504:
684:, he seemed "the supreme example of faithlessness and oath-breaking in the Anabasis"). Nevertheless, as one scholar has noted, "it is only fair to him to say . . . that in an epoch when disloyalty was becoming the normal he remained the most loyal subject of the two Kings whom he served". That Tissaphernes appeared to the Greeks as one of their most dangerous enemies and no doubt the model of an unscrupulous diplomat is not surprising; this bias has so deeply marked Greek traditions that it now seems nearly impossible to form a balanced judgment about him, especially as no Persian sources are available and the pertinent sections of the
185:
613:
31:
818:
397:
1120:
642:. In 395 BC, Agesilaus let it be known that his next target would be the rich land around the Lydian city of Sardis. Tissaphernes, believing that if Agesilaus really intended to attack Sardis he would not have said so, assumed that this time Agesilaus would finally attack Caria, so Tissaphernes concentrated his troops in that area, but Agesilaus successfully attacked Sardis just as he said he would.
575:, the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes. Clearchus, out of arrogance, disobeyed. As a result, the left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus' forces. Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes, but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed to have killed the rebel himself.
633:
led a campaign to free the Greek cities of Asia Minor. Tissaphernes at this point proposed an armistice and solemnly ratified a truce, which he instantly broke when
Persian reinforcements arrived. Agesilaus thanked Tissaphernes for having put the gods on the side of the Greeks by committing perjury,
591:
and his light troops from the Greeks. The senior Greek officers foolishly accepted an invitation from
Tissaphernes to attend a feast. There they were made prisoners, taken before the king, and decapitated. As a reward for his loyalty, Artaxerxes gave Tissaphernes one of his own daughters in marriage
456:
still further lessened his willingness to act against the Greeks. When, therefore, in 408 BC the king decided to actively support Sparta, Tissaphernes was removed as a general and his responsibilities were limited to the satrapy of Caria, with Lydia and the conduct of the war being entrusted to
425:
ordered
Tissaphernes to proceed to suppress the continued rebellion of Pissuthnes' son Amorges, and also ordered him to collect the outstanding tribute from the Greek cities of Asia Minor, many of which were under Athenian protection, Tissaphernes entered into an alliance with
578:
The Greek soldiers of Cyrus, once they heard about the news of his death, realised that they were in the middle of a massive empire with no provisions, no one to finance them, and no reliable allies amongst the
Persian nobles. They offered to make their Persian ally,
583:, king, but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and so would not find enough support among the Persians to succeed. They then offered their services to Tissaphernes, but he refused. However, the Greeks refused to surrender to him.
586:
Tissaphernes was left with a problem: he faced a large army of heavy troops that he could not defeat by frontal assault. He supplied them with food and, after a long wait, led them northwards for home, meanwhile detaching the
Persian general
420:
of Lydia and Ionia, and to take over his office. Tissaphernes bribed
Pissuthnes' Greek mercenaries to desert him and promised that his life would be spared if he surrendered, a promise which Darius did not keep. When
884:"About 492 BCE, after the execution of Tissaphernes, the Persians made Caria an independent satrapy and entrusted it to Hecatomnus, the local dynast of Mylasa, whose ancestors appear in the pages of Herodotus." in
527:
without announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and promises of large rewards, he overcame the misgivings of the Greek troops over the length and danger of the war. A Spartan fleet of 35
628:
After returning to Asia Minor, Tissaphernes attacked the Greek cities to punish them for their allegiance to Cyrus. This led to a war with Sparta beginning in 399 BC. In 396 BC, the
Spartan king and commander
661:, who hated Tissaphernes as the principal cause of the death of her favourite son Cyrus. Tithraustes was sent to assassinate Tissaphernes, who was lured to Ariaeus' residence in
35:
Portrait of
Tissaphernes (445 BC–395 BC), from his coinage. Most of his coins are inscribed ΤΙΣΣΑ ("TISSA") in Greek under his portrait, permitting identification.
624:, circa 478-387 BC. Possible portrait of Satrap Tissaphernes, with satrapal headress, but since these coins have no markings, attribution remains uncertain.
489:, Cyrus was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy. According to Plutarch, "his resentment for made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before."
219:
2018:
770:
Iranica in the
Achaemenid Period (c. 550–330 B.C.): Linguistic Study of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts
485:'s plan to assassinate his brother, informed the king about the conspiracy, who then had Cyrus imprisoned. But by the intercession of his mother
833:
638:. When Tissaphernes gathered his troops to meet this supposed Carian invasion, Agesilaus instead successfully attacked the Persian province of
230:
969:
842:
548:
was conveyed to Cyrus. However, Tissaphernes managed to warn
Artaxerxes II and quickly gathered together an army. Cyrus advanced into
680:
Tissaphernes has been described, on the one hand, as impetuous and forthright, on the other, as a liar and treacherous deceiver (to
2053:
1306:
441:
However, Tissaphernes was unwilling to take action and tried to achieve his aim through astute and often perfidious negotiations.
2028:
2023:
777:
2038:
2033:
2013:
445:
persuaded him that Persia's best policy was to keep the balance between Athens and Sparta, and rivalry with his neighbour
390:
897:
755:
1174:
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1800:
492:
With the desire for revenge, Cyrus gathered a large army and pretended to prepare an expedition against the
1989:
1511:
446:
315:
1993:
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1403:
1333:
955:
1766:
1496:
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645:
At last, the fall of Tissaphernes came about when the Persian king yielded to the representations of
503:
373:
Tissaphernes was born in 445 BC. He belonged to an important Persian family: he was the grandson of
1164:
1281:
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1952:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1571:
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8:
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re-established a line of semi-independent local dynasts, still under the umbrella of the
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In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army, which now included
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275:. His life is mostly known from the works of Thucydides and Xenophon. According to
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163:
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564:(light infantry) and an Asiatic army of approximately 10,000 under the command of
1936:
1705:
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Cyrus saw that the outcome depended on the fate of the king. He therefore wanted
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49:
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The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
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2007:
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846:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1015.
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Coin of Tissaphernes, with ΤΙΣΣΑ ("TISSA") clearly visible below neck.
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434:, which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of
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and let it be known that he now planned to lead his troops against
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Tissaphernes was Satrap of Lydia, including Ionia, under the
272:
228:
159:
287:, one of the six conspirators who had supported the rise of
1926:
552:
before he met with any opposition. In October 401 BC, the
1988:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
800:. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 1154–1156.
850:
798:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
254:
243:
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722:
720:
718:
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889:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
335:'fortune', 'glory', which appears as 'luminous'.
2005:
866:
713:
345:is the Old Persian form of the Old Iranian term
339:means nature, specifically the animate nature.
16:Persian Satrap of Lydia and Ionia (445–395 BC)
963:
856:Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough. "Artaxerxes,"
249:
970:
956:
544:and a Spartan detachment of 700 men under
29:
2019:Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire
767:
811:
809:
807:
611:
502:
408:In 414 BC, Tissaphernes was assigned by
395:
368:
915:
892:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
885:
607:
2006:
560:(heavy-armed citizen-soldiers), 2,500
381:general, who was the commander of the
951:
922:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
872:
828:
804:
795:
750:(USA: Oxford University Press, 2006:
692:Following the death of Tissaphernes,
596:and as the commander-in-chief of the
283:and therefore, the great grandson of
259:; 445 – 395 BC) was a
791:
789:
481:. Tissaphernes, who found out about
13:
1118:
772:, Peeters, pp. 154–155, 158,
14:
2065:
936:
786:
816:
592:and restored him as governor of
183:
2054:Assassinated military personnel
556:ensued. Cyrus had 10,400 Greek
878:
761:
737:
1:
2029:4th-century BC Iranian people
2024:5th-century BC Iranian people
707:
412:to suppress the rebellion of
649:, strongly supported by the
464:
349:, which is reflected in the
294:
255:
244:
7:
2039:Achaemenid satraps of Ionia
2034:Achaemenid satraps of Caria
2014:Achaemenid satraps of Lydia
310:) "with shining splendor":
10:
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909:
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1986:
1887:
1853:
1824:
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1639:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
1619:
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1561:
1483:
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1342:
1305:
1228:
1129:
996:
986:
916:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1991).
886:Gagarin, Michael (2010).
668:
536:opened the passes of the
263:commander and statesman,
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21:
943:Livius.org: Tissaphernes
657:and by the queen-mother
385:during the time of king
97:400 BC – 395 BC
62:415 BC – 408 BC
843:Encyclopædia Britannica
796:Smith, William (1867).
768:Tavernier, Jan (2007),
688:are not yet understood.
496:, a tribe based in the
1577:Alexander I of Macedon
1123:
690:
625:
512:
405:
1234:Hellespontine Phrygia
1122:
1105:Darius III Codomannus
732:Encyclopaedia Iranica
700:, the dynasty of the
678:
665:and slain in 395 BC.
640:Hellespontine Phrygia
615:
523:", and advanced from
506:
399:
369:Family and early life
1840:Hydarnes the Younger
1572:Amyntas I of Macedon
1095:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1090:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
991:- Achaemenid Kingdom
686:Lycian Xanthos stele
674:Encyclopædia Iranica
608:Later life and death
477:was crowned king of
279:, he was the son of
241:𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀
1990:Hellenistic satraps
1888:Other known satraps
1343:Greek Governors of
1110:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1100:Artaxerxes IV Arses
730:, Rüdiger Schmitt,
573:Clearchus of Sparta
511:. Circa 400-395 BC
316:Proto-Indo-European
1996:from around 330 BC
1994:Hellenistic rulers
1124:
626:
513:
406:
353:form of the name,
251:𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀
2001:
2000:
1190:Cyrus the Younger
1001:Achaemenid Empire
980:Achaemenid Empire
862:Project Gutenberg
779:978-90-429-1833-7
746:and D. Q. Adams,
698:Achaemenid Empire
483:Cyrus the Younger
459:Cyrus the Younger
402:Achaemenid Empire
326:is equivalent to
208:
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189:Achaemenid Empire
107:Cyrus the Younger
85:Cyrus the Younger
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498:Taurus mountains
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289:Darius the Great
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144:395 BC (aged 50)
128:Personal details
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1629:Eshmunazar I
1533:Artemisia II
1443:Teththiweibi
1389:Themistocles
1334:Ariarathes I
1287:Artabazus II
1282:Ariobarzanes
1272:Pharnaces II
1220:Spithridates
1195:Tissaphernes
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195:Battles/wars
158:(modern-day
113:Succeeded by
92:
80:Succeeded by
57:
23:Tissaphernes
1854:Satraps of
1825:Satraps of
1791:Satraps of
1757:Pherendates
1742:Satraps of
1690:Evagoras II
1553:Orontobates
1512:Lygdamis II
1418:Dynasts of
1394:Archeptolis
1384:Aristagoras
1369:Eurysthenes
1262:Artabazus I
1200:Tithraustes
1130:Satraps of
1050:Cambyses II
989:Family tree
927:20 December
728:ČIΘRAFARNAH
702:Hecatomnids
655:Tithraustes
616:Coinage of
473:in 404 BC,
447:Pharnabazus
363:Τετραφέρνης
322:'bright';
231:Τισσαφέρνης
220:*Ciçafarnāʰ
215:Old Persian
103:Preceded by
68:Preceded by
2008:Categories
1762:Achaemenes
1733:Orontes II
1728:Darius III
1649:Bodashtart
1597:Boulomenus
1523:Hecatomnus
1507:Pisindelis
1497:Lygdamis I
1470:Mithrapata
1461:Artembares
1404:Amyntas II
1345:Asia Minor
1324:Ariamnes I
1311:Cappadocia
1257:Oebares II
1242:Mitrobates
1180:Pissuthnes
1040:Cambyses I
1017:Ariaramnes
1010:Achaemenes
873:Meyer 1911
758:), p. 329.
708:References
602:Asia Minor
443:Alcibiades
414:Pissuthnes
320:(s)koitrós
318:adjective
300:Čiçafarnah
245:Kizzaprñna
180:Allegiance
73:Pissuthnes
1899:Abrocomas
1895:Megabyzus
1869:Camisares
1845:Atropates
1801:Hystaspes
1723:Orontes I
1718:Artasyrus
1654:Yatonmilk
1611:Azemilcus
1594:Mattan IV
1564:Macedonia
1562:Kings of
1548:Pixodarus
1502:Artemisia
1465:Artumpara
1409:Philiscus
1379:Histiaeus
1359:Demaratus
1354:Miltiades
1252:Megabates
1247:Megabazus
1205:Tiribazus
1085:Darius II
1080:Sogdianus
1075:Xerxes II
832:(1911). "
659:Parysatis
653:(vizier)
651:chiliarch
550:Babylonia
494:Pisidians
487:Parysatis
471:Darius II
465:Civil war
423:Darius II
410:Darius II
383:Immortals
295:Etymology
256:Zisaprñna
118:Tiribazus
93:In office
58:In office
1963:Abulites
1917:Hyrcania
1835:Hydarnes
1811:Masistes
1752:Aryandes
1606:Evagoras
1528:Mausolus
1519:(satrap)
1440:Harpagus
1431:Kybernis
1399:Aridolis
1364:Gongylos
1210:Struthas
1150:Harpagus
1065:Xerxes I
860:. 1996.
682:Xenophon
663:Colossae
562:peltasts
558:hoplites
532:sent to
530:triremes
517:Xenophon
430:against
375:Hydarnes
332:xvarənah
285:Hydarnes
147:Colossae
1977:Babylon
1973:Mazaeus
1967:Susiana
1947:Parthia
1933:Atizyes
1903:Belesys
1879:Arsames
1874:Mazaeus
1856:Cilicia
1806:Dadarsi
1793:Bactria
1782:Mazaces
1777:Sabaces
1767:Arsames
1710:Armenia
1706:Satraps
1601:Abdemon
1538:Idrieus
1517:Adusius
1485:Dynasts
1475:Perikle
1457:Arbinas
1447:Kheriga
1436:Kuprlli
1427:Kheziga
1374:Prokles
1319:Datames
1307:Satraps
1297:Arsites
1230:Satraps
1160:Bagaeus
1155:Oroetus
1145:Mazares
1140:Tabalus
1055:Bardiya
1035:Cyrus I
1030:Teispes
1024:Arsames
999:of the
910:Sources
840:(ed.).
827::
618:Phokaia
589:Ariaeus
581:Ariaeus
566:Ariaeus
534:Cilicia
454:Phrygia
379:Persian
328:Avestan
277:Ctesias
261:Persian
164:Denizli
151:Phrygia
1957:Persis
1816:Bessus
1685:Tennes
1658:Anysos
1634:Tabnit
1452:Kherei
1347:cities
1165:Otanes
896:
836:". In
821:
776:
754:
669:Legacy
538:Amanus
525:Sardis
479:Persia
432:Athens
428:Sparta
418:satrap
391:Greece
387:Xerxes
351:Median
347:Čiθra-
324:farnah
308:farnah
265:Satrap
237:Lycian
168:Turkey
136:445 BC
46:Satrap
1913:Ochus
1907:Syria
1827:Media
1744:Egypt
1671:Baana
1489:Caria
1420:Lycia
1132:Lydia
694:Caria
636:Caria
622:Ionia
594:Lydia
542:Syria
540:into
436:Ionia
343:Čiça-
337:čiθra
273:Ionia
269:Lydia
225:Greek
160:Honaz
50:Lydia
1992:and
1927:Aria
929:2013
894:ISBN
774:ISBN
752:ISBN
519:'s "
312:čiça
304:čiça
271:and
141:Died
133:Born
1708:of
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1487:of
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223:;
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1925:(
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