Third Crusade - Knowledge

2704: 2414: 1929: 2357:, the Byzantine forces in the area having fled at their approach. On 25 August, Lectoforus' report was confirmed: Hermann of Münster, Rupert of Nassau, Henry of Dietz and Markward von Neuenburg had been stripped of their possessions and openly mocked in presence of the Ayyubid ambassador. That same day, a Byzantine envoy, James of Pisa, arrived with a letter from Isaac, who referred to Frederick as "king of Germany", refusing him the imperial title, and accused him of plotting to put his son Frederick on the throne of Constantinople. He nonetheless offered to fulfill the agreement of December 1188 to ferry the crusaders across the 2792:, but Conrad of Montferrat held power there after his successful defence of the city from Muslim attacks. Guy turned his attention to the wealthy port of Acre. He amassed an army to besiege the city and received aid from Philip's newly arrived French army. The combined armies were not enough to counter Saladin, however, whose forces besieged the besiegers. In summer 1190, in one of the numerous outbreaks of disease in the camp, Queen Sibylla and her young daughters died. Guy, although only king by right of marriage, endeavoured to retain his crown, although the rightful heir was Sibylla's half-sister 50: 2955:, who had been unprepared for a naval attack, were driven from the city. Richard freed those of the Crusader garrison who had been made prisoner, and these troops helped to reinforce the numbers of his army. Saladin's army still had numerical superiority, however, and they counter-attacked. Saladin intended a stealthy surprise attack at dawn, but his forces were discovered; he proceeded with his attack, but his men were lightly armoured and lost 700 men due to the missiles of the large numbers of Crusader crossbowmen. The 1558: 4655:. Vol. 6 In the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. The Holy war had lasted five years. Before the decisive victory at Hittin in July, 1187, not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordan was in Muslim hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192, the whole land was Muslim territory except a narrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa. To recover this strip the whole of Europe had risen in arms, and hundreds of thousands of Crusaders had fallen. The result hardly justified the cost. 2880: 2770:, Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and began issuing orders for Richard to leave the island. Isaac's arrogance prompted Richard to conquer the island within days, leaving sometime before June. The anonymous chronicler of Béthune, however, offers the intriguing suggestion that Richard attacked Cyprus because Isaac was diverting the food supply from the Latin army at Acre. Most modern scholars, however, accept that Richard's conquest of Cyprus was incidental. 2823:

Leopold. In the struggle for the kingship of Jerusalem, Richard supported Guy, while Philip and Leopold supported Conrad, who was related to them both. It was decided that Guy would continue to rule but that Conrad would receive the crown upon his death. Frustrated with Richard (and in Philip's case, in poor health), Philip and Leopold took their armies and left the Holy Land in August. Philip left 7,000 French crusaders and 5,000 silver marks to pay them.

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protection to the treacherous Raynald (custom prescribed that if one were personally offered a drink by the host, one's life was safe). When Raynald accepted the drink from Guy's hands, Saladin told his interpreter, "say to the King: 'it is you who have given him to drink'". Afterwards, Saladin beheaded Raynald for past betrayals. Saladin honored tradition with Guy, sending him to Damascus and eventually allowing him to be ransomed by his people.

1893:, Frederick formally and symbolically accepted the staff and scrip of a pilgrim. He arrived in Regensburg for the muster between 7 and 11 May. The army had begun to gather on 1 May. Frederick was disappointed by the small force awaiting him, but he was dissuaded from calling off the enterprise when he learned that an international force had already advanced to the Hungarian border and was waiting for the imperial army. 1593:, who had supported Sybilla's claim to the throne, raided a rich caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria, and had its travelers thrown in prison, thereby breaking a truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin. Saladin demanded the release of the prisoners and their cargo. The newly crowned King Guy appealed to Raynald to give in to Saladin's demands, but Raynald refused to follow the king's orders. 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1950: 2091: 1991: 2150: 2005: 1936: 3053:"I fear to make peace, not knowing what may become of me. Our enemy will grow strong, now that they have retained these lands. They will come forth to recover the rest of their lands and you will see every one of them ensconced on his hill-top," meaning in his castle, "having announced, 'I shall stay put' and the Muslims will be ruined." These were his words and it came about as he said. 2928:, however, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast. 2903:

from Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. Appallingly bad weather, cold with heavy rain and hailstorms, combined with fear that if the Crusader army besieged Jerusalem, it might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the coast.

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morale of the Crusaders. Arsuf had dented Saladin's reputation as an invincible warrior and proved Richard's courage as soldier and his skill as a commander. Richard was able to take, defend, and hold Jaffa, a strategically crucial move toward securing Jerusalem. By depriving Saladin of the coast, Richard seriously threatened his hold on Jerusalem.

1792:. There were further incidents connected with the "Court of Christ" in March. According to Rabbi Moses ha-Cohen of Mainz, there were minor incidents from the moment people began arriving for the Court of Christ on 9 March. This culminated in a mob gathering to invade the Jewish quarter on 26 March. It was dispersed by the imperial marshal 1796:. The rabbi then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi then rode through the streets together to emphasise that the Jews had imperial protection. Those Jews who had fled in January returned at the end of April. 3150:, was to remain behind as regent. On 10 April 1189, Frederick wrote to Pope Clement III asking for a postponement of Henry's planned coronation as co-emperor because he did not want Henry to leave Germany during the regency. Frederick formally appointed his son as regent at Regensburg on the eve of his departure. 2368:, the receipt of Isaac's letter marked a break in crusader–Byzantine relations. Thereafter, the crusaders resorted to plunder and a scorched earth policy. On 26 August, the crusaders seized Philippopolis and its plentiful supplies. Frederick tried to communicate with the nearest Byzantine commander, the 1896:

Frederick set out on 11 May 1189 with an army of 12,000–26,000 men, including 2,000–4,000 knights. Contemporary chroniclers gave a range of estimates for Frederick's army, from 10,000 to 600,000 men, including 4,000–20,000 knights. After leaving Germany, Frederick's army was increased by the addition

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on the frontiers of Egypt fell to the crusaders, following five days of fierce fighting. The Crusader army made another advance on Jerusalem, and in June it came within sight of the city before being forced to retreat again, this time because of dissention amongst its leaders. In particular, Richard

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Before leaving Niš, Frederick had Godfrey of Würzburg preach a sermon on the importance of discipline and maintaining the peace. He also reorganized the army, dividing it into four, because it would be entering territory more firmly under Byzantine control and less friendly. The vanguard of Swabians

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On 27 October 1187, just over three weeks after Saladin's capture of Jerusalem, Pope Gregory VIII sent letters to the German episcopate announcing his election and ordering them to win the German nobility over to a new crusade. Around 23 November, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him

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and King Philip II of France (later known as "Philip Augustus") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade. The death of Henry (6 July 1189), however, meant the English contingent came under the command of his successor, King Richard I of England. The elderly German Emperor Frederick

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Richard called on Conrad to join him on campaign, but he refused, citing Richard's alliance with King Guy. He too had been negotiating with Saladin as a defence against any attempt by Richard to wrest Tyre from him for Guy. However, in April, Richard was forced to accept Conrad as king of Jerusalem

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In November 1191 the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem. On 12 December Saladin was forced by pressure from his emirs to disband the greater part of his army. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, spending Christmas at Latrun. The army then marched to Beit Nuba, only 12 miles

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The crusaders left Niš on 30 July and arrived in Sofia on 13 August. They found the city practically abandoned. There was no Byzantine delegation to meet them and no market. The following day the crusaders left Sofia and the Lorrainers under Peter of Brixey finally caught up with the main army. The

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On 18 June 1191, soon after Richard's arrival at Acre, he sent a messenger to Saladin requesting a face to face meeting. Saladin refused, saying that it was customary for kings to meet each other only after a peace treaty had been agreed, and thereafter "it is not seemly for them to make war upon

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on 23 September. Meanwhile, the English fleet eventually arrived in Marseille on 22 August, and finding that Richard had gone, sailed directly to Messina, arriving before him on 14 September. Philip had hired a Genoese fleet to transport his army, which consisted of 650 knights, 1,300 horses, and

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Neither side was entirely satisfied with the results of the war. Though Richard's victories had deprived the Muslims of important coastal territories and re-established a viable Frankish state in Palestine, many Christians in the Latin West felt disappointed that he had elected not to pursue the

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broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite losing 7,000 men, but it did rout; this was considered shameful by the Muslims and boosted the

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to lead him safely to Acre, by way of Tyre, where his father's bones were buried. While the Imperial army did not achieve its objective of capturing Jerusalem, it did capture the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate and had inflicted considerable damage on Turkish forces, with more than 9,000 Turkish

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Isaac ordered Kamytzes to shadow the crusaders and harass their foraging parties. About 22 November 1189, with some 2,000 horsemen, Kamytzes set up an ambush for the crusaders' supply train near Philippopolis. The crusaders were informed of this from the Armenian inhabitants of the fortress of

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Richard arrived at Acre on 8 June 1191 and immediately began supervising the construction of siege weapons to assault the city, which was captured on 12 July. Richard, Philip, and Leopold quarrelled over the spoils of the victory. Richard cast down the German standard from the city, slighting

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Despite its failures, the Third Crusade was by almost any measure a highly successful expedition. The Crusader Kingdom was healed of its divisions, restored to its coastal cities, and secured in a peace with its greatest enemy. Although he had failed to reclaim Jerusalem, Richard had put the

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There were two main international maritime expeditions that travelled independently of the main armies from northern European waters between the spring and autumn of 1189. In addition, there were probably numerous unrecorded sailings on a smaller scale. Some may have sailed as early as 1188.

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Guy and Raynald were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was offered a goblet of water because of his great thirst. Guy took a drink and then passed the goblet to Raynald. Raynald's having received the goblet from Guy rather than from Saladin meant that Saladin would not be forced to offer

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in the spring of 1190 and was defeated, with its men being either killed or captured. The fleet may have wintered in Portugal. This incident is not mentioned in Christian sources. In the summer of 1190, a lone English ship separated from its fleet sailed into Silves while the city was

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During the winter months, Richard's men occupied and refortified Ascalon, whose fortifications had earlier been razed by Saladin. The spring of 1192 saw continued negotiations and further skirmishing between the opposing forces. On 22 May the strategically important fortified town of

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to visit the city. Ascalon was a contentious issue as it threatened communication between Saladin's dominions in Egypt and Syria; it was eventually agreed that Ascalon, with its defences demolished, be returned to Saladin's control. Richard departed the Holy Land on 9 October 1192.

1512:, which recognised Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 9 October 1192. The military successes of the Third Crusade allowed the Christians to maintain considerable states in 3025:. Christian and Muslim pilgrims could safely conduct pilgrimages to Jerusalem. A three-year truce was also agreed upon by both sides. The Crusade itself has been described by historians as either a successful expedition, a failure, or hardly justified given the cost. 2950:

Richard had intended to return to England when he heard the news that Saladin and his army had captured Jaffa. Richard and a small force of little more than 2,000 men went to Jaffa by sea in a surprise attack. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from their ships and the

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In July 1192, Saladin's army suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa with thousands of men, but Saladin lost control of his army due to their anger for the massacre at Acre. It is believed that Saladin even told the Crusaders to shield themselves in the

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in full view of Saladin's army, which tried unsuccessfully to rescue them. Saladin responded by killing all of the Christian prisoners he had captured. Following the fall of Acre, the Crusaders recaptured some inland parts of Galilee, including

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After reaching Anatolia, Frederick was promised safe passage through the region by the Turkish Sultanate of Rum, but was faced instead with constant Turkish hit-and-run attacks on his army. A Turkish army of 10,000 men was defeated at the

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had arrived in Hungary with the contingent from Lorraine. It was there that the problems of communication between Frederick and Isaac became apparent. Frederick's envoys had reached Constantinople, but Isaac was away besieging rebels in

2831:, Saladin's brother. Saladin tried to negotiate with Richard for the release of the captured Muslim soldier garrison, which included their women and children. On 20 August, however, Richard thought Saladin had delayed too much and had 1752:

After taking the cross, Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans" in accordance with the pope's instructions. He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at

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Henry II of England died on 6 July 1189. Richard succeeded him and immediately began raising funds for the crusade. In the meantime, some of his subjects departed in multiple waves by sea. In April 1190, Richard's fleet departed from

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on 10 June 1190, Frederick's horse slipped, throwing him against the rocks; he then drowned in the river. After this, much of his army returned to Germany by sea in anticipation of the upcoming Imperial election. The Emperor's son,

2533:. It was composed mainly of commoners. It departed from Germany in April with eleven ships, although this was augmented after it arrived in Lisbon in early July by an English fleet that had set out in May. It was recruited by King 2296:

him with his domains, Frederick refused on the grounds that he was on a pilgrimage and did not wish to harm Isaac as the Serbians rebelled against the Byzantines earlier. A marriage alliance was arranged between a daughter of Duke

2866:, 30 miles (50 km) north of Jaffa. Saladin attempted to harass Richard's army into breaking its formation in order to defeat it in detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until the 2397:, where Kamytzes had set up his main camp. They set out with 5,000 cavalry to attack the Byzantine camp. The two forces met by accident near Prousenos, and in the ensuing battle, Kamytzes was routed. The historian 2745:

was struck by a violent storm. Several ships ran aground, including one holding Joan, his new fiancée Berengaria and a large amount of treasure that had been amassed for the crusade. It was soon discovered that

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by 2,000 Crusaders, with 4,174–5,000 Turks slain. After continued Turkish raids against the Crusader army, Frederick decided to replenish his stock of animals and foodstuffs by conquering the Turkish capital of

2193:. During his four days encamped before Pressburg, Frederick issued an ordinance for the good behaviour of the army, a "law against malefactors" in words of one chronicle. It apparently had a good effect. 2555: 2361:

if he received hostages (including Duke Frederick and six bishops) in addition to the envoys he had arrested. Frederick's response that he would consider the offer only after the envoys were released.

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that led to Constantinople. They were harassed by bandits along the route. According to crusader sources, some captured bandits confessed that they were acting on the orders of the duke of Braničevo.

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caught up with the army at Braničevo. The duke of Braničevo gave the army eight days' worth of provisions. The enlarged army, including a Hungarian contingent, left Braničevo on 11 July following the

2250:(duke). At Braničevo, Béla III took leave and returned to Hungary. He gave the crusaders wagons and in return Frederick gave him his boats, since they would no longer be travelling up the Danube. 5515: 3034:

recapture of Jerusalem. Likewise, many in the Islamic world felt disturbed that Saladin had failed to drive the Christians out of Syria and Palestine. Trade flourished, however, throughout the

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and the majority of the army council wanted to force Saladin to relinquish Jerusalem by attacking the basis of his power through an invasion of Egypt. The leader of the French contingent, the

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greeted them on 4 June. He provided boats, wine, bread and barley to the army. Frederick stayed in Esztergom for four days. The king of Hungary accompanied the army to the Byzantine border at

2691:. Richard arrived in Marseille and found that his fleet had not arrived; he quickly tired of waiting for them and hiring ships, left for Sicily on 7 August, visiting several places in Italy 3345:

McLynn, p. 182: breakdown includes 2,000 Outremer levies, 1,000 Templars and Hospitallers, hundreds of Genoese, Pisans, Danes, and Norwegians, and a small amount of Germans and Hungarians

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after an election by the nobles of the kingdom. Guy had received no votes at all; Richard sold him Cyprus as compensation. Before he could be crowned, Conrad was stabbed to death by two

2321:. The second division consisted of the Hungarian and Bohemian contingents with their separate standard-bearers. The third was under the command of the Duke of Merania assisted by Bishop 1819:

Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175, he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of the termination of their alliance. On 26 May 1188, he sent Count

2377:. When he received no response, he attacked his army on 29 August, killing fifty. The following day (30 August) or a week later (6 September), Duke Frederick and Duke Berthold occupied 1493:, but he died whilst crossing a river on 10 June 1190 before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused tremendous grief among the German Crusaders, and most of his troops returned home. 2389:

population swore oaths to Frederick to supply the market in Philippopolis as long as the crusaders stayed. They remained there and in partial occupation of Macedonia until 5 November.

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8,000–9,000 Angevin (English, Normans, Aquitanians, Welsh, Navarrese, etc.) troops with Richard I, up to 17,000 or 50,000 according to some sources including non-combatants and sailors

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L. Villegas-Aristizábal, "Revisión de las crónicas de Ralph de Diceto y de la Gesta regis Ricardi sobre la participación de la flota angevina durante la Tercera Cruzada en Portugal",

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on 6 May and met with Isaac, who agreed to return Richard's belongings and to send 500 of his soldiers to the Holy Land. Richard made camp at Limassol, where he received a visit from

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At the Strasbourg assembly in December 1187, Bishop Godfrey of Würzburg urged Frederick to sail his army to the Holy Land rather than proceed overland. Frederick declined and Pope

2465:; his bones were put in a bag to continue the crusade. In Antioch, however, the German army was further reduced by fever. Young Frederick had to ask the assistance of his kinsman 1710:. He did, however, send envoys to Philip of France (at the time his ally) to urge him to take the cross. On 25 December, Frederick and Philip met in person on the border between 4580: 1729:

on 27 March 1188. Because of its purpose, he named the diet the "Court of Christ". The archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick and peace was restored to the empire. Bishop

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This final act of outrage by Raynald gave Saladin the opportunity he needed to take the offensive against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and in 1187 he laid siege to the city of

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unopposed. Henry of Kalden occupied a castle called Scribention, while Bishop Diepold and Duke Berthold took a further two towns and ten castles. At this point, the local

1917:, also joined the army during its transit of Byzantium. The army that Frederick led into Muslim territory was probably larger than the one with which he had left Germany. 1777:

to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews. The First and Second Crusades in Germany had been marred by

1851: 2309:, but refused an outright alliance. Despite Frederick's care not to be drawn into Balkan politics, the events at Niš were regarded by the Byzantines as hostile acts. 1121: 5952: 2318: 2220:

was crossed on 28 June without incident. In Belgrade, Frederick staged a tournament, held a court, conducted a census of the army and wrote to the Byzantine emperor

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Frederick sailed from Regensburg on 11 May 1189, but most of the army had left earlier by land for the Hungarian border. On 16 May, Frederick ordered the village of

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Following his victory at Arsuf, Richard took Jaffa and established his new headquarters there. He offered to begin negotiations with Saladin, who sent his brother,

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dated 29 October 1187, interpreted the capture of Jerusalem as punishment for the sins of Christians across Europe. In the bull, he called for a new crusade to the

1863: 1664:, was "the most meticulously planned and organized" yet. Frederick was sixty-six years old when he set out. Two accounts dedicated to his expedition survive: the 3168:

Both Leopold V and Louis III sailed with their armies from Italy rather than march overland with Frederick. Leopold was delayed by a border dispute with Hungary.

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to retake Jaffa ended in complete failure for Saladin, who was forced to retreat. This battle greatly strengthened the position of the coastal Crusader states.

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The earlier of the two fleets departed England during Lent. It was already a large international fleet, including some 10,000 men and 50–60 ships from England,

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Revisión de las crónicas de Ralph de Diceto y de la Gesta regis Ricardi sobre la participación de la flota angevina durante la Tercera Cruzada en Portugal

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Pryor, John H. (2015). "A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191 or The Tears of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn". In Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.).

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Christian estimates of the size of Frederick's army vary from 13,000 to 100,000, while Muslim sources wildly exaggerate its size from 200,000 to 300,000.

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Tyerman p. 422: "After desperate fighting involving the Emperor himself, the Turks outside the city were defeated , apparently against numerical odds."

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married Queen Isabella, who was pregnant with Conrad's child. It was strongly suspected that the king's killers had acted on instructions from Richard.

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arrived and took command of what remained of the imperial forces. Philip of France arrived with his troops from Sicily in May. A neighboring army under

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On 2 September 1192, following his defeat at Jaffa, Saladin was forced to finalize a treaty with Richard providing that Jerusalem would remain under

2664: 2862:. Control of Jaffa was necessary before an attack on Jerusalem could be attempted. On 7 September 1191, however, Saladin attacked Richard's army at 5987: 1457:, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus. 2289:. It was probably from Ćuprija that Frederick sent another envoy, a Hungarian count named Lectoforus, to Constantinople to see what was going on. 3092: 2577: 977: 5441: 4921: 3821:

McLynn, p. 141: The book estimates that roughly 25,000 soldiers joined, but suggests the amount could have been somewhat to substantially more

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Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, leading a massive army across the Balkans and Anatolia. He achieved some victories against the

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was held by a Byzantine force of 500 men. According to Diepold of Passau, the garrison retreated at the sight of Frederick's scouts, but the

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Lectoforus met the army at Pazardzhik and informed Frederick of the disrespect shown to his envoys. On 24 August, the imperial army reached

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After the Crusaders had driven the Ayyubid army from Acre, Philip—in company with Frederick's successor in command of the German crusaders,

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on 4 October 1190 and Joan was released. Richard and Philip fell out over the issue of Richard's marriage, as Richard had decided to marry

2703: 1850:, but it required Godfrey of Würzburg, Frederick of Swabia and Leopold of Austria to swear oaths for the crusaders' good behaviour. Bishop 1678: 5428: 3065:. Leopold had also been offended by Richard casting down his standard from the walls of Acre. He was later transferred to the custody of 2891:(known as 'Saphadin' to the Franks), to meet with Richard. Negotiations, which included attempts to marry Richard's sister Joan or niece 2394: 2241: 1804:

Shortly after the Strasbourg assembly, Frederick dispatched legates to negotiate the passage of his army through their lands: Archbishop

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Thus, even after the failure of the Third Crusade Joachim did not discard the possibility of a future military expedition to Jerusalem.

1761:(23 April 1189). To prevent the crusade from degenerating into an undisciplined mob, participants were required to have at least three 483: 4364: 2687:

where they parted after agreeing to meet in Sicily; Richard with his retinue, said to number 800, marched to Marseille and Philip to

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and to make satisfaction for those Christians who had been killed in his conquests, otherwise Frederick would abrogate their treaty.

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A German Third Crusader's Chronicle of His Voyage and the Siege of Almohad Silves, 1189 AD / Muwahid Xelb, 585 AH: De Itinere Navali

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Loud 2010, p. 104: The Seljuks lost 5,000+ men per their own body count estimates on May 7, 1190, soon before the Battle of Iconium.

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There is a published correspondence, almost certainly forged, between Frederick and Saladin concerning the end of their friendship.

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During the winter of 1190–91, there were further outbreaks of dysentery and fever, which claimed the lives of Frederick of Swabia,

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Frederick was welcomed by Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja in Niš with pomp on 27 July. Although the Serbian ruler asked the emperor to

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to the Seljuk sultanate of Rûm and an unnamed ambassador to the Byzantine Empire. He may also have sent representatives to Prince

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asking him to bar such sailings. The emperor and the pope may have feared that Saladin would soon seize all the crusader ports.

1706:. About 500 knights took the cross at Strasbourg, but Frederick demurred on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop 5972: 5967: 1847: 1906: 1878:

even ordered Godfrey not to discuss it further. Ultimately, many Germans ignored the rendezvous at Regensburg and went to the

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Two additional contingents also joined Frederick's army while travelling through Byzantine Empire. Numbered about 1,000 men.

5418: 5140: 5115: 4748: 4717: 4687: 4660: 4328: 3009:, which remained under the Christians. Inland, parts of Galilee were regained by the Crusaders and further south, control of 2590: 433: 4423:"Imaging Isaak Komnenos of Cyprus (1184-1191) and the Cypriots: Evidence from the Latin Historiography of the Third Crusade" 5021: 1898: 637: 3076:

In 1193, Saladin died of yellow fever. His heirs would quarrel over the succession and ultimately fragment his conquests.

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The later of the two main fleets is the better recorded, since a short eyewitness account of its feats has survived, the

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A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian, Seljuk and possibly Ayyubid envoys in

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preached a crusade sermon and Frederick, at the urging of the assembly, took the cross. He was followed by his son, Duke

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outside of Tiberias. Saladin's forces fought the Frankish army, thirsty and demoralized, and destroyed it in the ensuing

1480:. Saladin ultimately brought both the Egyptian and Syrian forces under his own control, and employed them to reduce the 5615: 5352: 5331: 5183: 4887: 4856: 3001:. Under the terms of the treaty, the Muslims held most of Palestine and surrounding regions except a narrow strip from 1199: 1129: 1007: 970: 878: 284: 4707: 2413: 1823:

to present an ultimatum to Saladin. The sultan was ordered to withdraw from the lands he had conquered, to return the

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each other". The two therefore never met, although they did exchange gifts and Richard had a number of meetings with

2553:. The city capitulated after 45 days. The second fleet arrived at Acre between April and June 1190. According to the 1296: 598: 4677: 3511:

The city of Jerusalem was lost to Saladin in 1187 and was to be held by the Christians again only from 1229 to 1244.

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History of the Dukes of Normandy and the Kings of England by the Anonymous of Béthune: Crusade Texts in Translation

3083:, who had succeeded his brother Guy, positioned as King of Cyprus. After their deaths in 1205, her eldest daughter 2812: 2804: 2719: 1707: 1099: 5932: 5706: 2641: 1423: 562: 5942: 5892: 5781: 5450:

Wilson, Jonathan (2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': The Alvor Massacre 1189, an Anomaly in the Portuguese

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Henry of Champagne was killed in an accidental fall in 1197. Queen Isabella then married for a fourth time, to

2892: 2734:. Philip left Sicily directly for the Middle East on 30 March 1191 and arrived in Tyre in April; he joined the 2341:

says that it retreated only after being engaged by Frederick and a small group of knights. The army arrived at

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Vol. I, 378–1278 AD. London: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, reprinted in 1998.

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The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts

2735: 1450: 963: 924: 697: 17: 5236: 4975:(1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189". 5776: 5133:

The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade

3143: 3073:

in 1194 and died of a crossbow bolt wound in 1199 at the age of 41 while suppressing a revolt in Limousin.

3066: 2450: 2429: 2314: 1828: 1782: 1698:

had been appointed to preach the crusade in Germany. He preached before Frederick and a public assembly in

1386: 1376: 929: 625: 616: 607: 567: 546: 3069:, and it took a ransom of one hundred and fifty thousand marks to obtain his release. Richard returned to 5531: 2779: 2731: 1719: 1308: 1301: 1204: 664: 551: 400: 371: 4897:

Angold, Michael (2016). "The Fall of Jerusalem (1187) as viewed from Byzantium". In Boas, Adrian (ed.).

5806: 5075: 4738: 4650: 3428: 3058: 2925: 2616:" on their citizens to finance the venture. (No such tithe had been levied in the Empire.) In Britain, 2325:. The fourth was under Frederick's personal command and Rupert of Nassau was named its standard-bearer 1742: 1497: 580: 533: 520: 253: 1581:

again served as regent. The following year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother,

5791: 5701: 5665: 5066: 4522: 3098: 2240:, which was the seat of the local Byzantine administration since Belgrade had been devastated in the 2178: 1910: 1620: 1552: 1431: 773: 248: 189: 4957:

Chronicle of the Third Crusade: a Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi

3217:

This place may have had personal significance for Frederick. It was the closest place Frederick, an

5902: 5897: 5811: 5786: 5680: 5655: 2998: 2621: 2438: 1477: 1469: 1109: 934: 810: 346: 2559:, wood and sail from its cogs was used to construct a field hospital, which ultimately became the 1838:. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. The envoys of 5645: 4865: 3527: 3080: 3046: 2793: 2715: 1788:

On 29 January 1188, a mob invaded the Jewish quarter in Mainz and many Jews fled to the imperial

1672: 1566: 1336: 668: 620: 611: 602: 555: 337: 5323:

A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187

2624:, made a tour through Wales, convincing 3,000 men-at-arms to take up the cross, recorded in the 1590: 5962: 5957: 5887: 5826: 5756: 5590: 5159:

The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier

4777: 4766: 3208:

The emperor had been on the Second Crusade in 1147 and so was familiar with the overland route.

2984: 2956: 2937: 2816: 2586: 2542: 2483: 1813: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1578: 1509: 1454: 1341: 1269: 944: 919: 744: 692: 647: 630: 381: 114: 4812: 4802: 3541: 3090:

Accounts of events surrounding the Third Crusade were written by the anonymous authors of the

2237: 2201: 1902: 5836: 5816: 5746: 5640: 5625: 5610: 5605: 5580: 4972: 4486: 3392:

The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach

2912: 2727: 2462: 2254: 1889:

Frederick was the first of the three kings to set out for the Holy Land. On 15 April 1189 in

1805: 1758: 1371: 1274: 1264: 2668: 2656: 2285:. Nonetheless, John Kamateros wrote to inform Frederick that a market would be available in 1600:. Raymond advised patience, but Guy, acting on advice from Raynald, marched his army to the 717: 5846: 5841: 5751: 5736: 5600: 5560: 5370: 4516: 3062: 3018: 2832: 2797: 2747: 2711: 2534: 2466: 2306: 1883: 1738: 1657: 1582: 1570: 1517: 1419: 682: 673: 510: 474: 463: 391: 327: 263: 1789: 1722:, but he could not convince Philip to go on a crusade because he was at war with England. 8: 5761: 5741: 5731: 5721: 5545: 5400: 4773: 3123: 3084: 2867: 2808: 2652: 2605: 2601: 2581: 2298: 1778: 1508:

was returned to Christian control. On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin finalized the

1485: 1415: 1381: 1366: 1316: 1174: 1144: 515: 361: 258: 208: 4550: 2167:

Key stops along the route of Barbarossa's crusade from his taking the cross to his death

1490: 451: 5856: 5851: 5766: 5595: 5555: 5471: 5267: 5175: 5095: 4984: 4808: 4442: 3565: 3147: 2908: 2632:. Baldwin would later accompany Richard on the Crusade and would die in the Holy Land. 2501: 2282: 1661: 1411: 1291: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1194: 1189: 1162: 1139: 1084: 1012: 1002: 467: 294: 273: 213: 163: 153: 5493:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jonathan Riley-Smith, Carole Hillenbrand and Tariq Ali ( 2800:, Isabella was married to Conrad of Montferrat, who claimed the kingship in her name. 2679:, only to be routed by the Portuguese monarch. Richard and Philip II met in France at 1500:—left the Holy Land in August 1191. Following a major victory by the Crusaders at the 5831: 5660: 5570: 5475: 5414: 5376: 5348: 5327: 5296: 5271: 5212: 5179: 5136: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5050: 5035: 5017: 4883: 4852: 4816: 4781: 4744: 4713: 4683: 4656: 4492: 4465: 4434: 4324: 3569: 3493: 3272: 3039: 2763: 2546: 2529: 2505: 2419: 2398: 2322: 1914: 1879: 1513: 1326: 1243: 1134: 1039: 727: 376: 332: 289: 268: 224: 198: 178: 158: 5635: 4942: 1691:

from the rulers of the Crusader states in the East urging him to come to their aid.

5861: 5650: 5463: 5366: 5344:

A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

5259: 5255: 5251: 5079: 4511: 4316: 3557: 3178: 2997:

that were on the brink of collapse, which was further reinforced by the capture of

2648: 2617: 2538: 2221: 1715: 1628: 1605: 1548: 1358: 1321: 1286: 1281: 1179: 1149: 1114: 1044: 1017: 805: 763: 722: 701: 687: 589: 571: 537: 524: 304: 243: 238: 173: 5467: 5443:

The Norman and Anglo-Norman Participation in the Iberian Reconquista, c. 1018–1248

5375:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. 4338: 2185:, Frederick expelled 500 men from the army for various infractions. He celebrated 5565: 5550: 5404: 5342: 5321: 5317: 5171: 4877: 4807:. Crusade Texts in Translation. Vol. 7. Burlington, VT; Hampshire, England: 3487: 3119: 3115: 2994: 2853: 2785: 2759: 2629: 2550: 2374: 2273: 1842:, grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in 1793: 1762: 1640: 1586: 1501: 1481: 1473: 1331: 1256: 1157: 1094: 1089: 1064: 1049: 1034: 939: 785: 659: 642: 428: 419: 356: 318: 299: 233: 203: 168: 1785:. Frederick successfully prevented a repetition of those events inside Germany. 49: 5726: 5711: 5675: 5362: 4320: 4031: 3218: 2789: 2560: 2517: 2479: 2458: 2334: 1839: 1695: 1627:

is said to have collapsed and died (October 1187) upon hearing the news of the

1535:

of 1202–1204, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the

1532: 1465: 1461: 1351: 1251: 1104: 1069: 1054: 914: 846:

From 7,000 to 40,000 from the rest of Europe and Outremer, plus some Turcopoles

732: 488: 366: 144: 5500: 5083: 3561: 3423: 2788:

from prison in 1189. Guy attempted to take command of the Christian forces at

2766:, and married Berengaria, who was crowned queen. Once back at his fortress of 2405:, and that Kamytzes did not rejoin his men until three days after the battle. 2244:

with the Hungarians and Serbs. The head of the Byzantine administration was a

2232:

The army, still accompanied by Béla III, left Belgrade on 1 July, crossed the

1557: 5881: 5410: 5288: 5091: 4438: 4027: 3268: 3002: 2920: 2741:

Shortly after setting sail from Sicily, Richard's armada of 180 ships and 39

2613: 2302: 2262: 1726: 1536: 1521: 1079: 1074: 1029: 677: 5490: 2879: 5696: 3260: 2672: 2445: 2378: 2370: 2233: 1635: 1616: 1346: 1167: 790: 778: 309: 5293:

The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart and the Battle for Jerusalem

5064:

Hamilton, Bernard (1978). "The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon".

2313:

and Bavarians was put under the command of the Duke of Swabia assisted by

1866:

with a large entourage were sent ahead to make preparations in Byzantium.

585: 5575: 5389:

Spencer, Stephen J. "The Third Crusade in historiographical perspective"

5199:

Khamisy, Rabei, G. (2016) "Western Upper Galilee Under crusader Rule" in

3035: 2358: 2293: 1875: 1623:. Christians would not hold the city of Jerusalem again until 1229. Pope 1392: 1184: 410: 4446: 4422: 2754:

had seized the treasure. The young women were unharmed. Richard entered

2568: 1882:, hoping to sail to the Holy Land on their own. Frederick wrote to King 4998:

The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation

3177:

Moses's account is known from a letter he wrote to his brother-in-law,

3087:(born after her father's murder) succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem. 2837: 2573: 2342: 2190: 1824: 1754: 1699: 457: 4988: 2680: 2437:. On 18 May 1190, the German army defeated its Turkish enemies at the 2269: 3022: 2990: 2888: 2841: 2767: 2660: 2509: 2382: 2197: 2186: 1835: 1645: 1624: 1574: 1427: 768: 1484:

and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, King

5372:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311

4927: 4740:

Jerusalem, Jerusalem: How the Ancient City Ignited Our Modern World

3111: 2952: 2858:

After the capture of Acre, Richard decided to march to the city of

2755: 2730:, breaking off his long-standing betrothal to Philip's half-sister 2722:—William's wife and Richard's sister. Richard captured the city of 2401:, who was an eyewitness, writes that the Byzantines fled as far as 2278: 2205: 1890: 1597: 987: 134: 91: 41: 832:

7,000+ French with Phillip II (inc. 650 knights and 1,300 squires)

3316: 3314: 3070: 2967: 2944: 2896: 2828: 2738:

on 20 April. Richard did not set off from Sicily until 10 April.

2723: 2696: 2521: 2493: 2454: 2434: 2386: 2354: 1449:

It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of

1442:

in 1187. For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the

1439: 1435: 758: 87: 3049:

recounted Saladin's distress at the successes of the Crusaders:

870: 5203:, Boas, Adrian, J. (ed.), Routledge, Abingdon pp. 212–224. 3107: 2963: 2751: 2742: 2676: 2609: 2513: 2196:

From Pressburg, the Hungarian envoys escorted the crusaders to

2182: 1601: 1585:, sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, 1505: 83: 79: 75: 3311: 3021:

and the Ayyubid Sultanate. The Muslims remained in control of

2663:. Parts of this fleet helped the Portuguese monarch defeat an 2612:

in January 1188 and then both took the cross. Both imposed a "

1843: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2971: 2863: 2859: 2688: 2402: 2286: 2213: 2209: 1765:, which was enough to be able support oneself for two years. 1711: 1561:

The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade

1525: 1410:(1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of 835:

12,000–20,000 Germans with Frederick I (inc. 3–4,000 knights)

4581:

Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900/Joan (1165–1199)

4008: 1531:

The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent

4679:

Crusade and Mission: European Approaches Toward the Muslims

3986: 3984: 3935: 3933: 3920: 3918: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3757: 3755: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3686: 3684: 3546:

and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188"

3442: 2989:

The Third Crusade did not achieve the goal of re-capturing

2911:

in the streets of Tyre. Eight days later, Richard's nephew

2684: 2258: 2217: 955: 4621: 3740: 3221:, had to a home and may also have been where he was born. 2874: 2246: 1897:

of a contingent of 2,000 men led by the Hungarian prince

4192: 4168: 3996: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3930: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3824: 3752: 3696: 3681: 3199:

Sources give their entourage as 100, 300 or 500 knights.

3057:

Richard was arrested and imprisoned in December 1192 by

2895:

to Al-Adil respectively, failed, and Richard marched to

2470:

soldiers killed in all battles and skirmishes combined.

2305:. Frederick also received messages of support from Tsar 4228: 4204: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4067: 4043: 3718: 3716: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 2931: 2224:

to inform him that he had entered Byzantine territory.

4768:

The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin

4091: 3779: 3348: 2811:. When the sailing season began again in spring 1191, 4144: 4120: 3791: 3476:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 264. 3454: 2441:, sacking the city and killing 3,000 Turkish troops. 1846:. An agreement was reached with the Byzantine envoy, 1781:. The Third Crusade itself occasioned an outbreak of 4934:, translated by Marianne Ailes. Boydell Press, 2003. 4519:

Conscience and History in a World Civilization Vol 2

4252: 4240: 4216: 4156: 4103: 3945: 3803: 3767: 3728: 3713: 3669: 3650: 3638: 3619: 3595: 3576: 3301: 3299: 3297: 2181:

burned because it had levied a toll on the army. In

1773:

At Strasbourg, Frederick imposed a small tax on the

5446:, Phd Thesis, Nottingham: University of Nottingham. 4800: 4180: 4079: 4055: 3607: 3372: 3360: 2707:

Philip II depicted arriving in Palestine, 1332–1350

5295:. Osprey Campaign. Vol. 161. Oxford: Osprey. 4959:, translated by Helen J. Nicholson. Ashgate, 1997. 4765: 4725:Christians of the Levant back on their feet again. 4533: 4531: 4315:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 4304: 4264: 3841: 3159:The duke of Bohemia died before the crusade began. 2993:. However, it facilitated the continuation of the 2576:, a northern fleet fought a naval battle with the 2208:. There were incidents during the crossing of the 1667:History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick 5361: 5264:20.500.11755/5490e290-3c18-4adc-8376-65ac10541dfc 4977:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4847:Bachrach, Bernard S.; Bachrach, David S. (2017). 4132: 4033:Men-at-arms series 171 - Saladin and the saracens 3873:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 3294: 2899:, which had been recently demolished by Saladin. 2700:1,300 squires to the Holy Land by way of Sicily. 5879: 5281:The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land, 1190–1291 5209:O City of Byzantium. Annals of Niketas Choniates 4846: 3320: 3061:, who suspected Richard of murdering his cousin 2714:had died the previous year, and was replaced by 2608:ended their war with each other in a meeting at 2345:on 20 August, finding an abundance of supplies. 1577:, whom he had crowned as co-king in 1183. Count 27:1189–1192 attempted re-conquest of the Holy Land 5530: 5151:Britain, Ireland and the Crusades, c. 1000–1300 4918:La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1192) 4528: 3492:(Fourth ed.). Ignatius Press. p. 15. 3093:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi 2596: 2545:, the fleet had 38 vessels, including two from 5311:A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages 3530:, 1965 (trans. John Gillingham, 1972), p. 139. 2683:and set out together on 4 July 1190 as far as 2524:defenders. It arrived in Acre on 1 September. 1920: 856:40,000 (Saladin's field army, 1189 – estimate) 5516: 5014:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth 4306:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" 3867: 3865: 3472:Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and D. E. P. Jackson, 971: 886: 865:22,000+ (Qutb al-Din's field army only, 1190) 54:Map showing the routes of the crusader armies 5953:Byzantine Empire–Holy Roman Empire relations 4907:De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum 1679:Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick 4922:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 4849:Warfare in Medieval Europe c. 400 – c. 1453 4682:. Princeton University Press. p. 114. 3485: 3255: 3253: 3251: 2947:until he had regained control of his army. 2253:The Burgundian contingent under Archbishop 5523: 5509: 5044: 4950:Philip Augustus: King of France, 1180–1223 4648: 4484: 3878: 3862: 3421: 3104:Old French Continuation of William of Tyre 2966:control, while allowing unarmed Christian 2675:, while another group ransacked Christian 2348: 1799: 978: 964: 893: 879: 5211:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 5206: 4872:, trans. D.S. Richards (Aldershot, 2001). 4870:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 4804:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 4491:. Yale University Press. pp. 20–21. 4459: 4420: 4014: 4002: 3267:(1st Da Capo Press ed.). Cambridge: 2883:Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337 2833:2,700 of the Muslim prisoners decapitated 2556:Narratio de primordiis ordinis theutonici 2189:on 28 May encamped across from Hungarian 825:36,000–74,000 troops in total (estimate) 5406:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 5340: 5316: 5225: 5063: 5016:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 4947: 4939:Elite Participation in the Third Crusade 4763: 4712:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. 4627: 3853: 3448: 3397: 3248: 2878: 2796:. After a hastily arranged divorce from 2702: 2412: 1909:. Two contingents from the Empire, from 1556: 5988:Wars involving the Nizari Ismaili state 5399: 5287: 4962: 4841:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 4736: 4312:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4026: 1651: 1516:and on the Syrian coast, restoring the 14: 5880: 5449: 5278: 5130: 4910:, translated by James A. Brundage, in 4896: 4875: 4705: 4258: 4246: 4150: 4126: 3460: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3259: 2875:Advances on Jerusalem and negotiations 1768: 1718:in the presence of Henry of Marcy and 5504: 5049:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5011: 4971: 4675: 4222: 4198: 4174: 4162: 4114: 3990: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3924: 3909: 3897: 3835: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3707: 3690: 3675: 3663: 3644: 3632: 3601: 3589: 3539: 3474:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1615:By the end of 1187 Saladin had taken 959: 874: 5948:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 5928:Wars involving the Kingdom of Cyprus 5923:Wars involving the Republic of Genoa 5913:Wars involving the Ayyubid Sultanate 5435:Studia Historica – Historia Medieval 5228:Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 5165: 4920:, edited by Margaret Ruth Morgan. L' 4801:al-Din, Baha; D.S. Richards (2002). 4234: 4210: 4186: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 3847: 3613: 3305: 2932:Saladin's attempt to recapture Jaffa 2473: 2408: 1869: 1783:violence against the Jews in England 858:5,000–20,000 (Acre's garrison, 1189) 5938:Wars involving the Republic of Pisa 5918:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire 5621:Second War of Scottish Independence 5456:Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 5440:Villegas-Aristizabal, Lucas, 2007, 5237:"Frisian Fighters and the Crusades" 5234: 5156: 4914:. Marquette University Press, 1962. 4709:The Concise History of the Crusades 4353:Studia Historica- Historia Medieval 4270: 4138: 4039:. Osprey publishing. pp. 9–12. 4020: 2659:on their way to meet their king in 2423:, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia. 2242:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185) 2227: 1685: 1676:. There is also a short tract, the 1472:and engaged in a conflict with the 24: 5616:First War of Scottish Independence 5369:; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969) . 5008:, trans. J.M. Todd (London, 2011). 4912:The Crusades: A Documentary Survey 4772:. Great battles through the ages. 3106:(parts of which are attributed to 2847: 1949: 1901:, the younger brother of the King 1024:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 1008:Military order (religious society) 25: 5999: 5983:1190s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem 5978:1180s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem 5484: 5207:Magoulias, Harry J., ed. (1984). 5194:Saladin: Politics of the Holy War 5192:Lyons, M.C. & D.E.P Jackson, 4764:Crompton, Samuel Willard (2003). 4462:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History 3045:Saladin's scholar and biographer 2453:, led the remaining 5,000 men to 2090: 1990: 1702:around 1 December, as did Bishop 900: 5279:Morton, Nicholas Edward (2009). 4794: 4757: 4730: 4699: 4669: 4642: 4633: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4288:Dictionary of National Biography 3886:Historical Atlas of The Crusades 2805:Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem 2773: 2457:. There, the Emperor's body was 2149: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2004: 2003: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1948: 1935: 1934: 1927: 48: 5032:Arab Historians of the Crusades 4832: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4540: 4505: 4478: 4453: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4358: 4345: 4297: 4276: 3815: 3533: 3516: 3479: 3466: 3422:Cartwright, Mark (2018-08-27). 3415: 3406: 3384: 3242: 3224: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3146:, who had already been elected 3136: 3017:were to be divided between the 2642:Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I 1504:, most of the coastline of the 1424:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 5347:. Cambridge University Press. 5326:. Cambridge University Press. 5256:10.1080/28327861.2002.12220535 5226:Marshall, Christopher (1992). 4996:Edbury, Peter W., ed. (1998). 3486:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2009). 3339: 3326: 3285: 3265:Richard and John: Kings at War 2893:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 1130:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 66:11 May 1189 – 2 September 1192 13: 1: 5973:1190s in the Byzantine Empire 5968:1180s in the Byzantine Empire 5867:War of the Spanish Succession 5822:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 5797:Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) 5671:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 5468:10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043 5230:. Cambridge University Press. 4941:(Boydell & Brewer, 2021) 4851:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 4737:Carroll, James (2011-03-09). 4464:. Curzon Press. p. 245. 3237: 3038:and in port cities along the 2589:. Upon the request of Bishop 2268:On 25 July, Frederick was in 1862:and the imperial chamberlain 1749:and a host of lesser nobles. 1542: 5802:Anglo-French War (1627–1629) 5437:27 (2009), pp. 153–170. 5122:Shirley, Janet, ed. (2021). 5034:, English translation 1969, 4649:Lane-Poole, Stanley (2013). 4546:7,000 dead according to the 4355:27 (2009), pp. 153–170. 4339:UK public library membership 3321:Bachrach & Bachrach 2017 3067:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 3028: 2597:Richard and Philip's crusade 2461:, which was interred in the 1829:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 985: 800:Eastern Christian opponents: 106: 7: 5631:Invasion of Scotland (1400) 5532:Military history of England 4932:The History of the Holy War 4676:Kedar, Benjamin Z. (2014). 3394:. Farnham: Ashgate. p. 108. 2272:when he received word that 1921:Passage through the Balkans 1720:Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre 401:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 372:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 10: 6004: 5807:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 5427:Villegas-Aristizabal, L., 5108:Byzantium and the Crusades 5076:Cambridge University Press 4706:Madden, Thomas F. (2014). 4421:Neocleous, Savvas (2013). 4411:History of the Dukes p. 99 4402:Gesta Regis Ricardi p. 139 3429:World History Encyclopedia 3334:A keresztes háborúk világa 3059:Leopold V, Duke of Austria 2982: 2978: 2935: 2851: 2817:Leo II of Cilician Armenia 2777: 2639: 2635: 2537:to assist in an attack on 2477: 2459:boiled to remove the flesh 2172: 1569:died in 1185, leaving the 1546: 1498:Leopold V, Duke of Austria 838:2,000 Hungarians with Géza 654:Levantine Crusader states: 254:Margraviate of Brandenburg 5792:Second Anglo-Powhatan War 5777:Nine Years' War (Ireland) 5689: 5538: 5341:Runciman, Steven (1954). 5235:Mol, Johannes A. (2002). 5149:Hurlock, Kathryn (2013), 5135:. Yale University Press. 5121: 5106:Harris, Jonathan (2014), 5084:10.1017/S0424208400008950 5067:Studies in Church History 5045:Gillingham, John (1978). 4995: 4882:. Yale University Press. 4523:The University of Chicago 4485:Gillingham, John (1999). 3562:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574 3540:Smith, Thomas W. (2018). 3099:Itinerarium Regis Ricardi 2366:History of the Expedition 2339:History of the Expedition 2301:and a nephew of Nemanja, 1779:violence against the Jews 1694:By 11 November, Cardinal 1553:Siege of Jerusalem (1187) 1460:After the failure of the 998:Ideology and institutions 995: 910: 818: 739:Eastern Christian allies: 497: 259:Margraviate of Montferrat 249:Landgraviate of Thuringia 126: 58: 47: 39: 34: 5812:Third Anglo-Powhatan War 5787:First Anglo-Powhatan War 5707:Second Cornish rebellion 4876:Barber, Malcolm (2012). 4591:Gillingham, pp. 198–200. 3142:Frederick's eldest son, 3129: 2622:archbishop of Canterbury 2587:besieged by the Almohads 2281:under a pretender named 5717:Silken Thomas rebellion 5702:First Cornish rebellion 5153:, Basingstoke: Palgrave 4948:Bradbury, Jim (2013) . 4866:Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad 4609:Gillingham, pp. 209–212 4553:Book IV Ch. XIX, p. 185 4393:Wolff and Hazard, p. 61 4375:Wolff and Hazard, p. 58 4365:Wolff and Hazard, p. 57 4282:Hunt, William (1885). " 3528:Oxford University Press 3489:What were the Crusades? 3332:Hunyadi, Zsolt (2011), 2780:Siege of Acre (1189–91) 2349:Conflict with Byzantium 2319:Berthold III of Vohburg 1800:Diplomatic preparations 1673:History of the Pilgrims 1567:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 1520:on a narrow strip from 1491:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm 452:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm 338:Principality of Antioch 5933:Wars involving England 5827:Second Anglo-Dutch War 5757:Siege of Calais (1558) 5747:Third Cornish uprising 5666:Buckingham's rebellion 5591:Welsh uprising of 1211 5110:, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. 4973:David, Charles Wendell 4963:Cushing, Dana (2013). 4639:Marshall (1992), P. 21 4321:10.1093/ref:odnb/98218 3055: 2985:Treaty of Jaffa (1192) 2938:Battle of Jaffa (1192) 2884: 2708: 2484:Siege of Silves (1189) 2424: 2257:and a contingent from 1864:Markward von Neuenburg 1747:Louis III of Thuringia 1735:Frederick VI of Swabia 1579:Raymond III of Tripoli 1562: 698:Joscelin III of Edessa 693:Bohemond IV of Antioch 648:Margaritus of Brindisi 638:Prince Géza of Hungary 631:Markward von Annweiler 599:Louis III of Thuringia 568:Frederick VI of Swabia 498:Commanders and leaders 444:Emirate of Mesopotamia 5943:Wars involving France 5893:12th-century crusades 5837:Third Anglo-Dutch War 5817:First Anglo-Dutch War 5727:Amicable Grant Revolt 5656:Jack Cade's Rebellion 5611:Welsh Uprising (1282) 5393:(June 2021) vol 19#7 5309:Oman, C.W.C., (1924) 5161:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5157:Lay, Stephen (2009). 5131:Hosler, John (2018). 5047:Richard the Lionheart 3051: 2913:Henry II of Champagne 2882: 2728:Berengaria of Navarre 2706: 2665:Almohad counterattack 2651:under the command of 2478:Further information: 2463:Church of Saint Peter 2430:Battle of Philomelion 2416: 2255:Aimo II of Tarentaise 1810:Godfrey of Wiesenbach 1560: 1468:controlled a unified 626:Adolf III of Holstein 608:Floris III of Holland 547:Henry II of Champagne 511:Richard the Lionheart 5908:Richard I of England 5401:Tyerman, Christopher 5283:. The Boydell Press. 5166:Loud, G. A. (2010). 5030:Gabrieli, F., (ed.) 5012:Freed, John (2016). 4743:. HMH. p. 147. 4517:The Venture of Islam 4384:"Gesta Regis Ricard" 3063:Conrad of Montferrat 3019:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2813:Leopold V of Austria 2798:Humphrey IV of Toron 2748:Isaac Dukas Comnenus 2712:William II of Sicily 2535:Sancho I of Portugal 2467:Conrad of Montferrat 2307:Peter II of Bulgaria 2164:class=notpageimage| 1884:William II of Sicily 1856:Rupert III of Nassau 1790:castle of Münzenberg 1743:Leopold V of Austria 1739:Frederick of Bohemia 1658:Frederick Barbarossa 1652:Barbarossa's crusade 1591:Raynald of Châtillon 1571:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1518:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1432:capture of Jerusalem 1420:Richard I of England 1412:Western Christianity 753:Sunni Muslim forces: 683:Humphrey IV of Toron 674:Conrad of Montferrat 665:Sibylla of Jerusalem 581:Leopold V of Austria 563:Frederick Barbarossa 521:Hugh III of Burgundy 464:Nizari Ismaili state 328:Kingdom of Jerusalem 264:Margraviate of Baden 5762:Rising of the North 5732:Pilgrimage of Grace 5722:Anglo-Scottish Wars 5681:Yorkshire rebellion 5546:Battle of Aylesford 4879:The Crusader States 4774:Infobase Publishing 4237:, pp. 202–203. 4213:, pp. 196–197. 4201:, pp. 611–616. 4177:, pp. 603–604. 4076:, pp. 109–111. 4052:, pp. 102–103. 4017:, pp. 224–225. 3993:, pp. 494–495. 3978:, pp. 493–494. 3966:, pp. 492–493. 3942:, pp. 491–492. 3927:, pp. 490–491. 3912:, pp. 489–490. 3900:, pp. 488–489. 3838:, pp. 487–488. 3764:, pp. 480–481. 3749:, p. 626 n.44. 3710:, pp. 473–474. 3693:, pp. 472–473. 3451:, pp. 106–107. 3124:Giraldus Cambrensis 3085:Maria of Montferrat 3081:Amalric of Lusignan 2809:Theobald V of Blois 2653:Richard de Camville 2606:Philip II of France 2602:Henry II of England 2582:Strait of Gibraltar 2451:Frederick of Swabia 2444:While crossing the 2299:Berthold of Merania 2202:Béla III of Hungary 1903:Béla III of Hungary 1769:Protecting the Jews 1731:Godfrey of Würzburg 1704:Henry of Strasbourg 1486:Henry II of England 1426:) to reconquer the 1416:Philip II of France 1382:Crusade of the Poor 534:Theobald V of Blois 434:Emirate of Damascus 382:Order of St Lazarus 362:Knights Hospitaller 209:County of Champagne 5852:Monmouth Rebellion 5847:Virginia rebellion 5626:Hundred Years' War 5606:Second Barons' War 5596:Battle of Bouvines 5556:Battle of Ellendun 5363:Setton, Kenneth M. 5201:The Crusader World 5196:(Cambridge, 2001). 5176:Ashgate Publishing 4937:Bennett, Stephen. 4899:The Crusader World 4652:A History of Egypt 4600:Gillingham, p. 208 4460:M. Chahin (1987). 4294:London. pp. 32–34. 4100:, pp. 97–111. 3148:king of the Romans 2885: 2709: 2520:and massacred its 2512:. After a stop in 2425: 2315:Herman IV of Baden 2283:Theodore Mangaphas 1860:Henry III of Dietz 1852:Hermann of Münster 1759:Saint George's Day 1662:Holy Roman Emperor 1563: 1464:of 1147–1149, the 1309:Against Christians 1013:Crusade indulgence 1003:Crusading movement 617:Herman IV of Baden 552:Philip of Flanders 429:Sultanate of Egypt 310:Kingdom of Denmark 295:Kingdom of Navarre 285:Kingdom of Hungary 274:County of Holstein 214:County of Flanders 164:Duchy of Aquitaine 154:Kingdom of England 5875: 5874: 5842:King Philip's War 5832:War of Devolution 5782:Eighty Years' War 5772:Anglo-Spanish War 5752:Wyatt's rebellion 5737:Bigod's rebellion 5712:Warbeck rebellion 5661:Wars of the Roses 5601:First Barons' War 5581:Revolt of 1173–74 5571:Rebellion of 1088 5420:978-0-674-02387-1 5367:Wolff, Robert Lee 5142:978-0-30021-550-2 5116:978-1-78093-767-0 4750:978-0-547-54905-7 4719:978-1-4422-3116-0 4689:978-1-4008-5561-2 4662:978-1-108-06569-6 4630:, pp. 71–72. 4562:Oman, pp. 311–318 4337:(Subscription or 4330:978-0-19-861412-8 4284:Baldwin (d. 1190) 3788:, pp. 51–53. 3357:, pp. 72–73. 2784:Saladin released 2764:King of Jerusalem 2718:, who imprisoned 2566:According to the 2541:. At the ensuing 2530:De itinere navali 2474:Maritime crusades 2439:Battle of Iconium 2420:Varka and Golshah 2417:Battle scene, in 2409:Turkish territory 2399:Niketas Choniates 2364:According to the 2323:Diepold of Passau 1880:Kingdom of Sicily 1870:Mustering an army 1821:Henry II of Dietz 1814:Leo II of Armenia 1708:Philip of Cologne 1401: 1400: 1387:Shepherds' (1320) 1377:Shepherds' (1251) 1361:(1096–1320) 1311:(1209–1588) 1246:(1147–1410) 1124:(1291–1717) 953: 952: 869: 868: 728:Garnier de Nablus 586:Děpolt of Bohemia 475:Eastern Christian 420:Ayyubid Sultanate 392:Eastern Christian 377:Order of Mountjoy 333:County of Tripoli 290:Republic of Genoa 269:County of Holland 225:Holy Roman Empire 199:Duchy of Burgundy 190:Kingdom of France 179:Duchy of Brittany 159:Duchy of Normandy 122: 121: 35:The Third Crusade 16:(Redirected from 5995: 5862:Jacobite risings 5742:Kett's Rebellion 5676:Simnel rebellion 5651:Oldcastle Revolt 5646:Scrope rebellion 5561:Viking invasions 5525: 5518: 5511: 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2048: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2007: 2006: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1686:Taking the cross 1629:Battle of Hattin 1606:Battle of Hattin 1549:Battle of Hattin 1115:Fall of Outremer 1018:Papal income tax 990: 980: 973: 966: 957: 956: 905: 895: 888: 881: 872: 871: 806:Isaac II Angelos 764:Al-Muzaffar Umar 745:Leo I of Armenia 723:Armengol de Aspa 712:Military orders: 706: 688:Balian of Ibelin 594: 576: 542: 529: 484:Byzantine Empire 439:Emirate of Hamah 305:Republic of Pisa 244:Duchy of Bohemia 239:Duchy of Austria 174:County of Poitou 60: 59: 52: 32: 31: 21: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5903:1190s conflicts 5898:1180s conflicts 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5857:Nine Years' War 5685: 5641:Percy rebellion 5566:Norman Conquest 5551:Battle of Badon 5534: 5529: 5487: 5482: 5421: 5391:History Compass 5383: 5355: 5334: 5303: 5239: 5219: 5186: 5172:Farnham, Surrey 5143: 5057: 5024: 4890: 4859: 4843:(London, 2010). 4835: 4830: 4823: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4545: 4541: 4537:Khamisy, p. 214 4536: 4529: 4525:, 1958, p. 267. 4510: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4458: 4454: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153:, pp. 1–2. 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4129:, pp. 7–8. 4125: 4121: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 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Mayer, 3521: 3517: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3424:"Third Crusade" 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3295: 3291:Tyerman, p. 436 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271:. p. 182. 3258: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3120:Ralph of Diceto 3116:Roger of Howden 3031: 2995:Crusader states 2987: 2981: 2940: 2934: 2877: 2856: 2854:Battle of Arsuf 2850: 2848:Battle of Arsuf 2782: 2776: 2760:Guy of Lusignan 2720:Joan of England 2695:and arrived in 2657:Robert de Sablé 2644: 2638: 2630:Gerald of Wales 2599: 2543:siege of Silves 2486: 2476: 2411: 2375:Manuel Kamytzes 2351: 2274:Peter of Brixey 2236:and headed for 2230: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2094: 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169:County of Anjou 148: 147: 139: 115:Treaty of Jaffa 111: 94: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5636:Glyndŵr Rising 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5486: 5485:External links 5483: 5481: 5480: 5447: 5438: 5425: 5419: 5397: 5387: 5381: 5359: 5354:978-0521347723 5353: 5338: 5333:978-0521347716 5332: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5289:Nicolle, David 5285: 5276: 5232: 5223: 5217: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5185:978-0754665755 5184: 5163: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5128: 5119: 5104: 5061: 5055: 5042: 5028: 5022: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4983:(5): 591–676. 4969: 4960: 4954: 4945: 4935: 4925: 4915: 4903: 4894: 4889:978-0300189315 4888: 4873: 4863: 4858:978-1138887664 4857: 4844: 4839:Asbridge, T., 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4793: 4786: 4756: 4749: 4729: 4718: 4698: 4688: 4668: 4661: 4641: 4632: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4573: 4571:Nicolle, p. 83 4564: 4555: 4539: 4527: 4504: 4497: 4477: 4470: 4452: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4357: 4344: 4329: 4296: 4275: 4273:, p. 157. 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4225:, p. 618. 4215: 4203: 4191: 4189:, p. 193. 4179: 4167: 4165:, p. 664. 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4117:, p. 666. 4102: 4090: 4088:, p. 181. 4078: 4066: 4064:, p. 104. 4054: 4042: 4028:Nicolle, David 4019: 4015:Magoulias 1984 4007: 4005:, p. 222. 4003:Magoulias 1984 3995: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3954:, p. 494. 3944: 3929: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3877: 3861: 3859:Tyerman p. 418 3852: 3840: 3823: 3814: 3812:, p. 486. 3802: 3790: 3778: 3776:, p. 481. 3766: 3751: 3739: 3737:, p. 355. 3727: 3725:, p. 480. 3712: 3695: 3680: 3678:, p. 488. 3668: 3666:, p. 487. 3649: 3647:, p. 479. 3637: 3635:, p. 471. 3618: 3606: 3604:, p. 512. 3594: 3592:, p. 482. 3575: 3532: 3515: 3498: 3478: 3465: 3463:, p. 297. 3453: 3441: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3338: 3325: 3323:, p. 197. 3310: 3293: 3284: 3277: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3219:itinerant king 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3030: 3027: 2983:Main article: 2980: 2977: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2876: 2873: 2852:Main article: 2849: 2846: 2819:also arrived. 2778:Main article: 2775: 2772: 2640:Main article: 2637: 2634: 2598: 2595: 2561:Teutonic Order 2480:Alvor massacre 2475: 2472: 2410: 2407: 2350: 2347: 2335:Gate of Trajan 2229: 2226: 2174: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1871: 1868: 1848:John Kamateros 1840:Stefan Nemanja 1801: 1798: 1770: 1767: 1737:, and by Duke 1696:Henry of Marcy 1687: 1684: 1653: 1650: 1638:, in the bull 1634:The new pope, 1573:to his nephew 1544: 1541: 1533:Fourth Crusade 1466:Zengid dynasty 1462:Second Crusade 1444:Kings' Crusade 1430:following the 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1355: 1354: 1352:Spanish Armada 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1259: 1254: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1122:Later Crusades 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 996: 993: 992: 983: 982: 975: 968: 960: 951: 950: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 911: 908: 907: 898: 897: 890: 883: 875: 867: 866: 849: 848: 847: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 821: 820: 816: 815: 814: 813: 811:Isaac Komnenos 808: 796: 795: 794: 793: 783: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 749: 748: 747: 736: 735: 733:Master Sibrand 730: 725: 720: 709: 708: 695: 690: 685: 680: 671: 662: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 634: 633: 628: 623: 614: 605: 596: 583: 578: 560: 559: 558: 549: 544: 531: 513: 500: 499: 495: 494: 492: 491: 486: 480: 449: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 418: 417: 416: 406: 404: 403: 397: 387: 386: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 367:Teutonic Order 364: 359: 344: 343: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 223: 222: 221: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 188: 187: 186: 184: 183: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 145:Angevin Empire 143: 142: 141: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 110: 109: 102: 100: 96: 95: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6000: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:1190s in Asia 5961: 5959: 5958:1180s in Asia 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:Third Crusade 5886: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Third Crusade 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5491:Third Crusade 5489: 5488: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5411:Belknap Press 5408: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5382:0-299-04844-6 5378: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5302:1-84176-868-5 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5218:0-8143-1764-2 5214: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5056:0-297-77453-0 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5040:0-520-05224-2 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4943:online review 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4824: 4822:0-7546-3381-0 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4787:0-7910-7437-4 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4629: 4628:Runciman 1954 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4471:0-7007-1452-9 4467: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4261:, p. 10. 4260: 4255: 4249:, p. 62. 4248: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 94. 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3871:J. Phillips, 3868: 3866: 3856: 3850:, p. 45. 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3556:(3): 63–101. 3555: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3512: 3501: 3499:9781137013927 3495: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3449:Hamilton 1978 3445: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3381:, p. 34. 3380: 3375: 3369:, p. 54. 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3308:, p. 19. 3307: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3288: 3280: 3278:9780306815799 3274: 3270: 3269:Da Capo Press 3266: 3262: 3261:McLynn, Frank 3256: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3040:Mediterranean 3037: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2774:Siege of Acre 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2736:siege of Acre 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Saladin tithe 2611: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2355:Philippopolis 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2263:Via Militaris 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200:, where King 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2165: 1930: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905:, and Bishop 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858:, the future 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1608:(July 1187). 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1537:Sixth Crusade 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Third Crusade 1396: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110:Lord Edward's 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 962: 961: 958: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 909: 904: 903:Third Crusade 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 876: 873: 862: 853: 850: 845: 844: 843: 837: 834: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 792: 789: 788: 787: 784: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 756: 755: 754: 750: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 707: 705: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 675: 672: 670: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 618: 615: 613: 609: 606: 604: 600: 597: 595: 593: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 575: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 541: 535: 532: 530: 528: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 502: 501: 496: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 479: 478: 476: 469: 465: 462: 461: 459: 453: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 412: 407: 402: 399: 398: 396: 395: 393: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 322: 320: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 191: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 146: 140: 138: 136: 131: 130: 125: 116: 113: 112: 108: 104: 103: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 19: 18:Third crusade 5767:Desmond Wars 5697:Italian Wars 5690:Early Modern 5585: 5494: 5462:(2): 1–31 . 5459: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5405: 5390: 5371: 5343: 5322: 5310: 5292: 5280: 5247: 5243: 5227: 5208: 5200: 5193: 5167: 5158: 5150: 5132: 5126:. Routledge. 5123: 5107: 5071: 5065: 5046: 5031: 5013: 5005: 5004:Edde, A-M., 4997: 4980: 4976: 4964: 4956: 4952:. Routledge. 4949: 4938: 4931: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4901:. Routledge. 4898: 4878: 4869: 4848: 4840: 4833:Bibliography 4803: 4796: 4767: 4759: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4678: 4671: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4623: 4618:Oman, p. 319 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4547: 4542: 4515: 4507: 4487: 4480: 4461: 4455: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4310: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4032: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3905: 3893: 3885: 3884:A. Konstam, 3880: 3872: 3855: 3843: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3742: 3730: 3671: 3640: 3609: 3597: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3524:The Crusades 3523: 3518: 3510: 3503:. Retrieved 3488: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3433:. Retrieved 3427: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3391: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3287: 3264: 3226: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3138: 3103: 3097: 3096:(a.k.a. the 3091: 3089: 3078: 3075: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3032: 2988: 2961: 2949: 2941: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2886: 2868:Hospitallers 2857: 2825: 2821: 2802: 2783: 2740: 2710: 2692: 2673:Torres Novas 2645: 2625: 2600: 2578:Almohad navy 2567: 2565: 2554: 2528: 2526: 2518:sacked Alvor 2516:, the fleet 2491: 2487: 2446:Saleph River 2443: 2426: 2418: 2391: 2371:protostrator 2369: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2311: 2291: 2279:Philadelphia 2267: 2252: 2245: 2231: 2195: 2176: 1895: 1888: 1873: 1833: 1818: 1808:to Hungary, 1803: 1787: 1772: 1751: 1745:, Landgrave 1724: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1639: 1636:Gregory VIII 1633: 1614: 1610: 1595: 1564: 1530: 1495: 1459: 1448: 1443: 1407: 1405: 1391: 1357: 1356: 1307: 1306: 1242: 1241: 1185:Holy Leagues 1120: 1119: 1059: 1023: 1022: 997: 902: 860: 851: 841: 824: 799: 798: 791:Kaykhusraw I 752: 751: 738: 737: 711: 710: 703: 653: 652: 591: 573: 539: 526: 504: 503: 473: 472: 456: 455: 411:Sunni Muslim 409: 408: 390: 389: 345: 316: 315: 133: 132: 127:Belligerents 40:Part of the 5576:The Anarchy 5495:In Our Time 5452:Reconquista 4967:. Antinomy. 4551:trans. 2001 4548:Itinerarium 4433:: 297–337. 4259:Morton 2009 4247:Hosler 2018 4151:Wilson 2020 4127:Wilson 2020 3461:Barber 2012 3379:Hosler 2018 3367:Hosler 2018 3355:Hosler 2018 3047:Baha al-Din 3042:coastline. 3036:Middle East 2359:Dardanelles 2327:in absentia 1876:Clement III 1393:Reconquista 1342:Despenser's 1317:Albigensian 1145:Alexandrian 930:Philomelion 458:Shia Muslim 5882:Categories 5250:: 89–110. 5078:: 97–108. 5000:. 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