1114:●The effects on China's class structure: The Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns significantly reshaped China's class structure by targeting the bourgeois, capitalist ideologies and essentially of western capitalism. These campaigns included a "thought-reform movement" aimed at students, intellectuals, artists, and professionals to eliminate "bourgeois ideas" and promote "proletarian ideology” or more communist/collectivist ways of thinking. Schools and colleges became battlegrounds for these ideological purges, forcing intellectuals to publicly confess and renounce their free market and western believes that aligned with capitalist values. This resulted in a significant change in the class composition of the government and Party membership. Workers with demonstrated support for Mao’s communist ideology were promoted to executive and managerial roles in factories and industries, with diminishing importance on their qualifications and literacy rate. In fact standards of membership qualification were reduced to join the Chinese Communist Party. The recruitment and advancement of cadres prioritized those of working-class origin, thereby reinforcing the proletarian nature of the Party and the new Chinese state.
47:
1092:
corrupt activities, rewards for informers and safety. Since they heavily relied on the emotions and frustrations of the working class to fuel their campaign, they had to make sure these emotions were not fleeting and translated into actual compliance. Specific stages were introduced to sustain engagement such as enlarging the Three-anti campaign into a Five-anti campaign to keep the sentiments and volatile emotions of the working class growing. The campaigns targeted merchants and industrialists, linking their actions to national misfortunes, especially in the Korean War, to exploit patriotic sentiments and maintain public support. How? One way this was done was through blaming and accusing merchants and business owners for selling ineffective medicines, producing defective first-aid materials, and providing inferior raincoats, which allegedly caused casualties among soldiers during the war against Korea.
319:
920:
1100:●Recruitment and Indoctrination: Youth were mobilized through organizations, schools, indoctrination classes, and mass meetings (Chen & Chen, 1952, p.15). In fact, after the Three-anti campaign, many government positions were left empty. Campaigns were launched to recruit new cadres. Government offices across the country were told to enlist new cadres from workers with strong political beliefs and activists from the Three-Anti Campaign which often ended up being young students aiming to achieve these positions within the governments.
1117:●The effects on private business owners: Many were fined during the Five-Antis campaign or prosecuted on charges such as tax evasion, bribery, misappropriation of public property, stealing state economic information, or cheating on labor materials. As the Communist Party later acknowledged, the amount of illegal income attributed to those punished was often overestimated, and some of those punished were forced to confess, suffered physical violence, or were executed.
2870:
2224:
1837:
1604:
2880:
1103:●Family Surveillance: Young people were instructed to expose their parents' crimes and assist cadres in persuading them to confess. Children were encouraged to compete in persuading or informing on their parents, facing ridicule if their parents were suspected of wrongdoing. Reports in the Communist press highlighted instances where children pleaded with their parents to confess to avoid social ostracism.
1079:
1952, and 210,000 came in by the end of the first month. Cadres of party members would join in on the attack. Some big companies would voluntarily make 1,000 confessions a day to try to protect themselves from the government. A prime example was the Dahua copper company owner who originally over-confessed by claiming to have illegally obtained 50 million
1144:, giving rise to a new class of capitalists, many of whom would be prosecuted under the Marxist policies of the Communist Party. Many of these people eventually borrowed money from the government to pay off government fines, creating a complex financial pattern. A series of anti campaigns were launched by the
1078:
by late 1951. By
February 1952, parades of anti-capitalist activists went door-to-door to visit business leaders. It created immense psychological pressure. Shanghai wards were set up to receive criticism letters from any employees. As many as 18,000 letters came in the first week of February
1120:
According to Mao, "We must probably execute 10,000 to several tens of thousands of embezzlers nationwide before we can solve the problem." There were hundreds of thousands of suicides (though it is debatable whether many of these were voluntary) that were a direct result of these campaigns. The
1091:
The
Communist Party effectively used mass organizations to evoke emotions of hate and fear, essential for the class war, through continuous propaganda and successive mass movements. A "mass investigation movement" was launched, encouraging everyone to fulfill their "patriotic duty" by exposing
965:
at the end of 1951. The initial motivation for the campaigns appears to have been mainly economic. To cover the rising costs of the Korean War, it was essential to cut all non-military expenses. To boost the struggling national economy, the government proposed a massive production drive. The
1019:
and was a key campaign in the
Communist Party's effort to eliminate private property. It both extracted funds from the private sector to support China's involvement in the war and further restrained the power of Chinese capitalists.
1073:
An estimated 20,000 cadres and 6,000 trained workers began spying on the business affairs of fellow citizens. The media encouraged compliance with the government policies. Up to 15,000 trained propagandists were working in
1404:
966:"Three-Anti" campaign was subsequently expanded into the "Five-Anti" movement to target business people across the country in order to tax and redistribute wealth. It was aimed at members within the
30:
948:
46:
1136:
Through these campaigns, the
Communist Party demonstrated that it would no longer protect private business, and that Chinese capitalists would receive treatment no better than foreign. The
755:
675:
3610:
2687:
2637:
1615:
2465:
575:
456:
328:
2954:
2294:
867:
1530:
318:
2642:
941:
2430:
3240:
2435:
2185:
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3262:
2818:
3394:
2415:
2104:
3168:
1987:
934:
1550:
Fisac, Taciana and Fernández-Stembridge, Leila. (2003). China Today: Economic
Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities. Routledge publishing.
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3620:
3559:
2921:
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345:
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1388:
3135:
2440:
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2405:
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1718:
624:
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1623:
888:
309:
1201:
Chen, T. H.-E., & Chen, W.-H. C. (1953). The “Three-Anti” and “Five-Anti” Movements in
Communist China. Pacific Affairs, 26(1), 3–23.
1133:, forcing many businessmen to commit suicide. In Shanghai alone, from January 25 to April 1, 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide.
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355:
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2124:
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2420:
1745:
1495:
697:
652:
1520:
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3415:
2914:
1765:
1292:
657:
1083:. The employees continued to criticize the owner for greater crime until he reconfessed to having obtained 2 billion yuan.
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3389:
3015:
2734:
2667:
2612:
2410:
2154:
1945:
1725:
837:
530:
443:
3072:
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3005:
2959:
2144:
1893:
1695:
844:
552:
438:
3504:
3205:
3190:
3130:
3086:
3000:
2321:
1425:
Chen, Theodore Hsi-En; Chen, Wen-Hui C. (March 1953). "The 'Three-Anti' and 'Five-Anti' Movements in
Communist China".
192:. The result turned into a series of campaigns that consolidated Mao's power base by targeting political opponents and
3645:
3120:
3101:
2777:
2739:
2719:
2672:
2425:
2289:
1680:
1555:
1398:
1279:
Dong, Madeline Yue (2022). "Nationalizing Food
Provision in Beijing". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).
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557:
490:
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592:
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418:
25:
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2005:
1862:
1760:
822:
807:
483:
3440:
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3060:
3055:
2647:
2284:
2269:
2200:
1852:
1577:
1284:
525:
230:
3230:
2274:
1800:
540:
216:
181:
3615:
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3450:
3445:
3281:
3252:
3183:
3145:
3077:
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2823:
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2301:
2227:
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1915:
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1880:
1876:
1820:
1735:
423:
365:
335:
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3430:
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2700:
2523:
2311:
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2139:
2119:
2043:
1795:
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1607:
1231:
1141:
682:
3554:
3529:
3045:
2930:
2772:
2714:
2662:
2518:
2460:
1935:
1925:
1775:
1705:
1638:
737:
95:
Allegedly corrupt officials, government bureaucrats, "bureaucraticism", capitalists and business owners
3589:
3584:
3492:
3353:
2873:
2627:
2397:
2334:
2242:
2214:
2210:
2080:
2065:
1967:
1920:
1910:
1810:
1570:
812:
702:
637:
629:
3509:
3217:
3108:
3096:
2934:
2604:
2569:
2548:
2259:
2254:
2190:
2159:
2025:
1840:
1785:
1770:
1663:
1633:
1464:
792:
767:
742:
602:
535:
413:
385:
1370:
3291:
3245:
3067:
2899:
2677:
2617:
2503:
2373:
2363:
2351:
2092:
2053:
2015:
1940:
1740:
1685:
1628:
1364:"Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). 26 September 2005, at Shandong University"
967:
777:
707:
582:
129:
3514:
3329:
3178:
2806:
2344:
2247:
2060:
2033:
2010:
2000:
1930:
1857:
1255:
Lawrence, Alan. (2003). China since 1919: Revolution and Reform: a
Sourcebook. Routledge.
642:
478:
390:
1185:
Dillon, Michael. (1998). China: A Historical and
Cultural Dictionary. Routledge publishing.
3630:
3534:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3020:
2801:
2704:
2533:
1972:
827:
607:
3276:
3235:
3159:
Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
2888:
2762:
2594:
2528:
2378:
2195:
2075:
1995:
1905:
1845:
1730:
854:
717:
408:
340:
185:
495:
8:
3435:
2767:
2513:
2356:
2070:
1955:
1950:
1830:
1658:
877:
587:
507:
502:
433:
428:
3519:
3377:
3163:
2622:
2589:
2543:
2538:
2114:
2048:
1653:
1525:
1442:
903:
898:
872:
403:
375:
189:
3113:
2574:
2564:
2180:
1871:
1825:
1815:
1713:
1551:
1394:
1288:
1256:
1240:
1186:
908:
619:
612:
1485:
144:, the state bureaucracy, elimination of political enemies and consolidation of power
3574:
3341:
2974:
2883:
2579:
2508:
2232:
2134:
2129:
1962:
1593:
1434:
1167:
893:
802:
732:
261:
159:
1095:
2969:
1805:
1226:
962:
782:
647:
468:
3564:
3539:
3323:
3225:
3032:
2754:
2149:
1885:
1643:
597:
512:
380:
282:
3604:
3383:
2829:
2584:
2038:
1977:
1755:
787:
21:
3455:
3359:
1080:
924:
772:
463:
268:
3425:
2306:
797:
712:
547:
395:
3420:
3335:
1446:
1137:
1016:
971:
687:
350:
193:
177:
141:
3569:
2795:
2724:
1130:
722:
1438:
2316:
1562:
1122:
1075:
2929:
1202:
3154:
Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR
2835:
1162:
1126:
74:
1121:
campaigns negatively impacted the economy of big cities such as
1086:
3524:
1096:
Role of Chinese Youth in promoting the success of this campaign
974:
members and bureaucratic officials who were not party members.
167:
2638:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
727:
70:
2466:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
2295:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
1490:
2643:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1355:
2416:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
1015:
The Five-Antis Campaign occurred in the midst of the
287:
273:
3611:Economic history of the People's Republic of China
16:1951–52 Chinese reform movements led by Mao Zedong
3560:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location
2280:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
3602:
2950:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
1158:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2441:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
2265:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
3395:Information operations and information warfare
3372:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism
1470:(in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong.
1063:against stealing state economic intelligence (
310:History of the People's Republic of China
2915:
2406:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
1578:
1087:Role of Mass Mobilization in Campaign Success
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1001:
992:
983:
942:
235:
221:
176:) were reform movements originally issued by
2446:National Financial Regulatory Administration
3312:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
2658:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
1675:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
563:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
356:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
2922:
2908:
2879:
2633:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
2471:State Administration for Market Regulation
2456:National Development and Reform Commission
1585:
1571:
1054:against cheating on government contracts (
949:
935:
199:
45:
3471:List of Hong Kong national security cases
3169:Independent Commission Against Corruption
2340:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
1010:
3621:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
3011:National Defense Mobilization Commission
2476:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
1424:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
961:The Three-anti Campaign was launched in
51:A campaign conference in Shanghai (1952)
3102:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1249:
371:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
3603:
3550:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble
3348:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign
3056:provincial Public Security Departments
2451:National Bureau of Statistics of China
2421:China Securities Regulatory Commission
1281:Material Contradictions in Mao's China
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
184:in an effort to rid Chinese cities of
180:a few years after the founding of the
2903:
1566:
1514:
1512:
1479:
1477:
1458:
1456:
1386:
1207:
1179:
2668:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
2613:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2411:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
1592:
1518:
1278:
1140:initially provided opportunities in
838:2020 Hong Kong national security law
531:Campaign against spiritual pollution
113:100,000+ (allegedly through suicide)
3061:city/county Public Security Bureaus
2145:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
1483:
1361:
1265:
553:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
13:
3505:Inciting subversion of state power
3318:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1649:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1509:
1474:
1453:
1237:WW Norton & Company publishing
1036:against theft of state property (
698:South–North Water Transfer Project
625:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
521:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
361:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
207:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
196:, especially wealthy capitalists.
40:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
14:
3657:
2673:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
2426:General Administration of Customs
2290:China Reform Holdings Corporation
1681:Scientific Outlook on Development
1462:
663:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
658:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
558:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
140:Attack of political opponents of
2878:
2869:
2868:
2720:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
2481:State Administration of Taxation
2369:Stock Exchange Executive Council
2223:
2222:
1836:
1835:
1603:
1602:
918:
474:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
419:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
317:
132:, CCP Cadres, political fanatics
3580:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3466:Hong Kong national security law
3097:People's Courts Judicial Police
2730:2015–16 stock market turbulence
2653:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
1544:
1533:from the original on 2017-10-31
1498:from the original on 2013-08-01
1418:
1407:from the original on 2019-02-20
1380:
1346:
1337:
1203:https://doi.org/10.2307/2752900
823:China International Import Expo
3441:Central Case Examination Group
3174:Hong Kong Disciplined Services
2648:Northeast China Revitalization
2285:China Internet Investment Fund
2270:China Government Guidance Fund
1328:
1319:
1316:(Chen & Chen 1952, p. 13).
1310:
1301:
1285:University of Washington Press
1195:
526:Sino-British Joint Declaration
288:
274:
236:
222:
172:
87:January 1952 – April 1952
1:
3641:Political repression in China
3636:Political and cultural purges
3231:Commission Against Corruption
2740:China–United States trade war
2605:Regional economic initiatives
2558:National economic initiatives
2275:China-Africa Development Fund
1669:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
1334:Chen & Chen 1952, p. 15).
1173:
818:China–United States trade war
491:China–United States relations
73:(Nationwide, concentrated in
3461:Grid-style social management
3451:Death sentence with reprieve
3446:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up
3282:Correctional Services Bureau
3184:National Security Department
3016:Ministry of National Defense
2989:United Front Work Department
2955:National Security Commission
2841:List of Chinese by net worth
2824:China Compulsory Certificate
2735:Protein export contamination
2386:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
2302:China Investment Corporation
1766:Business process outsourcing
1519:Yang, Kuisong (2012-09-28).
1484:Liu, Yongfeng (2013-07-26).
1352:Chen & Chen 1952, p. 10)
1325:Chen & Chen 1952, p. 9).
1307:Chen & Chen 1952, p. 22.
1109:
833:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
424:Socialist Education Movement
7:
3006:Ministry of Public Security
2960:Central Military Commission
2155:Water supply and sanitation
1232:The Search for Modern China
1151:
10:
3662:
3555:Re-education through labor
3092:Judicial Administrative PP
3001:Ministry of State Security
2663:Rise of Central China Plan
2461:National Energy Commission
1465:"执政的道德困境与突围之道——"三反五反"运动解析"
1393:. Owl Books. p. 437.
978:The 3 antis imposed were:
182:People's Republic of China
3590:Holistic security concept
3585:Xinjiang internment camps
3408:
3354:Persecution of Falun Gong
3304:
3216:
3144:
3031:
2942:
2859:
2753:
2696:2005–2011 property bubble
2686:
2628:China Western Development
2603:
2557:
2489:
2396:
2335:Dalian Commodity Exchange
2209:
2173:
2091:
2024:
1986:
1704:
1614:
1600:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1002:
993:
984:
813:Xinjiang internment camps
788:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
638:China Western Development
630:Persecution of Falun Gong
299:
281:
267:
260:
255:
251:
243:
229:
215:
211:
206:
163:
136:
125:
117:
109:
99:
91:
81:
66:
56:
44:
39:
3646:Anti-corruption activism
3366:Anti-corruption campaign
3126:State Secrets Protection
2965:People's Liberation Army
2570:Belt and Road Initiative
2549:Rural credit cooperative
2322:Foreign exchange reserve
2255:Beijing Financial Street
1664:Socialist market economy
1486:"那一年，中国商贾千人跳楼 全家共赴黄泉（图）"
1148:in the following years.
793:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
768:Belt and Road Initiative
763:Anti-corruption campaign
603:One country, two systems
536:Bourgeois liberalization
414:Two Bombs, One Satellite
386:Hundred Flowers Campaign
231:Traditional Chinese
3041:Supervisory Commissions
2812:Globalization and women
2678:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
2618:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
2398:Government institutions
2374:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
2364:Shanghai Metal Exchange
2352:Shanghai Stock Exchange
2016:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
2001:Megalopolises in China
968:Chinese Communist Party
713:Three Links with Taiwan
708:2008 Sichuan earthquake
683:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
583:Shanghai Stock Exchange
217:Simplified Chinese
200:The Three-anti campaign
130:Chinese Communist Party
26:Infobox civilian attack
18:
3515:Judiciary of Hong Kong
3330:Anti-Rightist Campaign
3253:Public Security Police
3241:Unitary Police Service
3164:PLA Hong Kong Garrison
2851:Science and technology
2745:2020–2021 reform spree
2499:International rankings
2345:Beijing Stock Exchange
2011:Suzhou Industrial Park
2006:Special Economic Zones
1387:Short, Philip (2001).
1011:The Five-anti campaign
850:2020–2021 reform spree
808:Persecution of Uyghurs
738:West–East Gas Pipeline
643:Hainan Island incident
484:Special economic zones
479:Reforms and Opening Up
391:Anti-Rightist Campaign
31:considered for merging
3287:Macau Customs Service
3109:People's Armed Police
3021:Taiwan Affairs Office
2201:Intellectual property
1696:1949–1976 wage reform
1639:Industrial Revolution
1045:against tax evasion (
703:Qinghai–Tibet railway
608:Handover of Hong Kong
105:Political Persecution
3277:Fire Services Bureau
3236:Macau Security Force
2889:Economy of East Asia
2595:Youth Business China
2431:Ministry of Commerce
2379:SZSE Component Index
1996:Dalian Software Park
1343:Chen &Chen, 1952
1000:anti-bureaucratism (
855:2022 Winter Olympics
756:2012–present: Xi era
718:2008 Summer Olympics
653:Accession to the WTO
593:Deng's southern tour
576:1989–2002: Jiang era
409:Great Chinese Famine
366:First five-year plan
341:Land Reform Movement
190:enemies of the state
3616:Corruption in China
3500:Internet censorship
2436:Ministry of Finance
2357:SSE Composite Index
2327:Hedge fund industry
2174:Law and regulations
1881:academic publishing
1659:Four Modernizations
1227:Spence, Jonathan D.
588:Pudong New District
508:Sino-Vietnamese War
503:Four Modernizations
457:1976–1989: Deng era
444:Richard Nixon visit
434:Cultural Revolution
247:Three-anti Campaign
152:Three-anti Campaign
3626:Maoist terminology
3545:Political offences
3520:Judiciary of Macau
3431:Capital punishment
3378:Operation Fox Hunt
3226:PLA Macau Garrison
3051:Public Security PP
2846:Chinese economists
2819:National Standards
2715:2007 slave scandal
2623:Bohai Economic Rim
2590:Made in China 2025
2539:Internal migration
2524:Standard of living
2312:Financial services
2186:Labor contract law
2140:Illegal drug trade
2110:World Trade Center
1946:Telecommunications
1894:equipment industry
1726:Advanced materials
1691:Population history
1654:Great Leap Forward
1608:Companies of China
1146:Chinese government
1023:The 5 antis were:
693:Visit of Lien Chan
404:Great Leap Forward
376:Bandung Conference
329:1949–1976: Mao era
156:Five-anti Campaign
121:10,000 （Estimated)
3598:
3597:
3530:Life imprisonment
3257:Migration Service
3087:State Security PP
2931:National security
2897:
2896:
2710:2007 stock bubble
2575:Common prosperity
2565:Beijing Consensus
2519:Income inequality
1988:Development Zones
1526:Phoenix New Media
1294:978-0-295-75085-9
1027:against bribery (
982:anti-corruption (
959:
958:
845:COVID-19 pandemic
676:2002–2012: Hu era
613:Handover of Macau
496:Three Communiqués
439:UN representation
303:
302:
295:
294:
262:Standard Mandarin
148:
147:
3653:
3575:Two-faced person
3342:Shadian incident
3295:
3271:
3249:
3131:Cyberspace Admin
2975:Maritime Militia
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2884:Outline of China
2882:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2705:pet food recalls
2580:Dual circulation
2331:Stock Exchanges
2260:Financial system
2226:
2225:
2165:Trading partners
1911:Renewable energy
1839:
1838:
1606:
1605:
1594:Economy of China
1587:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1521:"三反五反：资产阶级命运的终结"
1516:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1376:on 29 July 2009.
1375:
1369:. Archived from
1368:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1276:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1224:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1168:Economy of China
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
951:
944:
937:
925:China portal
923:
922:
921:
803:9th BRICS summit
733:Three Gorges Dam
321:
312:
305:
304:
291:
290:
277:
276:
253:
252:
239:
238:
225:
224:
204:
203:
174:
165:
62:
57:Native name
49:
37:
36:
34:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3510:Judicial system
3404:
3300:
3289:
3265:
3263:Judicial Police
3243:
3212:
3140:
3068:Internet police
3046:People's Police
3027:
2938:
2935:law enforcement
2928:
2898:
2893:
2855:
2749:
2682:
2599:
2553:
2485:
2392:
2205:
2191:Labor relations
2169:
2087:
2020:
1982:
1868:Pharmaceuticals
1700:
1634:Five-year plans
1610:
1596:
1591:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1439:10.2307/2752900
1427:Pacific Affairs
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1277:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1225:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1154:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1013:
977:
963:Northeast China
955:
919:
917:
860:
859:
783:APEC China 2014
758:
748:
747:
743:High-speed rail
678:
668:
667:
648:APEC China 2001
634:
578:
568:
567:
517:
469:Boluan Fanzheng
459:
449:
448:
400:
331:
308:
244:Literal meaning
202:
102:
86:
60:
52:
35:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Soft detention
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:PLA Unit 61398
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:2011 crackdown
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3324:Sufan movement
3321:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2957:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2755:Related topics
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Social welfare
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Postal history
2122:
2120:Communications
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:infrastructure
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:Oil refineries
2051:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Electric power
1793:
1791:Electric motor
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Historical GDP
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Iron rice bowl
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1543:
1529:(in Chinese).
1508:
1494:(in Chinese).
1473:
1452:
1417:
1399:
1379:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1264:
1248:
1206:
1194:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1142:Northern China
1111:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
998:
989:
957:
956:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
928:
927:
914:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Supercomputing
775:
770:
765:
759:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
616:
615:
610:
600:
598:1992 consensus
595:
590:
585:
579:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
544:
543:
533:
528:
523:
516:
515:
513:Beijing Spring
510:
505:
500:
499:
498:
488:
487:
486:
476:
471:
466:
460:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Sufan movement
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
314:
313:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:san fan wu fan
285:
279:
278:
275:sān fǎn wǔ fǎn
271:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:Transcriptions
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
233:
227:
226:
219:
213:
212:
209:
208:
201:
198:
173:sān fǎn wǔ fǎn
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3658:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3400:United States
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:709 crackdown
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:State Council
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:Made in China
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:Globalization
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Go Out policy
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
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2105:Trade history
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2034:Energy policy
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1400:0-8050-6638-1
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32:
28:
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3631:Maoist China
3535:Penal system
3478:Human rights
3456:Great Cannon
3409:Other topics
3360:6521 Project
3317:
3256:
2864:
2863:
2828:
2802:Demographics
2794:
2788:Largest SOEs
2534:Urbanization
2243:Central bank
1973:Video gaming
1853:Mobile phone
1648:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1524:
1500:. Retrieved
1489:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1389:
1382:
1371:the original
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1280:
1251:
1230:
1197:
1181:
1135:
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1113:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1090:
1072:
1022:
1014:
991:anti-waste (
976:
960:
868:Constitution
464:Gang of Four
360:
346:Proclamation
269:Hanyu Pinyin
171:
155:
151:
149:
126:Perpetrators
24:
3426:Black jails
3290: [
3266: [
3255:(including
3244: [
3206:Immigration
3136:Urban Admin
3114:Coast Guard
3073:Immigration
2763:Agriculture
2701:2007 export
2529:Foreign aid
2491:Development
2307:CITIC Group
2248:Other banks
2196:Food safety
1906:Real estate
1846:gold mining
1801:Electronics
1731:Aquaculture
1433:(1): 3–23.
1390:Mao: A Life
1283:. Seattle:
620:1998 floods
548:863 Program
429:Third Front
396:Canton Fair
194:capitalists
154:(1951) and
101:Attack type
20:‹ The
3605:Categories
3436:Censorship
3421:610 Office
3336:Red August
3305:Operations
3196:Correction
3078:Inspection
2768:Bankruptcy
2544:Emigration
2514:Corruption
2228:Accounting
2181:Tax system
2081:Geothermal
1951:Television
1916:Securities
1901:Rare earth
1877:Publishing
1821:Hedge fund
1736:Automotive
1706:Industries
1537:2019-11-22
1502:2019-11-22
1411:2016-06-04
1174:References
1138:Korean War
1017:Korean War
972:Kuomintang
688:Shenzhou 5
541:Opposition
351:Korean War
336:Revolution
283:Wade–Giles
186:corruption
178:Mao Zedong
142:Mao Zedong
3570:Shuanggui
3493:Hong Kong
3350:(1983–87)
3332:(1957–59)
3326:(1955–57)
3320:(1951–52)
3314:(1950–53)
3146:Hong Kong
2865:See also:
2796:The Hongs
2773:Companies
2725:2010 Expo
2115:Transport
2066:Renewable
2049:Oil shale
1781:Container
1751:Aerospace
1131:Chongqing
1110:Aftermath
1066:反盗窃国家经济情报
970:, former
904:Geography
899:Education
773:Chang'e 3
723:Expo 2010
29:is being
3033:Mainland
2943:National
2937:in China
2874:Category
2317:Renminbi
2135:Shipping
1968:Textiles
1936:Software
1926:Shipping
1921:Sex toys
1890:Railway
1872:pharmacy
1826:Internet
1816:Gambling
1746:Aircraft
1741:Aviation
1714:Industry
1531:Archived
1496:Archived
1405:Archived
1229:(1991).
1152:See also
1123:Shanghai
1076:Shanghai
909:Politics
878:Shanghai
798:Xiong'an
158:(1952) (
67:Location
33:. ›
22:template
3380:(2014–)
3374:(2014–)
3368:(2012–)
3201:Customs
3121:Customs
2970:Militia
2836:Mingong
2783:Top 500
2778:Largest
2509:Poverty
2238:History
2233:Banking
2215:banking
2211:Finance
2160:Exports
2130:Tourism
2061:Nuclear
1963:Tourism
1956:digital
1811:Fishing
1719:history
1624:History
1616:History
1447:2752900
1163:Gu Zhun
1127:Tianjin
1039:反盗骗国家财产
894:Economy
889:Culture
873:Beijing
160:Chinese
118:Victims
75:Beijing
3525:Laogai
3390:Abroad
3386:(2015)
3362:(2009)
3356:(1999)
3344:(1975)
3338:(1966)
3179:Police
2688:Events
2026:Energy
1841:Mining
1786:Cotton
1776:Coffee
1771:Cement
1629:Reform
1554:
1445:
1397:
1291:
1259:
1243:
1189:
170::
168:pinyin
162::
137:Motive
110:Deaths
92:Target
61:三反五反运动
3488:Macao
3483:Tibet
3294:]
3270:]
3248:]
3218:Macau
2150:Ports
2093:Trade
2076:Solar
1941:Steel
1886:Radio
1831:Media
1468:(PDF)
1443:JSTOR
1374:(PDF)
1367:(PDF)
1057:反偷工减料
1048:反偷税漏税
1003:反官僚主义
728:BRICS
85:1952
71:China
3191:Fire
2982:NDMC
2933:and
2213:and
2095:and
2071:Wind
2039:Coal
1978:Wine
1931:Silk
1879:and
1870:and
1806:Film
1756:Beer
1552:ISBN
1491:Sohu
1395:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1129:and
1081:yuan
237:三反五反
223:三反五反
188:and
164:三反五反
150:The
82:Date
2044:Oil
1435:doi
1030:反行贿
994:反浪费
985:反贪污
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3292:zh
3268:zh
3246:zh
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