion resistance, low flammability and emission of smoke and toxic gases.
416:(PEI), produced by a novel nitro displacement reaction involving bisphenol A, 4, 4’-methylenedianiline and 3-nitrophthalic anhydride, has high heat distortion temperature, tensile strength and modulus. They are generally used in high performance electrical and electronic parts, microwave appliances, and under-the-hood automotive parts.
519:
of cars and boats, and smoke detector housings. Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS or "styrofoam", white) is used in making insulation and packaging materials, such as the "peanuts" and molded foam used to cushion fragile products. Polystyrene copolymers are used in the manufacture of toys and product casings.
548:
are added to the raw material before molding to make it more flexible or pliable. Early on, the health and environmental aspects of this were poorly understood and replacements and product bans resulted after studies. The original form is often referred to as unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC),
518:
is manufactured in various forms that have different applications and can have medium to very low density. Extruded polystyrene (PS or xPS, sometimes colored pink/blue) is used in the manufacture of disposable cutlery, rigid ground contact rated insulating foam board, CD and DVD cases, plastic models
256:
For many decades, PMMA has been the predominant methacrylic ester produced worldwide. Major players in the PMMA market are
Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan), Arkema SA (France), LG MMA (South Korea), Chi Mei Corp. (Taiwan), Sumimoto Chemical Company Ltd (Japan), Evonik Industries (Germany), BASF (Germany),
589:
class of thermoplastics and is known for its high chemical inertness and resistance. PVDF is obtained through the polymerization of the vinylidene fluoride monomer. PVDF thermoplastic is fabricated into sheets and pipes for engineering uses as well as powders and coatings that can be dissolved in
506:
treatment and to make heat-resistant medical equipment. Polypropylene sheets are used for stationery folders and packaging and clear storage bins. Polypropylene is defined by the recyclable plastic number 5. Although relatively inert, it is vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation and can degrade
568:
backbone until most commercial applications reach a percent range between 56 and 74% total chlorine. This increase in elemental chlorine content contributes to CPVC's increased expression of chlorine-based characteristics, such as chemical durability, resistance to acids, bases, and salts;
541:, where the material is used extensively in so-called Sofubi figures (Soft vinyl toys). As PVC bends easily and has a tendency to be bent during transit, a method to mitigate this deformation is to heat the plastic until it becomes mobile, then reform the material into the desired shape.
236:
before polymerization can also lower it. Before these techniques were employed, plastic automobile parts would often crack when exposed to cold temperatures. These are linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling.
590:
solvents and applied across a product surface. PVDF is widely used in the chemical industry as piping for aggressive chemicals and high purity liquids. The PVDF material is used in construction, transportation, chemical processes, electricity, batteries, waste water and treatment.
452:(LDPE) is flexible and is used in the manufacture of squeeze bottles, milk jug caps, retail store bags and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as stretch wrap in transporting and handling boxes of durable goods, and as the common household food covering.
569:
susceptibility to ammonia-based compounds, aromatics, esters, ketones; chemical stability; heat energy transfer resistance. CPVC is commonly used in water, chemical, hot and cold, delivery systems for residential, commercial, and industrial applications.
257:
Dow
Chemical Company (U.S.), AkzoNobel (The Netherlands), Quinn Plastics (UK) and Cytec Industries (U.S.). Regarding the PAA and PAc market, key manufacturers are Nippon Shokubai Company Ltd. (Japan), Arkema SA (France) and Dow Chemical Company (U.S.)
440:(HDPE), recyclable plastic no. 2, is commonly used as milk jugs, liquid laundry detergent bottles, outdoor furniture, margarine tubs, portable gasoline cans, drinking water distribution systems, water drainage pipes, and grocery bags.
284:. ABS is a light-weight material that exhibits high impact resistance and mechanical toughness. It poses few risks to human health under normal handling. It is used in many consumer products, such as toys, appliances, and telephones.
158:, which weaken rapidly with increased temperature, yielding a viscous liquid. In this state, thermoplastics may be reshaped, and are typically used to produce parts by various polymer processing techniques such as
383:
is a class of specially engineered thermoplastics with high thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability, and good resistance to aqueous mineral acids, alkalis, salt solutions, oils and greases.
1758:
507:
considerably in direct sunlight. Polypropylene is not as impact-resistant as the polyethylenes (HDPE, LDPE). It is also somewhat permeable to highly volatile gases and liquids.
213:
is necessary, as light is scattered strongly by crystallites larger than its wavelength. Amorphous and semi-amorphous plastics are less resistant to chemical attack and
371:(BPA). Susceptible to UV light, exposure results in yellowing (degradation is especially visible in headlamps that lost or didn't have proper protective coating).
677:
434:(UHMWPE) is tough and resistant to chemicals. It is used to manufacture moving machine parts, bearings, gears, artificial joints and some bulletproof vests.
209:
below the glass transition temperature, retaining some or all of their amorphous characteristics. Amorphous and semi-amorphous plastics are used when high
1482:
224:, which increases the mobility of amorphous chain segments to effectively lower the glass transition temperature. Modification of the polymer through
740:
544:
PVC is produced in many specific modifications to affect its chemical and physical properties. In plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC),
657:
431:
1475:
782:
760:
1358:
805:
17:
100:
1817:
1768:
1737:
72:
800:, Second Edition, O. Olabisi & K. Adewale (Ed.) CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, U. S. A.
1468:
975:
629:
of fluorine. This also supports its use in coatings of cooking ware. The polymer has one of the lowest coefficients of
182:
during the curing process. Thermosets do not melt when heated, but typically decompose and do not reform upon cooling.
896:
119:
79:
688:
854:
1460:
1000:
265:
1753:
1732:
1629:
1383:
947:
553:
86:
57:
53:
486:(PP) is useful for such diverse products as reusable plastic food containers, microwave- and dishwasher-safe
214:
549:
which is the more commonly used type for installations such as water, waste, and sewer conveyance plumbing.
1807:
1727:
194:
68:
1800:
1722:
1538:
1135:
443:
147:
material that becomes pliable or moldable at a certain elevated temperature and solidifies upon cooling.
245:
Today's acrylics industry can be divided into two distinct multibillion-dollar markets: on one hand the
1864:
1065:
1040:
713:
Baeurle SA, Hotta A, Gusev AA (2006). "On the glassy state of multiphase and pure polymer materials".
1840:
1574:
1373:
1198:
1015:
1005:
437:
342:
250:
1644:
1634:
1496:
1183:
1130:
1020:
449:
1859:
1234:
1125:
1110:
1090:
633:
of any solid and is therefore commonly used for bearings and support of moving mechanical parts.
622:
598:
502:, insulation for electrical cables and filters for gases and liquids. In medicine, it is used in
353:
46:
1649:
1527:
1282:
1010:
968:
402:
917:
1829:
1533:
1178:
734:
557:
472:
175:
155:
1549:
1544:
1517:
1435:
878:
642:
93:
206:
8:
1679:
1440:
1363:
1277:
1229:
606:
578:
461:
163:
1694:
1612:
1353:
1327:
1297:
1257:
1239:
1188:
1140:
1120:
835:
652:
560:
that originally formulates the PVC polymer. The chlorination reaction continues to add
531:
527:
318:
159:
201:, the physical properties of a thermoplastic change drastically without an associated
1824:
1790:
1710:
1522:
1344:
1262:
961:
839:
801:
775:
753:
626:
487:
1715:
1410:
1312:
1287:
1219:
1085:
1080:
1025:
827:
722:
391:
246:
202:
1490:
726:
1579:
1565:
1430:
1317:
1307:
1075:
786:
764:
307:
1608:
1420:
1322:
1193:
831:
534:
413:
151:
1853:
1795:
1602:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1272:
1095:
1045:
602:
586:
561:
499:
483:
364:
281:
277:
210:
198:
818:
Saini D.R., Shenoy A.V. (1985). "Melt
Rheology of Some Specialty Polymers".
1415:
1405:
1267:
1214:
1115:
1060:
1035:
618:
495:
424:
1661:
1150:
1598:
1570:
1505:
1425:
1224:
1105:
1100:
614:
565:
552:
Chemical modification often produces more drastic changes in properties.
545:
515:
380:
368:
338:
322:
221:
167:
1674:
1302:
1292:
269:
229:
179:
855:"What the Heck Is Sofubi?! 10 Things You Didn't Know About Soft Vinyl"
556:(CPVC) is produced through exposing PVC to the continued free-radical
1763:
1669:
1639:
1509:
1070:
1055:
1030:
498:
lining and casing, ropes, carpets, plastic moldings, piping systems,
334:
326:
314:
311:
296:
249:(PAA) and its ester derivatives (PAc) market, on the other hand, the
225:
171:
446:(MDPE) is used for packaging film, sacks and gas pipes and fittings.
35:
1684:
897:"Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics Piping Materials TR-19/2007"
630:
1156:
1812:
1689:
1590:
1492:
984:
330:
273:
233:
185:
144:
141:
942:
647:
610:
503:
491:
712:
538:
292:
1050:
953:
582:
817:
778:
678:"Thermosoftening plastics and Thermosetting plastics"
27:
Plastic that softens with heat and hardens on cooling
593:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
776:Charles P. MacDermott and Aroon V. Shenoy (1997),
220:Brittleness can be decreased with the addition of
1851:
879:"How does CPVC piping compare to metal piping?"
189:Stress-strain graph of a thermoplastic material
617:: aqueous liquids do not wet the material, as
1476:
969:
918:"PVDF Performance Characteristics & Data"
310:(polylactide) is a compostable thermoplastic
739:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
609:is commonly recognized under the brand name
333:roots, chips or starch (mostly in Asia), or
658:Implant induction welding of thermoplastics
217:because they lack a crystalline structure.
178:(or "thermosets"), which form irreversible
1483:
1469:
976:
962:
756:Thermoplastic Melt Rheology and Processing
572:
337:. It is the most common material used for
852:
397:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
467:
432:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
228:or through the addition of non-reactive
184:
14:
1852:
1066:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
456:
295:belongs to a class of polymers called
1464:
1006:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1001:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
957:
754:A. V. Shenoy and D. R. Saini (1996),
522:
1818:List of environmental health hazards
1738:List of environmental health hazards
820:Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
374:
348:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
386:
24:
1623:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
904:Plastic Pipe Institute, Inc. (PPI)
537:, especially in countries such as
154:. The polymer chains associate by
25:
1876:
935:
408:
1155:
1149:
1041:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1016:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
941:
594:Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
478:
359:
150:Most thermoplastics have a high
34:
1021:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
910:
780:, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
758:, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
419:
266:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
45:needs additional citations for
1384:Category:Plastics applications
1131:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1126:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1111:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
889:
871:
846:
811:
791:
769:
747:
706:
670:
554:Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
510:
13:
1:
1091:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
727:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.076
663:
215:environmental stress cracking
174:. Thermoplastics differ from
1808:Persistent organic pollutant
1769:Toxic Substances Control Act
1728:Persistent organic pollutant
1011:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
983:
195:glass transition temperature
7:
1801:Great Pacific garbage patch
1723:Great Pacific garbage patch
1136:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1051:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
636:
444:Medium-density polyethylene
379:Polyether sulfone (PES) or
10:
1881:
1764:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1559:Miscellaneous plasticizers
832:10.1177/009524438501700305
798:Handbook of Thermoplastics
240:
1838:
1783:
1759:European REACH regulation
1754:California Proposition 65
1746:
1703:
1660:
1622:
1589:
1558:
1504:
1497:polyhalogenated compounds
1453:
1398:
1374:High-performance plastics
1343:
1336:
1248:
1207:
1199:High-performance plastics
1164:
1147:
991:
883:Corzan Industrial Systems
438:High-density polyethylene
343:fused deposition modeling
251:poly(methyl methacrylate)
1184:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1121:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
853:j.lerouge (2020-12-26).
623:London dispersion forces
450:Low-density polyethylene
325:(in the United States),
287:
207:do not fully crystallize
1235:Biodegradable additives
599:Polytetrafluoroethylene
573:Polyvinylidene fluoride
138:thermosoftening plastic
1650:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1086:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1081:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1026:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
621:demonstrate mitigated
601:(PTFE) is a synthetic
403:Polyether ether ketone
398:Polyether ether ketone
302:
260:
205:. Some thermoplastics
190:
176:thermosetting polymers
1830:Biodegradable plastic
1179:Thermosetting polymer
1076:Polylactic acid (PLA)
558:chlorination reaction
473:Polyphenylene sulfide
468:Polyphenylene sulfide
188:
156:intermolecular forces
18:Thermoplastic polymer
1841:Identification codes
1441:Foam food containers
1364:Engineering plastics
950:at Wikimedia Commons
694:on 20 September 2008
643:3D printing filament
54:improve this article
1680:Endocrine disruptor
1278:Compression molding
1230:Polymer stabilizers
685:lgschemistry.org.uk
607:tetrafluoroethylene
579:vinylidene fluoride
462:Polyphenylene oxide
457:Polyphenylene oxide
319:renewable resources
280:in the presence of
164:compression molding
1695:Polymer fume fever
1354:Commodity plastics
1328:Rotational molding
1298:Fiberglass molding
1258:Injection moulding
1240:Filler (materials)
1189:Corrugated plastic
1141:Tritan copolyester
1096:Polypropylene (PP)
1046:Polycarbonate (PC)
859:Invasion Toys News
785:2015-04-14 at the
763:2015-04-14 at the
653:Injection moulding
528:Polyvinyl chloride
523:Polyvinyl chloride
488:plastic containers
345:(FDM) techniques.
191:
1865:Roofing materials
1847:
1846:
1825:Plastic recycling
1791:Plastic pollution
1777:
1776:
1711:Plastic pollution
1491:Health issues of
1449:
1448:
1345:Plastics industry
1263:Plastic extrusion
1116:Polyurethane (PU)
1106:Polysulfone (PES)
1061:Polyethylene (PE)
1036:Polybutylene (PB)
946:Media related to
806:978-1-4665-7722-0
721:(17): 6243–6253.
627:electronegativity
585:, belongs to the
375:Polyether sulfone
354:Polybenzimidazole
349:Polybenzimidazole
272:synthesized from
247:polyacrylic acids
160:injection molding
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1872:
1716:Rubber pollution
1566:Organophosphates
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1341:
1340:
1313:Filament winding
1288:Transfer molding
1215:Polymer additive
1159:
1153:
1101:Polystyrene (PS)
978:
971:
964:
955:
954:
945:
929:
928:
922:
914:
908:
907:
901:
893:
887:
886:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
850:
844:
843:
815:
809:
795:
789:
773:
767:
751:
745:
744:
738:
730:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
693:
687:. Archived from
682:
674:
625:due to the high
392:Polyoxymethylene
387:Polyoxymethylene
226:copolymerization
152:molecular weight
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1742:
1699:
1656:
1618:
1585:
1554:
1500:
1489:
1455:
1445:
1394:
1332:
1318:Solvent bonding
1308:Plastic welding
1250:
1244:
1203:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1056:Polyester (PEs)
993:
987:
982:
938:
933:
932:
920:
916:
915:
911:
899:
895:
894:
890:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
851:
847:
816:
812:
796:
792:
787:Wayback Machine
774:
770:
765:Wayback Machine
752:
748:
732:
731:
711:
707:
697:
695:
691:
680:
676:
675:
671:
666:
639:
596:
575:
564:to the polymer
525:
513:
481:
470:
459:
422:
411:
400:
389:
377:
362:
351:
327:sugar beet pulp
308:Polylactic acid
305:
290:
263:
243:
211:optical clarity
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Thermoplastic"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:Thermoplastics
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1609:Vinyl chloride
1606:
1603:Polycarbonates
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Packaging film
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1399:Specific goods
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:Vacuum forming
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:Polymeric foam
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Polyimide (PI)
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Polyamide (PA)
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
995:
989:
988:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
952:
951:
937:
936:External links
934:
931:
930:
909:
888:
870:
845:
826:(3): 189–217.
810:
790:
768:
746:
705:
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
638:
635:
595:
592:
574:
571:
562:chlorine atoms
535:action figures
524:
521:
512:
509:
480:
477:
469:
466:
458:
455:
454:
453:
447:
441:
435:
421:
418:
414:Polyetherimide
410:
409:Polyetherimide
407:
399:
396:
388:
385:
376:
373:
361:
358:
350:
347:
304:
301:
289:
286:
262:
259:
242:
239:
197:and below its
180:chemical bonds
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:Garbage patch
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:Health issues
1659:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Shopping bags
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:(Agriculture)
1390:
1389:Plasticulture
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Geosynthetics
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Thermoforming
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Thermoplastic
1172:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
990:
986:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
959:
956:
949:
948:Thermoplastic
944:
940:
939:
926:
919:
913:
905:
898:
892:
884:
880:
874:
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
807:
803:
799:
794:
788:
784:
781:
779:
772:
766:
762:
759:
757:
750:
742:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
690:
686:
679:
673:
669:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:fluorocarbons
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:fluoropolymer
600:
591:
588:
587:fluoropolymer
584:
580:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
547:
542:
540:
536:
533:
529:
520:
517:
508:
505:
501:
500:car batteries
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Polypropylene
479:Polypropylene
476:
474:
465:
463:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:
417:
415:
406:
404:
395:
393:
384:
382:
372:
370:
366:
365:Polycarbonate
360:Polycarbonate
357:
355:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:(in Europe),
328:
324:
320:
317:derived from
316:
313:
309:
300:
298:
294:
285:
283:
282:polybutadiene
279:
278:acrylonitrile
275:
271:
267:
258:
254:
252:
248:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:melting point
196:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
143:
139:
135:
134:thermoplastic
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1506:Plasticizers
1454:Environment
1406:Blister pack
1359:Construction
1268:Blow molding
1173:
924:
912:
903:
891:
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:
848:
823:
819:
813:
797:
793:
777:
771:
755:
749:
735:cite journal
718:
714:
708:
696:. Retrieved
689:the original
684:
672:
597:
576:
551:
546:plasticizers
543:
526:
514:
496:sanitary pad
482:
471:
460:
425:Polyethylene
423:
420:Polyethylene
412:
401:
390:
378:
363:
352:
306:
291:
264:
255:
244:
222:plasticizers
219:
203:phase change
192:
149:
137:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1747:Regulations
1599:Bisphenol A
1283:Calendering
1225:Plasticizer
1165:Mechanical
615:hydrophobic
566:hydrocarbon
516:Polystyrene
511:Polystyrene
381:polysulfone
369:bisphenol A
339:3D printing
323:corn starch
268:(ABS) is a
230:side chains
168:calendering
1854:Categories
1675:Carcinogen
1640:Organotins
1510:Phthalates
1456:and health
1303:Pultrusion
1293:Laminating
1251:processing
864:2022-07-08
664:References
613:. PTFE is
321:, such as
297:polyamides
270:terpolymer
193:Above its
110:March 2021
80:newspapers
1704:Pollution
1670:Teratogen
1601:(BPA, in
1249:Plastics
1220:Colorants
1208:Additives
992:Chemical
840:136747839
335:sugarcane
315:polyester
312:aliphatic
172:extrusion
140:, is any
1685:Diabetes
1591:Monomers
1571:Adipates
1493:plastics
1347:segments
1337:Products
985:Plastics
783:Archived
761:Archived
698:12 March
637:See also
631:friction
494:lining,
234:monomers
1813:Dioxins
1733:Dioxins
1690:Obesity
1431:Cutlery
1421:Bottles
715:Polymer
331:tapioca
274:styrene
241:Acrylic
145:polymer
142:plastic
94:scholar
1530:(BBzP)
1499:(PHCs)
1411:Chairs
1379:Nurdle
925:Arkema
838:
808:, 2016
804:
648:Worbla
611:Teflon
504:hernia
492:diaper
170:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1784:Waste
1630:PBDEs
1541:(DOP)
1167:types
994:types
921:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
836:S2CID
692:(PDF)
681:(PDF)
539:Japan
532:vinyl
341:with
293:Nylon
288:Nylon
136:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1645:PFCs
1635:PCBs
1611:(in
1575:DEHA
1550:DINP
1545:DIDP
1539:DEHP
1534:DIHP
1518:DIBP
1495:and
1426:Bags
802:ISBN
741:link
700:2021
583:PVDF
577:Poly
276:and
73:news
1613:PVC
1580:DOA
1528:BBP
1523:DBP
828:doi
723:doi
605:of
303:PLA
261:ABS
232:to
56:by
1856::
1508::
923:.
902:.
881:.
857:.
834:.
824:17
822:.
737:}}
733:{{
719:47
717:.
683:.
581:,
490:,
166:,
162:,
132:A
1615:)
1605:)
1582:)
1573:(
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
977:e
970:t
963:v
927:.
906:.
885:.
867:.
842:.
830::
743:)
729:.
725::
702:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
