Miscarriage - Knowledge

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pregnancy, were also heard. In the 1940s and 1950s, people were more likely to express relief, not because the miscarriage ended an unwanted or mistimed pregnancy, but because people believed that miscarriages were primarily caused by birth defects, and miscarrying meant that the family would not raise a child with disabilities. The dominant attitude in the mid-century was that a miscarriage, although temporarily distressing, was a blessing in disguise for the family and that another pregnancy and a healthier baby would soon follow, especially if women trusted physicians and reduced their anxieties. Media articles were illustrated with pictures of babies, and magazine articles about miscarriage ended by introducing the healthy baby—usually a boy—that shortly followed it.

1679:("recurrent pregnancy loss" (RPL), "recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), or "habitual abortion") is the occurrence of multiple consecutive miscarriages; the exact number used to diagnose recurrent miscarriage varies; however, two is the minimum threshold to meet the criteria. If the proportion of pregnancies ending in miscarriage is 15% and assuming that miscarriages are independent events, then the probability of two consecutive miscarriages is 2.25% and the probability of three consecutive miscarriages is 0.34%. The occurrence of recurrent pregnancy loss is 1%. A large majority (85%) of those who have had two miscarriages will conceive and carry normally afterwards. 1655: 1941: 866:(CVS) are procedures conducted to assess the fetus. A sample of amniotic fluid is obtained by the insertion of a needle through the abdomen and into the uterus. Chorionic villus sampling is a similar procedure with a sample of tissue removed rather than fluid. These procedures are not associated with pregnancy loss during the second trimester but they are associated with miscarriages and birth defects in the first trimester. Miscarriage caused by invasive prenatal diagnosis (chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis) is rare (about 1%). 501:" in discussions with those experiencing a miscarriage to decrease distress. In Britain, the term "miscarriage" has replaced any use of the term "spontaneous abortion" for pregnancy loss and in response to complaints of insensitivity towards women who had suffered such loss. An additional benefit of this change is reducing confusion among medical laymen, who may not realize that the term "spontaneous abortion" refers to a naturally occurring medical phenomenon and not the intentional termination of pregnancy. 8959: 1609: 10856: 10102: 1535: 10126: 10114: 1217:) are associated with a decreased risk. Several possible causes have been suggested for morning sickness but there is still no agreement. NVP may represent a defence mechanism which discourages the mother's ingestion of foods that are harmful to the fetus; according to this model, a lower frequency of miscarriage would be an expected consequence of the different food choices made by women experiencing NVP. 1885:. However, there is not sufficient evidence for the routine use of antibiotics to try to avoid infection in incomplete abortion. Others recommend delaying attempts at pregnancy until one period has occurred to make it easier to determine the dates of a subsequent pregnancy. No evidence getting pregnant in that first cycle affects outcomes and an early subsequent pregnancy may improve outcomes. 5581: 3453: 3112: 1699:, avoiding drugs and alcohol, preventing infectious diseases, and avoiding X-rays. Identifying the cause of the miscarriage may help prevent future pregnancy loss, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage. Often there is little a person can do to prevent a miscarriage. Vitamin supplementation before or during pregnancy has not been found to affect the risk of miscarriage. 1972:

planning their next pregnancy after a few weeks of having the miscarriage. For others, planning another pregnancy can be difficult. Some facilities acknowledge the loss. Parents can name and hold their infant. They may be given mementoes such as photos and footprints. Some conduct a funeral or memorial service. They may express the loss by planting a tree.

1822:), most miscarriages (65–80%) will pass naturally within two to six weeks. This treatment avoids the possible side effects and complications of medications and surgery, but increases the risk of mild bleeding, the need for unplanned surgical treatment, and incomplete miscarriage. Medical treatment usually consists of using 5288: 65: 6853:

It is important to bear in mind that some clinical terms can cause great distress and even anger. It is not acceptable to use the term "abortion" for miscarriage, despite its historical clinical prevalence. To the lay person, "abortion" means the elective termination of pregnancy and while they may

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process. "Prenatal attachment" often exists that can be seen as parental sensitivity, love and preoccupation directed towards the unborn child. Serious emotional impact is usually experienced immediately after the miscarriage. Some may go through the same loss when an ectopic pregnancy is terminated.

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Women who miscarry early in their pregnancy usually do not require any subsequent medical treatment but they can benefit from support and counseling. Most early miscarriages will be completed on their own; in other cases, medication treatment or aspiration of the products of conception can be used to

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or cervical insufficiency occurs with the inability of the cervix to stay closed during the entire pregnancy. It does not cause first-trimester miscarriages. In the second trimester, it is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. It is identified after a premature birth has occurred at about

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Autoimmunity is a possible cause of recurrent or late-term miscarriages. In the case of an autoimmune-induced miscarriage, the woman's body attacks the growing fetus or prevents normal pregnancy progression. Autoimmune disease may cause abnormalities in embryos, which in turn may lead to miscarriage.

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Beginning in the 1980s, miscarriage in the US was primarily framed in terms of the individual woman's emotional reaction, especially her grief over a tragic outcome. The subject was portrayed in the media with images of an empty crib or an isolated, grieving woman, and stories about miscarriage were

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have not been found to cause miscarriage. Live vaccinations, like the MMR vaccine, can theoretically cause damage to the fetus as the live virus can cross the placenta and potentially increase the risk for miscarriage. Therefore, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends against pregnant women

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Miscarriage is least common for mothers in their twenties, for whom around 12% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. Risk rises with age: around 14% for women aged 30–34; 18% for those 35–39; 37% for those 40–44; and 65% for those over 45. Women younger than 20 have slightly increased miscarriage

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are those things that increase the likelihood of having a miscarriage but do not necessarily cause a miscarriage. Up to 70 conditions, infections, medical procedures, lifestyle factors, occupational exposures, chemical exposure, and shift work are associated with increased risk for miscarriage. Some

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should be registered, although this does not apply to miscarriages. According to French statutes, an infant born before the age of viability, determined to be 28 weeks, is not registered as a 'child'. If birth occurs after this, the infant is granted a certificate that allows the parents to have a

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Research shows that depression after a miscarriage or stillbirth can continue for years, even after the birth of a subsequent child. Medical professionals are advised to take previous loss of a pregnancy into account when assessing risks for postnatal depression following the birth of a subsequent

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In Western cultures since the 1980s, medical providers assume that experiencing a miscarriage "is a major loss for all pregnant women". A miscarriage can result in anxiety, depression or stress for those involved. It can affect the whole family. Many of those experiencing a miscarriage go through a

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has been advocated to prevent miscarriage, this is not of benefit. Those who are experiencing or who have experienced a miscarriage benefit from the use of careful medical language. Significant distress can often be managed by the ability of the clinician to clearly explain terms without suggesting

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or defects in coagulation and bleeding were once thought to be a risk of miscarriage but have been subsequently questioned. Severe cases of hypothyroidism increase the risk of miscarriage. The effect of milder cases of hypothyroidism on miscarriage rates has not been established. A condition called

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Disorders of the thyroid may affect pregnancy outcomes. Related to this, iodine deficiency is strongly associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. The risk of miscarriage is increased in those with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Women with well-controlled diabetes have

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can be a symptom of miscarriage, but many women also have bleeding in early pregnancy and do not miscarry. Bleeding during the first half of pregnancy may be referred to as a threatened miscarriage. Of those who seek treatment for bleeding during pregnancy, about half will miscarry. Miscarriage may

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grief creates unnecessary burdens for some women. The reframing of miscarriage as a private emotional experience brought less awareness of miscarriage and a sense of silence around the subject, especially compared to the public discussion of miscarriage during campaigns for access to birth control

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applies variably in different countries and contexts, sometimes incorporating weight, and gestational age from 16 weeks in Norway, 20 weeks in the US and Australia, 24 weeks in the UK to 26 weeks in Italy and Spain. A foetus that died before birth after this gestational age may be referred to as a

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Organisations exist that provide information and counselling to help those who have had a miscarriage. Family and friends often conduct a memorial or burial service. Hospitals also can provide support and help memorialise the event. Depending on the locale others desire to have a private ceremony.

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Fifteen per cent of women who have experienced three or more recurring miscarriages have some anatomical defect that prevents the pregnancy from being carried for the entire term. The structure of the uterus affects the ability to carry a child to term. Anatomical differences are common and can be

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The precise rate is not known because a large number of miscarriages occur before pregnancies become established and before the woman is aware she is pregnant. Additionally, those with bleeding in early pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those not experiencing bleeding. Although some

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develops normally, while the embryonic part of the pregnancy is either absent or stops growing very early. This accounts for approximately half of miscarriages. All other miscarriages are classified as embryonic miscarriages, meaning that there is an embryo present in the gestational sac. Half of

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of approximately 1.4. A disruption in normal immune function can lead to the formation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This will affect the ability to continue the pregnancy, and if a woman has repeated miscarriages, she can be tested for it. Approximately 15% of recurrent miscarriages are

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Some parents want to try to have a baby very soon after the miscarriage. The decision of trying to become pregnant again can be difficult. Reasons exist that may prompt parents to consider another pregnancy. For older mothers, there may be some sense of urgency. Other parents are optimistic that

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to those experiencing the loss can be challenging because some find comfort in talking about the miscarriage while others may find the event painful to discuss. The father can have the same sense of loss. Expressing feelings of grief and loss can sometimes be harder for men. Some women can begin

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significantly lowers the rate of miscarriage in women with PCOS, but the quality of these studies has been questioned. Metformin treatment in pregnancy is not safe. In 2007, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists also recommended against the use of the drug to prevent miscarriage.

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No treatment is necessary for a diagnosis of complete miscarriage (so long as ectopic pregnancy is ruled out). In cases of an incomplete miscarriage, empty sac, or missed abortion there are three treatment options: watchful waiting, medical management, and surgical treatment. With no treatment

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Society's reactions to miscarriage have changed over time. In the early 20th century, the focus was on the mother's physical health and the difficulties and disabilities that miscarriage could produce. Other reactions, such as the expense of medical treatments and relief at ending an unwanted

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or health magazines. Family members were encouraged to grieve, to memorialize their losses through funerals and other rituals, and to think of themselves as being parents. This shift to recognizing these emotional responses was partly due to medical and political successes, which created an

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before attempting another pregnancy. This is because the date of conception may be hard to determine. Also, the first menstrual cycle after a miscarriage can be much longer or shorter than expected. Parents may be advised to wait even longer if they have experienced late miscarriage or

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Most clinically apparent miscarriages (two-thirds to three-quarters in various studies) occur during the first trimester. About 30% to 40% of all fertilised eggs miscarry, often before the pregnancy is known. The embryo typically dies before the pregnancy is expelled; bleeding into the

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The physical symptoms of a miscarriage vary according to the length of pregnancy, though most miscarriages cause pain or cramping. The size of blood clots and pregnancy tissue that are passed become larger with longer gestations. After 13 weeks' gestation, there is a higher risk of

2240:(the two terms are synonymous). There are a variety of known risk factors in non-human animals. For example, in sheep, miscarriage may be caused by crowding through doors or being chased by dogs. In cows, spontaneous abortion may be caused by contagious diseases, such as 2001:

The risks of having another miscarriage vary according to the cause. The risk of having another miscarriage after a molar pregnancy is very low. The risk of another miscarriage is highest after the third miscarriage. Pre-conception care is available in some locales.

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Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, et al. (December 1988). "Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception".

5063:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 1834:

pre-treatment. These medications help the uterus to contract and expel the remaining tissue out of the body. This works within a few days in 95% of cases. Vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage can be used, with vacuum aspiration being lower-risk and more common.

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Rimmer MP, Fishwick K, Henderson I, Chinn D, Al Wattar BH and Quenby S. Quantifying CD138+ cells in the endometrium to assess chronic endometritis in women at risk of recurrent pregnancy loss: A prospective cohort study and rapid review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res.

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are around 30% to 50%. A 2012 review found the risk of miscarriage between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Up to the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week was around 2%, dropping to 1% in week 14 and reducing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks.

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Some health organizations recommend that sexual activity be delayed after the miscarriage. The menstrual cycle should resume after about three to four months. Women reported that they were dissatisfied with the care they received from physicians and nurses.

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have no theoretical objections to that procedure, they are likely to be distressed and even angered at its use in their situation. "Miscarriage" (qualified by adjectives such as recurrent, delayed, early, late, etc.) is easily understood and well accepted.

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is used with the absence of anaesthetic gas scavenging equipment, there is a greater risk of miscarriage. For women who work with cytotoxic antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents, there is a small increased risk of miscarriage. No increased risk for

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can cause a miscarriage. Subclinical infections of the lining of the womb, commonly known as chronic endometritis are also associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, compared to women with treated chronic endometritis or no chronic endometritis.

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cause uterine contractions to expel the pregnancy. Early miscarriages can be due to a developmental abnormality of the placenta or other embryonic tissues. In some instances, an embryo does not form but other tissues do. This has been called a

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van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, et al. (2011). "Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review".

773:. Unlike first-trimester miscarriages, second-trimester miscarriages are less likely to be caused by a genetic abnormality; chromosomal aberrations are found in a third of cases. Infection during the third trimester can cause a miscarriage. 2261:, although this effect is seen less in wild populations than in the laboratory. Female mice who had spontaneous abortions showed a sharp rise in the amount of time spent with unfamiliar males preceding the abortion than those who did not. 1086:

1.8–7.6. Having lupus also increases the risk of miscarriage. Immunohistochemical studies on decidual basalis and chorionic villi found that the imbalance of the immunological environment could be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.

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The Philippines – 60 days' fully paid leave for miscarriages (before 20 weeks of gestation) or emergency termination of the pregnancy (on the 20th week or after) The husband of the mother gets seven days' fully paid leave up to the 4th

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Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, et al. (April 2013). "Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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is around 30% to 50%. In those under the age of 35, the risk is about 10% while in those over the age of 40, the risk is about 45%. Risk begins to increase around the age of 30. About 5% of women have two miscarriages in a row.

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based on a consensus meeting of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound in America (SRU) has suggested that miscarriage should be diagnosed only if any of the following criteria are met upon ultrasonography visualisation:

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surgery. Abdominal and pelvic surgery are not risk factors for miscarriage. Ovarian tumours and cysts that are removed have not been found to increase the risk of miscarriage. The exception to this is the removal of the

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An inevitable miscarriage occurs when the cervix has already dilated, but the foetus has yet to be expelled. This usually will progress to a complete miscarriage. The foetus may or may not have cardiac activity.

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may decrease the risk of miscarriage. No specific treatment is usually needed during the first 7 to 14 days. Most miscarriages will be completed without additional interventions. Occasionally the medication

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Providing appropriate support with frequent discussions and sympathetic counselling is part of evaluation and treatment. Those who experience unexplained miscarriages can be treated with emotional support.

7406: 789:, although the effect is less pronounced than for maternal age. The risk is lowest for men under 40 years old. For men aged 40-44, the risk is around 23% higher. For men over 45, the risk is 43% higher. 8359: 6476: 2073:) occurred after changes in legislation. In the late 1980s and 1990s, doctors became more conscious of their language about early pregnancy loss. Some medical authors advocated a change to the use of 2369: 8521: 1511:

A threatened miscarriage is any bleeding during the first half of pregnancy. At investigation, it may be found that the fetus remains viable and the pregnancy continues without further problems.

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expectation that pregnancies are typically planned and safe, and to women's demands that their emotional reactions no longer be dismissed by the medical establishments. It also reinforces the

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Tobacco (cigarette) smokers have an increased risk of miscarriage. There is an increased risk regardless of which parent smokes, though the risk is higher when the gestational mother smokes.

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future pregnancies are likely to be successful. Many are hesitant and want to know about the risk of having another or more miscarriages. Some clinicians recommend that the women have one

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may have some effect on pregnancy outcomes. A cause-and-effect relationship can almost never be established. Those chemicals that are implicated in increasing the risk for miscarriage are

1023:, certain infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Women with endometriosis report a 76% to 298% increase in miscarriages versus their non-afflicted peers, the range affected by the 10157: 4638:

Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, Podesek M, et al. (May 2021). "Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss".

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A missed miscarriage is when the embryo or fetus has died, but a miscarriage has not yet occurred. It is also referred to as delayed miscarriage, silent miscarriage, or missed abortion.

743:(2–4%), or other structural chromosomal abnormalities (2%). Genetic problems are more likely to occur with older parents; this may account for the higher rates observed in older women. 815:

consumption also has been correlated to miscarriage rates, at least at higher levels of intake. However, such higher rates are statistically significant only in certain circumstances.

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studies attempt to account for this by recruiting women who are planning pregnancies and testing for very early pregnancy, they still are not representative of the wider population.

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Not only is obesity associated with miscarriage; it can result in sub-fertility and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recurrent miscarriage is also related to obesity. Women with

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performed by a woman or non-medical personnel can be dangerous and is still a cause of maternal mortality in some countries. In some locales, it is illegal or a carries heavy

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luteal phase defect (LPD) is a failure of the uterine lining to be fully prepared for pregnancy. This can keep a fertilised egg from implanting or result in miscarriage.

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is most likely eight to ten days after fertilization. If the zygote has not been implanted by day ten, implantation becomes increasingly unlikely in subsequent days.

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because they argued this would be more respectful and help ease a distressing experience. The change was being recommended in Britain in the late 1990s. In 2005 the

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Chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks. Half of embryonic miscarriages (25% of all miscarriages) have an

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In delayed or incomplete miscarriage, treatment depends on the amount of tissue remaining in the uterus. Treatment can include surgical removal of the tissue with

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Dalke KB, Wenzel A, Kim DR (June 2016). "Depression and Anxiety During Pregnancy: Evaluating the Literature in Support of Clinical Risk-Benefit Decision-Making".

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during the early 20th century, or the public campaigns to prevent miscarriages, stillbirths, and infant deaths by reducing industrial pollution during the 1970s.

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Khattab S, Mohsen IA, Foutouh IA, Ramadan A, Moaz M, Al-Inany H (December 2006). "Metformin reduces abortion in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome".

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Agarwal K, Alfirevic Z (August 2012). "Pregnancy loss after chorionic villus sampling and genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies: a systematic review".

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receiving live vaccinations. However, there is no clear evidence that has shown live vaccinations increase the risk of miscarriage or fetal abnormalities.

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American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists (February 2014). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: Cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency".

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Gleicher N, Weghofer A, Barad D (2007). "Female infertility due to abnormal autoimmunity: Frequently overlooked and greatly underappreciated. Part II".

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after an episode of heavy bleeding in an intrauterine pregnancy that had been confirmed by previous ultrasonography. There is some widening between the

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Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, Bourne T (June 2005). "Do we need to follow up complete miscarriages with serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels?".

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Maintaining a healthy weight and good prenatal care can reduce the risk of miscarriage. Some risk factors can be minimized by avoiding the following:

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Becoming Parents and Overcoming Obstacles : Understanding the Experience of Miscarriage, Premature Births, Infertility, and Postnatal Depression

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In places where induced abortion is illegal or carries a social stigma, suspicion may surround miscarriage, complicating an already sensitive issue.

5704:"Immunohistochemical Evaluation of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 in Decidual and Trophoblastic Tissue Specimens of Patients with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss" 2046:

The medical terminology applied to experiences during early pregnancy has changed over time. Before the 1980s, health professionals used the phrase

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has been shown to prevent miscarriage in women with 1) vaginal bleeding early in their current pregnancy and 2) a previous history of miscarriage.

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Every woman's personal experience of miscarriage is different, and women who have more than one miscarriage may react differently to each event.

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A chemical pregnancy is a pregnancy that was detected by testing but ends in miscarriage before or around the time of the next expected period.

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Miscarriages may be tracked for purposes of health statistics, but they are not usually recorded individually. For example, under UK law, all

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Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T (2013). "Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location".

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symbolic record of that child. This certificate can include a registered and given name to allow a funeral and acknowledgement of the event.

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Around 15% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, totaling around 23 million miscarriages per year worldwide. Miscarriage rates among all

1605:. Therefore, there may be a need for follow-up pregnancy tests to ensure that there is no remaining pregnancy, including ectopic pregnancy. 4523:

Kajii T, Ferrier A, Niikawa N, Takahara H, Ohama K, Avirachan S (1980). "Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 639 spontaneous abortuses".

2875:"Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology" 2250:, but often can be controlled by vaccination. In many species of sharks and rays, stress-induced miscarriage occurs frequently on capture. 4566: 11464: 8948: 8004:

Ammon Avalos L, Galindo C, Li DK (June 2012). "A systematic review to calculate background miscarriage rates using life table analysis".

7736: 7600:"The presence of anxiety, depression and stress in women and their partners during pregnancies following perinatal loss: A meta-analysis" 6255: 3277: 2355: 338:, which can be "early" (before 12 weeks) or "late" (between 12 and 21 weeks). Fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation is also known as a 7921: 4509: 10024: 4309: 8496:

Décret n°74-449 du 15 mai 1974 relatif au livret de famille et à l'information des futurs époux sur le droit de la famille – Article 9

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Babigumira JB, Vlassoff M, Ahimbisibwe A, Stergachis A (2015). Debas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, Jamison DT, Kruk ME, Mock CN (eds.).

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for an involuntary miscarriage is generally considered confusing, "a dirty word", "stigmatized", and "an all-around hated term".

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after a spontaneous miscarriage is unclear. In the UK, Rho(D) immune globulin is recommended in Rh-negative women after 12 weeks

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occurs when the tissue from a missed or incomplete miscarriage becomes infected, which carries the risk of spreading infection (

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Small gestational sac compared to embryo size (less than 5 mm difference between mean sac diameter and crown-rump length).

10044: 3774: 896: 374:. Recurrent miscarriage (also referred to medically as Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion or RSA) may also be considered a form of 17: 7839: 484:

of early pregnancy. Among women who know they are pregnant, the miscarriage rate is roughly 10% to 20%, while rates among all

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Robinson J (March 1, 2014). "Provision of information and support to women who have suffered an early miscarriage (review)".

6235: 4791: 4764: 3271: 3180:"Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Initial Management in Early Pregnancy of Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage" 3657:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 7113: 4922:

Broy P, Bérard A (January 2010). "Gestational exposure to antidepressants and the risk of spontaneous abortion: a review".

3342: 2781: 919: 6974: 6412:"Maternal recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with an increased risk for long-term neurological morbidity in offspring" 5999: 2703: 2236:

Miscarriage occurs in all animals that experience pregnancy, though in such contexts it is more commonly referred to as a

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Absence of embryo with heartbeat at least 11 days after an ultrasound scan that showed a gestational sac with a yolk sac.

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Christiansen DM (February 2017). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents following infant death: A systematic review".

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Kavvadas D, Karachrysafi S, Anastasiadou P, Kavvada A, Fotiadou S, Papachristodoulou A, et al. (February 28, 2022).

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McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD (June 2013). ""Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data".

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infant. It is believed that supportive interventions may improve the health outcomes of both the mother and the child.

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before pregnancy. Some available data suggest that there is a small increased risk of miscarriage for women taking any

8046:"'Miscarriage or abortion?' Understanding the medical language of pregnancy loss in Britain; a historical perspective" 3438: 3293:"'Miscarriage or abortion?' Understanding the medical language of pregnancy loss in Britain; a historical perspective" 1445:

Absence of embryo with heartbeat 7–13 days after an ultrasound scan that showed a gestational sac without a yolk sac.

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Reagan LJ (2003). "From Hazard to Blessing to Tragedy: Representations of Miscarriage in Twentieth-Century America".

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Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS (January 2008). "Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome".

2742: 2590: 2085:(ESHRE) published a paper aiming to facilitate a revision of nomenclature used to describe early pregnancy events. 2058:

was a intentional and immoral or criminal action was sufficiently ingrained that pregnancy books had to explain that

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Some organisations recommend delaying sex after a miscarriage until the bleeding has stopped to decrease the risk of

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An induced abortion may be performed by a qualified healthcare provider for women who cannot continue the pregnancy.

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Absence of embryo with heartbeat at least 2 weeks after an ultrasound scan that showed a gestational sac without a

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Infections can increase the risk of a miscarriage: rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, bacterial vaginosis,

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may have a greater risk for miscarriage. Nutrient deficiencies have not been found to impact miscarriage rates but

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Other diseases are also known to make animals susceptible to miscarriage. Spontaneous abortion occurs in pregnant

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concerning miscarriage. The following countries offer paid or unpaid leave to women who have had a miscarriage.

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Fraser-Smith AC (March 1975). "Male-induced pregnancy termination in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster".

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Koren G (December 2014). "Treating morning sickness in the United States--changes in prescribing are needed".

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Garrido-Gimenez C, Alijotas-Reig J (March 2015). "Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation and management".

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Radford EJ, Hughes M (June 2015). "Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care".

2873:

Messerlian C, Williams PL, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Carignan CC, Ford JB, Butt CM, et al. (November 1, 2018).

1602: 7766: 6100:"The investigation and treatment of couples with recurrent first-trimester and second-trimester miscarriage" 1695:

Prevention of a miscarriage can sometimes be accomplished by decreasing risk factors. This may include good

1278:

use increases the rate of miscarriage. Some infections have been associated with miscarriage. These include

11486: 11478: 11434: 11126: 11066: 11001: 10979: 10828: 10611: 10456: 10011: 9927: 9265: 8137: 7430: 3177: 2204:. The modern one-size-fits-all model of grief does not fit every woman's experience, and an expectation to 1806: 1612: 1598: 1538: 1326: 1285: 819: 582: 543: 422: 210: 5780:"Analysis of hemi-uterus pregnancy outcomes in uterine malformations: a retrospective observational study" 2215:

Developments in ultrasound technology (in the early 1980s) allowed them to identify earlier miscarriages.

11677: 11665: 11045: 10932: 10624: 10142: 9540: 9483: 9047: 1809:

and before 12 weeks gestational age in those who need surgery or medication to complete the miscarriage.

620: 8335:. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Perinatal Statistics Unit, Australian Government. 7599: 2932: 11424: 11122: 11118: 10735: 10534: 10508: 10244: 10190: 10106: 10071: 10061: 9101: 8983: 8934: 8563: 6110: 5314:

Schliep KC, Farland LV, Pollack AZ, Louis GB, Stanford JB, Allen-Brady K, et al. (November 2022).

4171:

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Gaskins AJ, Farland LV, Terry KL, Zhang C, et al. (September 2016).

1455:

Absence of embryo with heartbeat 7–10 days after a scan that showed a gestational sac with a yolk sac.

1191:

16–18 weeks into the pregnancy. During the second trimester, major trauma can result in a miscarriage.

1075: 561: 97: 4387: 895:

medication exposure and miscarriage. The risk of miscarriage is not likely decreased by discontinuing

11591: 11553: 11352: 11187: 10772: 10762: 10680: 10580: 9864: 9734: 9692: 9553: 6152:

Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Bourne T, Blaivas M, Barnhart KT, Benacerraf BR, et al. (October 2013).

5210: 1322: 1016: 904: 863: 681: 555: 410: 164: 8328: 6582: 3655:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, et al. (2014).

2665:

Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y (May 2012). "The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss".

1553:

A complete miscarriage is when all products of conception have been expelled; these may include the

11041: 10298: 10076: 9600: 9416: 9383: 9275: 8843: 4372:

Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, et al. (2013). "Abortion".

2118: 1325:

is performed. If a viable intrauterine pregnancy is not found with ultrasound, blood tests (serial

727:(abnormal number of chromosomes). Common chromosome abnormalities found in miscarriages include an 6072: 4673:

Muncey W, Scott M, Lathi RB, Eisenberg ML (February 2024). "The paternal role in pregnancy loss".

11718: 11607: 11599: 11585: 11571: 11529: 11450: 11162: 10697: 10619: 10377: 10029: 9883: 9675: 9368: 8360:"Further Issues Relating to Late Abortion, Fetal Viability and Registration of Births and Deaths" 7385: 2015: 2011: 883:

from the ovary. This can cause fluctuations in the hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy.

481: 125: 6532:

Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, et al. (May 2016).

4704:

Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, et al. (May 2016).

1635:

have been passed, but some remain inside the uterus. However, an increased distance between the

334:. Once ultrasound or histological evidence shows that a pregnancy has existed, the term used is 11053: 10904: 10818: 10792: 10570: 10390: 10385: 10357: 10334: 10234: 9942: 9810: 9800: 9665: 9388: 9321: 9296: 9232: 9106: 8905: 7948:"Miscarriage and future maternal cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7086:. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 6227: 4754: 4574: 1802: 1639:

on transvaginal ultrasonography may also simply be an increased endometrial thickness and/or a

1632: 1356: 1254: 1024: 988: 806: 470: 221: 33: 8883: 8518: 6263: 5901:

Snijder CA, Roeleveld N, Te Velde E, Steegers EA, Raat H, Hofman A, et al. (March 2012).

4781: 3261: 2339: 1944:

A cemetery for miscarried fetuses, stillborn babies, and babies who have died soon after birth

1658:

A 13-week fetus without cardiac activity located in the uterus (delayed or missed miscarriage)

1329:

tests) can be performed to rule out ectopic pregnancy, which is a life-threatening situation.

381:

Risk factors for miscarriage include being an older parent, previous miscarriage, exposure to

10782: 10777: 10229: 9922: 9724: 9528: 9203: 8894: 5061:

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. (June 2019).

4493: 4038:

Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, et al. (February 1999).

2528:

Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ (October 2011).

2275: 1949: 1866: 1860: 1720: 1676: 1515: 1465: 1226: 1200: 1187: 1041: 766: 434: 398: 230: 194: 8664:

Mahady S, Wolff J (2002). "A field test of the Bruce effect in the monogamous prairie vole (

7658:

Vismara L (2017). "Perspectives on perinatal stressful and traumatic experiences (review)".

6868:"Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation" 6219: 3034: 1654: 1257:

and ultrasound have not been found affect the rates of miscarriage. In dental offices where

11708: 11408: 11333: 11272: 11078: 10787: 10656: 10551: 10372: 10347: 9937: 9888: 9208: 9198: 9126: 9121: 9096: 9081: 9076: 8630: 8575: 8564:"Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs" 8281: 8094:"Standard terminology for reporting of reproductive health statistics in the United States" 6583:"Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT" 2192: 1624: 1348: 1275: 1027:. PCOS may increase the risk of miscarriage. Two studies suggested treatment with the drug 818:

Vitamin supplementation has generally not shown to be effective in preventing miscarriage.

758: 251: 206: 56: 6510: 5029: 3605:"[Term pegnancy on septate uterus: report of a case and review of the literature]" 3035:"Is there an association between recurrent spontaneous abortion and mycoplasma infection?" 8: 11581: 11394: 11028: 10823: 10767: 10661: 10590: 10575: 10556: 10405: 10219: 9441: 9398: 9363: 9270: 9250: 8832: 6581:

Coomarasamy A, Harb HM, Devall AJ, Cheed V, Roberts TE, Goranitis I, et al. (2020).

6410:

Paz Levy D, Wainstock T, Sheiner E, Sergienko R, Landau D, Walfisch A (January 1, 2019).

5676: 4086:"Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy" 2169: 2027: 1411: 1303: 1083: 786: 590: 485: 449: 418: 8634: 8579: 8285: 7363: 7299:

May W, Gülmezoglu AM, Ba-Thike K (October 2007). "Antibiotics for incomplete abortion".

7149: 7128: 6892: 6867: 6097: 5814: 5779: 4327: 3841:"Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis" 3408: 3387: 3179: 1940: 1711:

Preventing a miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies may be enhanced with assessments of:

11685: 11673: 11669: 11633: 11628: 11563: 11177: 10957: 10797: 10752: 10727: 10692: 10539: 10529: 10224: 10039: 9768: 9622: 9393: 9378: 8745: 8732: 8712: 8693: 8685: 8591: 8304: 8269: 8242: 8217: 8195: 8110: 8093: 8070: 8045: 7972: 7947: 7714: 7640: 7580: 7229: 7212: 7057: 7032: 7013: 6744: 6717: 6655: 6607: 6558: 6533: 6449: 6392: 6380: 6048: 5927: 5902: 5738: 5703: 5529: 5435: 5340: 5315: 5289:"ESHRE2015: Endometriosis associated with a greater risk of complications in pregnancy" 5187: 5170: 5143: 5118: 5038: 5013: 4986: 4961: 4901: 4853: 4730: 4705: 4548: 4197: 4172: 4006: 3981: 3959: 3816: 3804: 3629: 3604: 3550: 3525: 3501: 3474: 3319: 3292: 3242: 3155: 3130: 3072: 2909: 2874: 2850: 2815: 2559: 2530:"Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review" 2431: 2200:

movement's belief that human life begins at conception or early in pregnancy, and that

1926:

Taiwan – five days, one week or four weeks, depending on how advanced the pregnancy was

1133: 980: 445: 190: 112: 8183: 7031:

Schreiber CA, Creinin MD, Atrio J, Sonalkar S, Ratcliffe SJ, Barnhart KT (June 2018).

6988:

Tang OS, Ho PC (December 2006). "The use of misoprostol for early pregnancy failure".

5236: 4651: 2167:

is a broad term that is used for miscarriage, ectopic and molar pregnancies. The term

11647: 11264: 11183: 11138: 11106: 11094: 10702: 10674: 10634: 10629: 10564: 10438: 10239: 10214: 10182: 9859: 9778: 9702: 9680: 9193: 9111: 8962: 8854: 8777: 8750: 8646: 8445: 8309: 8247: 8187: 8145: 8115: 8075: 8021: 7977: 7903: 7868: 7858: 7813: 7718: 7706: 7702: 7632: 7312: 7234: 7154: 7105: 7095: 7062: 7005: 6966: 6897: 6842: 6810: 6749: 6691: 6659: 6647: 6612: 6563: 6441: 6433: 6384: 6349: 6305: 6231: 6220: 6173: 6040: 6036: 5973: 5968: 5951: 5932: 5881: 5854: 5819: 5801: 5743: 5725: 5658: 5521: 5427: 5389: 5345: 5316:"Endometriosis diagnosis, staging and typology and adverse pregnancy outcome history" 5192: 5148: 5084: 5043: 4991: 4939: 4893: 4845: 4787: 4760: 4735: 4686: 4655: 4613: 4540: 4499: 4474: 4303: 4244: 4202: 4107: 4061: 4011: 3951: 3913: 3872: 3820: 3808: 3688: 3634: 3555: 3506: 3413: 3324: 3267: 3246: 3234: 3230: 3187: 3178:

National Coordinating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK) (December 2012).

3160: 3076: 3064: 3056: 2982: 2914: 2896: 2891: 2855: 2837: 2682: 2642: 2551: 2510: 2423: 2345: 2285: 2280: 2144: 1844: 1684: 1644: 1407: 1008: 984: 969: 965: 961: 736: 650: 462: 430: 390: 255: 226: 201: 186: 92: 8837: 8697: 8595: 7017: 6453: 6396: 5533: 5439: 4841: 3963: 3766: 2563: 2435: 11642: 11638: 11535: 11412: 11380: 11011: 10585: 10524: 10256: 9421: 9188: 9183: 8740: 8724: 8677: 8638: 8583: 8299: 8289: 8237: 8229: 8199: 8179: 8105: 8065: 8057: 8013: 7967: 7959: 7895: 7831: 7805: 7698: 7667: 7644: 7622: 7614: 7331:"Trying to conceive soon after a pregnancy loss may increase chances of live birth" 7308: 7304: 7224: 7181: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7087: 7052: 7044: 6997: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6802: 6739: 6729: 6683: 6639: 6602: 6594: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6423: 6376: 6339: 6297: 6165: 6052: 6032: 5963: 5922: 5914: 5846: 5809: 5791: 5733: 5715: 5650: 5610: 5511: 5419: 5379: 5335: 5327: 5182: 5138: 5130: 5074: 5033: 5025: 4981: 4973: 4931: 4885: 4857: 4837: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4678: 4647: 4605: 4552: 4532: 4464: 4448: 4234: 4192: 4184: 4097: 4051: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3943: 3903: 3862: 3852: 3800: 3678: 3668: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3545: 3537: 3496: 3486: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3314: 3304: 3226: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3046: 2974: 2904: 2886: 2845: 2827: 2674: 2541: 2500: 2415: 2290: 1903: 1819: 1640: 1214: 1157: 1117: 992: 802: 586: 566: 530: 510: 394: 359: 343: 117: 7091: 4905: 2419: 11652: 11241: 10740: 10707: 10496: 10481: 10261: 9917: 9773: 9637: 9595: 9456: 9431: 9355: 9245: 9227: 9173: 9057: 8848: 8587: 8545: 8525: 8456: 8294: 7963: 7454: 7001: 6806: 6471: 5457: 2257:

when their mate is removed and they are exposed to a new male, an example of the

2054:

for a termination of the pregnancy. By the 1940s, the popular assumption that an

1991: 1986: 1666: 1620: 1562: 1558: 1546: 1519: 1425: 1372: 1360: 1169: 1066: 798: 770: 762: 732: 698: 694: 640: 474: 466: 406: 355: 304: 146: 77: 27:

Natural death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before its independent survival

8926: 7899: 7081: 6687: 5366:

Jakubowicz DJ, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz S, Roberts KA, Nestler JE (February 2002).

4469: 4452: 4056: 4039: 2010:

There is a significant association between miscarriage and later development of

874:

The effects of surgery on pregnancy are not well-known including the effects of

749:

progesterone deficiency may or may not be a contributing factor to miscarriage.

11326: 11292: 11287: 10962: 10835: 10745: 10641: 10501: 10490: 10430: 10308: 9960: 9787: 9763: 9707: 9585: 9580: 9570: 9558: 9436: 9220: 9091: 9037: 8357: 8061: 7671: 6954: 5991: 5850: 5796: 5368:"Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome" 5079: 5062: 4935: 3790: 3603:

Ali O, Hakimi I, Chanana A, Habib MA, Guelzim K, Kouach J, et al. (2015).

3475:"Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus" 3309: 2678: 2591:"How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?" 2205: 2164: 1968: 1594: 1582: 1250: 1145: 1129: 1020: 900: 892: 522: 514: 312: 9969:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

8713:"Female behaviour plays a critical role in controlling murine pregnancy block" 8681: 8268:

Mohangoo AD, Blondel B, Gissler M, Velebil P, Macfarlane A, Zeitlin J (2013).

8233: 7809: 7618: 7033:"Mifepristone Pretreatment for the Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Loss" 5720: 5516: 5499: 5423: 4962:"Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion" 4889: 4609: 3786: 3784: 3491: 11702: 11521: 11321: 11282: 11277: 11205: 11191: 11167: 11155: 11143: 11131: 11111: 11016: 10994: 10989: 10967: 10717: 10687: 10420: 10303: 9998: 9912: 9873: 9849: 9758: 9642: 9575: 9446: 9350: 9311: 9168: 9003: 8149: 7907: 7872: 6734: 6437: 5903:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and fetal growth: the Generation R Study" 5805: 5729: 5614: 5585: 4596:

Bukulmez O, Arici A (December 2004). "Luteal phase defect: myth or reality".

4188: 4173:"Contributions of the Nurses' Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research" 4084:

Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, et al. (May 2004).

3457: 3116: 3060: 2900: 2841: 2832: 2505: 2488: 2246: 2197: 2088:

Most affected women and family members refer to miscarriage as the loss of a

1870: 1827: 1696: 1309: 1263: 1258: 1046: 1033: 1012: 880: 859: 844: 703: 441: 382: 241: 178: 8859: 8822: 8642: 8170:

Beard RW, Mowbray JF, Pinker GD (November 1985). "Miscarriage or abortion".

6914: 6344: 6328:"Updated and revised nomenclature for description of early pregnancy events" 6327: 6301: 6153: 5918: 5654: 4239: 4222: 3673: 3656: 3541: 560:

Miscarriage may occur for many reasons, not all of which can be identified.

11316: 11223: 11219: 11099: 11087: 11071: 11059: 11049: 10952: 10873: 10712: 10646: 9827: 9822: 9563: 9463: 9408: 9136: 9015: 9010: 8754: 8728: 8441: 8313: 8079: 8025: 7981: 7817: 7710: 7636: 7316: 7238: 7158: 7109: 7066: 7009: 6970: 6901: 6814: 6753: 6651: 6616: 6567: 6445: 6353: 6309: 6177: 6044: 5977: 5936: 5858: 5823: 5747: 5662: 5525: 5431: 5393: 5384: 5367: 5349: 5196: 5152: 5088: 5047: 4995: 4943: 4897: 4849: 4739: 4690: 4659: 4617: 4478: 4248: 4206: 4111: 4015: 3955: 3917: 3876: 3812: 3781: 3692: 3638: 3510: 3434: 3417: 3328: 3238: 3191: 3164: 3068: 2986: 2918: 2859: 2686: 2646: 2633:

Oliver A, Overton C (May 2014). "Diagnosis and management of miscarriage".

2555: 2514: 2427: 2258: 2254: 1831: 1700: 1636: 1590: 1542: 1477: 1238: 933: 746: 10172: 8650: 8539:"Beef cattle and Beef production: Management and Husbandry of Beef Cattle" 8251: 8191: 8119: 7048: 6695: 6643: 6388: 6169: 6154:"Diagnostic criteria for nonviable pregnancy early in the first trimester" 6109:. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Archived from 5952:"Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and miscarriage" 4544: 4065: 3559: 1351:

and by the examination of the passed tissue. When looking for microscopic

11338: 11309: 11304: 11201: 10651: 10400: 10352: 10285: 10251: 9817: 9753: 9590: 9533: 9473: 9468: 9306: 9255: 8878: 8411: 7686: 6251: 4223:"The presentation and management of complex female genital malformations" 4102: 4085: 3857: 3840: 3093: 2872: 2344:(4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. 2241: 2224: 2201: 2038:

In 2010, 50,000 inpatient admissions for miscarriage occurred in the UK.

1848: 1823: 1670: 1608: 1554: 1518:(also called an "empty sac" or "blighted ovum") is a condition where the 1371:. When chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than one miscarriage, 1368: 1364: 1337: 1333: 957: 949: 928: 840: 740: 526: 458: 375: 268: 172: 101: 8958: 8736: 8562:

Adams KR, Fetterplace LC, Davis AR, Taylor MD, Knott NA (January 2018).

7185: 5262: 4977: 477:

may be beneficial. Emotional support may help with processing the loss.

64: 11458: 11454: 11260: 11006: 10984: 10974: 10271: 10178: 9215: 9155: 9086: 8900: 8689: 8017: 7584: 7079: 6477:"The investigation and treatment of couples with recurrent miscarriage" 6428: 6411: 6098:

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) (April 2011).

5701: 4826: 4682: 4536: 3683: 3051: 2978: 2175: 1570: 1534: 1524: 1079: 1070: 848: 724: 465:

is used to remove the remaining tissue. Women who have a blood type of

426: 339: 263: 214: 105: 73: 8362:. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists UK. Archived from 7127:

Calvache JA, Delgado-Noguera MF, Lesaffre E, Stolker RJ (April 2012).

7126: 6841:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 98–99. 6672: 6367:

Hutchon DJ (June 1997). "Missed abortion versus delayed miscarriage".

5639: 5331: 3947: 3908: 3891: 3867: 3343:"How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?" 2704:"How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?" 2546: 2529: 11299: 11255: 10947: 10942: 10315: 10174: 9605: 9478: 9338: 9328: 9163: 9141: 9068: 8889: 6598: 5134: 3892:"Update on procedure-related risks for prenatal diagnosis techniques" 3033:

Yu J, Yu S, Zhu L, Sun X, Lu B, Li J, et al. (August 30, 2022).

1882: 1352: 1028: 923: 914: 875: 453: 402: 323: 130: 8805: 6866:

Karanth L, Jaafar SH, Kanagasabai S, Nair NS, Barua A (March 2013).

3982:"Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis" 3654: 1344:

are discovered, the exclusion of an ectopic pregnancy is important.

11415: 11365: 11361: 11233: 10912: 10209: 9988: 9805: 9719: 9697: 9617: 9518: 9426: 9333: 9260: 9178: 8998: 5469:. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Archived from 5458:

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (December 2007).

2408:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

1794: 1648: 1586: 1566: 1439: 1299: 1295: 812: 570: 538: 498: 134: 81: 8914: 7946:

Oliver-Williams CT, Heydon EE, Smith GC, Wood AM (November 2013).

4170: 987:

cause miscarriage. Exposure can also impact fertility. The use of

782:

risk, with around 16% of known pregnancies ending in miscarriage.

11468: 11251: 10924: 10514: 9907: 9878: 9854: 9836: 9632: 9612: 8468: 8006:

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology

6409: 5584:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5365: 3456:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3115:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2814:

Larsen EC, Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, Macklon N (June 26, 2013).

1627:(to the right in the image), indicating an incomplete miscarriage 1549:, thus, in this case, being diagnostic of a complete miscarriage. 1246: 1242: 728: 630: 578: 386: 351: 347: 182: 142: 138: 8358:

Royal College of Obstetricians, Gynaecologists UK (April 2001).

6531: 5900: 5778:

Qian L, Ding J, Shi L, Yu Q, Zhu J, Huang A (December 4, 2023).

5012:

Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A (January 1, 2014).

4703: 4637: 2489:"Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans" 607:

Chromosomal abnormalities found in first trimester miscarriages

429:. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include an 413:. Diagnosis of a miscarriage may involve checking to see if the 10518: 9745: 9627: 9451: 9373: 9032: 9027: 9022: 8817: 1967:

In some, the realisation of the loss can take weeks. Providing

1616: 1574: 1341: 938: 757:

Second-trimester losses may be due to maternal factors such as

714: 710: 574: 534: 518: 414: 371: 367: 292: 85: 7945: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 4040:"Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion" 3979: 2813: 1431:

Mean gestational sac diameter of 16–24 mm and no embryo.

854: 11557: 11496: 11472: 11402: 10477: 10448: 10281: 9507: 9042: 8993: 8267: 7922:"Women Who Miscarry Have Long-lasting Mental Health Problems" 7030: 6955:"Expectant management vs. surgical treatment for miscarriage" 4453:"Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy" 4037: 3259: 1963: 1578: 296: 10416:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

7684: 7083:

Surgery for Family Planning, Abortion, and Postabortion Care

6865: 5011: 3216: 1917:

New Zealand – three days' bereavement leave for both parents

1007:

can potentially increase the risk of miscarriage, including

11603: 11595: 11539: 11525: 11500: 11428: 11398: 11388: 9712: 8599: 8561: 7349: 6917:"The Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rhesus D Prophylaxis" 6915:

Royal College of Obstetric and Gynecologists (March 2011).

6151: 5871: 5409: 5211:"Pregnancy Guidelines and Recommendations by Vaccine | CDC" 4522: 3980:

Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F (September 2017).

3131:"Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage" 2527: 2128: 1417:

Crown–rump length of less than 7 mm and no heartbeat.

1234: 401:. About 80% of miscarriages occur in the first 12 weeks of 363: 300: 7687:"Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation and management" 6580: 5313: 4371: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 1777:

Occupational exposure to agents that can cause miscarriage

11384: 9523: 7737:"13 Things To Know About Grief After Miscarriage or Loss" 6325: 5119:"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy" 4805: 4803: 4779: 4672: 3929: 3927: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3650: 3648: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 2782:"What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?" 1367:, fetal parts, and background gestational changes in the 1230: 1053: 910:

Medicines that increase the risk of miscarriage include:

792: 177:

Being an older parent, previous miscarriage, exposure to

9974:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

8086: 7529:"Maternity & Paternity Leave in Taiwan - INS Global" 6509:. Birth.com.au. October 2004. p. 13. Archived from 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6022: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3830: 2137:

rather than early pregnancy loss or delayed miscarriage,

2062:

was the then-popular technical jargon for miscarriages.

1597:

that is still positive, as well as an empty uterus upon

831:

the same risk of miscarriage as those without diabetes.

542:

be detected during an ultrasound exam or through serial

409:). The underlying cause in about half of cases involves 7767:"Grief Issues Special to Miscarriage – the broken bond" 6217: 5460:"Long-term consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome" 5295:. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 3435:"Miscarriage | Miscarriage Symptoms | MedlinePlus" 1480:

seen adjacent to yolk sac, and with no visible embryo.

8218:"Terminology for early pregnancy loss must be changed" 7129:"Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage" 6326:

Farquharson RG, Jauniaux E, Exalto N (November 2005).

5500:"Polycystic ovary syndrome and metformin in pregnancy" 4800: 3924: 3720: 3645: 3566: 3128: 3001:"What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage?" 2191:

published in general-interest media outlets, not just

2153:(ERPC) rather than surgical management of miscarriage. 2083:

European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology

1935: 1220: 11714:

Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

9664: 8003: 7824: 7298: 6718:"Evidence-based management of recurrent miscarriages" 6222:

First Aid for The Obstetrics and Gynecology Clerkship

6184: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5600: 5545: 5543: 5168: 5060: 5014:"Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women" 4959: 4260: 4258: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 3827: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3602: 3388:"Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage" 3366: 3364: 3260:

Greaves I, Porter K, Hodgetts TJ, Woollard M (2005).

3186:. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 3129:

Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP (September 2010).

2341:

The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics

1838: 851:

is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.

8795: 8326: 6629: 6534:"Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage" 5372:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

5100: 5098: 4706:"Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage" 3883: 8351: 8333:

Perinatal statistics series no. 27. Cat. no. PER 57

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While 1386:The New England Journal of Medicine 1221:Chemicals and occupational exposure 1208: 497:Some recommend not using the term " 291:, is the death and expulsion of an 287:, also known in medical terms as a 24: 10411:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 10089:Birth control in the United States 8339:from the original on July 18, 2013 7374:from the original on May 10, 2023. 7264:"Thinking About Another Pregnancy" 7178:Global Library of Women's Medicine 6977:from the original on May 25, 2014. 6381:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11994.x 5591: 5159: 4428:from the original on July 20, 2017 4398:from the original on July 25, 2017 3805:10.1097/01.AOG.0000443276.68274.cc 3777:from the original on July 5, 2023. 3441:from the original on July 28, 2017 3376: 3011:from the original on April 2, 2015 2792:from the original on April 2, 2015 2753:from the original on April 2, 2015 2601:from the original on April 2, 2015 2463:from the original on April 2, 2015 2374:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 2065:In the 1960s, the use of the word 1839:Delayed and incomplete miscarriage 1005:pre-existing diseases in pregnancy 809:sometimes precedes a miscarriage. 601: 25: 11730: 10669:Pain management during childbirth 10596:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 9984:Commission on the Status of Women 8994:External female genitalia (vulva) 8791: 7777:from the original on July 4, 2017 7505:"Maternity and paternity at work" 7481:"Maternity and paternity at work" 6768:"Understanding early miscarriage" 6632:Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 6226:. 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Avoiding drugs (including 366:-like material may leave the 11479:Acute promyelocytic leukemia 11435:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 11127:17q12 microdeletion syndrome 11002:22q11.2 duplication syndrome 10980:16p11.2 duplication syndrome 10824:Systemic lupus erythematosus 10475:Maternal care related to the 10457:Gestational thrombocytopenia 9928:Gender disparities in health 9266:Mother-to-child transmission 8766:General and cited references 8588:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010 8550:Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 8295:10.1371/journal.pone.0064869 8136:Gross RE (August 13, 2024). 7964:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303237 7888:British Journal of Midwifery 7857:. 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MDPI AG: 177–193. 4567:"Pregnancy Over Age 30" 3542:10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 3524:Everett C (July 1997). 2879:Fertility and Sterility 2667:Journal of Autoimmunity 2069:in Britain (instead of 2016:cerebrovascular disease 2012:coronary artery disease 1902:Miscarriage leave is a 1757:Modifiable risk factors 1323:transvaginal ultrasound 1255:Video display terminals 1109:associated with defect 985:during cancer treatment 964:, certain types of the 787:rises with paternal age 565:of these risks include 461:or a procedure such as 167:, uterine abnormalities 11310:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) 11242:Turner syndrome (45,X) 11123:Smith–Magenis syndrome 11119:Miller–Dieker syndrome 11054:1p36 deletion syndrome 10814:Concomitant conditions 10793:Postpartum thyroiditis 10571:Circumvallate placenta 10391:Impetigo herpetiformis 10386:Gestational pemphigoid 10358:Hyperemesis gravidarum 10291:hypertensive disorders 9801:Cardiovascular disease 9389:Contraceptive security 9322:In vitro fertilization 9233:Postpartum confinement 9107:Hyperemesis gravidarum 8729:10.1098/rspb.2008.1780 5998:. September 10, 2020. 5385:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8207 4753:Fred F. Ferri (2017). 4328:"The Second Trimester" 3767:"Miscarriage – Causes" 2939:. September 23, 2014. 2933:"Stillbirth: Overview" 2125:products of conception 2050:for a miscarriage and 1980:Subsequent pregnancies 1945: 1876: 1803:Rho(D) immune globulin 1721:occupational exposures 1659: 1633:products of conception 1628: 1589:, amniotic fluid, and 1550: 1399:Miscarriage suspected 1396:Miscarriage diagnosed 1357:products of conception 1281:Ureaplasma urealyticum 1227:occupational exposures 989:chemotherapeutic drugs 807:hyperemesis gravidarum 785:Miscarriage risk also 776: 661:Structural abnormality 579:hormonal abnormalities 471:Rho(D) immune globulin 222:Differential diagnosis 55:spontaneous abortion, 34:Miscarriage of justice 32:For usage in law, see 18:Threatened miscarriage 11317:XYY syndrome (47,XYY) 11305:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) 11188:Prader–Willi syndrome 10783:Postpartum infections 10778:Postpartum depression 9923:Healthcare inequality 9725:Gender discrimination 9529:Human papilloma virus 9204:Vesicovaginal fistula 8473:www.service-public.fr 8098:Public Health Reports 7049:10.1056/NEJMoa1715726 6644:10.1055/s-2007-992927 6345:10.1093/humrep/dei167 6302:10.1093/humupd/dmt047 6170:10.1056/NEJMra1302417 5919:10.1093/humrep/der437 5677:"Pregnancy and lupus" 5655:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 4924:Current Drug Delivery 4447:Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, 4326:Rosenthal MS (1999). 4290:on September 14, 2017 4240:10.1093/humupd/dmv048 3674:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 2276:Perinatal bereavement 2141:cervical incompetence 1950:Miscarriage and grief 1943: 1867:Self-induced abortion 1861:Self-induced abortion 1859:Further information: 1751:Genetic abnormalities 1677:Recurrent miscarriage 1657: 1611: 1545:, but no sign of any 1537: 1516:anembryonic pregnancy 1466:last menstrual period 1305:Chlamydia trachomatis 1201:Smoking and pregnancy 1188:cervical incompetence 1042:Mycoplasma genitalium 999:Pre-existing diseases 976:Treatments for cancer 554:Further information: 435:implantation bleeding 305:survive independently 278:10–50% of pregnancies 231:implantation bleeding 11409:Mantle cell lymphoma 11079:Cri du chat syndrome 10788:Postpartum psychosis 10657:Obstetrical bleeding 10552:Obstetrical bleeding 10373:Integumentary system 10348:Gestational diabetes 10327:related to pregnancy 10325:Other, predominantly 10030:Nurses' Health Study 9938:Reproductive justice 9889:Urinary incontinence 9509:Sexually transmitted 9364:Intrauterine devices 9209:Rectovaginal fistula 9199:Obstetrical fistulae 9127:Gestational diabetes 9122:Obstetrical bleeding 9097:Adolescent pregnancy 9082:Gravidity and parity 9077:Unintended pregnancy 8666:Microtus ochrogaster 8602:on February 23, 2019 6929:on November 28, 2014 6260:Medical Encyclopedia 6254:(October 25, 2004). 5708:Clinics and Practice 4646:(10285): 1658–1667. 4577:on November 13, 2006 2973:(11–12): 1457–1465. 2749:. October 21, 2013. 2238:spontaneous abortion 2109:spontaneous abortion 2079:spontaneous abortion 2071:spontaneous abortion 2048:spontaneous abortion 1801:Evidence to support 1673:) and can be fatal. 1593:. The presence of a 1383:A review article in 1349:obstetric ultrasound 1292:group B streptococci 759:uterine malformation 615:Proportion of total 336:clinical miscarriage 289:spontaneous abortion 252:Expectant management 207:Physical examination 120:with or without pain 57:early pregnancy loss 11395:Follicular lymphoma 10768:Postpartum bleeding 10591:Placental abruption 10576:Monochorionic twins 10406:Prurigo gestationis 9943:Women's empowerment 9811:Alzheimer's disease 9442:Cloth menstrual pad 9399:Fertility awareness 9369:Oral contraceptives 9251:Perinatal mortality 8774:Williams Gynecology 8635:1975Sci...187.1211S 8580:2018BCons.217...11A 8366:on November 5, 2013 8286:2013PLoSO...864869M 8104:(5): 464–71. 1988. 7853:Emanuela Q (2013). 7838:. August 23, 2022. 7832:"Ectopic pregnancy" 7741:Postpartum Progress 7407:"Republic Act 8187" 7186:10.3843/GLOWM.10444 6513:on December 1, 2008 6071:BMJ Best Practice. 5569:. December 13, 2016 5287:Saraswat L (2015). 4978:10.1503/cmaj.091208 4812:, pp. 172–173. 4374:Williams Obstetrics 2885:(6): 1137–1144.e1. 2380:on December 4, 2020 2182:Society and culture 1855:Induced miscarriage 1748:Endocrine disorders 1379:Ultrasound criteria 1084:confidence interval 826:Endocrine disorders 608: 591:autoimmune disorder 450:infectious diseases 399:drug or alcohol use 258:, emotional support 195:drug or alcohol use 191:autoimmune diseases 11634:Uniparental disomy 11629:Fragile X syndrome 11564:Myxoid liposarcoma 11416:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH) 11300:Trisomy X (47,XXX) 11178:genomic imprinting 10958:Distal trisomy 10q 10798:Puerperal mastitis 10753:Breast engorgement 10540:Monoamniotic twins 10530:Chorionic hematoma 10040:Cartwright Inquiry 9951:Politics, research 9769:Endometrial cancer 9623:Sexual intercourse 9394:Planned parenthood 9379:Male contraceptive 8895:search/miscarriage 8870:External resources 8529:, page 124 (1911). 8142:The New York Times 8050:Medical Humanities 8018:10.1002/bdra.23014 7773:. April 22, 2015. 7337:. January 12, 2016 6487:on January 4, 2011 6429:10.1111/dmcn.13976 6332:Human Reproduction 5907:Human Reproduction 4683:10.1111/andr.13603 4537:10.1007/BF00329132 4394:. April 26, 2012. 4103:10.1093/aje/kwh128 3858:10.1093/cid/civ312 3586:, p. 181–182. 3297:Medical Humanities 3100:. January 10, 2017 3052:10.3855/jidc.15134 3005:www.nichd.nih.gov/ 2979:10.1111/jocn.12781 2747:www.nichd.nih.gov/ 2708:www.nichd.nih.gov/ 2493:Biomedical Journal 2457:www.nichd.nih.gov/ 2219:Legal registration 2028:fertilized zygotes 1946: 1725:Anatomical defects 1685:placenta retention 1667:septic miscarriage 1660: 1629: 1551: 1287:Mycoplasma hominis 981:Ionising radiation 922:(NSAIDs), such as 641:Monosomy X (45, X) 606: 505:Signs and symptoms 11696: 11695: 11648:Marker chromosome 11617: 11616: 11510: 11509: 11347: 11346: 11214: 11213: 11184:Angelman syndrome 11139:DiGeorge syndrome 11107:Jacobsen syndrome 11095:Williams syndrome 10871: 10870: 10829:Thyroid disorders 10819:Diabetes mellitus 10703:Uterine inversion 10635:Shoulder dystocia 10630:Obstructed labour 10606: 10605: 10470: 10469: 10439:Chorea gravidarum 10215:Ectopic pregnancy 10140: 10139: 10020: 10019: 9845: 9844: 9796: 9795: 9779:Papanicolaou test 9735:Non-communicable 9703:Sexual harassment 9681:Domestic violence 9651: 9650: 9494: 9493: 9291: 9290: 9194:Retained placenta 9112:Ectopic pregnancy 8924: 8923: 8516:Spencer, James. 7043:(23): 2161–2170. 6266:on April 25, 2006 6237:978-0-07-144874-1 6208:, pp. 173–4. 5476:on April 13, 2009 5332:10.1111/ppe.12887 5293:endometriosis.org 5073:(24): 3168–3209. 4793:978-981-10-7337-3 4766:978-0-323-28048-8 4604:(4): 727–44, ix. 3948:10.1002/uog.10152 3909:10.1159/000271995 3799:(2 Pt 1): 372–9. 3773:. March 9, 2022. 3347:www.nichd.nih.gov 3273:978-0-7020-2586-0 3007:. July 15, 2013. 2788:. July 15, 2013. 2786:www.nichd.nih.gov 2641:(1771): 25–8, 3. 2597:. July 15, 2013. 2595:www.nichd.nih.gov 2547:10.1002/uog.10056 2487:Vaiman D (2015). 2459:. July 15, 2013. 2286:Embryo resorption 2281:Reproductive loss 2193:women's magazines 2145:cervical weakness 2092:, rather than an 1898:Miscarriage leave 1845:vacuum aspiration 1645:ectopic pregnancy 1591:amniotic membrane 1504: 1503: 1408:Crown-rump length 1184: 1183: 1049:and miscarriage. 966:influenza vaccine 767:cervical problems 729:autosomal trisomy 690: 689: 631:Autosomal trisomy 533:passing from the 463:vacuum aspiration 431:ectopic pregnancy 282: 281: 256:vacuum aspiration 227:Ectopic pregnancy 202:Diagnostic method 41:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 11726: 11639:XX male syndrome 11536:Synovial sarcoma 11413:Multiple myeloma 11381:Burkitt lymphoma 11371: 11370: 11358: 11357: 11261:other karyotypes 11230: 11229: 11012:Cat-eye syndrome 10918: 10917: 10898: 10891: 10884: 10875: 10874: 10858: 10857: 10693:Postmature birth 10681:Placenta accreta 10586:Placenta praevia 10581:Placenta accreta 10525:Chorioamnionitis 10335:Digestive system 10331: 10330: 10257:Fetal resorption 10245:Rudimentary horn 10202:abortive outcome 10196: 10195: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10128: 10127: 10116: 10115: 10104: 10103: 9957: 9956: 9742: 9741: 9662: 9661: 9656:Non-reproductive 9505: 9504: 9422:Feminine hygiene 9189:Cesarian section 9184:Obstructed labor 9065: 9064: 8980: 8979: 8961: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8759: 8758: 8748: 8723:(1662): 1723–9. 8708: 8702: 8701: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8629:(4182): 1211–3. 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8598:. Archived from 8559: 8553: 8536: 8530: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8465: 8459: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8297: 8265: 8256: 8255: 8245: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8178:(8464): 1122–3. 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8073: 8041: 8030: 8029: 8001: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7743:. May 16, 2013. 7733: 7727: 7726: 7697:(1073): 151–62. 7682: 7676: 7675: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7630: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7573:Feminist Studies 7568: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7461:. March 25, 2021 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7370:. May 10, 2023. 7360: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7268: 7260: 7243: 7242: 7232: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7028: 7022: 7021: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6950: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6834: 6819: 6818: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6737: 6713: 6700: 6699: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6599:10.3310/hta24330 6578: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483:. Archived from 6469: 6458: 6457: 6431: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6347: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6262:. Archived from 6248: 6242: 6241: 6225: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6182: 6181: 6149: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6104: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6068: 6057: 6056: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5799: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5752: 5751: 5741: 5723: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5683:. April 20, 2017 5681:womenshealth.gov 5673: 5667: 5666: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5567:womenshealth.gov 5559: 5553: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5519: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5464: 5455: 5444: 5443: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5387: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5267:www.vaccines.gov 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5243:. April 15, 2019 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5217:. April 19, 2019 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5135:10.1172/JCI87490 5129:(5): 1591–1599. 5114: 5108: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4873: 4862: 4861: 4824: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4573:. Archived from 4563: 4557: 4556: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4283:. Archived from 4282: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4200: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4139: 4133: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4096:(10): 993–1001. 4081: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4035: 4020: 4019: 4009: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3860: 3836: 3825: 3824: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3718: 3712: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3676: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3494: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3349:. September 2017 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3225:(1073): 151–62. 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3158: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3098:womenshealth.gov 3090: 3081: 3080: 3054: 3045:(8): 1302–1307. 3030: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2894: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2835: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2778: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2739: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2673:(2–3): J266-74. 2662: 2651: 2650: 2635:The Practitioner 2630: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2587: 2568: 2567: 2549: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2376:. Archived from 2366: 2360: 2359: 2336: 2291:Fetal resorption 2115:habitual aborter 2052:induced abortion 1904:leave of absence 1820:watchful waiting 1745:Surgical history 1393: 1392: 1266:has been found. 1215:morning sickness 1209:Morning sickness 1118:Bicornate uterus 1107:Miscarriage rate 1099: 1098: 1082:of 3.73 and 95% 993:childhood cancer 803:anorexia nervosa 609: 605: 587:tissue rejection 511:vaginal spotting 395:thyroid problems 344:vaginal bleeding 332:biochemical loss 118:Vaginal bleeding 67: 44: 43: 21: 11734: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11692: 11653:Ring chromosome 11613: 11506: 11439: 11343: 11259: 11246: 11210: 11023: 10922: 10907: 10902: 10872: 10867: 10845: 10802: 10746:Cracked nipples 10741:Low milk supply 10722: 10708:Uterine rupture 10602: 10497:Oligohydramnios 10482:amniotic cavity 10476: 10466: 10443: 10425: 10376: 10367: 10326: 10320: 10289: 10276: 10262:Molar pregnancy 10201: 10185: 10171: 10141: 10136: 10092: 10077:Family planning 10055: 10049: 10016: 9993: 9952: 9946: 9918:Gender equality 9901: 9895: 9841: 9792: 9774:Cervical cancer 9736: 9729: 9667: 9657: 9647: 9638:Sex differences 9596:Forced marriage 9545: 9510: 9500: 9490: 9432:Menstrual cycle 9403: 9356:Family planning 9354: 9345: 9298: 9287: 9246:Maternal deaths 9237: 9228:Postpartum care 9174:Multiple births 9150: 9059: 9052: 8985: 8976: 8973: 8965: 8955: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8865: 8864: 8808: 8794: 8784: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8709: 8705: 8662: 8658: 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8560: 8556: 8546:Wayback Machine 8537: 8533: 8526:Wayback Machine 8515: 8511: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8457:Wayback Machine 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8325: 8321: 8266: 8259: 8214: 8207: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8134: 8127: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8042: 8033: 8002: 7989: 7958:(22): 1636–44. 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7884: 7880: 7865: 7851: 7847: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7683: 7679: 7656: 7652: 7602: 7596: 7592: 7569: 7536: 7531:. May 12, 2022. 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7362: 7361: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7303:(4): CD001779. 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7246: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7180:. GLOWM.10444. 7170: 7166: 7135:(4): CD008681. 7125: 7121: 7102: 7078: 7074: 7029: 7025: 6986: 6982: 6951: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6878:(3): CD009617. 6864: 6860: 6849: 6835: 6822: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6714: 6703: 6682:(25): 1617–23. 6671: 6667: 6628: 6624: 6579: 6575: 6544:(5): CD004073. 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6470: 6461: 6408: 6404: 6365: 6361: 6338:(11): 3008–11. 6324: 6317: 6286: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6185: 6164:(15): 1443–51. 6150: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6116:on July 5, 2013 6113: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6069: 6060: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 5992:"Toxoplasmosis" 5990: 5989: 5985: 5948: 5944: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5870: 5866: 5835: 5831: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5599: 5592: 5580: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5541: 5496: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5408: 5401: 5364: 5357: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5167: 5160: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5096: 5059: 5055: 5010: 5003: 4958: 4951: 4920: 4913: 4874: 4865: 4830:JAMA Psychiatry 4825: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4716:(5): CD004073. 4702: 4698: 4671: 4667: 4636: 4625: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4521: 4517: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4370: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4278:"Archived copy" 4276: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4219: 4215: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4142: 4134: 4119: 4082: 4073: 4036: 4023: 3978: 3971: 3932: 3925: 3888: 3884: 3837: 3828: 3789: 3782: 3765: 3764: 3721: 3713: 3700: 3653: 3646: 3601: 3590: 3582: 3567: 3522: 3518: 3471: 3464: 3452: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3394:(5): CD008510. 3384: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3176: 3172: 3141:(9): CD001993. 3127: 3123: 3111: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3031: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2963: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2871: 2867: 2812: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2710:. July 15, 2013 2702: 2701: 2694: 2663: 2654: 2631: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2571: 2526: 2522: 2485: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2404: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2352: 2338: 2337: 2304: 2299: 2267: 2234: 2221: 2184: 2157:Using the word 2044: 2024: 2008: 1992:molar pregnancy 1987:menstrual cycle 1982: 1956: 1938: 1933: 1900: 1891: 1879: 1863: 1857: 1841: 1815: 1807:gestational age 1790: 1759: 1754: 1709: 1693: 1621:gestational sac 1563:gestational sac 1559:chorionic villi 1547:gestational sac 1520:gestational sac 1509: 1426:gestational sac 1381: 1373:genetic testing 1319: 1272: 1223: 1211: 1203: 1197: 1186:In some women, 1108: 1103: 1102:Type of uterine 1093: 1067:coeliac disease 1065:As an example, 1062: 1001: 978: 947: 889: 872: 857: 837: 828: 799:bulimia nervosa 795: 779: 771:premature birth 755: 699:tissue necrosis 695:decidua basalis 665:the chromosome 664: 604: 602:First trimester 599: 558: 552: 546:(HCG) testing. 507: 495: 475:Pain medication 467:rhesus negative 407:first trimester 78:gestational sac 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11732: 11722: 11721: 11719:Theriogenology 11716: 11711: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11650: 11645: 11636: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11611: 11589: 11575: 11561: 11547: 11533: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11490: 11476: 11462: 11447: 11445: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11418: 11406: 11392: 11377: 11375: 11368: 11355: 11353:Translocations 11349: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11227: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11104: 11103: 11102: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11033: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10963:Patau syndrome 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10878: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10836:Maternal death 10833: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10732: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10642:Fetal distress 10639: 10638: 10637: 10627: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10502:Polyhydramnios 10499: 10491:amniotic fluid 10486: 10484: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10453: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10431:Nervous system 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10382: 10380: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10309:HELLP syndrome 10301: 10295: 10293: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10212: 10206: 10204: 10200:Pregnancy with 10193: 10187: 10186: 10170: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10122: 10110: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10057: 10054:Women's health 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9961:United Nations 9954: 9953:& advocacy 9948: 9947: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9903: 9900:Sociocultural 9897: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9803: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9790: 9788:Ovarian cancer 9785: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9771: 9764:Uterine cancer 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9739: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9708:Sexual assault 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9586:Child marriage 9583: 9581:Breast ironing 9578: 9573: 9571:Breast binding 9568: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9559:Clitoridectomy 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9513: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9437:Menstrual aids 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9303: 9301: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9221:Husband stitch 9213: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9099: 9094: 9092:Antenatal care 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9062: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9038:Fallopian tube 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8990: 8988: 8984:Reproductive 8977: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8963:Women's health 8954: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8908: 8897: 8886: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8851: 8840: 8825: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800:Classification 8793: 8792:External links 8790: 8789: 8788: 8783:978-0071716727 8782: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8703: 8656: 8613: 8554: 8531: 8509: 8499:, May 15, 1974 8486: 8460: 8433: 8403: 8377: 8350: 8319: 8257: 8228:(7165): 1081. 8205: 8162: 8125: 8085: 8031: 7987: 7938: 7913: 7894:(3): 175–180. 7878: 7864:978-1782200185 7863: 7845: 7823: 7788: 7758: 7728: 7677: 7666:(2): 111–120. 7650: 7590: 7579:(2): 357–378. 7534: 7520: 7496: 7472: 7446: 7422: 7398: 7377: 7348: 7322: 7291: 7244: 7203: 7164: 7119: 7101:978-1464803468 7100: 7072: 7023: 6980: 6940: 6907: 6858: 6848:978-0470672945 6847: 6820: 6785: 6759: 6701: 6665: 6622: 6573: 6524: 6498: 6459: 6402: 6359: 6315: 6277: 6243: 6236: 6210: 6183: 6127: 6090: 6058: 6015: 6005: 5983: 5942: 5893: 5887:978-1305863354 5886: 5864: 5829: 5770: 5768:, p. 181. 5753: 5694: 5668: 5632: 5630:, p. 182. 5620: 5590: 5554: 5552:, p. 174. 5539: 5487: 5445: 5399: 5355: 5326:(6): 771–781. 5306: 5279: 5254: 5228: 5202: 5158: 5109: 5094: 5053: 5001: 4972:(10): 1031–7. 4949: 4911: 4863: 4814: 4799: 4792: 4772: 4765: 4745: 4696: 4665: 4623: 4588: 4558: 4525:Human Genetics 4515: 4505:978-0203016213 4504: 4484: 4463:(23): 1796–9. 4439: 4409: 4379: 4349: 4315: 4269: 4267:, p. 171. 4254: 4213: 4183:(9): 1669–76. 4163: 4161:, p. 272. 4140: 4138:, p. 173. 4117: 4071: 4021: 3969: 3923: 3882: 3826: 3780: 3719: 3717:, p. 172. 3698: 3644: 3588: 3565: 3536:(7099): 32–4. 3516: 3462: 3423: 3375: 3373:, p. 176. 3360: 3334: 3283: 3272: 3252: 3209: 3170: 3121: 3082: 3022: 2992: 2954: 2924: 2865: 2803: 2764: 2721: 2692: 2652: 2612: 2569: 2540:(4): 371–382. 2520: 2474: 2441: 2414:(1): 169–178. 2391: 2361: 2351:978-1451148015 2350: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2233: 2230: 2220: 2217: 2183: 2180: 2165:Pregnancy loss 2155: 2154: 2148: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2112: 2043: 2040: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2004: 1981: 1978: 1969:family support 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1878: 1875: 1856: 1853: 1840: 1837: 1814: 1811: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774:Poor nutrition 1772: 1769: 1766: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1692: 1689: 1595:pregnancy test 1583:umbilical cord 1508: 1507:Classification 1505: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1380: 1377: 1318: 1315: 1271: 1268: 1264:cosmetologists 1251:ethylene oxide 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1092: 1089: 1061: 1058: 1034:Thrombophilias 1021:hypothyroidism 1000: 997: 977: 974: 946: 943: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 917: 901:antidepressant 893:antidepressant 888: 885: 871: 868: 856: 853: 836: 835:Food poisoning 833: 827: 824: 794: 791: 778: 775: 754: 751: 688: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 657: 656: 653: 647: 646: 643: 637: 636: 633: 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 613: 603: 600: 598: 595: 551: 548: 515:abdominal pain 506: 503: 494: 491: 425:(hCG), and an 326:is defined by 313:pregnancy loss 303:before it can 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 266: 260: 259: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 224: 218: 217: 204: 198: 197: 175: 169: 168: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 128: 122: 121: 115: 109: 108: 95: 89: 88: 69: 68: 60: 59: 53: 49: 48: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11731: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11522:Ewing sarcoma 11520: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11206:Proximal 18q- 11203: 11200: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10990:Down syndrome 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10921:Duplications, 10919: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10892: 10887: 10885: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10718:Uterine atony 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10688:Preterm birth 10686: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10421:Stretch marks 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10304:Pre-eclampsia 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10173:Pathology of 10168: 10163: 10161: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10133: 10132: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9999:United States 9996: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9949: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913:Disadvantaged 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9898: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9874:Urinary tract 9872: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9850:Mental health 9848: 9847: 9838: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9789: 9786: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Breast cancer 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9668:against women 9663: 9660: 9654: 9644: 9643:Sex education 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9576:Breast health 9574: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9506: 9503: 9497: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9447:Menstrual cup 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9352: 9351:Contraception 9348: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312:Childlessness 9310: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9297:Reproductive 9294: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9271:Sterilization 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169:Preterm birth 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9004:Clitoral hood 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972:Reproductive 8968: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8947: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8802: 8798: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8535: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8513: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8450:lire en ligne 8447: 8443: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8280:(5): e64869. 8279: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8262: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8130: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056:(2): 98–104. 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8012:(6): 417–23. 8011: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7530: 7524: 7506: 7500: 7482: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7432: 7426: 7408: 7402: 7387: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7196:September 25, 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6965:(7): 1125–6. 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6933:September 25, 6925: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6801:(6): 1305–8. 6800: 6796: 6789: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6728:(3): 159–69. 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6296:(2): 250–61. 6295: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6073:"Miscarriage" 6067: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5913:(3): 910–20. 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5687:September 11, 5682: 5678: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649:(5): 605–19. 5648: 5644: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5609:(4): 465–75. 5608: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5586:public domain 5573:September 11, 5568: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418:(12): 680–4. 5417: 5413: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5107:, p. 72. 5106: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024:(1): 369–92. 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4836:(4): 436–43. 4835: 4831: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4451:(June 1999). 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4294:September 14, 4286: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942:(2): 128–34. 3941: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3851:(3): 418–26. 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3667:(4): 582–93. 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3458:public domain 3440: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3303:(2): 98–104. 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3117:public domain 3104:September 11, 3099: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255:prairie voles 2251: 2249: 2248: 2247:Campylobacter 2243: 2239: 2232:Other animals 2229: 2226: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:anti-abortion 2194: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135:blighted ovum 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1871:social stigma 1868: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:prostaglandin 1825: 1821: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719:Chemical and 1718: 1716:Immune status 1715: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697:prenatal care 1688: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1651:measurements. 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:uterine walls 1634: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1543:uterine walls 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1310:Toxoplasmosis 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1259:nitrous oxide 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225:Chemical and 1218: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1060:Immune status 1057: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1047:preterm birth 1044: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013:endometriosis 1010: 1006: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 951: 950:Immunisations 945:Immunisations 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 911: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 884: 882: 881:corpus luteum 877: 867: 865: 861: 860:Amniocentesis 852: 850: 846: 845:toxoplasmosis 842: 832: 823: 821: 816: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 790: 788: 783: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 750: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 718: 716: 712: 707: 705: 704:blighted ovum 700: 696: 685: 683: 682:Translocation 680: 679: 675: 672: 671: 667: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 628: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 611: 610: 594: 592: 589:caused by an 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 557: 547: 545: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 500: 490: 487: 486:fertilisation 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:prenatal care 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:tobacco smoke 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 277: 273: 270: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 242:Prenatal care 240: 236: 232: 228: 225: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 203: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179:tobacco smoke 176: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 127: 126:Complications 123: 119: 116: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 96: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80:containing a 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 58: 54: 50: 45: 39: 35: 30: 19: 11176: 11050:TAR syndrome 10953:Tetrasomy 9p 10860: 10853: 10713:Vasa praevia 10673: 10647:Locked twins 10563: 10513: 10489: 10266: 10235:Interstitial 10129: 10117: 10105: 9828:Hip fracture 9823:Osteoporosis 9564:Infibulation 9464:Dysmenorrhea 9457:Sanitary pad 9409:Menstruation 9137:Preeclampsia 9132:Hypertension 9116: 9016:Labia majora 9011:Labia minora 8910: 8899: 8888: 8877: 8853: 8842: 8827: 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Retrieved 8600:the original 8571: 8567: 8557: 8549: 8534: 8517: 8512: 8501:, retrieved 8495: 8489: 8477:. Retrieved 8472: 8463: 8442:Rachida Dati 8436: 8426:September 5, 8424:. Retrieved 8415: 8406: 8394:. Retrieved 8390: 8380: 8368:. Retrieved 8364:the original 8353: 8341:. Retrieved 8332: 8322: 8277: 8273: 8225: 8221: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8153:. Retrieved 8141: 8101: 8097: 8088: 8053: 8049: 8009: 8005: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7929:. Retrieved 7925: 7916: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7854: 7848: 7835: 7826: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7781:September 9, 7779:. Retrieved 7770: 7761: 7751:September 9, 7749:. Retrieved 7740: 7731: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7610: 7606: 7593: 7576: 7572: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7475: 7463:. Retrieved 7458: 7449: 7437:. Retrieved 7425: 7413:. Retrieved 7401: 7389:. Retrieved 7380: 7367: 7341:September 1, 7339:. Retrieved 7334: 7325: 7300: 7294: 7284:September 4, 7282:. Retrieved 7223:(2): 122–6. 7220: 7216: 7206: 7194:. 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Retrieved 2378:the original 2373: 2364: 2340: 2259:Bruce effect 2252: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2222: 2214: 2211: 2189: 2185: 2170:foetal death 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2143:rather than 2140: 2134: 2127:rather than 2124: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2022:Epidemiology 2009: 2000: 1996: 1983: 1974: 1960: 1957: 1901: 1892: 1880: 1864: 1842: 1832:mifepristone 1816: 1800: 1791: 1760: 1729:Pre-existing 1710: 1701:Progesterone 1694: 1681: 1675: 1664: 1661: 1630: 1552: 1529: 1513: 1510: 1478:Amniotic sac 1384: 1382: 1346: 1331: 1320: 1304: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1239:formaldehyde 1224: 1212: 1204: 1185: 1096:congenital. 1094: 1063: 1051: 1040: 1039: 1002: 979: 955: 948: 934:methotrexate 909: 890: 873: 858: 838: 829: 817: 811: 796: 784: 780: 756: 747:Luteal phase 745: 722: 719: 708: 691: 612:Description 562:Risk factors 559: 550:Risk factors 508: 496: 482:complication 479: 439: 380: 335: 331: 321: 308: 288: 284: 283: 173:Risk factors 38: 29: 11709:Miscarriage 11339:46,XX/46,XY 11256:tetrasomies 11202:Distal 18q- 10652:Nuchal cord 10401:Linea nigra 10353:Hepatitis E 10286:proteinuria 10267:Miscarriage 10252:Embryo loss 10230:Heterotopic 10131:WikiProject 9818:Bone health 9754:Lung cancer 9591:Dyspareunia 9534:HPV vaccine 9474:Amenorrhoea 9469:Menorrhagia 9307:Infertility 9256:Stillbirths 9117:Miscarriage 8906:Miscarriage 8879:MedlinePlus 8676:(1): 31–7. 8503:November 4, 8479:November 4, 8475:(in French) 7613:: 153–164. 6491:October 20, 6252:MedlinePlus 5241:www.cdc.gov 5215:www.cdc.gov 4449:Weinberg CR 4422:Mayo Clinic 3684:10807/56796 3353:November 7, 2242:brucellosis 2225:stillbirths 2107:(including 2077:instead of 2075:miscarriage 2067:miscarriage 2042:Terminology 1849:misoprostol 1824:misoprostol 1768:Cocaine use 1742:Medications 1671:septicaemia 1555:trophoblast 1402:References 1369:endometrium 1365:trophoblast 1338:tachycardia 1334:hypotension 1112:References 929:misoprostol 887:Medications 841:listeriosis 741:tetraploidy 527:blood clots 493:Terminology 459:misoprostol 417:is open or 376:infertility 358:may occur. 309:miscarriage 307:. The term 285:Miscarriage 269:misoprostol 153:Usual onset 102:Neonatology 52:Other names 47:Miscarriage 11703:Categories 11334:45,X/46,XY 11234:Monosomies 11007:Trisomy 22 10985:Trisomy 18 10975:Trisomy 16 10923:including 10662:Postpartum 10557:Antepartum 10272:Stillbirth 10183:puerperium 10181:, and the 10179:childbirth 10056:by country 9860:Depression 9511:infections 9216:Episiotomy 9156:Childbirth 9087:Obstetrics 8901:Patient UK 8855:DiseasesDB 8416:www.gov.uk 8155:August 15, 6517:January 3, 6375:(6): 753. 6083:October 8, 5790:(1): 836. 3902:(1): 1–7. 3868:1773/26479 3485:(1): 318. 2947:October 4, 2826:(1): 154. 2669:(Review). 2176:stillbirth 2014:, but not 1948:See also: 1911:pregnancy. 1788:Management 1783:Drug abuse 1691:Prevention 1571:fetal pole 1525:aneuploidy 1353:pathologic 1199:See also: 1134:unicornate 1104:structure 1080:odds ratio 1071:odds ratio 849:salmonella 733:monosomy X 731:(22–32%), 725:aneuploidy 597:Trimesters 427:ultrasound 340:stillbirth 264:Medication 238:Prevention 215:ultrasound 106:Pediatrics 76:showing a 74:ultrasound 11252:Trisomies 11029:Deletions 10948:Trisomy 9 10943:Trisomy 8 10925:trisomies 10913:Autosomal 10728:Puerperal 10316:Eclampsia 10220:Abdominal 10191:Pregnancy 10175:pregnancy 9686:Pregnancy 9666:Violence 9606:Vaginitis 9479:Menopause 9339:Fostering 9329:Parenting 9299:life plan 9164:Midwifery 9142:Eclampsia 9069:Pregnancy 9058:Maternal 8890:eMedicine 8574:: 11–27. 8396:April 26, 8150:0362-4331 7931:April 11, 7908:0969-4900 7873:858653965 7804:: 60–74. 7719:207022511 7513:March 26, 7489:March 26, 7465:March 25, 7439:March 25, 7415:March 25, 7391:March 25, 6660:260316768 6438:0012-1622 5806:1471-2393 5730:2039-7283 5272:August 6, 5247:August 6, 5221:August 1, 4884:(6): 59. 4675:Andrology 4334:. WebMD. 3821:205384229 3247:207022511 3077:252219683 3061:1972-2680 3015:March 14, 2901:0015-0282 2842:1741-7015 2796:March 14, 2757:March 14, 2714:March 14, 2605:March 14, 2467:March 14, 2297:Citations 1883:infection 1412:heartbeat 1317:Diagnosis 1158:Didelphys 1029:metformin 991:to treat 970:rotavirus 962:varicella 924:ibuprofen 915:retinoids 876:bariatric 737:triploidy 735:(5–20%), 713:into the 676:0.7–2.0% 651:Triploidy 567:endocrine 454:radiation 403:pregnancy 324:gestation 299:from the 275:Frequency 248:Treatment 131:Infection 93:Specialty 11374:Lymphoid 11366:lymphoma 11362:Leukemia 10862:Category 10675:placenta 10565:placenta 10225:Cervical 10210:Abortion 10107:Category 10067:Ethiopia 9989:UN Women 9806:Dementia 9737:diseases 9720:Femicide 9698:Misogyny 9618:Polygamy 9519:Safe sex 9427:Menarche 9334:Adoption 9261:Abortion 9179:Oxytocin 8999:Clitoris 8755:19324836 8737:30245000 8698:10952123 8606:July 12, 8596:90834034 8542:Archived 8522:Archived 8453:Archived 8420:Archived 8385:Blei D. 8337:Archived 8314:23700489 8274:PLOS ONE 8080:23429567 8026:22511535 7982:23539554 7840:Archived 7818:27838460 7775:Archived 7745:Archived 7723:Archived 7711:25681385 7637:28755623 7459:BBC News 7372:Archived 7317:17943756 7275:Archived 7273:. 2013. 7239:19609407 7190:Archived 7159:22513963 7150:11305452 7114:Archived 7110:26741012 7067:29874535 7018:23354454 7010:17099326 6975:Archived 6971:17039747 6902:23543581 6893:11365588 6815:23812466 6772:Archived 6754:25395740 6652:18181085 6617:32609084 6568:27150280 6454:51863388 6446:30058166 6397:27778591 6354:16006453 6310:24101604 6178:24106937 6045:15924545 6000:Archived 5978:27473347 5937:22215632 5859:25151184 5824:38049742 5815:10696795 5748:35314592 5663:21622978 5534:42002774 5526:16817087 5440:41735428 5432:17162710 5394:11836280 5350:35570746 5197:21571717 5153:28459427 5089:30423391 5048:24313569 4996:20513781 4944:19863482 4898:27091646 4850:23446732 4740:27150280 4691:38334037 4660:33915094 4618:15550332 4510:Archived 4479:10362823 4426:Archived 4396:Archived 4336:Archived 4304:cite web 4249:26537987 4211:(review) 4207:27459445 4112:15128612 4016:28869276 3964:23379631 3956:22125091 3918:20051662 3877:25900174 3813:24451674 3775:Archived 3693:24619876 3639:26955410 3511:30081861 3439:Archived 3418:22592730 3409:11366073 3329:23429567 3278:Archived 3239:25681385 3196:Archived 3192:23638497 3165:20824830 3069:36099373 3009:Archived 2987:25662397 2941:Archived 2919:30396558 2860:23803387 2790:Archived 2751:Archived 2687:22284905 2647:25055407 2599:Archived 2564:40113681 2556:21830244 2515:25179715 2461:Archived 2436:32998899 2428:24047642 2356:Archived 2265:See also 2159:abortion 2105:abortion 2060:abortion 2056:abortion 1964:grieving 1931:Outcomes 1795:bed rest 1649:beta-hCG 1587:placenta 1567:yolk sac 1440:yolk sac 1300:syphilis 1174:Unknown 1170:Fibroids 1150:Unknown 1019:(PCOS), 1009:diabetes 1003:Several 813:Caffeine 763:fibroids 739:(6–8%), 686:Unknown 539:Bleeding 519:cramping 499:abortion 391:diabetes 187:diabetes 135:bleeding 113:Symptoms 82:yolk sac 11602:) t (1 11469:RUNX1T1 11444:Myeloid 11265:mosaics 10515:chorion 10240:Ovarian 10119:Commons 9908:Poverty 9902:factors 9879:Urethra 9855:Anxiety 9837:Anaemia 9633:Puberty 9613:Leblouh 9499:Sexual 9374:Condoms 8911:Scholia 8849:D000022 8746:2660991 8690:4602102 8651:1114340 8631:Bibcode 8623:Science 8576:Bibcode 8552:(1966). 8391:The Cut 8370:July 4, 8343:July 4, 8305:3658983 8282:Bibcode 8252:9774309 8243:1114078 8200:5163662 8192:2865589 8120:3140271 8111:1478116 8071:3841747 7973:3812894 7645:4919845 7585:3178514 7230:2709326 7058:6437668 6778:June 4, 6745:4229790 6696:3200277 6608:7355406 6559:7104220 6389:9197887 6270:May 24, 6206:Hoffman 6120:July 2, 6053:7546943 5928:3279127 5766:Hoffman 5739:8938768 5628:Hoffman 5550:Hoffman 5480:July 2, 5341:9588543 5188:3093587 5144:5409792 5105:Hoffman 5039:4138492 4987:2900326 4858:2065578 4810:Hoffman 4731:7104220 4553:2133855 4545:7450760 4265:Hoffman 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and 419:sealed 415:cervix 397:, and 372:vagina 368:uterus 360:Tissue 293:embryo 161:Causes 86:embryo 11622:Other 11608:FOXO1 11606:; 13 11600:FOXO1 11598:; 13 11584:; 22 11580:t(11 11570:; 16 11568:DDIT3 11566:t(12 11558:PDGFB 11552:t(17 11528:; 22 11524:t(11 11515:Other 11497:RBM15 11481:t(15 11473:RUNX1 11457:; 22 11397:t(14 10807:Other 10612:Labor 10478:fetus 10449:Blood 10288:, and 10282:Edema 10072:India 10062:China 9353:& 9043:Ovary 8986:tract 8733:JSTOR 8694:S2CID 8686:JSTOR 8592:S2CID 8196:S2CID 7952:Heart 7715:S2CID 7641:S2CID 7603:(PDF) 7581:JSTOR 7508:(PDF) 7484:(PDF) 7434:(PDF) 7410:(PDF) 7278:(PDF) 7267:(PDF) 7014:S2CID 6927:(PDF) 6920:(PDF) 6656:S2CID 6450:S2CID 6393:S2CID 6114:(PDF) 6103:(PDF) 6049:S2CID 6013:2020. 5530:S2CID 5474:(PDF) 5463:(PDF) 5436:S2CID 4902:S2CID 4854:S2CID 4549:S2CID 4288:(PDF) 4281:(PDF) 3960:S2CID 3817:S2CID 3243:S2CID 3073:S2CID 2937:NICHD 2560:S2CID 2432:S2CID 2147:, and 2098:fetus 1641:polyp 1424:Mean 1361:villi 1296:HIV-1 1270:Other 897:SSRIs 655:6–8% 577:, or 523:fluid 405:(the 356:guilt 328:ESHRE 297:fetus 147:guilt 11604:PAX7 11596:PAX3 11594:t(2 11556:;22 11542:;18 11538:t(x 11526:FLI1 11501:MKL1 11499:;22 11495:t(1 11487:RARA 11485:,17 11471:;21 11467:t(8 11453:t(9 11429:NPM1 11423:t(2 11403:BCL2 11401:;18 11387:;14 11383:t(8 10480:and 9713:Rape 8844:MeSH 8833:9-CM 8778:ISBN 8751:PMID 8668:)". 8647:PMID 8608:2019 8505:2017 8481:2017 8428:2017 8398:2018 8372:2013 8345:2013 8310:PMID 8248:PMID 8188:PMID 8157:2024 8146:ISSN 8116:PMID 8076:PMID 8022:PMID 7978:PMID 7933:2023 7904:ISSN 7869:OCLC 7859:ISBN 7814:PMID 7783:2017 7753:2017 7707:PMID 7633:PMID 7515:2021 7491:2021 7467:2021 7441:2021 7417:2021 7393:2021 7343:2019 7313:PMID 7286:2017 7235:PMID 7198:2015 7155:PMID 7106:PMID 7096:ISBN 7063:PMID 7006:PMID 6967:PMID 6935:2014 6898:PMID 6843:ISBN 6811:PMID 6780:2017 6750:PMID 6692:PMID 6648:PMID 6613:PMID 6564:PMID 6542:2016 6519:2014 6493:2010 6442:PMID 6434:ISSN 6385:PMID 6350:PMID 6306:PMID 6272:2006 6232:ISBN 6174:PMID 6122:2013 6085:2017 6041:PMID 6025:BJOG 5974:PMID 5933:PMID 5882:ISBN 5855:PMID 5820:PMID 5802:ISSN 5744:PMID 5726:ISSN 5689:2017 5659:PMID 5575:2017 5522:PMID 5482:2013 5428:PMID 5390:PMID 5346:PMID 5301:2024 5274:2019 5249:2019 5223:2019 5193:PMID 5149:PMID 5085:PMID 5044:PMID 4992:PMID 4966:CMAJ 4940:PMID 4894:PMID 4846:PMID 4788:ISBN 4761:ISBN 4736:PMID 4714:2016 4687:PMID 4656:PMID 4614:PMID 4583:2006 4541:PMID 4500:ISBN 4475:PMID 4434:2017 4404:2017 4344:2006 4310:link 4296:2017 4245:PMID 4203:PMID 4108:PMID 4062:PMID 4012:PMID 3990:2017 3952:PMID 3914:PMID 3873:PMID 3809:PMID 3689:PMID 3635:PMID 3556:PMID 3507:PMID 3447:2017 3414:PMID 3355:2017 3325:PMID 3268:ISBN 3235:PMID 3204:2013 3188:PMID 3161:PMID 3139:2010 3106:2017 3065:PMID 3057:ISSN 3017:2015 2983:PMID 2949:2016 2915:PMID 2897:ISSN 2856:PMID 2838:ISSN 2798:2015 2759:2015 2716:2015 2683:PMID 2643:PMID 2607:2015 2552:PMID 2511:PMID 2469:2015 2424:PMID 2386:2018 2346:ISBN 2129:baby 2090:baby 1952:and 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