Timeline of ancient Assyria

1203: 344: 667:”, seized the throne from the three unpopular Amorite vassals. The Assyrian King List says of Ashur-dugul that he was a “son of a nobody, without right to the throne” meaning that he was not of royal descent and consequently unqualified to govern according to the patrilineal principle of legitimacy relied upon by later monarchs. During Ashur-dugul's reign six other kings, “sons of nobodies also ruled at the time”. This may suggest a fragmentation in the small Assyrian kingdom, with rival claims to the throne. Ashur-dugul was unable to retain control for long, and was soon deposed by a rival claimant, 855:(1365–1330 BC) succeeded the throne of Assyria in 1365 BC, and proved to be a fierce, ambitious and powerful ruler. Assyrian pressure from the southeast and Hittite pressure from the north-west, enabled Ashur-uballit I to break the power of Mitanni. He met and decisively defeated Shuttarna II, the Mitannian king in battle, making Assyria once more an imperial power at the expense of not only Mitanni itself, but also Kassite Babylonia, the Hurrians and the Hittites; and a time came when the Kassite king in Babylon was glad to marry Muballiṭat-Šērūa, the daughter of Ashur-uballit, whose letters to 1063:, or 'grand vizier', Ashur-iddin advising him of the approach of his general Shulman-mushabshu escorting the captive Kashtiliash, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women, on his way to exile after his defeat. In the process he defeated the Elamites, who had themselves coveted Babylon. He also wrote an epic poem documenting his wars against Babylon and Elam. After a Babylonian revolt, he raided and plundered the temples in Babylon, regarded as an act of sacrilege. As relations with the priesthood in Ashur began deteriorating, Tukulti-Ninurta built a new capital city; 328:, son and successor of Puzur-Ashur I, is the earliest independent ruler to be attested in a contemporary inscription. Carved in curious archaic character mirror-writing in old Assyrian on an alabaster block found during the German excavations at Assur under Walter Andrae, this sole exemplar of his contemporary inscriptions records that the god Ashur “requested of him” the construction of a temple and that he had “beer vats and storage area” built in the “temple area.” He ruled during a period when nascent Assyrian merchant colonies were expanding into 1955: 2972: 1378: 990: 1105:(1206–1203 BC) who left the running of his empire to Assyrian regional governors such as Adad-bēl-gabbe. Another unstable period for Assyria followed, it was riven by periods of internal strife and the new king only made token and unsuccessful attempts to recapture Babylon, whose Kassite kings had taken advantage of the upheavals in Assyria and freed themselves from Assyrian rule. However, Assyria itself was not threatened by foreign powers during the reigns of 5500: 1748: 351:. Such a large find indicates that the city had an extensive commercial quarter, where foreign Assyrian merchants lived and operated. Sent from Itur-ili in Assyria to Ennam-Ashur in Karum Kanesh, this letter concerns the important trade in precious metals. Itur-ili, the senior partner, offers wise words of advice to Ennam-Ashur: "This is important; no dishonest man must cheat you! So do not succumb to drink!" c. 1850 BC - c. 1700 BC (Old Assyrian) 4411: 795:(1521–1498 BC) proved to be a strong and energetic ruler. He undertook much rebuilding work in Assur, the city was refortified and the southern quarters incorporated into the main city defences. Temples to the moon god Sin (Nanna) and the sun god Shamash were erected during his reign. He signed a treaty with Burna-Buriash I the Kassite king of Babylon, defining the borders of the two nations in the late 16th century BC. He was succeeded by 645:; not included in the standard King List; however, attested in Puzur-Sin's inscription. Asinum is believed to had been a descendant of Shamshi-Adad who had founded the brief, foreign Amorite dynasty apparently greatly resented by the native Assyrians judging by an alabaster slab inscription left by Puzur-Sin. Puzur-Sin is believed to had been an otherwise unattested Assyrian monarch. Puzur-Sin deposed Asinum to allow for the Assyrian king 76: 773: 35: 252: 723:(c. 1724 BC – c. 1706 BC), “son of a nobody”, was the last of the six kings who ruled during the reign of Ashur-dugul. He managed to quell the civil unrest and stabilize the situation in Assyria. During his reign, he completely drove the Babylonians and Amorites from the Assyrian sphere of influence in the northern half of Mesopotamia. Babylonian-Amorite power began to quickly wane in Mesopotamia as a whole; the 2593: 402:(c. 2008 BC – c. 1975 BC), son and successor of Shalim-ahum, and is known from his inscription (extant in several copies) where he claims to have "washed the copper" and "established liberty" for the Akkadians in the Sumerian city-states Ur, Nippur, and Der. This has been taken by some scholars to imply that he made military campaigns into Southern Mesopotamia to relieve his fellow Mesopotamians from 368: 356: 178: 526:, made an alliance with Shamshi-Adad I in order to conquer the area between the two Zab rivers c. 1727 BC. This military campaign of joint forces was commemorated on a victory stele which states that Dadusha gives the lands to Shmshi-Adad I. Shamshi-Adad I later turned against Dadusha by attacking cities including Shaduppum and Nerebtum. 451:

Empire's activity. Naram-Sin came under attack from Shamshi-Adad, in an attempt to usurp the Assyrian throne, however the would be usurper was defeated, and The Assyrian King List records that Shamshi-Adad I, “went away to Babylonia in the time of Narām-Sîn.” Shamshi-Adad I was not to return until taking the Assyrian city of

635:, who boasted of overthrowing the son of Asinum, descendant of Shamshi-Adad I, whose name has not been preserved. This may have been Rimush, or if Asinum followed him, perhaps his grandson. The result was apparently turmoil as a rapid succession of seven usurpers took power, each reigning briefly before being overthrown. 444:(c. 1881 BC – c. 1873 BC), son and successor of Sargon I, was king of the Old Assyrian Empire for eight years. Due to his father's long reign he came to the throne at a late age since one of his sons, named Ili-bani, was a witness in a contract (and so already a grown man) eleven years before Puzur-Ashur II became ruler. 930:) in letters to the Hittite kings. He was immediately attacked by Kurigalzu II of Babylon who had been installed by his father, but succeeded in defeating him, repelling Babylonian attempts to invade Assyria, counterattacking and appropriating Babylonian territory in the process, thus further expanding Assyria. 1736:. He consolidated Assyrian control over the regions conquered by his predecessors and, by the end of his 27-year reign, Assyria was master of Mesopotamia, The Levant, western Iran, Israel, Jordan and much of Asia Minor. Due to old age, in the last six years of his reign, he passed command of his armies to the " 3262:. Similarly, Nabopolassar was unable to gain control over all of Babylonia, and could not make any inroads into Assyria despite its weakened state, being repelled at every attempt. The next four years saw bitter fighting in the heart of Babylonia itself, as the Assyrians tried to wrest back control. 2121:

Tiglath-Pileser III had reorganised the Assyrian army into a professional fighting force, he also incorporated conquered peoples into the imperial army to serve as light infantry, thus expanding the size of the army. He greatly improved the civil administration of his empire, reducing the influence

437:

or Šarru-kīn I (c. 1920 BC – c. 1881 BC), son and successor of Ikunum, reigned as king of the Old Assyrian Empire for an unusually long 39 years. Sargon I might have been named after his predecessor Sargon of Akkad. The name “Sargon” means “the king is legitimate” in Akkadian. Sargon I is known for

4085:

Grayson, Kirk A. (Autumn, 1987). "Akkadian Treaties of Seventh Century BC". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 39 (2): p.130.: "... Esarhaddon imposes oaths to respect the right to succession of his two sons upon various peoples: the Medes in the Vassal Treaties and probably the people of Sippar in

515:

While Ishme-Dagan I probably was a competent ruler, his brother Yasmah-Adad appears to have been a man of weak character; something the disappointed father was not above mentioning. Shamshi-Adad I clearly kept a firm control on the actions of his sons, as shown in his many letters to them. At one

1013:

as a captive and ruled there himself as king for seven years, taking on the old title "King of Sumer and Akkad" first used by Sargon of Akkad. Tukulti-Ninurta I thus became the first Akkadian speaking native Mesopotamian to rule the state of Babylonia, its founders having been foreign Amorites,

450:

or Narām–Suen, (c. 1872 BC – c. 1818 BC), son and successor of Puzur-Ashur II, was named for the illustrious Naram-Sin of Akkad and, like his grandfather, Sargon I, took the divine determinative in his name. Assyria was wealthy as the hub of the trading network at the height of the Old Assyrian

516:

point he arranged a political marriage between Yasmah-Adad to Beltum, the princess of his ally in Qatna. Yasmah-Adad already had a leading wife and put Beltum in a secondary position of power. Shamshi-Adad I did not approve and forced his son to keep Beltum in the palace in a leading position.

627:(c. 2214 BC – c. 2206 BC). This perhaps reflects the extent to which Shamshi-Adad and his successors identified with the prestigious Dynasty of Akkad, although the earlier Rimush was apparently assassinated by his own courtiers, “with their seals”, according to a liver-omen of the monumental 2895:

who had spent seventeen years peacefully subject to his sibling, became infused with Babylonian nationalism, declaring that Babylon and not Nineveh should be the seat of empire. Shamash-shum-ukin raised a powerful coalition of vassal peoples resentful of being subject to Assyria, including-

866:

This marriage led to disastrous results for Babylonia, as the Kassite faction at court murdered the half Assyrian Babylonian king and placed a pretender on the throne. Assur-uballit I promptly invaded Babylonia to avenge his son-in-law, entering Babylon, deposing the king and installing

1766:(822–811 BC) (also known as Shamshi-Ramman II), inherited an empire beset by civil war in Assyria itself. The first years of his reign saw a serious struggle for the succession of the aged Shalmaneser III. The revolt, which had broken out by 826 BC, was led by Shamshi-Adad's brother 918:, who called himself king of the Hurri while seeking support from the Assyrians. A pro-Assyria faction appeared at the royal court of Mitanni. Eriba-Adad I had thus finally broken Mitannian influence over Assyria, and in turn had now made Assyria an influence over Mitannian affairs. 3383:, and founded it as a new capital. Ashur-uballit II somehow managed to keep control of a now greatly reduced Assyria for three years or so, repelling attacks by his enemies. However, Harran too was eventually besieged and taken by the Medes, Babylonians and Scythians in 609 BC. 598:, eventually prevailed over Mut-Ashkur. With Hammurabi, the various kārum colonies in Anatolia ceased trade activity–probably because the goods of Assyria were now being traded with the Babylonians. The Assyrian monarchy survived; however, the three Amorite kings succeeding 769:(1615–1602 BC) and Sharma-Adad II (1601–1599 BC). However, Assyria seems to have been a relatively strong and stable nation, existing undisturbed by its neighbours such as the Hattians, Hittites, Hurrians, Amorites, Babylonians, Elamites or Mitannians during this period. 1218:

and then turned westward to receive the submission of Malatia. In his fifth year, Tiglath-Pileser again attacked Commagene, Cilicia and Cappadocia, and placed a record of his victories engraved on copper plates in a fortress he built to secure his Anatolian conquests.

1256:

in Ashur, collecting all manner of animals and plants from his empire, and receiving a collection of African exotic animals from Egypt. He was also a great hunter, describing his exploits "at the city of Araziqu which is before the land of Hatti and at the foot of

3379:(612- 609 BC) took the throne amid the street by street fighting in Nineveh and refused a request to bow in vassalage to Nabopolassar, Cyaxares and their allies. He managed to break out of Nineveh and successfully fight his way to the northern Assyrian city of 1330:

and Mutkinu (which had been taken and colonized by Tiglath Pileser I.) This event showed how far Assyria could assert itself militarily when the need arose. The Assyrian king attacked the Arameans, forced his way to the far off Mediterranean and constructed a

2582:(extant since approximately 3000 BC) which at the end of the Bronze Age had a population of 35,000, was transformed into the capital of Assyria, growing at its height to be the largest city in the world at the time, with a population of up to 150,000 people. 2144:(911–892 BC), Assyria once more became a great power, growing to be the greatest empire the world had yet seen. The new king firmly subjugated the areas that were previously only under nominal Assyrian vassalage, conquering and deporting troublesome 887:

and his Hittite and Aramaean allies, finally completely destroying the Hurri-Mitannian kingdom in the process. Like his father, Shalmaneser was a great builder and he further expanded the city of Kalhu at the juncture of the Tigris and Zab Rivers.

1560:(935–912 BC) oversaw a marked economic and organisational upturn in the fortunes of Assyria, laying the platform for it to once again forge an empire. He is recorded as having made successful punitive raids outside the borders of Assyria to clear 1267:(1179–1133 BC) stabilised the internal unrest in Assyria during his unusually long reign, quelling instability. During the twilight years of the Kassite dynasty in Babylonia, he records that he seized northern Babylonia, including the cities of 1341:(971–968 BC) in all likelihood a fairly elderly man due to the length of his father's reign, had a largely uneventful period of rule, concerning himself with defending Assyria's borders and conducting various rebuilding projects within Assyria. 1171:

among historians as being regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire. The son of Ashur-resh-ishi I, he ascended to the throne upon his father's death, and became one of the greatest of Assyrian conquerors during his 38-year reign.

727:

of the south of Mesopotamia driving out both the Amorites and Babylonians, leaving the Amorites controlling only a weak and small rump state in and around the city of Babylon itself. The Adaside dynasty of Assyria was named after Adasi.

417:(c. 1974 BC – c. 1935 BC), son and successor of Ilu-shuma, vigorously expanded Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor during his long reign. It was during his reign that karums were established along trade routes into Anatolia in the cities of 1279:, plundering them and "taking their vast booty to Assyria." However, the conquest of northern Babylonia brought Assyria into direct conflict with Elam which had taken the remainder of Babylonia. The powerful Elamites, under king 836:, the emperor of Mitanni, to invade Assyria, and sack the city of Ashur, after which Assyria became a sometime vassal state, with Ashur-nadin-ahhe I being forced to pay tribute to Saushtatar. He was deposed by his own brother 425:, and eighteen other locations yet to be identified, some designated warbatums, satellites of and subordinate to the karums. The colonies traded tin, textiles, lapis lazuli, iron, antimony, copper, bronze, wool, and grain. 1175:

His first campaign in 1112 BC was against the Phrygians who had attempted to occupy certain Assyrian districts in the Upper Euphrates region of Asia Minor; after defeating and driving out the Phrygians he then overran the

532:(c. 1775 BC – c. 1750 BC), son and successor of Shamshi-Adad I, main challenge was in keeping his enemies in check; to his east were the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, inhabited by warlike pastoral peoples such as the 2504:

as king in Babylonia. He maintained Assyrian domination over the Medes, Manneans and Persians to the east, Asia Minor and the southern Caucasus to the north and north west, and the Levant, Phoenicia and Aram in the west.

2122:

of hitherto powerful nobles, regional governors and viceroys, and deporting troublesome peoples to other parts of his vast empire, setting the template for all future ancient empires. Tiglath-Pileser III also introduced

410:

invasions. His construction activities included building the old temple of Ishtar, a city wall, subdivision of the city into house plots and diversion of the flow of two springs to the city gates, “Aushum” and “Wertum”.

975:

Adad-nirari's inscriptions are more detailed than any of his predecessors. He declares that the gods of Mesopotamia called him to war, a statement used by most subsequent Assyrian kings. He referred to himself again as

3904:

From about 4000 to 2000 B.C. the civilization of Dilmun dominated 250 miles of the eastern coast of Arabia from present-day Kuwait to Bahrain and extended sixty miles into the interior to the oasis of Hufuf (see fig.

1156:

of Babylon on a number of occasions. Assyria then invaded and annexed Hittite-controlled lands in Asia Minor, Aram (Syria), and Gutians and Kassite regions in the Zagros, marking an upsurge in imperian expansion.

431:(c. 1934 BC – c. 1921 BC), son and successor of Ilu-shuma, built a major temple for the god Ningal. He further strengthened the fortifications of the city of Assur and maintained Assyria's colonies in Asia Minor. 698:(1750–1712 BC). A period of civil war ensued after Asinum (a grandson of Shamshi-Adad I and the last Amorite ruler of Assyria) was deposed in approximately 1732 BC by a powerful native Assyrian vice regent named 3044:, the king of the Medes and Persians, also rebelled against Assyria, and attempted to attack Assyria itself in 653 BC, however, he met with defeat at the hands of Ashurbanipal and was killed. His successor, 1147:

in Assyrian annals), Babylon and Assyria began to vie for Aramaean regions (in modern Syria), formerly under firm Hittite control. When their forces encountered one another in this region, the Assyrian king

3257:

amassed a large army to eject Nabopolassar from Babylon; however, yet another massive revolt broke out in Assyria proper, forcing the bulk of his army to turn back, where they promptly joined the rebels in

1440:). The palaces, temples and other buildings raised by him bear witness to a considerable development of wealth, science, architecture and art. He also built a number of new heavily fortified towns, such as 2760:

Ashurbanipal built vast libraries and initiated a surge in the building of temples and palaces. After the crushing of the Babylonian revolt, Ashurbanipal appeared master of all he surveyed. To the east,

882:

that would have encompassed most of Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains in the 9th century BC, and the fierce Gutians of the Zagros. He then attacked the Mitannian-Hurrians, defeating both King

734:(c. 1705 BC-c. 1696 BC) succeeded Adasi and continued to campaign successfully against the Babylonians and Amorites, after which Assyria entered a quiet and peaceful period for the next two centuries. 544:, and to the south was the fellow Mesopotamian kingdom of Eshnunna. Although politically astute and a capable soldier, Ishme-Dagan I became embroiled in a struggle for dominance of the Near East with 2484:

was fought in 691 BC between Sennacherib and his enemies, in which this vast alliance failed to overthrow Sennacherib. The Assyrian king was then able to subjugate these nations individually,

3318:, an Assyrian eunuch official who seized power in parts of Babylonia. Sin-shumu-lishir was defeated after three months of civil war, but remaining tensions led to wholescale revolution in 5473: 3394:

region, ethnic entity and colonised province until the late 7th century AD, with small Assyrian states emerging in the region between the 2nd century BC and 4th century AD. The fate of

1315:

took the throne in 1018 BC, and captured the Babylonian city of Atlila from Simbar-Shipak and continued Assyrian campaigns against the Arameans. He was eventually deposed by his uncle

5427: 972:. Adad-nirari I made further gains to the south, annexing Babylonian territory and forcing the Kassite rulers of Babylon into accepting a new frontier agreement in Assyria's favour. 1202: 5443: 496:, was assassinated by his own servants, possibly on Shamshi-Adad I's orders. Shamshi-Adad I seized the opportunity and occupied Mari c. 1741 BC. Shamshi-Adad I put his second son, 1236:(1073–1056 BC) kept the vast empire together, campaigning successfully against Urartu and Phrygia to the north and the Arameans to the west. He maintained friendly relations with 1301:(1049–1031 BC) succeeded him, and during his reign he continued to campaign endlessly against the Arameans to the west. Assyria was also afflicted by famine during this period. 314:

in Assyria. The length of Puzur-Ashur I's reign is unknown. Hildegard Levy, writing in the Cambridge Ancient History, sees Puzur-Ashur I as part of a longer dynasty started by

2749:

as a vassal Pharaoh, who himself succeeded in heralding the 26th Dynasty of Egypt and kicking Assyrians eventually afterwards. However, in 664 BC, the new Nubian-Kushite king

1139:(1133–1116 BC) took the throne. This was to lead to a renewed period of Assyrian expansion and empire. As the Hittite empire collapsed from the onslaught of the Indo-European 899:, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, to help Mitanni. The lands of the Hurrians and Mitanni were duly appropriated by Assyria, making it a large and powerful empire. 5448: 5441: 477:. Shamshi-Adad I placed his sons in key geographical locations and gave them responsibility to look over those areas. While he remained in Šubat-Enlil, his eldest son, 5462: 4095: 2948:. War raged between the two brothers for five years, until in 648 BC, Babylon was sacked, and Shamash-shum-ukin was slain. Ashurbanipal then wrought savage revenge, 2718:

of Media to submit both to himself, and in advance to his chosen successor, Ashurbanipal. Esarhaddon died whilst preparing to leave for Egypt to once more eject the

1576:), he built government offices in all provinces, and created a major economic boost by providing ploughs throughout the land, which yielded record grain production. 5449: 4125:, but his last years and the period following his death, in 627 bce, are obscure. The state was finally destroyed by a Chaldean-Median coalition in 612–609 bce." 5488: 713:(1720-1701 BC) came to the fore in 1720 BC and stabilised Assyria, inflicting further defeats on the Babylonians and their Amorite rulers, as did his successor 2000:

Adad-nirari III died prematurely in 782 BC, which led to a temporary period of stagnation within the empire. Assyria continued its military dominance, however

3386:

Certainly by 609 BC at the very latest, Assyria had been destroyed as an independent political entity, although it was to launch major rebellions against the

616:

on which he appears, (c. 1739 BC – c. 1733 BC), a successor to and probably a descendant of Išme-Dagān I, would appear to be named for the second king of the

2076:

became king in 754 BC, the early part of his reign seems to have been one of permanent internal revolution, and he appears to have barely left his palace in

4191: 1347:(967–936 BC) succeeded him, and reigned for 28 years. He maintained the policies of his recent predecessors, but appears to have had an uneventful reign. 500:

on the throne in Mari, and then returned to Shubat-Enlil. With the annexation of Mari, Shamshi-Adad was in control of a large empire, controlling central

318:, suspected by other scholars to perhaps have been a legendary figure. Inscriptions link Puzur-Ashur I to his immediate successors, who, according to the 5435: 3709:

Leilan.yale.edu, Harvey Weiss et al., The genesis and collapse of Third Millennium north Mesopotamian Civilization, Science, vol. 291, pp. 995–1088, 1993

2356:, king of the Medes and Persians was then forced to pay tribute after launching a failed rebellion against Assyria. When in 720 BCE a revolt occurred in 5418: 1564:

and other tribal peoples from the regions surrounding Assyria in all directions. He concentrated on rebuilding Assyria within its natural borders, from

5474: 4784: 2589:, and Sharezer) in a palace revolt, apparently in revenge for the destruction of Babylon, a city sacred to all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians. 5437: 4960: 788:

at their maximum extent. The Mitanni heartland (dark purple) and the approximate maximal extension of the Mitanni dominion (light purple) c. 1430 BC.

964:) his capital, and continued expansion to the northwest, mainly at the expense of the Hittites and Hurrians, conquering Hittite territories such as 5446: 2373: 3610: 1293:

ruled for only two years, and in that time continued to campaign against the Arameans and neo-Hittites before he was deposed by his elderly uncle

1029:

The victorious Assyrian demolished the walls of Babylon, massacred many of the inhabitants, pillaged and plundered his way across the city to the

3232: 2058:; and his personal authority was checked by powerful generals, such as Shamshi-ilu. He failed to make any further gains in Babylonia, Canaan and 1428:

among others. Ashurnasirpal II also repressed revolts among the Medes and Persians in the Zagros Mountains, and moved his capital to the city of

17: 694:

quickly began to unravel upon the death of Hammurabi, and Babylonia quickly lost control over Assyria during the reign of Hammurabi's successor

5434: 5471: 5461: 3756:

Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library

2118:, people originating from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Sepharvaim and Hamath, and settled them in the towns of Samaria to replace the Israelites. 1797:, he won the battle of Dur-Papsukkal against the new Babylonian king Murduk-balassu-iqbi, and went on to subjugate the immigrant tribes of 202: 93: 48: 5464: 5444: 832:

sent the Assyrian king a tribute of gold to seal an alliance against the Hurri-Mitannian empire. It is likely that this alliance prompted

641:(c. 1732 BC), possibly successor or descendant to either Rimush or Mut-Ashkur, was an Amorite king driven out by the Assyrian vice-regent 140: 5469: 5465: 5430: 5397: 4779: 4076:

Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press, 1935

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many Assyrian colonies to the west, east and north similarly took advantage and ceased to pay tribute to Assyria, most significantly the

1770:. The rebellious brother, according to Shamshi-Adad's own inscriptions, succeeded in bringing to his side 27 important cities, including 1026:

account, who "trod with my feet upon his lordly neck as though it were a footstool" and deported him ignominiously in chains to Assyria.

814:(1470–1451 BC) in his first year of rule. Little is known about his nineteen-year reign, but it appears to have been largely uneventful. 5425: 5424: 112: 5438: 5466: 631:

series, a somewhat ignominious end. The events resulting in the demise of the dynasty are witnessed in only one inscription, that of

3135:

in the earlier part of the 7th century BC, combined attempts to break Assyrian dominance by alliances including at different times;

5475: 4835: 4184: 2181: 649:

to seize the throne. A period of civil war followed this event which ended Babylonian and Amorite influence in Assyria c. 1665 BC.

119: 5479: 3558: 2199:

In 716 BCE Sargon II crossed the Sinai and amassed an army on Egypt's border. Osorkon IV personally met the Assyrian king at the "

5455: 5454: 4396: 2046:

ascended the throne in 772 BC. He proved to be a largely ineffectual ruler who was beset by internal rebellions in the cities of

310:. Puzur-Ashur I's descendants left inscriptions mentioning him regarding the building of temples to gods such as Ashur, Adad and 5470: 5420: 5534: 1184:, Cilicia and Cappadocia in western Asia Minor, and drove the Neo-Hittites from the Assyrian province of Subartu, northeast of 878:(1274–1244 BC) ascended the throne. He proved to be a great warrior king. During his reign he conquered the Hurrian kingdom of 5458: 5457: 5456: 5450: 3849:

Frederick Mario Fales (2010). "Production and Consumption at Dūr-Katlimmu: A Survey of the Evidence". In Hartmut Kühne (ed.).

2722:, who were attempting to encroach on the southern part of the country. This task was successfully completed by his successor, 5460: 5419: 4953: 4065: 3943: 3696: 3620: 3593: 3568: 3526: 1943:

tribes, who had settled in the far south eastern corner of Mesopotamia, whom he conquered and reduced to vassalage. Then the

126: 5478: 5459: 1101:

However, Tukulti-Ninurta's sons rebelled and besieged the ageing king in his capital. He was murdered and then succeeded by

5453: 5452: 5440: 2436:

was forced to contend with a major revolt within his empire, which included a large alliance of subject peoples, including

906:(1392–1366 BC) Mitannian influence over Assyria was on the wane. Eriba-Adad I became involved in a dynastic battle between 5484: 5016: 4526: 4177: 3223:

had all failed, Assyria being strong, well led and united, at the height of its power, and able to deal with any threat.

1587:(858–823 BC) had his authority challenged by a large alliance of a dozen nations, some of which were vassals, including; 5451: 306:, founding a royal dynasty which was to survive for eight generations (or 216 years) until Erishum II was overthrown by 108: 5544: 4143:

The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria: its remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature

570:(c. 1749 BC – c. 1740 BC), son and successor of Ishme-Dagan I, was arranged by his father to marry the daughter of the 5539: 4253: 3729: 238: 220: 159: 62: 5483: 5467: 5422: 5421: 3273:, had taken advantage of the upheavals in Assyria to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian vassalage and unite the 4946: 4917: 1305:(1030–1019 BC) appears to have lost territory in the Levant to the Arameans, who also appear to have also occupied 54: 5423: 1287:, which Ashur-Dan I then retook, eventually defeating the Elamites and forcing a treaty upon them in the process. 5529: 5390: 4147: 1283:, fresh from sacking Babylon, entered into a protracted war with Assyria, they briefly took the Assyrian city of 2694:

The conquest by Esarhaddon effectively marked the end of the short-lived Kushite Empire. He imposed a so-called

5486: 5447: 4830: 4814: 1091: 97: 5481: 5152: 3805:

Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380–1000 BC

2745:

was sacked. Ashurbanipal then puts down a series of rebellions by the native Egyptians themselves, installing

5549: 5485: 5482: 5442: 4856: 4146:, London: Lippincott (1915)—a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; also available in 2376:

as well as troops in order to support the neighboring ally. However, the coalition was defeated in battle at

4106: 3718:

Some of the Mari letters addressed to Shamshi-Adad I by his son can be found in the Mari Letters section of

1120:

Another very brief period of internal upheaval followed the death of Ashur-Dan I when his son and successor

602:(including Mut-Ashkur) were largely vassals and dependent on the Babylonians during the reign of Hammurabi. 5472: 5468: 5350: 4866: 4601: 4109:"Radner provided a typological assessment of revolts throughout the Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 1000-609 BCE)" 1778:. The rebellion lasted until 820 BC, preventing Assyria expanding its empire further until it was quelled. 473:

in north-eastern Syria, converted it into the capital city of his Upper Mesopotamian Empire and renamed it

2133:

of Assyria and its vast empire, whose Akkadian infused descendant dialects still survive among the modern

5524: 4922: 4804: 4799: 4734: 4410: 2849: 2757:

was sacked, and he fled to Nubia, bringing to an end, once and for all, Nubian-Kushite designs on Egypt.

2489: 2307: 2243: 2134: 1755: 1663: 1604: 1499: 133: 5477: 5463: 941:

to the east, subjugating the Lullubi and Gutians. In Syria, he defeated Semitic tribes of the so-called

5503: 5383: 4927: 4536: 2575: 343: 5436: 5431: 5429: 3115:

had formed various coalitions at different times in vain attempts to break Assyrian power. During the

5476: 4611: 4426: 2111: 844:(1424–1418 BC) had an uneventful reign, and appears to have also paid tribute to the Mitanni Empire. 840:(1430–1425 BC) in 1430 BC, possibly with the aid of Mitanni, who received tribute from the new king. 193: 5439: 5432: 4566: 4208: 1986: 1050: 380: 359:

Map showing the approximate extent of the Upper Mesopotamian Empire at the death of Shamshi-Adad I

5101: 4876: 4809: 4703: 4556: 4474: 4469: 2781: 86: 5445: 5428: 1240:

of Babylon, however upon the death of that king, he invaded Babylonia and deposed the new ruler

332:

to trade textiles and tin from Assur for silver, Shalim-ahum and his successors bore the title

5480: 4907: 4759: 4518: 3928: 3072: 2235: 2059: 1389: 1226:(1076–1074 BC) who reigned for just two years. His reign marked the elevation of the office of 613: 272: 799:(1497–1483 BC) who appears to have had a peaceful and uneventful reign, as does his successor 5268: 4576: 4161: 3917: 3895: 1820:(810–782 BC), who was merely a boy. The Empire was thus ruled by his mother, the famed queen 1214:

In a subsequent campaign, the Assyrian forces penetrated Urartu, into the mountains south of

1121: 284: 280: 3877: 2156:

populations in the north to far-off places. Adad-nirari II then twice attacked and defeated

5426: 4794: 4754: 4233: 3800: 3500:

Analysis of variants in the Assyrian royal titulary from the origins to Tiglath-Pileser III

2684: 2668: 2024:, who does not even bother to mention his king. Shamshi-ilu also scored victories over the 2004:(782 - 773 BC) himself seems to have wielded little personal authority, and a victory over 1790: 1272: 1241: 447: 3638:

The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyns from Karum Kanish and its Chronological Implications

8: 5433: 5304: 5249: 5163: 5070: 5048: 4881: 4789: 4764: 4571: 4546: 3362: 3314:(627–612 BC) in uncertain circumstances. Sinsharishkun was soon faced with the revolt of 3270: 3116: 2089: 1832:

held the empire together, and appears to have campaigned successfully in subjugating the

1463: 1261:." These locations show that well into his reign Assyria still controlled a vast empire. 1207: 1064: 492:, which controlled the caravan route between Anatolia and Mesopotamia. The king of Mari, 303: 276: 268: 256: 3483:

J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Assyria". In Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael David Coogan (ed.).

1206:

Assyrian relief depicting battle with camel riders, from Kalhu (Nimrud) Central Palace,

5012: 4871: 4840: 4739: 4586: 4503: 4137: 3996: 3668: 3266: 2991: 2193: 1539: 1351: 1344: 1338: 1276: 1249: 1237: 1117:(1192–1180 BC), although Ninurta-apal-Ekur usurped the throne from Enlil-kudurri-usur. 1110: 817: 319: 2956:

was sacked and ravaged by the Assyrian army, and its rebellious sheikhs put to death.

702:, who regarded Asinum as both a foreigner and a former lackey of Babylon, after which 5407: 5295: 5285: 4861: 4718: 4713: 4698: 4633: 4551: 4508: 4228: 4223: 4061: 3725: 3672: 3616: 3589: 3564: 3522: 3515: 3387: 2888: 2501: 2310:

rebellion against the empire, however Sargon II once again crushed the uprising, and

2173: 2172:

and Zanqu in mid Mesopotamia. Later in his reign, he made further gains against King

1951:

to the south of Mesopotamia were invaded, vanquished and forced to pay tribute also.

1948: 1729: 1388:(883–859 BC) was a fierce and ruthless ruler who advanced without opposition through 1253: 1223: 1160: 1149: 1136: 1114: 1075: 1006: 998: 983: 777: 691: 605: 557: 372: 188: 5375: 2952:

was utterly destroyed, the Aramean, Chaldean, Sutean tribes were brutally punished,

1720:; the Hittites around Carchemish were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of 1452:, Kar-Ashurnasirpal and Nibarti-Ashur. Ashurnasirpal II also had a keen interest in 896: 560:. It was from this period that the southern half of Mesopotamia came to be known as 5345: 4774: 4769: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4454: 4311: 4296: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4248: 4053: 3986: 3978: 3660: 3395: 3376: 3315: 3307: 3164: 2901: 2853: 2699: 2608: 2600: 2497: 2481: 2385: 2295: 2157: 2063: 1954: 1717: 1632: 1503: 1385: 1355: 1280: 1245: 1153: 1106: 1102: 1037:. He then proclaimed himself "king of Karduniash, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of 938: 937:(c. 1307–1296 BC), consolidated Assyrian power, and successfully campaigned in the 4155: 2659:, are listed as Assyrian subjects. Esarhaddon expanded the empire as far south as 5362: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5026: 4708: 4683: 4678: 4658: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4561: 4531: 4483: 4479: 4449: 3991: 3323: 3311: 3274: 3120: 2965: 2945: 2770: 2734: 2703: 2585:

Sennacherib was murdered by his sons (according to the Bible the sons were named

2469: 2315: 2283: 2126: 1856: 1845: 1817: 1767: 1694: 1584: 1460:; collecting all manner of plants, seeds and animals to be displayed in Assyria. 1312: 1298: 1294: 1168: 852: 841: 792: 758: 754: 724: 720: 664: 617: 2102:

attempts to gain a foothold in the near east, defeating and driving out Pharaoh

1054: 924:(1329–1308 BC) succeeded Ashur-uballit I. He described himself as "Great-King" ( 5300: 4688: 3148: 3057: 3027: 2905: 2742: 2441: 2200: 2141: 2098:(726–723 BC) consolidated Assyrian power during his short reign, and repressed 2073: 2070:

and, as with his predecessor, military victories were credited to Shamshi-ilu.

2033: 2001: 1974: 1833: 1763: 1363: 1302: 1233: 1164: 1129: 1125: 1019: 1010: 860: 837: 668: 462: 441: 307: 3803:(1975). "Assyrian Military Power, 1300–1200 B.C.". In I. E. S. Edwards (ed.). 3002:

completely in the process. Esarhaddon campaigned successfully subjugating the

2971: 2741:, who had attempted to invade the southern part of Assyrian-controlled Egypt. 2567:

were vanquished and regarded as vassals and Assyria's empire was kept secure.

1693:

It is in Assyrian accounts of the late 850's BC, recorded during the reign of

1381:

Assyrian attack on a town with archers and a wheeled battering ram, 865–860 BC

5518: 5208: 5204: 5037: 4488: 4336: 4243: 3391: 3370: 3254: 2754: 2287: 2095: 2067: 2043: 1963: 1904: 1733: 1725: 1479: 1323: 1316: 1290: 1258: 949: 915: 875: 807: 796: 742: 599: 529: 478: 295: 4118: 4058:

The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive world Wonder traced

1377: 5341: 4493: 4306: 4238: 4122: 3719: 3238: 3216: 3132: 3065: 2976: 2887:

In 652 BC, just one year after his victory over Phraortes, his own brother

2829: 2723: 2676: 2586: 2341: 2291: 2165: 2123: 2037: 1884: 1741: 1709: 1628: 1557: 1531: 1095: 1002: 945:

group, who were possibly predecessors of the Arameans or an Aramean tribe.

934: 921: 903: 868: 829: 811: 624: 474: 348: 5128: 4938: 3969:

Olmstead, A.T. (1918). "The Calculated Frightfulness of Ashur Nasir Pal".

3310:

came to the throne in 631 BC. He died in 627 BC, succeeded by his brother

1690:

of the Arabian Peninsula, forcing all of these to pay tribute to Assyria.

1014:

succeeded by equally foreign Kassites. Tukulti-Ninurta petitioned the god

5170: 5058: 5008: 4970: 4912: 4902: 4693: 4625: 4498: 4386: 4200: 3343: 3250: 3168: 3136: 3128: 3080: 2937: 2897: 2845: 2516: 2437: 2433: 2391: 2323: 2306:

dynasty, once again attempted to gain ground in the region by supporting

2149: 2106:

from the region. He is mentioned in Biblical sources as having conquered

2080:. However, later in his reign he led a number of successful campaigns in 2021: 1924: 1876: 1872: 1825: 1698: 1683: 1547: 1441: 1264: 1248:

as his vassal in Babylon. He built some of the earliest examples of both

989: 911: 703: 695: 684: 680: 660: 652: 646: 628: 583: 501: 497: 489: 388: 325: 3007: 1781:

Later in his reign, Shamshi-Adad V successfully campaigned against both

1001:(1244–1207 BC), won a major victory against the Hittites and their king 986:) and conducted extensive building projects in Ashur and the provinces. 4444: 4439: 3339: 3200: 3188: 3172: 3112: 2990:(680–669 BC) expanded Assyria still further, campaigning deep into the 2987: 2941: 2933: 2877: 2865: 2809: 2789: 2729:

Ashurbanipal began his rule by once more defeating and chasing out the

2556: 2528: 2508: 2493: 2473: 2427: 2419: 2365: 2333: 2319: 2215: 2115: 2103: 2081: 2013: 2005: 1940: 1880: 1747: 1636: 1413: 1371: 1197: 1070:

He stretched the Assyrian Empire further south than before, conquering

965: 833: 824:, who were rivals of Mitanni, and attempting to gain a foothold in the 567: 509: 493: 456: 4169: 4107:

5 Revolts in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: A Preliminary Discourse Analysis

4000: 2753:

once more attempted to invade Egypt. However he was savagely crushed,

2318:. Sargon II was killed in 705 BC while on a punitive raid against the 737:

Little is currently known of many of the kings that followed such as;

5220: 5190: 4749: 4434: 4321: 4258: 4141: 3365:

and his forces defeated the Assyrians at Arrapha. The next year, the

3335: 3319: 3212: 3208: 3196: 3140: 3124: 3096: 3071:

Mass alliances against Assyria were not a new phenomenon. During the

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and took thousands of prisoners. He then conquered Babylonia, taking

907: 892: 884: 856: 825: 766: 746: 699: 676: 672: 642: 632: 575: 561: 545: 482: 452: 414: 395: 384: 3015: 298:(c. 2025 BC) is thought to have been the first independent ruler of 75: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5179: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5096: 4886: 4541: 4464: 4459: 4366: 4351: 4346: 4301: 3982: 3942:

sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEB,_"Tiglath-Pileser"1911 (

3664: 3358: 3351: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3204: 3180: 3152: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3076: 3056:, who imposed Scythian hegemony on the Medes. At around this time, 3045: 3019: 3003: 2995: 2968:) was forced into submission, as a part of this defeated alliance. 2925: 2913: 2825: 2766: 2548: 2544: 2524: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2204: 2189: 2051: 2025: 1971: 1920: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1868: 1802: 1713: 1620: 1416:

as far as the Mediterranean and conquered and exacted tribute from

1284: 1215: 968:

and beyond. He then moved into northeastern Asia Minor, conquering

772: 731: 714: 591: 537: 523: 438:

his work refortifying Assur. Very little is known about this king.

434: 329: 3253:

circa 900 BC) took the lead of those who sought for independence.

2207:) and was forced pay tribute to Sargon II to avoid being invaded. 556:

into a major city-state and begun a war of conquest, creating the

5273: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5116: 5084: 5063: 4643: 4371: 4361: 4326: 4316: 3347: 3293: 3285: 3259: 3246: 3184: 3176: 3156: 3108: 3084: 3023: 2980: 2957: 2917: 2892: 2873: 2857: 2821: 2817: 2746: 2738: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2680: 2664: 2640: 2579: 2571: 2552: 2512: 2485: 2477: 2457: 2449: 2423: 2415: 2399: 2353: 2267: 2259: 2231: 2212: 2185: 2153: 2077: 2017: 1959: 1936: 1932: 1837: 1798: 1794: 1789:, and forced a treaty in Assyria's favour on the Babylonian king 1775: 1771: 1737: 1702: 1651: 1647: 1624: 1569: 1535: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1421: 1401: 1185: 1079: 1046: 1030: 1015: 969: 800: 785: 762: 579: 571: 553: 549: 541: 533: 519: 470: 422: 407: 403: 251: 2599:

captives being led away into slavery by the Assyrians after the

2592: 2574:

have been proposed by some scholars as the true location of the

2515:

during his reign, bringing peace to Mesopotamia as a whole. The

1354:(891–884 BC) consolidated Assyria's gains and expanded into the 4391: 4341: 4263: 3934: 3918:"Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain" 3398:

remains unknown; his Limmu Lists end after the fall of Harran.

3380: 3331: 3281: 3192: 3144: 3053: 2999: 2961: 2953: 2861: 2837: 2813: 2773: 2707: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2632: 2620: 2564: 2536: 2395: 2357: 2345: 2275: 2271: 2251: 2247: 2223: 2208: 2107: 2085: 2055: 2040:, and again, takes personal credit at the expense of his king. 2009: 1994: 1990: 1985:) first appears in historical record in what is now called the 1912: 1864: 1849: 1806: 1721: 1675: 1659: 1655: 1608: 1600: 1573: 1551: 1543: 1519: 1491: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1453: 1437: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1393: 1177: 1144: 1124:(1133 BC) was deposed in his first year of rule by his brother 1083: 1071: 1042: 1038: 1034: 961: 942: 879: 750: 738: 638: 620: 505: 428: 418: 315: 311: 5417: 4154: 2169: 5079: 4744: 4381: 4376: 4356: 3366: 3327: 3277: 3220: 3160: 3061: 3035: 2921: 2909: 2869: 2841: 2833: 2801: 2797: 2785: 2730: 2688: 2644: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2596: 2540: 2445: 2403: 2377: 2369: 2349: 2303: 2299: 2279: 2255: 2047: 1982: 1944: 1916: 1841: 1687: 1616: 1592: 1433: 1429: 1397: 1367: 1332: 1327: 1306: 1268: 1087: 957: 953: 821: 781: 710: 587: 466: 376: 367: 355: 299: 1297:(1053–1050 BC) who appears to have had an uneventful reign. 1022:

was captured, single-handed by Tukulti-Ninurta according to

895:, the king of Mitanni, despite attempts by the Hittite king 709:

After a period of civil war lasting six years, a king named

5075: 4331: 2949: 2762: 2616: 2612: 2488:

was sacked and largely destroyed by Sennacherib. He sacked

2311: 1908: 1786: 1751: 1728:

were subdued. In 831 BC, he received the submission of the

1671: 1667: 1596: 1527: 1523: 1359: 595: 459:(c. 1817 BC – c. 1809 BC), son and successor of Naram-Sin. 1534:

were subjugated, Tiglath-Pileser III was declared king in

198:

Inconsistent dates with other articles, largely unsourced.

2418:

had once again fomented revolt against Assyria among the

1642:

Subsequent to this, Shalmaneser III attacked and reduced

322:, are related to the following kings down to Erishum II. 3836:

The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation

3834:

Christopher Morgan (2006). Mark William Chavalas (ed.).

3560:

The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation

2812:

had been vanquished and driven from Assyrian territory,

2092:

in 745 BC bringing a resurgence to Assyrian expansion.

1639:

from regaining an Egyptian foothold in the Near East.

1309:

in southeast Asia Minor, hitherto an Assyrian colony.

1058: 977: 925: 847: 302:

following the city's independence from the collapsing

5405: 3848: 3744:

Who's who in the ancient Near East By Gwendolyn Leick

3373:. This assault greatly affected the Assyrian morale. 3369:

decisively defeated the Assyrians at the devastating

3048:, was in turn subjugated by Ashurbanipal's ally, the 2578:. During the reign of Sennacherib, the major city of 765:(1621–1618 BC) (who usurped the throne from Bazaya), 347:

Around 20,000 clay tablets were found at the site of

3807:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 287–288, 298. 3753: 3720:

Shaika Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice (1986).

3695:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2004 (

2500:, forcing tribute upon it. He installed his own son 1470:, initiated a renewed period of Assyrian expansion; 290: 3817: 3467: 3449: 1631:among others, fighting them to a standstill at the 1538:and the Assyrian empire was now stretched from the 100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3833: 3514: 2114:to Assyria. He and his successor also brought the 1931:to pay tribute. His next targets were the migrant 1579: 582:(c. 1696 BC — c. 1654 BC), after first conquering 3799: 3064:in western Asia Minor, offered his submission to 2765:was devastated and prostrate before Assyria, the 1635:. The failure of this alliance prevented pharaoh 1326:(1013–972 BC) Aramaean tribes took the cities of 5516: 3635: 3288:, together with the remnants of the pre-Iranian 2332:(722–705 BC) maintained the empire, driving the 1758:, bows before Shalmaneser III of Assyria, 825 BC 1466:(745–727 BC), a usurper whose original name was 3233:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 2836:pleading for Assyrian protection. To the west, 1997:, but specifically and only to Assyria itself. 1057:, include a letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to his 3878:"The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer" 3690: 3651:I. J. Gelb (1954). "Two Assyrian King Lists". 3502:. Istituto universitario orientale. p. 8. 3497: 3482: 279:. Modern scholars typically also recognize an 5391: 4954: 4185: 4016: 3768: 3612:The international standard Bible encyclopedia 3463: 3461: 2394:(705–681 BC), a ruthless ruler, defeated the 2164:, annexing a large area of land north of the 1271:, Irriya and Ugar-sallu during the reigns of 1033:temple, where he made off with the statue of 267:can be broken down into three main eras: the 3822:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 108. 3249:tribes who had settled the far southeast of 663:!”, (c. 1731 BC – c. 1725 BC), apparently, “ 455:, pausing three years and then overthrowing 4968: 4780:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3896:"Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States" 1658:tribes settled within it. He then defeated 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5398: 5384: 5005:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 4961: 4947: 4192: 4178: 4152: 3795: 3793: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3650: 3458: 3443: 3304:, into a powerful Median-dominated force. 2476:of Persia, Khumban-umena III of Elam, and 2468:. The prime movers in this rebellion were 2398:who were attempting to gain a foothold in 2344:, where they had invaded and attacked the 1705:first enter the pages of written history. 552:who had turned the hitherto minor town of 3990: 3838:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 145–152. 2372:. The Egyptian king sent a general named 1844:during her regency, leading to the later 1132:himself died in the same year (1133 BC). 488:A main target for expansion was the city 239:Learn how and when to remove this message 221:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 3971:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3968: 3615:(Revised ed.). William B Eerdmans. 3608: 3602: 3556: 3018:in Asia Minor, and in Ancient Iran, the 2970: 2591: 2364:, king Hanno sought the help of Pharaoh 2110:and being responsible for deporting the 1970:It is from this general period that the 1953: 1746: 1646:to vassalage, including subjugating the 1376: 1201: 1018:before beginning his counter offensive. 988: 771: 366: 354: 342: 283:preceding the Old Assyrian period and a 250: 4199: 3790: 3679: 3544:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 3541: 3476: 3452:Assyrian Rulers. Volume1: 1114 – 859 BC 3226: 1923:, penetrating as far north east as the 469:, took over the long-abandoned town of 14: 5517: 3557:Chavalas, Mark William (29 Jun 2006). 3512: 3487:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 2776:and Medes were vassals. To the south, 2380:: Raia fled back to Egypt, Raphia and 2016:is accredited to an Assyrian General ( 1191: 891:Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated 578:of the newly created Amorite state of 5379: 5361: 5340: 5330: 5248: 5219: 5151: 5127: 4942: 4173: 4038: 3820:Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: Volume I 3771:Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Volume 1 3583: 3491: 3470:Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Volume 1 3390:in 546 BC and 520 BC, and remained a 1993:now encompassing modern Syria in the 1809:who had recently settled in parts of 993:Assyrian troops return after victory. 465:(c. 1808 BC – c. 1776 BC), conquered 4165:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4035:Kitchen, §§ 333–36; 463–64 3773:. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 29–30. 3644: 3075:(1365–1020 BC), peoples such as the 2314:was routed and driven back over the 1989:, not in reference to the region of 287:succeeding the Neo-Assyrian period. 171: 98:adding citations to reliable sources 69: 28: 4121:"The last great Assyrian ruler was 3629: 3421: 2570:Sennacherib's palace and garden at 1852:myths and legends surrounding her. 848:Middle Assyrian Empire, 1363–912 BC 810:(1470 BC) was deposed by his uncle 522:, a king of the neighbouring state 336:, vice regent of Assur, as well as 259:at its height in the 7th century BC 24: 4029: 3853:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 82. 3609:Bromiley, Geoffrey (31 Dec 1996). 3586:Who's Who in the Ancient Near East 3546:. New York: Oxford UP. p. 88. 3517:A History of Babylonia and Assyria 3472:. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 6–8. 2402:, and then defeated and drove the 2262:) were forced to pay tribute. His 820:(1450–1431 BC) was courted by the 753:(1649–1622 BC) (a contemporary of 25: 5561: 4153:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 4131: 3758:. Museum Tusculanum. p. 394. 3485:The Oxford companion to the Bible 1128:and forced to flee to Babylonia. 1074:, a pre-Arab civilisation of the 997:Shalmaneser's son and successor, 982:(meaning 'The Great King' in the 871:of the royal line as king there. 291:Old Assyrian period, 2025–1364 BC 44:This article has multiple issues. 5499: 5498: 4918:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 4409: 2804:paid tribute. To the north, the 2140:Beginning with the campaigns of 1962:from the palace of Sargon II at 1927:. He then turned south, forcing 1370:as well as pushing into central 1362:, subjugating the newly arrived 176: 74: 33: 4112: 4100: 4089: 4079: 4070: 4047: 4007: 3962: 3950: 3910: 3888: 3870: 3857: 3842: 3827: 3811: 3777: 3762: 3747: 3738: 3712: 3703: 3653:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3563:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 23. 2352:, who were vassals of Assyria. 2062:. His reign was also marred by 1686:states and the desert dwelling 1580:Neo-Assyrian Empire, 911–609 BC 1090:and the coastal regions of the 933:The successor of Enlil-nirari, 85:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 18:Timeline of the Assyrian Empire 4475:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 4470:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 3577: 3550: 3535: 3506: 3430:fragment VAT 9812 = KAV 14: 5. 3408: 2266:has been found as far west as 1230:(royal scribe) in importance. 671:, who was in turn followed by 13: 1: 5535:Former countries in West Asia 4857:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4254:Tigris–Euphrates river system 3754:Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000). 3437: 2994:in the north, defeating king 2414:where the new Nubian Pharaoh 1907:. He next turned eastward to 1859:took the reins of power from 1335:in the area of Mount Atalur. 109:"Timeline of ancient Assyria" 3851:Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and beyond 3818:Albert Kirk Grayson (1972). 3468:Albert Kirk Grayson (1972). 3450:Albert Kirk Grayson (2002). 1899:and forced tribute upon its 1059: 978: 926: 784:within the territory of the 379:within the territory of the 7: 4923:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 4805:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 4800:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 3265:Meanwhile, the Median king 3127:in the 8th century BC, and 2979:, from the north palace of 1053:texts recovered at ancient 265:timeline of ancient Assyria 196:. The specific problem is: 10: 5566: 4928:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 3938:, "Tiglath-Pileser" (1911) 3640:. Turkish History Society. 3588:. Routledge. p. 139. 3322:, and during the reign of 3230: 2944:and even some disaffected 2607:To the west, the kings of 2576:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2384:were looted and Hanno was 1195: 1163:(1115–1077 BC), vies with 859:of Egypt form part of the 5545:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia 5494: 5414: 5358: 5337: 5325: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5294: 5284: 5267: 5260: 5258: 5224: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5189: 5161: 5144: 5115: 5100: 5095: 5074: 5069: 5057: 5047: 5035: 5025: 5007: 5004: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4895: 4849: 4823: 4727: 4624: 4517: 4425: 4418: 4407: 4289: 4216: 4207: 3636:Klaas R. Veenhof (2003). 3584:Leick, Gwendolyn (2001). 3542:Bertman, Stephen (2005). 2884:paid tribute to Assyria. 2864:were subjugated, and the 2112:Ten Lost Tribes of Israel 1708:His armies penetrated to 1210:, 728 BCE, British Museum 481:was put on the throne of 391:(light green) c. 1654 BC. 383:during the reign of King 5540:Former countries in Asia 4986:Northwestern Mesopotamia 3722:Bahrain through the Ages 3401: 3241:, (a previously unknown 2511:also completely rebuilt 1762:However, his successor, 1078:that encompassed modern 952:(1295–1275 BC) who made 381:First Babylonian Dynasty 4119:Encyclopaedia Bitannica 4044:Grimal, pp. 341–42 3513:Rogers, Robert (2003). 3498:Barbara Cifola (1995). 3269:, a hitherto vassal of 3123:in the 9th century BC, 2891:, the Assyrian king of 2832:were in vassalage, and 2368:of the 22nd Dynasty of 2322:, and was succeeded by 914:and after this his son 780:showing the city-state 508:and swathes of eastern 375:showing the city-state 5530:Former empires in Asia 5146:Middle Hittite Kingdom 4760:Babylonian mathematics 4096:A Companion to Assyria 3769:A. K. Grayson (1972). 3414:Khorsabad copy of the 3073:Middle Assyrian Empire 2984: 2800:empire destroyed, and 2604: 2274:. Sargon II conquered 1967: 1947:in the deserts of the 1759: 1382: 1211: 994: 789: 392: 387:'s son and successor, 364: 352: 273:Middle Assyrian Empire 260: 5269:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5102:Old Babylonian Empire 5017:Early Dynastic period 4162:Catholic Encyclopedia 4022:Georges Roux (1964), 3992:2027/pst.000020023782 3957:Synchronistic History 3882:Jean-Jacques Glassner 3863:Georges Roux (1964), 3783:Georges Roux (1964), 2974: 2595: 1957: 1911:, and subjugated the 1750: 1380: 1205: 1122:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 1041:and Babylon, king of 992: 775: 659:, “Look to (the god) 370: 358: 346: 254: 5550:Histories of empires 4996:Southern Mesopotamia 4991:Northern Mesopotamia 4755:Babylonian astronomy 4234:Mesopotamian Marshes 3902:. 2008. p. 11. 3227:Downfall, 626–609 BC 2685:United Arab Emirates 2180:. He then conquered 2137:people to this day. 2088:. He was deposed by 1919:and the pre Iranian 1816:He was succeeded by 1791:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 1322:During the reign of 1273:Marduk-apla-iddina I 1222:He was succeeded by 806:The son of Nur-ili, 612:on the only variant 504:, the north eastern 285:post-imperial period 203:improve this article 192:to meet Knowledge's 94:improve this article 5250:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5164:Bronze Age Collapse 5097:Old Hittite Kingdom 5071:Old Assyrian period 5049:Third Dynasty of Ur 4836:Destruction by ISIL 4790:Sumerian literature 4765:Akkadian literature 4201:Ancient Mesopotamia 3924:. 1990. p. 32. 3691:Van De Mieroop 2004 3521:. Lost Arts Media. 3119:, in the reigns of 3117:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2090:Tiglath-Pileser III 1987:Çineköy inscription 1867:and subjugated the 1464:Tiglath-Pileser III 1208:Tiglath Pileser III 1192:Bronze Age collapse 1113:(1196–1193 BC) and 1065:Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta 948:He was followed by 706:seized the throne. 304:Third Dynasty of Ur 277:Neo-Assyrian Empire 269:Old Assyrian period 257:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5525:History of Assyria 5106:Southern Akkadians 5013:Jemdet Nasr period 4872:Mesopotamian myths 4148:layered PDF format 4138:Morris Jastrow Jr. 3884:. 1990. p. 7. 3416:Assyrian King List 3267:Cyaxares the Great 2992:Caucasus Mountains 2985: 2780:was occupied, the 2710:subjects, forcing 2605: 2496:and laid siege to 2388:by the Assyrians. 2192:, and secured the 2135:Assyrian Christian 1968: 1760: 1540:Caucasus Mountains 1383: 1352:Tukulti-Ninurta II 1345:Tiglath-Pileser II 1339:Ashur-resh-ishi II 1277:Zababa-shuma-iddin 1250:zoological gardens 1238:Marduk-shapik-zeri 1212: 1111:Enlil-kudurri-usur 995: 818:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 790: 398:, inscribed DINGIR 393: 365: 353: 320:Assyrian King List 261: 5512: 5511: 5408:Ancient Near East 5373: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5296:Macedonian Empire 5286:Achaemenid Empire 5159:c. 1200–1150 BCE 5142:c. 1400–1200 BCE 5113:c. 1600–1400 BCE 5093:c. 1800–1600 BCE 5055:c. 2000–1800 BCE 5045:c. 2100–2000 BCE 5033:c. 2200–2100 BCE 5023:c. 2350–2200 BCE 5002:c. 3500–2350 BCE 4936: 4935: 4887:Ziggurat (Temple) 4862:Sumerian religion 4620: 4619: 4567:Middle Babylonian 4509:Kish civilization 4405: 4404: 4229:Lower Mesopotamia 4224:Upper Mesopotamia 4066:978-0-19-966226-5 3801:J. M. Munn-Rankin 3622:978-0-8028-3784-4 3595:978-0-415-13231-2 3570:978-0-631-23580-4 3528:978-1-59016-317-7 3428:Assyrian Kinglist 3388:Achaemenid Empire 3038:were subjugated. 2975:Relief showing a 2889:Shamash-shum-ukin 2502:Ashur-nadin-shumi 2492:, subjugated the 2290:, and all of the 2226:was ravaged, and 2174:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 2168:and the towns of 1949:Arabian Peninsula 1863:. He invaded the 1828:), until 806 BC. 1254:botanical gardens 1224:Asharid-apal-Ekur 1161:Tiglath-Pileser I 1152:met and defeated 1150:Ashur-resh-ishi I 1137:Ashur-resh-ishi I 1135:A third brother, 1115:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 1076:Arabian Peninsula 1007:Battle of Nihriya 999:Tukulti-Ninurta I 984:Akkadian language 778:Ancient Near East 692:Babylonian Empire 558:Babylonian Empire 373:Ancient Near East 249: 248: 241: 231: 230: 223: 194:quality standards 185:This article may 170: 169: 162: 144: 67: 16:(Redirected from 5557: 5502: 5501: 5406:Timeline of the 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5346:Byzantine Empire 5221:Middle Babylonia 5187:c. 1150–911 BCE 4980: 4979: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4785:Sumerian cuisine 4775:Warfare in Sumer 4770:Economy of Sumer 4423: 4422: 4413: 4297:Fertile Crescent 4281:Sinjar Mountains 4276:Hamrin Mountains 4271:Zagros Mountains 4249:Taurus Mountains 4214: 4213: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4126: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4054:Stephanie Dalley 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3900:Richard F. Nyrop 3892: 3886: 3885: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3797: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3677: 3676: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3520: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3396:Ashur-uballit II 3377:Ashur-uballit II 3316:Sin-shumu-lishir 3308:Ashur-etil-ilani 3034:the king of the 2964:(grandfather of 2796:subjugated, the 2601:siege of Lachish 2482:Battle of Halule 2296:Taurus Mountains 2294:kingdoms of the 2222:were conquered, 2158:Shamash-mudammiq 1718:Taurus Mountains 1633:Battle of Qarqar 1386:Ashurnasirpal II 1366:, Parthians and 1356:Zagros Mountains 1281:Shutruk-Nahhunte 1246:Adad-apla-iddina 1154:Nebuchadnezzar I 1109:(1202–1197 BC), 1107:Ashur-nirari III 1103:Ashur-nadin-apli 1092:Eastern Province 1062: 981: 939:Zagros Mountains 929: 910:and his brother 902:By the reign of 803:(1482–1471 BC). 749:(1661–1650 BC), 745:(1673–1662 BC), 741:(1690–1674 BC), 717:(1700-1691 BC}. 690:The short-lived 244: 237: 226: 219: 215: 212: 206: 180: 179: 172: 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 143: 102: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5410: 5404: 5374: 5369: 5363:Sassanid Empire 5332:Parthian Empire 5327:Seleucid Empire 5317:Seleucid Empire 5236: 5230: 5207: 5198: 5027:Akkadian Empire 4973: 4967: 4937: 4932: 4891: 4845: 4819: 4728:Culture/society 4723: 4616: 4612:Muslim conquest 4582:Fall of Babylon 4513: 4414: 4401: 4285: 4203: 4198: 4156:"Assyria" 4134: 4129: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3847: 3843: 3832: 3828: 3816: 3812: 3798: 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4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4815:List of rulers 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4704:Proto-Armenian 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:Middle Persian 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4577:Neo-Babylonian 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557:Old Babylonian 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Early Dynastic 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 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The 2472:of Babylonia, 2302:, now under a 2254:and the famed 2201:Brook of Egypt 2142:Adad-nirari II 2074:Ashur-nirari V 2002:Shalmaneser IV 1975:Indo-Anatolian 1764:Shamshi-Adad V 1581: 1578: 1303:Shalmaneser II 1234:Ashur-bel-kala 1193: 1190: 1165:Shamshi-Adad I 1130:Mutakkil-Nusku 1126:Mutakkil-Nusku 1020:Kashtiliash IV 1011:Kashtiliash IV 897:Šuppiluliuma I 861:Amarna letters 849: 846: 838:Enlil-nasir II 669:Ashur-apla-idi 594:and defeating 463:Shamshi-Adad I 442:Puzur-Ashur II 308:Shamshi-Adad I 292: 289: 247: 246: 229: 228: 184: 182: 175: 168: 167: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5562: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5318: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5229: 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4250: 4247: 4245: 4244:Syrian Desert 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4013:2 Kings 17:24 4010: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3731:0-7103-0112-X 3727: 3723: 3715: 3706: 3698: 3693:, p. 107 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3454:. p. 14. 3453: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392:geo-political 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3361:attacked the 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998:and breaking 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:Vassal Treaty 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:Lingua Franca 2128: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:Shalmaneser V 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2068:solar eclipse 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Ashur-dan III 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1965: 1964:Dur-Sharrukin 1961: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Ben-Hadad III 1902: 1898: 1895:. He entered 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Aram Damascus 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546:and from the 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1324:Ashur-rabi II 1320: 1318: 1317:Ashur-rabi II 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:Eriba-Adad II 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1259:Mount Lebanon 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244:, appointing 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060:sukkal rabi'u 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 991: 987: 985: 980: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:Adad-nirari I 946: 944: 940: 936: 931: 928: 923: 919: 917: 916:Shuttarna III 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 889: 886: 881: 877: 876:Shalmaneser I 872: 870: 864: 862: 858: 854: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 813: 809: 808:Ashur-shaduni 804: 802: 798: 797:Enlil-nasir I 794: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Sharma-Adad I 740: 735: 733: 729: 726: 722: 718: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:aš-šur-du-gul 654: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 601: 600:Ishme-Dagan I 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574:king Zaziya. 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Ishme-Dagan I 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 479:Ishme-Dagan I 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 443: 439: 436: 432: 430: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 409: 405: 401: 397: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 362: 357: 350: 345: 341: 339: 335: 334:išši’ak aššur 331: 327: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Puzur-Ashur I 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 258: 253: 243: 240: 225: 222: 214: 204: 199: 195: 191: 190: 183: 174: 173: 164: 161: 153: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: – 110: 106: 105:Find sources: 99: 95: 89: 88: 83:This article 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5349: 5342:Ancient Rome 5313:311–129 BCE 5299: 5292:336–301 BCE 5282:539–331 BCE 5272: 5265:626–539 BCE 5256:729–609 BCE 5246:911–729 BCE 5237: 5231: 5225: 5213: 5178: 5168: 5162: 5132: 5120: 5105: 5082: 5061: 5036: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4969:Timeline of 4810:Royal titles 4735:Architecture 4572:Neo-Assyrian 4419:(Pre)history 4239:Persian Gulf 4160: 4142: 4123:Ashurbanipal 4114: 4102: 4091: 4081: 4072: 4057: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4024:Ancient Iraq 4023: 4018: 4009: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3935: 3930: 3922:M. A. Nayeem 3921: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3867:, pp. 26–34. 3865:Ancient Iraq 3864: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3785:Ancient Iraq 3784: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3611: 3604: 3585: 3579: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3516: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3451: 3445: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3385: 3375: 3356: 3306: 3264: 3242: 3239:Nabopolassar 3236: 3217:Neo-Hittites 3133:Ashurbanipal 3070: 3066:Ashurbanipal 3040: 2986: 2983:, 645–635 BC 2886: 2830:Neo-Hittites 2759: 2728: 2724:Ashurbanipal 2695: 2693: 2677:Saudi Arabia 2606: 2584: 2569: 2507: 2432: 2390: 2342:Ancient Iran 2328: 2263: 2198: 2166:Diyala River 2139: 2130: 2124:Mesopotamian 2120: 2094: 2072: 2042: 2038:Neo-Hittites 1999: 1978: 1969: 1885:Neo-Hittites 1854: 1815: 1780: 1761: 1742:Dayyan-Assur 1740:" (General) 1710:The Caucasus 1707: 1692: 1641: 1629:Neo-Hittites 1583: 1558:Ashur-Dan II 1556: 1532:Neo-Hittites 1467: 1462: 1384: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1321: 1319:in 1013 BC. 1311: 1289: 1263: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1213: 1180:kingdoms of 1174: 1159: 1134: 1119: 1100: 1096:Saudi Arabia 1069: 1055:Dūr-Katlimmu 1028: 1023: 1003:Tudhaliya IV 996: 974: 947: 935:Arik-den-ili 932: 922:Enlil-nirari 920: 904:Eriba-Adad I 901: 890: 873: 869:Kurigalzu II 865: 851: 830:Amenhotep II 816: 812:Ashur-rabi I 805: 791: 736: 730: 719: 708: 689: 656: 655:, inscribed 651: 637: 609: 608:, inscribed 604: 566: 528: 518: 514: 487: 475:Shubat-Enlil 461: 446: 440: 433: 427: 413: 399: 394: 360: 349:Karum Kanesh 337: 333: 324: 294: 281:Early period 264: 262: 235: 217: 208: 201:Please help 197: 186: 156: 147: 137: 130: 123: 116: 104: 92:Please help 87:verification 84: 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 26: 5359:224–mid 7C 5323:129–63 BCE 5305:Macedonians 5200:city-states 5196:Neo-Hittite 5171:Sea Peoples 5087:city-states 5066:city-states 5009:Uruk period 4971:Mesopotamia 4913:Hittitology 4903:Assyriology 4824:Archaeology 4694:Old Persian 4504:Jemdet Nasr 3977:: 209–263. 3357:In 615 BC, 3344:Babylonians 3251:Mesopotamia 3237:By 627 BC, 3169:Phoenicians 3137:Babylonians 3129:Sennacherib 3081:Babylonians 2938:Phoenicians 2898:Babylonians 2846:Phoenicians 2587:Adrammelech 2561:Phoenicians 2517:Babylonians 2438:Babylonians 2434:Sennacherib 2392:Sennacherib 2386:burnt alive 2324:Sennacherib 2292:Neo-Hittite 2150:Neo-Hittite 2022:Shamshi-ilu 1925:Caspian Sea 1877:Philistines 1873:Phoenicians 1855:In 806 BC, 1826:Shammuramat 1732:kingdom of 1697:, that the 1684:Neo-Hittite 1548:Caspian Sea 1442:Imgur-Enlil 1265:Ashur-Dan I 979:Sharru Rabi 927:Sharru rabû 912:Artatama II 874:In 1274 BC 776:Map of the 704:Ashur-dugul 696:Samsu-iluna 685:Adad-salulu 681:Ipqi-Ishtar 653:Ashur-dugul 647:Ashur-dugul 502:Mesopotamia 498:Yasmah-Adad 389:Samsu-iluna 371:Map of the 326:Shalim-ahum 255:Map of the 205:if you can. 5519:Categories 5083:and other 5062:and other 4877:Divination 4587:Achaemenid 4552:Isin-Larsa 4445:Trialetian 4440:Mousterian 4427:Prehistory 3959:, ii 9–12. 3438:References 3340:Cimmerians 3201:Cimmerians 3189:Israelites 3173:Canaanites 3113:Canaanites 3085:Mitannians 3010:, and the 2988:Esarhaddon 2942:Israelites 2934:Cimmerians 2878:Cappadocia 2866:Hellenised 2810:Cimmerians 2557:Israelites 2529:Cimmerians 2509:Esarhaddon 2494:Samaritans 2474:Achaemenes 2428:Canaanites 2420:Israelites 2366:Osorkon IV 2334:Cimmerians 2320:Cimmerians 2216:Cappadocia 2116:Samaritans 2104:Shoshenq V 2082:Asia Minor 2014:Til Barsip 2008:, king of 2006:Argishti I 1881:Israelites 1754:, king of 1716:, and the 1637:Osorkon II 1414:Asia Minor 1372:Asia Minor 1358:in modern 1198:Bronze Age 1196:See also: 966:Carchemish 956:(Biblical 834:Saushtatar 568:Mut-Ashkur 510:Asia Minor 494:Iakhdunlim 457:Erishum II 421:, Amkuwa, 211:March 2022 150:March 2022 120:newspapers 49:improve it 5274:Chaldeans 5191:Phoenicia 5129:Karduniaš 4750:Cuneiform 4626:Languages 4435:Acheulean 4322:Babylonia 4259:Euphrates 4209:Geography 4026:, p. 308. 3787:, p. 263. 3673:161512733 3418:i 24, 26. 3348:Chaldeans 3336:Scythians 3320:Babylonia 3286:Parthians 3213:Cilicians 3209:Urartians 3197:Scythians 3165:Chaldeans 3141:Egyptians 3125:Sargon II 3097:Phrygians 3042:Phraortes 3032:Phraortes 3012:Cimmerian 2977:lion hunt 2946:Assyrians 2930:Scythians 2902:Chaldeans 2882:Commagene 2806:Scythians 2794:Nabateans 2782:Chaldeans 2778:Babylonia 2751:Tantamani 2698:upon his 2655:kings of 2603:in 701 BC 2565:Urartians 2553:Chaldeans 2533:Scythians 2521:Egyptians 2458:Parthians 2450:Chaldeans 2412:Near East 2410:from the 2408:Egyptians 2362:Sargon II 2338:Scythians 2330:Sargon II 2286:state of 2258:(king of 2240:Phoenicia 2228:Babylonia 2220:Commagene 2188:from the 2178:Babylonia 2162:Babylonia 2030:Phrygians 1929:Babylonia 1861:Semiramis 1848:and also 1838:Parthians 1830:Semiramis 1822:Semiramis 1811:Babylonia 1799:Chaldeans 1783:Babylonia 1703:Chaldeans 1680:Phoenicia 1644:Babylonia 1613:Phoenicia 1589:Babylonia 1566:Tur Abdin 1496:Phoenicia 1488:Babylonia 1426:Phoenicia 1182:Commagene 1141:Phrygians 908:Tushratta 893:Mattiwaza 885:Shattuara 857:Akhenaten 826:Near East 822:Egyptians 767:Shu-Ninua 747:Iptar-Sin 700:Puzur-Sin 677:Sin-namir 673:Nasir-Sin 643:Puzur-Sin 633:Puzur-Sin 614:king list 576:Hammurabi 562:Babylonia 546:Hammurabi 483:Ekallatum 453:Ekallatum 448:Naram-Sin 415:Erishum I 396:Ilu-shuma 385:Hammurabi 55:talk page 5504:Category 5215:Arameans 5209:Damascus 5180:Arameans 5134:Kassites 5122:Hurrians 4896:Academia 4850:Religion 4719:Urartian 4714:Sumerian 4699:Parthian 4634:Akkadian 4607:Sasanian 4597:Parthian 4592:Seleucid 4542:Simurrum 4532:Akkadian 4465:Khiamian 4455:Natufian 4367:Simurrum 4352:Kassites 4347:Hittites 4302:Adiabene 3359:Cyaxares 3352:Arameans 3332:Persians 3302:Manneans 3298:Kassites 3290:Elamites 3282:Persians 3247:Chaldean 3205:Manneans 3181:Arameans 3153:Elamites 3149:Persians 3105:Arameans 3101:Kassites 3093:Elamites 3089:Hurrians 3077:Hittites 3060:king of 3050:Scythian 3046:Cyaxares 3028:Persians 3020:Manneans 3008:Išpakaia 3004:Scythian 2996:Rusas II 2926:Elamites 2914:Arameans 2906:Persians 2828:and the 2826:Corduene 2774:Persians 2769:and the 2767:Manneans 2704:Parthian 2675:(modern 2549:Arameans 2545:Manneans 2537:Persians 2525:Elamites 2466:Arameans 2462:Manneans 2454:Elamites 2442:Persians 2360:against 2346:Persians 2308:Israel's 2284:Georgian 2205:el-Arish 2196:region. 2190:Arameans 2100:Egyptian 2084:and the 2052:Arrapkha 2034:Persians 2026:Arameans 2020:) named 1972:Cilician 1937:Chaldean 1921:Manneans 1913:Persians 1897:Damascus 1893:Edomites 1889:Moabites 1869:Arameans 1834:Persians 1803:Arameans 1730:Georgian 1714:Lake Van 1648:Chaldean 1621:Arameans 1530:and the 1396:(modern 1364:Persians 1285:Arrapkha 1216:Lake Van 1143:(called 732:Bel-bani 715:Bel-bani 592:Eshnunna 538:Kassites 524:Eshnunna 435:Sargon I 363:1721 BC. 330:Anatolia 187:require 5117:Mitanni 5085:Amorite 5064:Amorite 5038:Gutians 4882:Prayers 4867:Deities 4831:Looting 4674:Kassite 4669:Hurrian 4664:Hittite 4654:Elamite 4649:Eblaite 4644:Aramaic 4639:Amorite 4562:Kassite 4537:Gutians 4519:History 4484:Samarra 4480:Hassuna 4450:Zarzian 4372:Subartu 4362:Mitanni 4327:Chaldea 4317:Assyria 4290:Ancient 4056:(2013) 3724:. KPI. 3294:Gutians 3275:Iranian 3271:Assyria 3260:Nineveh 3245:of the 3193:Judeans 3185:Suteans 3177:Lydians 3157:Nubians 3109:Gutians 3024:Gutians 2981:Nineveh 2958:Cyrus I 2918:Suteans 2893:Babylon 2874:Cilicia 2858:Samarra 2844:), the 2822:Phrygia 2818:Armenia 2771:Iranian 2747:Necho I 2743:Memphis 2739:Taharqa 2735:Cushite 2720:Nubians 2716:Deioces 2712:Teispes 2700:Persian 2681:Bahrain 2665:Meluhha 2641:Samarra 2580:Nineveh 2572:Nineveh 2513:Babylon 2486:Babylon 2478:Deioces 2424:Judeans 2416:Taharqa 2400:Cilicia 2354:Deioces 2268:Larnaca 2260:Phrygia 2232:Chaldea 2213:Cilicia 2186:Nisibin 2154:Hurrian 2146:Aramean 2129:as the 2078:Nineveh 2018:Turtanu 1960:lamassu 1933:Aramean 1901:Aramean 1846:Iranian 1807:Suteans 1795:814 BCE 1776:Babylon 1772:Nineveh 1738:Turtanu 1652:Aramean 1625:Suteans 1570:Arrapha 1562:Aramean 1536:Babylon 1516:Chaldea 1512:Nabatea 1508:Samaria 1458:zoology 1450:Tushhan 1446:Balawat 1422:Phrygia 1402:Lebanon 1186:Malatya 1080:Bahrain 1047:Meluhha 1031:Esagila 1016:Shamash 1005:at the 970:Shupria 801:Nur-ili 786:Mitanni 763:Lullaya 757:of the 610:ri-mu-u 580:Babylon 572:Hurrian 554:Babylon 550:Amorite 542:Lullubi 534:Turukku 520:Dadusha 471:Shekhna 423:Hattusa 408:Elamite 404:Amorite 400:-šum-ma 189:cleanup 134:scholar 4709:Sutean 4684:Median 4679:Luwian 4659:Gutian 4547:Ur III 4460:Nemrik 4397:Cities 4392:Urartu 4342:Hamazi 4337:Gutium 4312:Armani 4264:Tigris 4217:Modern 4086:Text 3 4064: 4001:592609 3999: 3728: 3671: 3619: 3592: 3567: 3525: 3381:Harran 3145:Greeks 3054:Madyes 3016:Teušpa 3000:Urartu 2962:Persia 2954:Arabia 2862:Cyprus 2850:Israel 2838:Aramea 2814:Urartu 2798:Nubian 2755:Thebes 2731:Nubian 2708:Median 2673:Dilmun 2661:Arabia 2657:Cyprus 2649:Amalek 2633:Byblos 2621:Israel 2597:Judean 2490:Israel 2406:ruled 2404:Nubian 2396:Greeks 2378:Raphia 2358:Canaan 2304:Nubian 2282:, the 2276:Gurgum 2272:Cyprus 2252:Cyprus 2248:Arabia 2244:Israel 2224:Urartu 2209:Mannea 2194:Khabur 2182:Kadmuh 2108:Israel 2086:Levant 2064:Plague 2056:Guzana 2010:Urartu 1995:Levant 1991:Aramea 1865:Levant 1805:, and 1756:Israel 1722:Hamath 1682:, the 1676:Urartu 1664:Israel 1660:Aramea 1656:Sutean 1615:, the 1609:Hamath 1605:Israel 1601:Persia 1574:Kirkuk 1552:Cyprus 1544:Arabia 1520:Cyprus 1500:Israel 1492:Arabia 1484:Mannea 1476:Persia 1472:Urartu 1454:botany 1438:Nimrud 1418:Aramea 1412:) and 1410:Israel 1406:Jordan 1394:Canaan 1228:ummânu 1178:Luwian 1145:Mushki 1084:Kuwait 1072:Dilmun 1043:Tilmun 1039:Sippar 1035:Marduk 962:Nimrud 943:Ahlamu 880:Urartu 751:Bazaya 739:Libaya 639:Asinum 629:Bārûtu 621:Rimush 606:Rimush 506:Levant 429:Ikunum 419:Kanesh 316:Sulili 312:Ishtar 275:, and 136: 129: 122: 115: 107: 5351:Syria 5227:Chal- 5205:Aram- 5080:Larsa 4795:Music 4745:Akitu 4602:Roman 4494:Ubaid 4489:Halaf 4387:Tukri 4382:Sumer 4377:Suhum 4357:Media 4307:Akkad 3997:JSTOR 3824:§716. 3669:S2CID 3402:Notes 3367:Medes 3328:Medes 3278:Medes 3243:Malka 3221:Arabs 3161:Medes 3062:Lydia 3058:Gyges 3052:king 3036:Medes 3014:king 3006:king 2922:Arabs 2910:Medes 2870:Caria 2854:Judah 2842:Syria 2834:Lydia 2802:Egypt 2786:Arabs 2737:king 2689:Qatar 2669:Magan 2653:Greek 2645:Ammon 2637:Arvad 2629:Ekron 2625:Sidon 2609:Judah 2541:Medes 2498:Judah 2446:Medes 2370:Egypt 2350:Medes 2340:from 2316:Sinai 2300:Egypt 2288:Tabal 2280:Milid 2264:stele 2256:Midas 2048:Ashur 1983:Syria 1979:Surai 1977:term 1945:Arabs 1917:Medes 1903:king 1850:Greek 1842:Medes 1793:. 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