358:
with the potential to cause harm to a system in the form of destruction, disclosure, modification or data, and/or denial of service. 3. Any circumstance or event with the potential to cause harm to the ADP system or activity in the form of destruction, disclosure, and modification of data, or denial of service. A threat is a potential for harm. The presence of a threat does not mean that it will necessarily cause actual harm. Threats exist because of the very existence of the system or activity and not because of any specific weakness. For example, the threat of fire exists at all facilities regardless of the amount of fire protection available. 4. Types of computer systems related adverse events (i.e., perils) that may result in losses. Examples are flooding, sabotage and fraud. 5. An assertion primarily concerning entities of the external environment (agents); we say that an agent (or class of agents) poses a threat to one or more assets; we write: T(e;i) where: e is an external entity; i is an internal entity or an empty set. 6. An undesirable occurrence that might be anticipated but is not the result of a conscious act or decision. In threat analysis, a threat is defined as an ordered pair, <peril; asset category>, suggesting the nature of these occurrences but not the details (details are specific to events). 7. The potential violation of security. 8. A set of properties of a specific external entity (which may be either an individual or class of entities) that, in union with a set of properties of a specific internal entity, implies a risk (according to a body of knowledge).
832:
illicitly accessed, there is no direct productivity loss. Similarly, the destruction of a highly sensitive asset that does not play a critical role in productivity would not directly result in a significant productivity loss. Yet that same asset, if disclosed, can result in significant loss of competitive advantage or reputation, and generate legal costs. The point is that it is the combination of the asset and type of action against the asset that determines the fundamental nature and degree of loss. Which action(s) a threat agent takes will be driven primarily by that agent's motive (e.g., financial gain, revenge, recreation, etc.) and the nature of the asset. For example, a threat agent bent on financial gain is less likely to destroy a critical server than they are to steal an easily
896:
terrorist threat community would depend in large part on the characteristics of your organization relative to the motives, intents, and capabilities of the terrorists. Is the organization closely affiliated with ideology that conflicts with known, active terrorist groups? Does the organization represent a high profile, high impact target? Is the organization a soft target? How does the organization compare with other potential targets? If the organization were to come under attack, what components of the organization would be likely targets? For example, how likely is it that terrorists would target the company information or systems?
418:
371:
79:
2671:
1729:
38:
126:
1672:(UEBA) to inform the analyst of potential risks. The analyst then investigates these potential risks, tracking suspicious behaviour in the network. Thus hunting is an iterative process, meaning that it must be continuously carried out in a loop, beginning with a hypothesis. There are three types of hypotheses:
986:
is a process that helps organizations identify and prioritize potential threats to their systems. It involves analyzing the system's architecture, identifying potential threats, and prioritizing them based on their impact and likelihood. By using threat modeling, organizations can develop a proactive
831:
Each of these actions affects different assets differently, which drives the degree and nature of loss. For example, the potential for productivity loss resulting from a destroyed or stolen asset depends upon how critical that asset is to the organization's productivity. If a critical asset is simply
357:
The means through which the ability or intent of a threat agent to adversely affect an automated system, facility, or operation can be manifest. Categorize and classify threats as follows: Categories
Classes Human Intentional Unintentional Environmental Natural Fabricated 2. Any circumstance or event
1663:
Threat hunting can be a manual process, in which a security analyst sifts through various data information using their knowledge and familiarity with the network to create hypotheses about potential threats. To be even more effective and efficient, however, threat hunting can be partially automated,
1716:
To protect yourself from computer threats, it's essential to keep your software up-to-date, use strong and unique passwords, and be cautious when clicking on links or downloading attachments. Additionally, using antivirus software and regularly backing up your data can help mitigate the impact of a
806:
Individuals within a threat population; Practically anyone and anything can, under the right circumstances, be a threat agent β the well-intentioned, but inept, computer operator who trashes a daily batch job by typing the wrong command, the regulator performing an audit, or the squirrel that chews
339:
threats are anything (e.g., object, substance, human, etc.) that are capable of acting against an asset in a manner that can result in harm. A tornado is a threat, as is a flood, as is a hacker. The key consideration is that threats apply the force (water, wind, exploit code, etc.) against an asset
1004:
is the practice of collecting and analyzing information about potential and current threats to an organization. This information can include indicators of compromise, attack techniques, and threat actor profiles. By using threat intelligence, organizations can develop a better understanding of the
272:
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, or individuals through an information system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or
1703:
has conducted research and surveys on the effectiveness of threat hunting to track and disrupt cyber adversaries as early in their process as possible. According to a survey performed in 2019, "61% report at least an 11% measurable improvement in their overall security posture" and 23.6% of the
602:
Recent trends in computer threats show an increase in ransomware attacks, supply chain attacks, and fileless malware. Ransomware attacks involve the encryption of a victim's files and a demand for payment to restore access. Supply chain attacks target the weakest links in a supply chain to gain
895:
Subsets of the overall threat agent population that share key characteristics. The notion of threat communities is a powerful tool for understanding who and what weβre up against as we try to manage risk. For example, the probability that an organization would be subject to an attack from the
1610:
Threat management involves a wide variety of threats including physical threats like flood and fire. While ISMS risk assessment process does incorporate threat management for cyber threats such as remote buffer overflows the risk assessment process doesn't include processes such as threat
1614:
Cyber threat management (CTM) is emerging as the best practice for managing cyber threats beyond the basic risk assessment found in ISMS. It enables early identification of threats, data-driven situational awareness, accurate decision-making, and timely threat mitigating actions.
881:
Threat sources are those who wish a compromise to occur. It is a term used to distinguish them from threat agents/actors who are those who carry out the attack and who may be commissioned or persuaded by the threat source to knowingly or unknowingly carry out the attack.
1695:
The analyst researches their hypothesis by going through vast amounts of data about the network. The results are then stored so that they can be used to improve the automated portion of the detection system and to serve as a foundation for future hypotheses.
1232:
In context of masquerade, any hardware, firmware, or software (e.g., Trojan horse) that appears to perform a useful or desirable function, but actually gains unauthorized access to system resources or tricks a user into executing other malicious
859:
Organized Crime and
Criminals: Criminals target information that is of value to them, such as bank accounts, credit cards or intellectual property that can be converted into money. Criminals will often make use of insiders to help
1129:
A threat action whereby an unauthorized entity indirectly accesses sensitive data (but not necessarily the data contained in the communication) by reasoning from characteristics or byproducts of communications. This includes:
1643:
is "the process of proactively and iteratively searching through networks to detect and isolate advanced threats that evade existing security solutions." This is in contrast to traditional threat management measures, such as
447:
in order to accomplish to a security strategy set up following rules and regulations applicable in a country. Countermeasures are also called security controls; when applied to the transmission of information are named
1021:
The following subentries describe four kinds of threat consequences, and also list and describe the kinds of threat actions that cause each consequence. Threat actions that are accidental events are marked by "*".
839:
It is important to separate the concept of the event that a threat agent get in contact with the asset (even virtually, i.e. through the network) and the event that a threat agent act against the asset.
802:
is used to indicate an individual or group that can manifest a threat. It is fundamental to identify who would want to exploit the assets of a company, and how they might use them against the company.
1029:
A circumstance or event whereby an entity gains access to data for which the entity is not authorized. (See: data confidentiality.). The following threat actions can cause unauthorized disclosure:
321:
Anything that is capable of acting in a manner resulting in harm to an asset and/or organization; for example, acts of God (weather, geological events, etc.); malicious actors; errors; failures
2505:
1146:
Gaining indirect knowledge of communicated data by monitoring and analyzing a signal that is emitted by a system and that contains the data but is not intended to communicate the data.
1115:
Gaining direct knowledge of communicated data by monitoring and resolving a signal that is emitted by a system and that contains the data but is not intended to communicate the data.
375:
A resource (both physical or logical) can have one or more vulnerabilities that can be exploited by a threat agent in a threat action. The result can potentially compromise the
1511:
In the context of misuse, any hardware, software, or firmware intentionally introduced into a system to perform or control the execution of an unauthorized function or service.
428:(see figure) depicts the same phenomenon in slightly different terms: a threat agent through an attack vector exploits a weakness (vulnerability) of the system and the related
304:
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact an asset through unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service.
291:
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact an IS through unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service.
345:
493:, can be a mean to get in touch with people in charge of system administration or even system security, inducing them to reveal sensitive information. One famous case is
1327:
In the context of incapacitation, any hardware, firmware, or software (e.g., logic bomb) intentionally introduced into a system to destroy system functions or resources.
1669:
1381:
In the context of corruption, any hardware, firmware, or software (e.g., a computer virus) intentionally introduced into a system to modify system functions or data.
1505:
In the context of misuse, deliberate alteration of a system's logic, data, or control information to cause the system to perform unauthorized functions or services.
1375:
In the context of corruption, deliberate alteration of a system's logic, data, or control information to interrupt or prevent correct operation of system functions.
1214:
A circumstance or event that may result in an authorized entity receiving false data and believing it to be true. The following threat actions can cause deception:
1453:
A circumstance or event that results in the control of system services or functions by an unauthorized entity. The following threat actions can cause usurpation:
1538:
A collection of threats in a particular domain or context, with information on identified vulnerable assets, threats, risks, threat actors and observed trends.
229:
1089:
A threat action whereby an unauthorized entity directly accesses sensitive data travelling between authorized sources and destinations. This includes:
863:
Corporations: Corporations are engaged in offensive information warfare or competitive intelligence. Partners and competitors come under this category.
1939:
2494:
777:
The spread over a network of threats can lead to dangerous situations. In military and civil fields, threat level has been defined: for example
2565:
1160:
A threat action whereby an unauthorized entity gains access to sensitive data by circumventing a system's security protections. This includes:
387:
properties of resources (potentially different than the vulnerable one) of the organization and others involved parties (customers, suppliers).
2438:
2400:
1974:
Schou, Corey (1996). Handbook of INFOSEC Terms, Version 2.0. CD-ROM (Idaho State
University & Information Systems Security Organization)
2224:
603:
access to high-value targets. Fileless malware attacks use techniques that allow malware to run in memory, making it difficult to detect.
51:
414:" attempts to learn or make use of information from the system but does not affect system resources: so it compromises Confidentiality.
238:
who is an individual or group that can perform the threat action, such as exploiting a vulnerability to actualise a negative impact. An
1220:
A threat action whereby an unauthorized entity gains access to a system or performs a malicious act by posing as an authorized entity.
2088:
843:
OWASP collects a list of potential threat agents to prevent system designers, and programmers insert vulnerabilities in the software.
3109:
1653:
1583:
Many organizations perform only a subset of these methods, adopting countermeasures based on a non-systematic approach, resulting in
1862:"Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems"
1558:
1099:
Gaining access to sensitive data by stealing a shipment of a physical medium, such as a magnetic tape or disk, that holds the data.
258:
Federal
Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems
2069:
Security engineering:a guide to building dependable distributed systems, second edition, Ross
Anderson, Wiley, 2008 β 1040 pages
279:
1557:
plans in order to protect, maintain and recover business-critical processes and systems. Some of these plans are implemented by
818:
Misuse β unauthorized use of assets (e.g., identity theft, setting up a porn distribution service on a compromised server, etc.)
462:
The widespread of computer dependencies and the consequent raising of the consequence of a successful attack, led to a new term
273:
denial of service. Also, the potential for a threat-source to successfully exploit a particular information system vulnerability
436:
3086:
2074:
2019:
2392:
2148:
520:
in the framework of an ISMS: a pure technical approach will let out the psychological attacks that are increasing threats.
449:
2035:
3143:
3117:
327:
1631:
Technology and skilled people leveraging situational awareness to enable rapid decisions and automated or manual actions
1495:
A threat action that causes a system component to perform a function or service that is detrimental to system security.
2558:
971:
is the analysis of the probability of occurrences and consequences of damaging actions to a system. It is the basis of
856:
Employees: Staff, contractors, operational/maintenance personnel, or security guards who are annoyed with the company.
408:
when it attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation: so it compromises
Integrity or Availability. A "
3049:
2138:
ISO/IEC, "Information technology β Security techniques-Information security risk management" ISO/IEC FIDIS 27005:2008
1915:
1628:
Use of advanced analytics to optimize intelligence, generate security intelligence, and provide
Situational Awareness
176:
65:
17:
1433:
Hindrance of system operation by placing excess burden on the performance capabilities of a system component. (See:
1069:
Human action or inaction that unintentionally results in an entity gaining unauthorized knowledge of sensitive data.
2845:
2056:
778:
1307:
A circumstance or event that interrupts or prevents the correct operation of system services and functions. (See:
3099:
2396:
1822:
1753:
1196:
Transforming encrypted data into plain text without having prior knowledge of encryption parameters or processes.
100:
57:
1554:
900:
The following threat communities are examples of the human malicious threat landscape many organizations face:
1889:
1625:
Comprehensive methodology for real-time monitoring including advanced techniques such as behavioural modelling
370:
2912:
2551:
1679:"Machine-learning and UEBA, used to develop aggregated risk scores that can also serve as hunting hypotheses"
482:
1594:
is a significant market. There has been a lot of software developed to deal with IT threats, including both
853:
Non-Target
Specific: Non-Target Specific Threat Agents are computer viruses, worms, trojans and logic bombs.
3148:
1417:
736:
1861:
1365:
A threat action that undesirably alters system operation by adversely modifying system functions or data.
1351:
Any natural disaster (e.g., fire, flood, earthquake, lightning, or wind) that disables a system component.
3104:
3025:
2825:
1463:
A threat action whereby an entity assumes unauthorized logical or physical control of a system resource.
735:
Microsoft previously rated the risk of security threats using five categories in a classification called
516:, but a serious study to apply cost effective countermeasures can only be conducted following a rigorous
240:
1950:
3081:
3039:
2695:
2439:"Cyber threat hunting: How this vulnerability detection strategy gives analysts an edge β TechRepublic"
1769:
1759:
1649:
1572:
1705:
1525:
Action by an entity that exceeds the entity's system privileges by executing an unauthorized function.
1041:
A threat action whereby sensitive data is directly released to an unauthorized entity. This includes:
2942:
2660:
996:
972:
517:
444:
198:
91:
1564:
Threat management must identify, evaluate, and categorize threats. There are two primary methods of
1387:
Human action or inaction that unintentionally results in the alteration of system functions or data.
147:
96:
2927:
2805:
2700:
2113:
1784:
717:
621:
509:
2173:
1105:
Monitoring and recording data that is flowing between two points in a communication system. (See:
3015:
2967:
2630:
2295:
1519:
1277:
A threat action whereby an entity deceives another by falsely denying responsibility for an act.
1140:
Gaining knowledge of data by observing the characteristics of communications that carry the data.
456:
368:
The term "threat" relates to some other basic security terms as shown in the following diagram:
2232:
1691:"Threat intelligence reports, threat intelligence feeds, malware analysis, vulnerability scans"
1423:
Disruption of system operations by blocking communications or user data or control information.
1241:
1170:
Gaining unauthorized physical access to sensitive data by circumventing a system's protections.
490:
2373:
ENISA Threat
Landscape and Good Practice Guide for Smart Home and Converged Media (1 Dec 2014)
1399:
Any natural event (e.g. power surge caused by lightning) that alters system functions or data.
1321:
A threat action that prevents or interrupts system operation by disabling a system component.
1176:
Gaining unauthorized logical access to sensitive data by circumventing a system's protections.
3056:
2790:
1257:
Altering or replacing valid data with false data that serves to deceive an authorized entity.
1247:
A threat action whereby false data deceives an authorized entity. (See: active wiretapping.)
1226:
Attempt by an unauthorized entity to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user.
954:
253:
212:" negative event (e.g. the possibility of a computer malfunctioning, or the possibility of a
1413:
A threat action that interrupts delivery of system services by hindering system operations.
1345:
Error that causes failure of a system component and leads to disruption of system operation.
1059:
Searching through data residue in a system to gain unauthorized knowledge of sensitive data.
3076:
2988:
2937:
2882:
2750:
2723:
2705:
2603:
2574:
1836:
1764:
1747:
1742:
1645:
1599:
1595:
1083:
987:
approach to security and prioritize their resources to address the most significant risks.
726:
593:
Negligence: Known but neglected factors, compromising the network safety and sustainability
394:
2670:
1075:
System failure that results in an entity gaining unauthorized knowledge of sensitive data.
544:
Compromise of information: eavesdropping, theft of media, retrieval of discarded materials
8:
2860:
2635:
2593:
1984:
1664:
or machine-assisted, as well. In this case, the analyst utilizes software that harnesses
1475:
Unauthorized acquisition of actual hardware, software, or firmware of a system component.
1186:
Acquiring sensitive data by disassembling and analyzing the design of a system component.
1180:
501:
2413:
2382:
ENISA Threat
Landscape 2013βOverview of Current and Emerging Cyber-Threats (11 Dec 2013)
1315:
3044:
2972:
2877:
2259:
1591:
1547:
782:
401:
2538:
1685:"Crown Jewel analysis, enterprise risk assessments, company- or employee-level trends"
1333:
Deliberate destruction of a system component to interrupt or prevent system operation.
960:
Various kinds of threat actions are defined as subentries under "threat consequence".
3092:
2850:
2785:
2735:
2682:
2640:
2588:
2495:"SANS 2019 Threat Hunting Survey: The Differing Needs of New and Experienced Hunters"
2070:
2015:
1911:
1779:
1734:
1565:
1369:
1308:
1106:
671:
432:
causing a technical impact on an IT resource (asset) connected to a business impact.
429:
190:
2533:
2468:
1251:
3061:
3001:
2765:
2755:
2650:
2296:"FIPS PUB 31 FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION : JUNE 1974"
1826:
1750: β Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, i.e. societal threats
1665:
1577:
1457:
1134:
657:
213:
2323:
1407:
2952:
2932:
2830:
2655:
2645:
2348:
1359:
695:
678:
541:
Loss of essential services: electrical power, air conditioning, telecommunication
440:
376:
2199:
1848:
1839:
1816:
1299:
208:" event (i.e. hacking: an individual cracker or a criminal organization) or an "
3122:
3020:
2870:
2820:
2795:
2760:
2740:
2620:
2608:
2501:
1700:
1283:
Action whereby the originator of data denies responsibility for its generation.
1051:
615:
505:
417:
410:
309:
1515:
1289:
Action whereby the recipient of data denies receiving and possessing the data.
1261:
1154:
811:
Threat agents can take one or more of the following actions against an asset:
3137:
3032:
2993:
2962:
2957:
2810:
2800:
2770:
1660:
there has been a warning of a potential threat, or an incident has occurred.
1434:
1190:
1005:
threat landscape and improve their ability to detect and respond to threats.
687:
627:
265:
1427:
1164:
1033:
3066:
2922:
2625:
707:
463:
384:
234:
151:
78:
3006:
2840:
2815:
2780:
2615:
1704:
respondents have experienced a 'significant improvement' in reducing the
1063:
550:
Compromise of functions: error in use, abuse of rights, denial of actions
1499:
932:
Nation-state intelligence services (e.g., counterparts to the CIA, etc.)
201:
that results in an unwanted impact to a computer system or application.
3071:
2887:
2835:
2718:
2598:
2543:
1447:
1093:
957:
deals with both intentional acts (i.e. attacks) and accidental events.
651:
494:
478:
470:
217:
774:
The DREAD name comes from the initials of the five categories listed.
739:. The model is considered obsolete by Microsoft. The categories were:
435:
A set of policies concerned with information security management, the
2947:
2902:
2897:
2745:
2713:
1831:
1206:
1123:
821:
Disclose β the threat agent illicitly discloses sensitive information
711:
667:
390:
380:
205:
140:
1339:
Action or inaction that unintentionally disables a system component.
2907:
2865:
2728:
1546:
Threats should be managed by operating an ISMS, performing all the
1267:
Introducing false data that serves to deceive an authorized entity.
827:
Deny access β includes destruction, theft of a non-data asset, etc.
474:
209:
136:
1728:
244:
is a vulnerability that a threat actor used to cause an incident.
2917:
2892:
2855:
1774:
1393:
Error that results in the alteration of system functions or data.
639:
633:
513:
486:
225:
27:
Potential negative action or event facilitated by a vulnerability
1918:
Document Number: C081 Published by The Open Group, January 2009.
1622:
Manual and automated intelligence gathering and threat analytics
1047:
Intentional release of sensitive data to an unauthorized entity.
2775:
2690:
2010:
Wright, Joe; Jim Harmening (2009). "15". In Vacca, John (ed.).
1940:"An Introduction to Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR)"
1489:
833:
645:
528:
Threats can be classified according to their type and origin:
425:
296:
228:) or otherwise a circumstance, capability, action, or event (
2089:"Using Facebook to Social Engineer Your Way Around Security"
1018:
Includes disclosure, deception, disruption, and usurpation.
547:
Technical failures: equipment, software, capacity saturation
421:
OWASP: relationship between threat agent and business impact
346:
National Information Assurance Training and Education Center
2014:. Morgan Kaufmann Publications. Elsevier Inc. p. 257.
849:
These individuals and groups can be classified as follows:
846:
Threat Agent = Capabilities + Intentions + Past Activities
261:
221:
1550:
activities foreseen by laws, standards and methodologies.
1016:
is a security violation that results from a threat action.
758:
xploitability β how much work is it to launch the attack?
752:
eproducibility β how easy it is to reproduce the attack?
785:
vendors publish global threat level on their websites.
770:
iscoverability β how easy it is to discover the threat?
1311:.) The following threat actions can cause disruption:
872:
Natural: Flood, fire, lightning, meteor, earthquakes.
197:
is a potential negative action or event enabled by a
1724:
2009:
556:Note that a threat type can have multiple origins.
439:(ISMS), has been developed to manage, according to
1533:
2149:"Ransomware Trends, Statistics and Facts in 2023"
764:ffected users β how many people will be impacted?
3135:
1611:intelligence management or response procedures.
1026:"Unauthorized disclosure" (a threat consequence)
2280:HMG IA Standard No. 1 Technical Risk Assessment
2200:"McAfee Threat Intelligence | McAfee, Inc"
866:Human, Unintentional: Accidents, carelessness.
2559:
2401:Category:Computer security software companies
2086:
611:Below are the few common emerging threats:-
252:A more comprehensive definition, tied to an
1656:, which typically involve an investigation
538:Natural events: climatic, seismic, volcanic
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2566:
2552:
2114:"Social engineering via Social networking"
2012:Computer and Information Security Handbook
1605:
793:
781:is a threat level used by the US. Leading
3110:Security information and event management
2290:
2288:
2286:
1830:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1481:Unauthorized acquisition and use of data.
1469:Unauthorized use of service by an entity.
824:Modify β unauthorized changes to an asset
523:
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
2573:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2132:
1559:computer security incident response team
662:
560:Deliberate: aiming at information asset
416:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1553:Very large organizations tend to adopt
535:Physical damage: fire, water, pollution
469:Nowadays the many real attacks exploit
437:Information security management systems
348:gives a more articulated definition of
280:National Information Assurance Glossary
247:
14:
3136:
2492:
2283:
1814:
1797:
990:
920:Cyber-criminals (professional hackers)
869:Human, Intentional: Insider, outsider.
674:, from the initials of threat groups:
3087:Host-based intrusion detection system
2547:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2247:
1008:
885:
504:is about technical threats such as a
500:The most widespread documentation on
340:that can cause a loss event to occur.
2393:Category:Computer security companies
2349:"What is Threat Intelligence? | IBM"
2324:"Threat Modeling | OWASP Foundation"
2003:
1921:
1711:
1541:
232:is often used as a blanket term). A
119:
72:
31:
3118:Runtime application self-protection
1670:user and entity behaviour analytics
815:Access β simple unauthorized access
788:
746:amage β how bad would an attack be?
455:The overall picture represents the
328:Factor analysis of information risk
204:A threat can be either a negative "
24:
2669:
2456:
978:
963:
25:
3160:
3050:Security-focused operating system
2539:Cyber Threat Management Framework
2527:
2511:from the original on 1 March 2022
2414:"What is Cyber Threat Management"
2231:. 10 January 2012. Archived from
1910:Technical Standard Risk Taxonomy
1635:
951:is an assault on system security.
935:Malware (virus/worm/etc.) authors
606:
597:
47:This article has multiple issues.
2846:Insecure direct object reference
1727:
943:
876:
473:at least as much as technology.
369:
363:
256:point of view, can be found in "
124:
77:
36:
3100:Information security management
2493:Fuchs, Mathias; Lemon, Joshua.
2486:
2431:
2406:
2397:Category:Free security software
2385:
2376:
2367:
2341:
2316:
2274:
2217:
2192:
2166:
2141:
2106:
2080:
2063:
1949:. November 2006. Archived from
1892:. Enisa.europa.eu. 24 July 2009
1754:Internet Engineering Task Force
1534:Threat landscape or environment
55:or discuss these issues on the
2469:"Cyber Threat Hunting β Sqrrl"
2028:
1977:
1968:
1904:
1882:
1854:
1555:business continuity management
1390:* "Hardware or software error"
1342:* "Hardware or software error"
139:format but may read better as
13:
1:
2087:Brian Prince (7 April 2009).
2036:"ISACA THE RISK IT FRAMEWORK"
1790:
1683:Situational-awareness driven:
481:and other methods are called
737:DREAD: Risk assessment model
299:gives a similar definition:
7:
3105:Information risk management
3026:Multi-factor authentication
2582:Related security categories
2225:"Threatcon β Symantec Corp"
1720:
1650:intrusion detection systems
1072:* "Hardware/software error"
489:applications, specifically
90:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
3165:
3144:Computer security exploits
3082:Intrusion detection system
3040:Computer security software
2696:Advanced persistent threat
1851:.
1818:Internet Security Glossary
1770:Intrusion detection system
1760:Information security audit
1573:Information security audit
994:
566:illegal processing of data
2981:
2681:
2667:
2661:Digital rights management
2581:
2174:"The STRIDE Threat Model"
1947:Riskmanagementinsight.com
1286:"False denial of receipt"
997:Cyber threat intelligence
909:Contractors (and vendors)
2806:Denial-of-service attack
2701:Arbitrary code execution
2262:. OWASP. 9 December 2011
1785:Vulnerability management
1472:"Theft of functionality"
1450:" (a threat consequence)
1302:" (a threat consequence)
1280:"False denial of origin"
1209:" (a threat consequence)
926:Non-professional hackers
266:United States of America
103:may contain suggestions.
88:may need to be rewritten
3016:Computer access control
2968:Rogue security software
2631:Electromagnetic warfare
2260:"Category:Threat Agent"
1815:Shirey, R. (May 2000).
1606:Cyber threat management
1102:"Wiretapping (passive)"
794:Threat agents or actors
706:nformation disclosure (
491:Social network services
148:converting this article
3062:Obfuscation (software)
2791:Browser Helper Objects
2675:
1847:Obsoleted by RFC
1330:"Physical destruction"
809:
670:published a mnemonic,
656:β
650:β
644:β
638:β
632:β
626:β
620:β
614:β
524:Threats classification
459:of the risk scenario.
422:
3057:Data-centric security
2938:Remote access trojans
2673:
2057:registration required
1112:"Emanations analysis"
1044:"Deliberate Exposure"
955:security architecture
836:asset like a laptop.
807:through a data cable.
804:
730:levation of privilege
663:Threat classification
420:
254:Information assurance
2989:Application security
2883:Privilege escalation
2751:Cross-site scripting
2604:Cybersex trafficking
2575:Information security
2077:, Chapter 2, page 17
1765:Information security
1748:Emergency management
1743:Cyber threat hunting
1689:Intelligence-driven:
1641:Cyber threat hunting
1600:proprietary software
1596:open-source software
1396:* "Natural disaster"
1348:* "Natural disaster"
588:loss of power supply
395:information security
248:Standard definitions
3149:Security compliance
2636:Information warfare
2594:Automotive security
1985:"Glossary of Terms"
1956:on 18 November 2014
1585:computer insecurity
1181:Reverse engineering
1002:Threat intelligence
991:Threat intelligence
502:computer insecurity
3045:Antivirus software
2913:Social engineering
2878:Polymorphic engine
2831:Fraudulent dialers
2736:Hardware backdoors
2676:
2534:Term in FISMApedia
2504:. pp. 2, 16.
2403:for partial lists.
2180:. 12 November 2009
2178:msdn.microsoft.com
1991:. 12 December 2011
1890:"Glossary β ENISA"
1592:security awareness
1548:IT risk management
1466:"Theft of service"
1143:"Signals analysis"
1014:Threat consequence
1009:Threat consequence
891:Threat communities
886:Threat communities
783:antivirus software
532:Types of threats:
483:social engineering
423:
150:, if appropriate.
3131:
3130:
3093:Anomaly detection
2998:Secure by default
2851:Keystroke loggers
2786:Drive-by download
2674:vectorial version
2641:Internet security
2589:Computer security
2355:. 2 November 2022
2075:978-0-470-06852-6
2021:978-0-12-374354-1
1780:Physical security
1735:Technology portal
1712:Threat Mitigation
1677:Analytics-driven:
1566:threat assessment
1542:Threat management
1508:"Malicious logic"
1378:"Malicious logic"
1324:"Malicious logic"
1309:denial of service
1229:"Malicious logic"
574:equipment failure
450:security services
430:security controls
216:event such as an
191:computer security
187:
186:
179:
169:
168:
118:
117:
92:quality standards
70:
18:Threat (security)
16:(Redirected from
3156:
3002:Secure by design
2933:Hardware Trojans
2766:History sniffing
2756:Cross-site leaks
2651:Network security
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2410:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2120:. 4 October 2010
2118:Networkworld.com
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1936:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1832:10.17487/RFC2828
1812:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1666:machine learning
1578:Penetration test
1458:Misappropriation
1135:Traffic analysis
789:Associated terms
721:enial of Service
684:of user identity
658:Fileless malware
616:Computer viruses
577:software failure
518:IT risk analysis
485:techniques. The
443:principles, the
393:is the basis of
373:
214:natural disaster
182:
175:
164:
161:
155:
146:You can help by
128:
127:
120:
113:
110:
104:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
2977:
2677:
2665:
2656:Copy protection
2646:Mobile security
2577:
2572:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2235:on 9 March 2007
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1813:
1798:
1793:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1714:
1638:
1608:
1544:
1536:
1478:"Theft of data"
1384:* "Human error"
1336:* "Human error"
1017:
1011:
999:
993:
984:Threat modeling
981:
979:Threat modeling
969:Threat analysis
966:
964:Threat analysis
952:
946:
888:
879:
796:
791:
665:
609:
600:
526:
445:countermeasures
441:risk management
388:
377:confidentiality
374:
366:
250:
183:
172:
171:
170:
165:
159:
156:
145:
129:
125:
114:
108:
105:
95:
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3123:Site isolation
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3021:Authentication
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Email spoofing
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:DOM clobbering
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Code injection
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Cyberterrorism
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:Computer fraud
2606:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2523:
2522:
2502:SANS Institute
2485:
2455:
2430:
2405:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2340:
2315:
2282:
2273:
2246:
2216:
2191:
2165:
2140:
2131:
2105:
2079:
2062:
2027:
2020:
2002:
1976:
1967:
1920:
1903:
1881:
1853:
1845:Informational.
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1701:SANS Institute
1693:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1637:
1636:Threat hunting
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1618:CTM includes:
1607:
1604:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:Incapacitation
1305:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1010:
1007:
995:Main article:
992:
989:
980:
977:
965:
962:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
915:
914:
913:
910:
907:
898:
892:
887:
884:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
795:
792:
790:
787:
772:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
733:
732:
724:
715:
708:privacy breach
701:
693:
685:
664:
661:
608:
607:Common Threats
605:
599:
598:Threats Trends
596:
595:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
582:Environmental
580:
579:
578:
575:
569:
568:
567:
564:
554:
553:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
525:
522:
506:computer virus
411:passive attack
389:The so-called
365:
362:
361:
360:
343:
342:
325:
324:
310:The Open Group
307:
306:
294:
293:
277:
276:
249:
246:
185:
184:
167:
166:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3161:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:Authorization
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Secure coding
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:SQL injection
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Vulnerability
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Trojan horses
2926:
2924:
2923:Software bugs
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Eavesdropping
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Data scraping
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Cryptojacking
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:1-931624-77-1
1913:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1869:Carc.nist.gov
1863:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1684:
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3067:Data masking
2626:Cyberwarfare
2513:. Retrieved
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
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2443:TechRepublic
2442:
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2233:the original
2229:Symantec.com
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1590:Information
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1418:Interference
1252:Substitution
1217:"Masquerade"
1084:Interception
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152:Editing help
134:
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97:You can help
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50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
3007:Misuse case
2841:Infostealer
2816:Email fraud
2781:Data breach
2616:Cybergeddon
2353:www.ibm.com
2303:Tricare.mil
2266:13 February
2239:13 February
2209:13 February
2124:13 February
1995:13 February
1989:Niatec.info
1520:permissions
1408:Obstruction
1107:wiretapping
1064:Human error
953:A complete
571:Accidental
206:intentional
3138:Categories
3072:Encryption
2948:Web shells
2888:Ransomware
2836:Hacktivism
2599:Cybercrime
2423:28 January
2308:5 November
2204:Mcafee.com
2098:5 November
2048:5 November
1960:5 November
1896:5 November
1874:5 November
1791:References
1706:dwell time
1448:Usurpation
1360:Corruption
1300:Disruption
1052:Scavenging
699:epudiation
652:Ransomware
512:and other
495:Robin Sage
479:Pretexting
471:Psychology
218:earthquake
210:accidental
52:improve it
2903:Shellcode
2898:Scareware
2746:Crimeware
2706:Backdoors
2418:ioctm.org
2328:owasp.org
2093:Eweek.com
2043:Isaca.org
1646:firewalls
1561:(CSIRT).
1516:Violation
1262:Insertion
1207:Deception
1155:Intrusion
1124:Inference
929:Activists
917:External
906:Employees
903:Internal
798:The term
712:Data leak
668:Microsoft
391:CIA triad
381:integrity
160:July 2024
109:July 2024
101:talk page
58:talk page
3077:Firewall
2982:Defenses
2908:Spamming
2893:Rootkits
2866:Phishing
2826:Exploits
2506:Archived
2184:28 March
2153:Security
1721:See also
1717:threat.
1435:flooding
1428:Overload
1165:Trespass
1034:Exposure
912:Partners
723:(D.o.S.)
691:ampering
634:Rootkits
475:Phishing
330:defines
312:defines
282:defines
230:incident
2918:Spyware
2861:Payload
2856:Malware
2796:Viruses
2776:Botnets
2683:Threats
1775:IT risk
1223:"Spoof"
779:INFOCON
682:poofing
640:Spyware
514:malware
487:Web 2.0
404:can be
332:threat
241:exploit
226:tornado
224:, or a
3112:(SIEM)
3089:(HIDS)
2973:Zombie
2710:Bombs
2691:Adware
2515:11 May
2478:7 June
2448:7 June
2399:, and
2073:
2018:
1914:
1756:(IETF)
1652:, and
1500:Tamper
1490:Misuse
1370:Tamper
1233:logic.
834:pawned
672:STRIDE
646:Adware
563:spying
510:trojan
406:active
402:attack
350:threat
314:threat
284:threat
195:threat
135:is in
99:. The
2958:Worms
2953:Wiper
2871:Voice
2719:Logic
2509:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2473:Sqrrl
2359:9 May
2333:9 May
2299:(PDF)
2158:9 May
2039:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
1658:after
1654:SIEMs
1094:Theft
923:Spies
860:them.
628:Worms
426:OWASP
297:ENISA
260:" by
141:prose
2724:Time
2714:Fork
2517:2022
2480:2016
2450:2016
2425:2015
2391:See
2361:2023
2335:2023
2310:2013
2268:2012
2241:2012
2211:2012
2186:2017
2160:2023
2126:2012
2100:2013
2071:ISBN
2050:2013
2016:ISBN
1997:2012
1962:2013
1912:ISBN
1898:2013
1876:2013
1849:4949
1840:2828
1823:IETF
1699:The
1668:and
1598:and
477:and
400:The
334:as:
316:as:
286:as:
262:NIST
222:fire
220:, a
193:, a
137:list
2729:Zip
1837:RFC
1827:doi
1518:of
1086:":
1062:* "
710:or
383:or
264:of
189:In
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768:D
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