Tone (linguistics)

4971:(voiced aspirate) consonants have disappeared and left tone in their wake. If the murmured consonant was at the beginning of a word, it left behind a low tone; at the end, it left behind a high tone. If there was no such consonant, the pitch was unaffected; however, the unaffected words are limited in pitch and did not interfere with the low and high tones. That produced a tone of its own, mid tone. The historical connection is so regular that Punjabi is still written as if it had murmured consonants, and tone is not marked. The written consonants tell the reader which tone to use. 1942:

limited locations (South Africa, New Guinea, Mexico, Brazil and a few others) do tone languages occur as individual members or small clusters within a non-tone dominated area. In some locations, like Central America, it may represent no more than an incidental effect of which languages were included when one examines the distribution; for groups like Khoi-San in Southern Africa and Papuan languages, whole families of languages possess tonality but simply have relatively few members, and for some North American tone languages, multiple independent origins are suspected.

256: 299: 281: 290: 272: 446: 1465:), such as rising, falling, dipping, or level. Most Bantu languages (except northwestern Bantu) on the other hand, have simpler tone systems usually with high, low and one or two contour tone (usually in long vowels). In such systems there is a default tone, usually low in a two-tone system or mid in a three-tone system, that is more common and less salient than other tones. There are also languages that combine relative-pitch and contour tones, such as many 755: 4887: 4119: 84: 43: 1828:

between two other tones is reduced to a simple low tone, which otherwise does not occur in Mandarin Chinese, whereas if two dipping tones occur in a row, the first becomes a rising tone, indistinguishable from other rising tones in the language. For example, the words 很 ('very') and 好 ('good') produce the phrase 很好 ('very good'). The two transcriptions may be conflated with reversed tone letters as .

1513:, the contour of each tone operates at the word level. That is, a trisyllabic word in a three-tone syllable-tone language has many more tonal possibilities (3 × 3 × 3 = 27) than a monosyllabic word (3), but there is no such difference in a word-tone language. For example, Shanghainese has two contrastive (phonemic) tones no matter how many syllables are in a word. Many languages described as having 186: 1407:, with each tone having a different internal pattern of rising and falling pitch. Many words, especially monosyllabic ones, are differentiated solely by tone. In a multisyllabic word, each syllable often carries its own tone. Unlike in Bantu systems, tone plays little role in the grammar of modern standard Chinese, though the tones descend from features in 1946:

appears to be more labile, appearing several times within Indo-European languages, several times in American languages, and several times in Papuan families. That may indicate that rather than a trait unique to some language families, tone is a latent feature of most language families that may more easily arise and disappear as languages change over time.

2812:, which are iconic schematics of the pitch trace of the tone in question. Because musical staff notation is international, there is no international ambiguity with the Chao/IPA tone letters: a line at the top of the staff is high tone, a line at the bottom is low tone, and the shape of the line is a schematic of the contour of the tone (as visible in a 1176:. Contrast of tones has long been thought of as differences in pitch height. However, several studies pointed out that tone is actually multidimensional. Contour, duration, and phonation may all contribute to the differentiation of tones. Investigations from the 2010s using perceptual experiments seem to suggest phonation counts as a perceptual cue. 3537:, the official language of China, has four lexically contrastive tones, and the digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 are assigned to four tones. Syllables can sometimes be toneless and are described as having a neutral tone, typically indicated by omitting tone markings. Chinese varieties are traditionally described in terms of four tonal categories 2693:, respectively. Upstep and downstep affect the tones within a language as it is being spoken, typically due to grammatical inflection or when certain tones are brought together. (For example, a high tone may be stepped down when it occurs after a low tone, compared to the pitch it would have after a mid tone or another high tone.) 1396:, tones are distinguished by their pitch level relative to each other. In multisyllable words, a single tone may be carried by the entire word rather than a different tone on each syllable. Often, grammatical information, such as past versus present, "I" versus "you", or positive versus negative, is conveyed solely by tone. 8111: 1659:) whether the word has one syllable or two. In other words, the tone is now the property of the word, not the syllable. Shanghainese has taken this pattern to its extreme, as the pitches of all syllables are determined by the tone before them, so that only the tone of the initial syllable of a word is distinctive. 5912:, instead belonging to a separate one in its own area of Punjab. As well, unlike the above languages, which developed tone from syllable endings, Punjab developed tone from its voiced aspirated stops losing their aspiration. Tone does occur in monosyllabic words as well, but are not discussed in the chart below. 4821:. In Cheyenne, tone arose via vowel contraction; the long vowels of Proto-Algonquian contracted into high-pitched vowels in Cheyenne while the short vowels became low-pitched. In Kickapoo, a vowel with a following acquired a low tone, and this tone later extended to all vowels followed by a fricative. In 4867:

is currently undergoing tonogenesis. These sound shifts still show variations among different speakers, suggesting that the transition is still ongoing. Among 141 examined Seoul speakers, these pitch changes were originally initiated by females born in the 1950s, and have almost reached completion in

2701:

The easiest notation from a typographical perspective – but one that is internationally ambiguous – is a numbering system, with the pitch levels assigned digits and each tone transcribed as a digit (or as a sequence of digits if a contour tone). Such systems tend to be idiosyncratic (high tone may be

1691:

of Nigeria is described as distinguishing six surface tone registers. Since tone contours may involve up to two shifts in pitch, there are theoretically 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 distinct tones for a language with five registers. However, the most that are actually used in a language is a tenth of that number.

1520:

Tone sandhi is an intermediate situation, as tones are carried by individual syllables, but affect each other so that they are not independent of each other. For example, a number of Mandarin Chinese suffixes and grammatical particles have what is called (when describing Mandarin Chinese) a "neutral"

8343:. Proceedings of the symposium “Crosslinguistic studies of tonal phenomena: Tonogenesis, Japanese Accentology, and Other Topics. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 3–31. 1827:

In many contour-tone languages, one tone may affect the shape of an adjacent tone. The affected tone may become something new, a tone that only occurs in such situations, or it may be changed into a different existing tone. This is called tone sandhi. In Mandarin Chinese, for example, a dipping tone

1212:

are cued by changes in pitch, as well as sometimes by changes in phonation. Lexical tone coexists with intonation, with the lexical changes of pitch like waves superimposed on larger swells. For example, Luksaneeyanawin (1993) describes three intonational patterns in Thai: falling (with semantics of

6265:

of the western Amazon is perhaps the most tonal language of the Americas. Other languages of the western Amazon have fairly simple tone systems as well. However, although tone systems have been recorded for many American languages, little theoretical work has been completed for the characterization

3440:

An IPA/Chao tone letter will rarely be composed of more than three elements (which are sufficient for peaking and dipping tones). Occasionally, however, peaking–dipping and dipping–peaking tones, which require four elements – or even double-peaking and double-dipping tones, which require five – are

1654:

After high level and high rising tones, the neutral syllable has an independent pitch that looks like a mid-register tone – the default tone in most register-tone languages. However, after a falling tone it takes on a low pitch; the contour tone remains on the first syllable, but the

4104:

depicts tone in a unique manner, having separate glyphs for each tone other than for the mid-rising tone, which is denoted by the addition of a diacritic. Take the difference between ꉬ nge , and ꉫ ngex . In romanisation, the letters t, x, and p are used to demarcate tone. As codas are forbidden in

3597:

tone ended in a simple sonorant. An alternative to using the Chinese category names is assigning to each category a digit ranging from 1 to 8, sometimes higher for some Southern Chinese dialects with additional tone splits. Syllables belonging to the same tone category differ drastically in actual

3854:

and several minority languages in China. Tone may simply be ignored, as is possible even for highly tonal languages: for example, the Chinese navy has successfully used toneless pinyin in government telegraph communications for decades. Likewise, Chinese reporters abroad may file their stories in

1945:

If generally considering only complex-tone vs. no-tone, it might be concluded that tone is almost always an ancient feature within a language family that is highly conserved among members. However, when considered in addition to "simple" tone systems that include only two tones, tone, as a whole,

1941:

Note that tonal languages are not distributed evenly across the same range as non-tonal languages. Instead, the majority of tone languages belong to the Niger-Congo, Sino-Tibetan and Vietic groups, which are then composed by a large majority of tone languages and dominate a single region. Only in

6294:

Examples in Norwegian: 'bønder (farmers) and ៴bønner (beans) are, apart from the intonation, phonetically identical (despite the spelling difference). Similarly, and with in this case identical spelling, 'tømmer (timber) and ៴tømmer (present tense of verb tømme – to empty) are distinguished only

5020:

In general, voiced initial consonants lead to low tones while vowels after aspirated consonants acquire a high tone. When final consonants are lost, a glottal stop tends to leave a preceding vowel with a high or rising tone (although glottalized vowels tend to be low tone so if the glottal stop

4951:

commonly cause following vowels to be pronounced at a lower pitch than other consonants. That is usually a minor phonetic detail of voicing. However, if consonant voicing is subsequently lost, that incidental pitch difference may be left over to carry the distinction that the voicing previously

2696:

Phonetic notation records the actual relative pitch of the tones. Since tones tend to vary over time periods as short as centuries, this means that the historical connections among the tones of two language varieties will generally be lost by such notation, even if they are dialects of the same

6680:

has been described as having up to eight tones by some investigators, as having four tones by others, but by some as having no tone at all. In cases such as these, the classification of a language as tonal may depend on the researcher's interpretation of what tone is. For instance, the Burmese

1953:

argued that tonal languages are more common in hot and humid climates, which make them easier to pronounce, even when considering familial relationships. If the conclusions of Everett's work are sound, this is perhaps the first known case of influence of the environment on the structure of the

1776:

Tones are realized as pitch only in a relative sense. "High tone" and "low tone" are only meaningful relative to the speaker's vocal range and in comparing one syllable to the next, rather than as a contrast of absolute pitch such as one finds in music. As a result, when one combines tone with

1213:"finality, closedness, and definiteness"), rising ("non-finality, openness and non-definiteness") and "convoluted" (contrariness, conflict and emphasis). The phonetic realization of these intonational patterns superimposed on the five lexical tones of Thai (in citation form) are as follows: 3698:

A mid-level tone would be indicated by /33/, a low level tone /11/, etc. The doubling of the number is commonly used with level tones to distinguish them from tone numbers; tone 3 in Mandarin Chinese, for example, is not mid /3/. However, it is not necessary with tone letters, so /33/ =

4722:, they developed high tones, so that the two tonal systems are almost mirror images of each other. Syllables without glottalized codas developed the opposite tone. For example, high tone in Navajo and low tone in Slavey are due to contrast with the tone triggered by the glottalization. 3878:, which specifies the tone unambiguously. Tone is indicated by an interaction of the initial consonant of a syllable, the vowel length, the final consonant (if present), and sometimes a tone mark. A particular tone mark may denote different tones depending on the initial consonant. The 2605:

A phonemic notation will typically lack any consideration of the actual phonetic values of the tones. Such notations are especially common when comparing dialects with wildly different phonetic realizations of what are historically the same set of tones. In Chinese, for example, the

1808:

Sometimes a tone may remain as the sole realization of a grammatical particle after the original consonant and vowel disappear, so it can only be heard by its effect on other tones. It may cause downstep, or it may combine with other tones to form contours. These are called

1840:

can be classified with a left-dominant or right-dominant system. In a language of the right-dominant system, the right-most syllable of a word retains its citation tone (i.e., the tone in its isolation form). All the other syllables of the word must take their sandhi form.

6549:, have tone systems (languages in California and Oregon, and a few in Alaska, excluded). The Athabaskan tone languages fall into two "mirror image" groups. That is, a word which has a high tone in one language will have a cognate with a low tone in another, and vice versa. 1472:

Falling tones tend to fall further than rising tones rise; high–low tones are common, whereas low–high tones are quite rare. A language with contour tones will also generally have as many or more falling tones than rising tones. However, exceptions are not unheard of;

9033:

Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing

3863:, in which tone is less important, ignores tone except for a negative marker. However, the reverse is also true: in the Congo, there have been complaints from readers that newspapers written in orthographies without tone marking are insufficiently legible. 4076:

at the end of the syllable. Since Hmong has no phonemic syllable-final consonants, there is no ambiguity. That system enables Hmong speakers to type their language with an ordinary Latin-letter keyboard without having to resort to diacritics. In the

6624:, where only the stressed syllable of a word can have different contour tones; these are not always considered to be cases of tone language. However some languages, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family, are tonal such as 3445:

is superposed on lexical or grammatical tone, but a good computer font will allow an indefinite number of tone letters to be concatenated. The IPA diacritics placed over vowels and other letters have not been extended to this level of complexity.

4653:

established that Vietnamese tone originated in earlier consonantal contrasts and suggested similar mechanisms for Chinese. It is now widely held that Old Chinese did not have phonemically contrastive tone. The historical origin of tone is called

6274:

Norwegian and Swedish share tonal language features via the 'Single' and 'Double' tones, which can be marked in phonetic descriptions by either a preceding ' (single tone) or ៴ (double tone). The single tone starts low and rises to a high note

5021:

causes vowel glottalization, that will tend to leave behind a low vowel). A final fricative tends to leave a preceding vowel with a low or falling tone. Vowel phonation also frequently develops into tone, as can be seen in the case of Burmese.

4795:, which tends to produce a low fundamental frequency. Languages with "stiff" glottalized consonants and tense voice developed high tone on the preceding vowel and those with "slack" glottalized consonants with creaky voice developed low tone. 1796:

in following high or mid tones; the effect is such that even while the low tones remain at the lower end of the speaker's vocal range (which is itself descending due to downdrift), the high tones drop incrementally like steps in a stairway or

4939:"There is tonogenetic potential in various series of phonemes: glottalized vs. plain consonants, unvoiced vs. voiced, aspirated vs. unaspirated, geminates vs. simple (...), and even among vowels". Very often, tone arises as an effect of the 2805:, it becomes easier to identify more specific rising and falling tones: (high peaking tone), (low level tone), etc. This system was used in combination with stress marks to indicate intonation as well, as in English (now transcribed ). 6563:

has the most extensive tonal inventory, with six tones, of which four are contours. Here the correlation between contour tone and simple syllable structures is clearly shown; Cherokee phonotactics permit only syllables of the structure

4096:

used to use a unique set of six "tone letters" based on the shapes of numbers, but slightly modified, to depict what tone a syllable was in. This was replaced in 1982 with the use of normal letters in the same manner, like Hmong.

2876:. These are phonemically null, and may be indicated with the digit '0' in a numbering system, but take specific pitches depending on the preceding phonemic tone. When combined with tone sandhi, the left-stem dotted tone letters 3805:

languages for which /1/ may be low tone and /3/ high tone. It is also common to see acute accents for high tone and grave accents for low tone and combinations of these for contour tones. Several popular orthographies use

1911:, a combination of these patterns is found: nouns tend to have complex tone systems but are not much affected by grammatical inflections, whereas verbs tend to have simple tone systems, which are inflected to indicate 3616:". These divide the pitch into five levels, with the lowest being assigned the value 1 and the highest the value 5. (This is the opposite of equivalent systems in Africa and the Americas.) The variation in pitch of a 2733:

for low tone may be practical. This has been adopted by the IPA, but is not easy to adapt to complex contour tone systems (see under Chinese below for one workaround). The five IPA diacritics for level tones are

6295:

through intonation. Entire phrases can also change meaning depending on intonation, like the phrase "Hagen gror igjen" which can mean either "The garden is growing again" or "The garden is getting overgrown".

2853:, where the back-to-front tone letters simultaneously show the underlying tone and the value in this word. Using the local (and internationally ambiguous) non-IPA numbering system, the compound may be written 7949: 1521:

tone, which has no independent existence. If a syllable with a neutral tone is added to a syllable with a full tone, the pitch contour of the resulting word is entirely determined by that other syllable:

8810:

Clearly, language contact with Chinese had something to do with the development of Vietnamese tones, as the tonal system of Vietnamese corresponds quite directly to the eight-way system of Middle Chinese

1138:, pitch and phonation are so closely intertwined that the two are combined in a single phonological system, where neither can be considered without the other. The distinctions of such systems are termed 318: 3561:); note that these are not at all the same as the four tones of modern standard Mandarin Chinese. Depending on the dialect, each of these categories may then be divided into two tones, typically called 4998:

disappeared, while syllables that ended with neither of these consonants were interpreted as carrying the third tone, "even". Most varieties descending from Middle Chinese were further affected by a

1703:

has 9 tones: 3 more-or-less fixed tones (high, mid and low); 4 unidirectional tones (high and low rising, high and low falling); and 2 bidirectional tones (dipping and peaking). This assumes that

1785:

may be lower than that of a low tone at the beginning of the unit, because of the universal tendency (in both tonal and non-tonal languages) for pitch to decrease with time in a process called

382:, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Languages that have this feature are called tonal languages; the distinctive 1200:

languages, which typically allow one principal stressed syllable per word. However, there is debate over the definition of pitch accent and whether a coherent definition is even possible.

1880:

are expressed with tonal alternation, and that tonal alternation may come from earlier affixes. Examples: 長 tng 'long' vs. tng 'grow'; 斷 tng 'break' vs. tng 'cause to break'. Also, 毒 in

399:

in that tonal languages can have each syllable with an independent tone whilst pitch-accent languages may have one syllable in a word or morpheme that is more prominent than the others.

1884:

has two pronunciations: to̍k (entering tone) means 'poison' or 'poisonous', while thāu (departing tone) means 'to kill with poison'. The same usage can be found in Min, Yue, and Hakka.

1342:

With convoluted intonation, it appears that high and falling tone conflate, while the low tone with convoluted intonation has the same contour as rising tone with rising intonation.

316: 5809:) of Chinese correspond to each other, although they may not correspond to each other perfectly. Moreover, listed above are citation tones, but in actual conversations, obligatory 1362:, however, the default is high tone, and marked syllables have low tone. There are parallels with stress: English stressed syllables have a higher pitch than unstressed syllables. 9651: 4982:

to and finally disappear completely, the difference in pitch, now a true difference in tone, carries on in their stead. This was the case with Chinese. Two of the three tones of

9513: 1059:. It is also possible for lexically contrastive pitch (or tone) to span entire words or morphemes instead of manifesting on the syllable nucleus (vowels), which is the case in 3620:

is notated as a string of two or three numbers. For instance, the four Mandarin Chinese tones are transcribed as follows (the tone letters will not display properly without a

2610:" may be assigned numbers, such as ① to ④ or – after the historical tone split that affected all Chinese languages to at least some extent – ① to ⑧ (with odd numbers for the 1354:

may have one or two syllables specified for tone, with the rest of the word taking a default tone. Such languages differ in which tone is marked and which is the default. In

9674: 6266:

of their tone systems. In different cases, Oto-Manguean tone languages in Mexico have been found to possess tone systems similar to both Asian and African tone languages.

2750:⟩ have Unicode font support (support for additional combinations is sparse). Sometimes, a non-IPA vertical diacritic is seen for a second, higher mid tone, ⟨ 1655:

pitch of the second syllable matches where the contour leaves off. And after a low-dipping tone, the contour spreads to the second syllable: the contour remains the same (

2075:, predominantly monosyllabic), nouns have an inherent tone (e.g. be˧ 'fire' but be˦˧ 'flower'), but verbs don't have any inherent tone. For verbs, a tone is used to mark 378:

words. All oral languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called

9568: 317: 8222: 1954:

languages spoken in it. The proposed relationship between climate and tone is controversial, and logical and statistical issues have been raised by various scholars.

2808:

The most flexible system, based on the previous spacing diacritics but with the addition of a stem (like the staff of musical notation), is that of the IPA-adopted

2642:

tones where a split has occurred. If further splits occurred in some language or dialect, the results may be numbered '4a' and '4b' or something similar. Among the

10696: 7943: 5998:(C = any consonant, T = non-retroflex stop, R = retroflex stop; C̬ = voiced, C̥ = unvoiced; Cʰ = aspirated; V = Neutral tone, V́ = Rising tone, V̀ = Falling tone) 9435:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1972). "Two-way and Three-way Splitting of Tonal Systems in Some Far Eastern Languages". In Jimmy G. Harris; Richard B. Noss (eds.).

3738:, are widely supported by IPA fonts while several Chinese varieties have more than one rising or falling tone. One common workaround is to retain standard IPA 2650:.) With such a system, it can be seen which words in two languages have the same historical tone (say tone ③) even though they no longer sound anything alike. 4678:

feature. That is to say, a language may acquire tones through bilingualism if influential neighbouring languages are tonal or if speakers of a tonal language

1930:, much of the lexical and grammatical information is carried by tone. In languages of West Africa such as Yoruba, people may even communicate with so-called " 8802: 5009:

The same changes affected many other languages in the same area, and at around the same time (AD 1000–1500). The tone split, for example, also occurred in

2646:, tones are typically assigned the letters A through D or, after a historical tone split similar to what occurred in Chinese, A1 to D1 and A2 to D2. (See 8075:

Kim, Mi-Ryoung (2013). "Tonogenesis in contemporary Korean with special reference to the onset-tone interaction and the loss of a consonant opposition".

3498:

Minor variations are common. In many three-tone languages, it is usual to mark high and low tone as indicated above but to omit marking of the mid tone:

6689:

tonal, or that the phonation is incidental to the tone, in which case it would be considered tonal. Something similar appears to be the case with Ket.

355: 1757:

languages of Mexico have a huge number of tones as well. The most complex tonal systems are actually found in Africa and the Americas, not east Asia.

10205: 4783:

provides a phonetic explanation for the opposite development of tone based on the two different ways of producing glottalized consonants with either

9056:

The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'.

3577:

is not a tonal category in the sense used by Western linguistics but rather a category of syllable structures. Chinese phonologists perceived these

4802:

also have "mirror" tone systems in which the languages in the northwest corner of the Bantu area have the opposite tones of other Bantu languages.

3454:

In African linguistics (as well as in many African orthographies), a set of diacritics is usual to mark tone. The most common are a subset of the

9849:

Tone Languages: A Technique for Determining the Number and Type of Pitch Contrasts In a Language, with Studies in Tonemic Substitution and Fusion

1950: 9074:

Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates.

6699:

can consist of only tone, but unlike all natural tonal languages, Solresol's tone is absolute, rather than relative, and no tone sandhi occurs.

8911:

Martin, Samuel E. 1952. Morphophonemics of Standard Colloquial Japanese. (Language Dissertation, 47.) Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.

6685:(creaky, murmured or plain vowels). It could be argued either that the tone is incidental to the phonation, in which case Burmese would not be 7795:. Nusa, Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. pp. 3rd (9th in PDF). 2813: 2782: 9746: 5908:

5. The table below shows Punjabi tonogenesis in bisyllabic words. Unlike the above four examples, Punjab was not under the east Asian tone

9791: 9377: 9337: 9445: 8986: 9640: 3730:

IPA diacritic notation is also sometimes seen for Chinese. One reason it is not more widespread is that only two contour tones, rising

10723: 9956: 9522: 7767: 3510:(low). Similarly, in two-tone languages, only one tone may be marked explicitly, usually the less common or more 'marked' tone (see 10591: 1485:

Another difference between tonal languages is whether the tones apply independently to each syllable or to the word as a whole. In

3870:

has five tones–mid, low, falling, high and rising–often indicated respectively by the numbers zero, one, two, three and four. The

3859:, a variety of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Central Asia, has, since 1927, been written in orthographies that do not indicate tone. 788:

A low tone with a slight fall (if there is no following syllable, it may start with a dip then rise to a high pitch): /à/ (pinyin

6096: 1853:

tinn 'candied fruit'. In this example, only the last syllable remains unchanged. Subscripted numbers represent the changed tone.

7433: 6767:

These extended Chao tone letters have not been accepted by the IPA, but are often used in conjunction with the official letters.

7981: 7796: 7451: 6193:

belong to language families that do not contain any tonality as defined here. In South Asia tonal languages are rare, but some

4637: 1707:

are not counted as having additional tones, as they traditionally are in China. For example, in the traditional reckoning, the

431:(or larger minimal sets) exist between syllables with the same segmental features (consonants and vowels) but different tones. 148: 9537: 9422:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1961). "Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient".

7360:"Complexities of tonal realisation in a right-dominant Chinese Wu dialect - disyllabic tone sandhi in a speaker form Wencheng" 5002:

in which each tone divided in two depending on whether the initial consonant was voiced. Vowels following a voiced consonant (

10453: 10198: 9903: 9274: 9251: 9181: 9026: 8939: 8887: 8860: 8833: 8758: 7905: 7825: 6837: 2722:

in an Omotic language. Pitch value 1 may be distinguished from tone number 1 by doubling it or making it superscript or both.

1872:

is a compulsory change that occurs when certain tones are juxtaposed. Tone change, however, is a morphologically conditioned

120: 8217: 8048:

Kang, Yoonjung; Han, Sungwoo (September 2013). "Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study".

7204: 2785:) before the syllable, where a stress mark would go. Thus level, rising, falling, peaking and dipping tones on are ⟨ 10802: 9107: 8194:

Ratliff, Martha (7 April 2015). "Tonoexodus, Tonogenesis, and Tone Change". In Honeybone, Patrick; Salmons, Joseph (eds.).

6737:

Tones change over time, but may retain their original spelling. The Thai spelling of the final word in the tongue-twister,

3621: 1671:. To some authors, the term includes both inflectional and derivational morphology. Tian described a grammatical tone, the 7841:

Hyman, L. M. (2016). "Morphological tonal assignments in conflict: Who wins?". In Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J. L. (eds.).

5919: 204: 196: 10817: 10807: 8964: 4904: 4136: 2816:). They are most commonly used for complex contour systems, such as those of the languages of Liberia and southern China. 101: 56: 1962:

Tone has long been viewed as a phonological system. It was not until recent years that tone was found to play a role in

1450:, which produces three varieties of contour tone at three different pitch levels, and the Omotic (Afroasiatic) language 127: 9444:. Translated by Christopher Court. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Mahidol University. pp. 58–86. 8716: 4675: 8920:

Jorden, Eleanor Harz. 1963. Beginning Japanese, Part 1. (Yale Linguistic Series, 5.) New Haven: Yale University Press.

2420:). From this table, we find the distinction between nominative, genitive, and accusative is marked by tone change and 1358:, for example, syllables have a low tone by default, whereas marked syllables have high tone. In the related language 10701: 9914: 9858: 9834: 9785: 9700: 9629: 8677: 8588: 7077: 6718: 6279:). The double tone starts higher than the single tone, falls, and then rises again to a higher pitch than the start ( 4926: 4158: 2594:

There are several approaches to notating tones in the description of a language. A fundamental difference is between

2335:

are known to express meaning by means of tone change although further investigations are required. Examples from two

1792:

Tones may affect each other just as consonants and vowels do. In many register-tone languages, low tones may cause a

240: 222: 167: 70: 1461:

use contour tones, where the distinguishing feature of the tones are their shifts in pitch (that is, the pitch is a

806:, with no specific contour, used on weak syllables; its pitch depends chiefly on the tone of the preceding syllable. 803: 11010: 10191: 134: 8787: 4219: 3455: 2703: 795:

A short, sharply falling tone, starting high and falling to the bottom of the speaker's vocal range: /â/ (pinyin

337: 8370:. Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001. pp. 297–313. 3593:

tones also had characteristic final obstruents with concomitant tonic differences whereas syllables bearing the

758:

The tone contours of Standard Chinese. In the convention for Chinese, 1 is low and 5 is high. The corresponding

9223: 9162:

Finney, Malcolm Awadajin (2004). "10. Tone assignment on lexical items of English and African origin in Krio".

8239:

Esposito, Christina M. (2012). "An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation".

6747:, indicates a rising tone, but the word is now commonly pronounced with a high tone. Therefore a new spelling, 4908: 4140: 940: 105: 9127:(Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360. 7453:吳閩方言音韻比較研究 (Wú mǐn fāngyán yīnyùn bǐjiào yánjiū | A Comparative Study on the Phonology of Wu and Min Dialects) 4851:, a 2013 study which compared voice recordings of Seoul speech from 1935 and 2005 found that in recent years, 2706:. For instance, high tone is conventionally written with a 1 and low tone with a 4 or 5 when transcribing the 1418:

Most tonal languages have a combination of register and contour tones. Tone is typical of languages including

10554: 9949: 9692: 8673:

Hakka Affairs Council. (2018). Vocabulary for the Hakka Proficiency Test: Elementary (Sixian) . Available at

4386: 3815: 1892:

In East Asia, tone is typically lexical. That is, tone is used to distinguish words which would otherwise be

929: 748: 260: 116: 9679:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–731. 9512:

Hyman, Larry M. (2007b). "DRAFT: Tone: Is it Different?". In John Goldsmith; Jason Riggle; Alan Yu (eds.).

4836:, leaving behind a long falling tone. Note that it has the reverse effect of the postulated rising tone in 6288: 6280: 6276: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 4995: 4991: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4650: 4069: 4044: 4025: 4006: 3987: 3968: 3951: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3687: 3671: 3655: 3639: 3408: 3370: 3350: 3343: 3304: 3293: 3280: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3216: 3205: 3192: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2924: 2879: 2867: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2824: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2735: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2633: 2621: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1656: 1633: 1628: 1607: 1602: 1581: 1576: 1555: 1550: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1192:; words contrast according to which syllable this drop follows. Such minimal systems are sometimes called 986: 958: 763: 725: 721: 692: 688: 682: 678: 674: 645: 641: 635: 628: 599: 595: 566: 562: 533: 529: 351: 347: 11000: 10893: 10718: 10296: 10269: 9168:. Creole Language Library. Vol. 27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 221–236. 7856:

Lai, W.-Y. (2010). "The Source of Hakka Personal Pronoun and Genitive with the Viewpoint of Diminutive".

6397: 6373: 3850:

uses a combination of redundant consonants and diacritics. Tone letters may also be used, for example in

2607: 1876:

and is used as an inflectional or a derivational strategy. Lien indicated that causative verbs in modern

1667:

Lexical tones are used to distinguish lexical meanings. Grammatical tones, on the other hand, change the

17: 6665: 3606:

tone is a high level tone in Beijing Mandarin Chinese but a low level tone in Tianjin Mandarin Chinese.

10458: 10259: 9895: 9266: 6234: 6149:

are some of the most tonal languages in the world, with as many as twelve phonemically distinct tones.

4630: 1047:

occur they will bear tone as well. This is especially common with syllabic nasals, for example in many

3786:. Oklahoma Cherokee has six tones (1 low, 2 medium, 3 high, 4 very high, 5 rising and 6 falling). The 1741:

of southern Mexico suggests that some dialects may distinguish as many as fourteen tones or more. The

10510: 9288: 9046:

Pal, Animesh K. (1965). "Phonemes of a Dacca Dialect of Eastern Bengali and the Importance of Tone".

6457: 6016: 5817:

are famous for their near-regular and opposite pattern (of pitch height). Both will be compared with

5248:(Black Tai). Displayed in the first row is the Proto-Southern Kra-Dai, as reconstructed by Norquest. 4401: 4178: 3573:

tones are closed by voiceless stops in Chinese varieties that have such coda(s) so in such dialects,

3534: 3521:, where 1 is low and 5 or 6 is high. In languages with just two tones, 1 may be high and 2 low, etc. 2421: 1873: 11005: 10873: 10383: 10136: 9942: 6575:, tone system variations between dialects are sufficiently great to cause mutual unintelligibility. 6489: 6439: 6146: 4569: 4369: 4341: 4187: 1845:

is known for its complex sandhi system. Example: 鹹kiam 'salty'; 酸sng 'sour'; 甜tinn 'sweet'; 鹹酸甜kiam

1412: 1209: 412: 379: 31: 6780:(level) tone are now distributed over tones 1 and 2 in Mandarin Chinese, while the Middle Chinese 1160:

Gordon and Ladefoged established a continuum of phonation, where several types can be identified.

10910: 10786: 10214: 9734: 9243: 6346: 6106: 4897: 4686:

by linguists. In other cases, tone may arise spontaneously and surprisingly fast: the dialect of

4539: 4451: 4301: 4276: 4266: 4194: 4129: 2409: 1801:

rice fields, until finally the tones merge and the system has to be reset. This effect is called

1056: 94: 62: 10313: 6788:(exiting) tones have become Mandarin Chinese tones 3 and 4, respectively. Words with the former 4944: 4564: 3801:

In Mesoamericanist linguistics, /1/ stands for high tone and /5/ stands for low tone, except in

442:

Below is a table of the six Vietnamese tones and their corresponding tone accent or diacritics:

10601: 10340: 9765: 9436: 9369: 9329: 7522: 7359: 6568: 6377: 6315: 6242: 6225:

A large number of North, South and Central American languages are tonal, including many of the

6150: 6110: 6084: 4544: 2585: 2277: 1971: 1443: 1427: 392:. Tonal languages are common in East and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas and the Pacific. 333: 9617: 8993: 8877: 8850: 4940: 141: 10900: 10559: 10393: 10128: 9822: 9777: 8902:

Bloch, Bernard. 1950. Studies in Colloquial Japanese. Part 4: Phonemics. Language 26. 86–125.

8823: 8489: 8203: 7557:"Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots" 6446: 6424: 6250: 6134: 5802: 4788: 4690:

in Oklahoma has tone, but the dialect in North Carolina does not, even though they were only

4623: 3842:

In Roman script orthographies, a number of approaches are used. Diacritics are common, as in

3442: 2763: 2072: 1967: 1798: 1778: 1696: 1462: 1439: 1431: 1419: 1376: 1185: 416: 408: 396: 9370:"How to reconstruct Old Chinese (translation of: Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque)" 8274:

Garellek, Marc; Keating, Patricia; Esposito, Christina M.; Kreiman, Jody (30 January 2013).

5923: 4978:

or other consonants may phonetically affect the pitch of preceding vowels, and if they then

10868: 10403: 10368: 10345: 10303: 10227: 10152: 10067: 10022: 8402: 8287: 8084: 7568: 7417:

Lien, Chin-fa (連金發). (1999). A Typological Study of Causatives in Taiwanese Southern Min .

7012: 6866: 6853:

Li, Yuanning; Tang, Claire; Lu, Junfeng; Wu, Jinsong; Chang, Edward F. (19 February 2021).

6693: 6542: 6389: 6323: 6226: 6194: 6162: 6126: 4953: 4806: 4707: 4682:

to the language in question and bring their tones with them. The process is referred to as

4534: 4334: 3599: 2332: 1923:, so that tone may be the only distinguishing feature between "you went" and "I won't go". 1920: 1896:. This is characteristic of heavily tonal languages such as Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and 1837: 1668: 1458: 1140: 968: 6933:

Gordon, Matthew; Ladefoged, Peter (2001). "Phonation types: a cross-linguistic overview".

6672:

In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether a language is tonal. For example, the

3609:

More iconic systems use tone numbers or an equivalent set of graphic pictograms known as "

8: 10812: 10549: 10500: 10448: 9330:"The origin of tones in Vietnamese (translation of: De l'origine des tons en vietnamien)" 7759: 7237:

Hyman, Larry (24 May 2016). "Lexical vs. Grammatical Tone: Sorting out the Differences".

6657: 6609: 6552: 6350: 6170: 6158: 5139: 5014: 5003: 4856: 4494: 4306: 4214: 3909: 1699:

of southern China have nine contrastive tones, including contour tones. For example, the

1083: 436: 432: 9102:(2nd ed.). Aylesbury, England: The English Universities Press Ltd. pp. 13–14. 8406: 8291: 8088: 7572: 7456:(PhD thesis) (in Chinese). National Chengchi University. pp. 46, 65. Archived from 7016: 6870: 6681:

language has phonetic tone, but each of its three tones is accompanied by a distinctive

2793:⟩ or with mid tones, which are poorly supported by Unicode (e.g. falling ⟨ 2746:(or 'top' and 'bottom'). The diacritics combine to form contour tones, of which ⟨ 2702:

assigned the digit 1, 3, or 5, for example) and have therefore not been adopted for the

10905: 10822: 10691: 10523: 10425: 10333: 10095: 10085: 9984: 9706: 9604: 9596: 9560: 9491: 9316: 8635: 8569: 8434: 8371: 8316: 8275: 7735: 7708: 7591: 7556: 7484: 7340: 7315:

Zhang, Jie (23 August 2007). "A directional asymmetry in Chinese tone sandhi systems".

7285: 7142: 7110:"Acoustic Cues to Perception of Word Stress by English, Mandarin, and Russian Speakers" 7109: 6895: 6854: 6708: 6605: 6583: 6524: 6186: 6064: 6012: 4599: 4574: 4559: 4456: 4376: 4085:

indicate tones but unlike Hmong, it also has final consonants written before the tone.

3783: 2647: 2340: 2076: 1987: 1983: 1916: 1506: 1486: 1044: 914: 7820:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. 7627: 10681: 10631: 10438: 10373: 10279: 10264: 10157: 9910: 9899: 9882: 9854: 9830: 9781: 9696: 9669:

Kirby, James; Brunelle, Marc (2017). "Southeast Asian Tone in Areal Perspective". In

9625: 9608: 9270: 9247: 9187: 9177: 9103: 9022: 8935: 8883: 8856: 8829: 8754: 8639: 8610: 8561: 8495: 8426: 8418: 8375: 8321: 8303: 8256: 8120: 7901: 7821: 7740: 7596: 7430: 7407:

Lien, Chin-fa (1999). "A Typological Study of Causatives in Taiwanese Southern Min".

7367: 7332: 7289: 7277: 7212: 7147: 7129: 7108:

Chrabaszcz, Anna; Winn, Matthew; Lin, Candise Y.; Idsardi, William J. (August 2014).

7073: 7038: 7030: 6950: 6900: 6882: 6833: 6560: 6531: 6508: 6401: 6327: 6319: 6254: 6202: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6052: 4957: 4818: 4810: 4695: 4687: 4594: 4584: 4420: 4321: 3831: 3779: 2627: 2348: 1935: 1912: 1881: 1842: 1435: 9564: 8573: 8267: 7973: 7789: 7457: 6385: 3916:

above or below a certain vowel. Basic notation for Vietnamese tones are as follows:

1078:

In a number of East Asian languages, tonal differences are closely intertwined with

10838: 10291: 10075: 9878: 9844: 9773: 9710: 9688: 9680: 9588: 9552: 9483: 9411: 9406: 9394: 9300: 9169: 8600: 8551: 8520: 8464: 8453: 8438: 8410: 8311: 8295: 8248: 8199: 8092: 8057: 7875:

Sun, H.-K. (1996). "Case markers of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages".

7813: 7730: 7720: 7709:"Robust, Causal, and Incremental Approaches to Investigating Linguistic Adaptation" 7687: 7654: 7623: 7586: 7576: 7344: 7324: 7269: 7242: 7137: 7121: 7020: 6942: 6890: 6874: 6713: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6572: 6535: 6493: 6473: 6469: 6409: 6354: 6339: 6258: 6198: 6178: 6118: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6020: 5818: 5795: 5757: 5366: 5245: 4964: 4948: 4860: 4852: 4814: 4726: 4447: 4093: 4078: 4065: 3883: 3823: 3787: 3578: 3518: 2809: 2802: 2711: 2643: 2445: 2404:

The following table compares the personal pronouns of Sixian dialect (a dialect of

2347:, tone change indicates the grammatical number of personal pronouns. In Zhongshan, 2269: 1979: 1738: 1704: 1676: 1502: 1423: 1400: 1135: 1060: 744: 255: 9556: 2789:⟩; these are read as high tones when contrasted with the low tones ⟨ 10962: 10936: 10621: 10518: 10488: 10274: 10118: 10080: 9994: 9579:

International Phonetic Association (1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention".

9474:; Ewan, William G. (1979). "Phonetic explanations for the development of tones". 8681: 8226: 8061: 7895: 7437: 7216: 7125: 6649: 6579: 6556: 6546: 6477: 6405: 6366: 6262: 6246: 6238: 6214: 6206: 6190: 6114: 4848: 4829: 4799: 4719: 4711: 4239: 4089: 4049: 3860: 3856: 3819: 2405: 2273: 1927: 1904: 1734: 1510: 1446:

languages. Most tonal languages combine both register and contour tones, such as

1393: 1359: 1355: 1048: 9138: 7920: 6185:

and a few tones in Japanese. Other languages represented in the region, such as

2754:⟩, so a language with four or six level tones may be transcribed ⟨ 1040:

Tone is most frequently manifested on vowels, but in most tonal languages where

10843: 10539: 10042: 9761: 9730: 9670: 9533: 8252: 6878: 6629: 6617: 6594: 6512: 6501: 6450: 6362: 6210: 6166: 6072: 6032: 6028: 5789: 5783: 5764: 5034: 5030: 4983: 4841: 4691: 4679: 4659: 4381: 4281: 4234: 4229: 4101: 4061: 3795: 3791: 3582: 3554: 2440: 2435: 2079:. The first work that mentioned this was published in 1986. Example paradigms: 1897: 1802: 1771: 1742: 1712: 1688: 1451: 1099: 922: 9684: 9592: 8956: 7328: 3826:

are tonal, and are analyzed as having two tones: high and low. One variety of

909: 903: 891: 885: 873: 867: 855: 849: 837: 831: 439:

have heavily studied tone systems, as well as amongst their various dialects.

10994: 10931: 10883: 10776: 10771: 10750: 10741: 10706: 10636: 10611: 10596: 10443: 10250: 10167: 10142: 10047: 9989: 9718: 9284: 9191: 8614: 8565: 8499: 8422: 8307: 8260: 7725: 7371: 7336: 7281: 7133: 7034: 6954: 6886: 6653: 6520: 6516: 6497: 6485: 6481: 6465: 6428: 6413: 6381: 6182: 6174: 6154: 6138: 6080: 6040: 5770: 5010: 4968: 4864: 4730: 4715: 4671: 4589: 4431: 4410: 4396: 4356: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3847: 3827: 2707: 1908: 1810: 1782: 1750: 1730: 1494: 1490: 1477:, for example, has three level and three rising tones, but no falling tones. 1466: 1197: 1131: 1052: 367: 9928: 8710: 7581: 4068:

alphabets use full letters for tones. In Hmong, one of the eight tones (the

1454:, which employs five level tones and one or two rising tones across levels. 1009:

Translation: 'Recently, you've been setting up the seven traps incorrectly.'

374:

to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to

10781: 10766: 10733: 10378: 10113: 10017: 10012: 9646:. In Marc van Oostendorp; Colin J Ewen; Elizabeth Hume; Keren Rice (eds.). 9312: 8605: 8430: 8325: 7818:

The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide

7744: 7600: 7364:

Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 9 (2016): 48-80

7273: 7189:

Wedeking, Karl (1985). "Why Bench' (Ethiopia) has five level tones today".

7151: 7042: 6946: 6904: 6673: 6621: 6461: 6432: 6427:

family, spoken mainly in China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos, and including

6358: 6142: 6130: 6122: 5776: 4792: 4466: 4391: 4346: 4224: 4174: 4072:

tone) is left unwritten while the other seven are indicated by the letters

3992: 3973: 3802: 3720: 3617: 3581:

as having concomitant short tones, justifying them as a tonal category. In

2873: 2798: 2068: 1931: 1877: 1754: 1746: 1726:

and the other 9 occur only in syllables not ending in one of these sounds.

1708: 1700: 1514: 1498: 1474: 1387: 1351: 1193: 1121: 445: 428: 383: 10183: 9866: 9353:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1954). "De l'origine des tons en vietnamien".

8795:

Working Papers in Linguistics: Department of University of Hawaii at Manoa

8695:

Peking University Department of Chinese Language and Literature . (1995).

7692: 7675: 7659: 7642: 4809:

developed tone independently of one another and of neighboring languages:

4710:

at least twice, in a patchwork of two systems. In some languages, such as

2797:⟩). For a concrete example, when the diacritics are applied to the 10957: 10915: 10745: 10493: 10463: 10328: 10147: 10057: 10052: 9818: 9806: 9528:

on 2012-07-28 – via UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007).

9173: 8674: 5810: 4987: 4859:(ㅍㅊㅌㅋ) and fortis consonants (ㅃㅉㄸㄲ) were shifting from a distinction via 4784: 4714:, syllables with glottalized consonants (including glottal stops) in the 4609: 4604: 4524: 4461: 3613: 3530: 2834: 2830: 2589: 2336: 1869: 1822: 1408: 1067: 759: 298: 280: 9600: 7816:(2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). 7488: 7472: 7246: 2774:

have been used, but they are a local convention not accepted by the IPA.

423:, but this does not make them tonal languages. In tonal languages, each 289: 271: 10878: 10848: 10626: 10433: 10108: 9735:"Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations" 9648:

The Blackwell companion to phonology, Volume 4: Phonological interfaces

9471: 9163: 8468: 6661: 6590: 6393: 6024: 5909: 4999: 4911: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4529: 4490: 4414: 4259: 4143: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4011: 3610: 3558: 3511: 2344: 1963: 781:

A tone starting with mid pitch and rising to a high pitch: /ǎ/ (pinyin

420: 375: 9495: 8524: 8414: 8299: 8096: 7025: 7000: 6792:(entering) tone, meanwhile, have been distributed over all four tones. 5037:. The tone values described in the table are from Christina Esposito. 1711:

has 15 tones, but 6 occur only in syllables closed with the voiceless

10888: 10676: 10616: 10544: 10413: 10350: 10323: 10308: 10037: 9971: 8556: 8463:(8). Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University: 55–75. 6682: 4975: 4837: 4822: 4579: 4499: 4473: 4406: 4316: 4250: 3913: 3912:

uses the Latin alphabet and its six tones are marked by letters with

3851: 1786: 1447: 1380: 1098:

tones are both high-rising but the former is distinguished by having

1079: 1036:

Translation: 'One person endures a day with one knife and one print.'

482: 9211: 8514: 8390: 7976:

Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform

7239:

5th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2016)

4886: 4725:

Other Athabascan languages, namely those in western Alaska (such as

4118: 3529:

In the Chinese tradition, digits are assigned to various tones (see

754: 83: 10713: 10479: 10388: 10318: 10254: 10245: 10162: 10103: 10027: 9979: 9867:"Phonological Patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong" 9487: 8930:

Lust, Barbara; Wali, Kashi; Gair, James; et al., eds. (1999).

8631:

The phonological domain of tone in Chinese: Historical perspectives

6855:"Human cortical encoding of pitch in tonal and non-tonal languages" 6696: 6492:

have the most complex. Notable non-tonal Niger–Congo languages are

4979: 4833: 4554: 4549: 4519: 4271: 4207: 2658: 2285: 2175: 1934:", which are modulated to imitate the tones of the language, or by 1893: 1793: 1753:

of Liberia and Ivory Coast have around 10 tones, give or take. The

1189: 1024: 424: 371: 343: 9934: 9578: 8629: 8539: 7926: 7614:

Lewin, Sarah (1 April 2015). "Wet Is Better for Tonal Languages".

6157:

languages are mostly non-tonal, with a number of exceptions, e.g.

4825:

the glottal fricative also lowers the tone of surrounding vowels.

3517:

When digits are used, typically 1 is high and 5 is low, except in

1966:. Palancar and Léonard (2016) provided an example with Tlatepuzco 10967: 10286: 9538:"How (not) to do phonological typology: The case of pitch accent" 8992:. Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing. Archived from 6686: 6677: 6640: 5806: 5006:) acquired a lower tone as the voicing lost its distinctiveness. 4480: 4311: 4294: 3875: 2417: 1687:

Languages may distinguish up to five levels of pitch, though the

388: 386:

of such a language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with

7260:

Tian, Mimi (31 December 2018). "Anatomy of a grammatical tone".

7197: 6926: 2821:

The Chao tone letters have two variants. The left-stem letters,

2718:

in a Kru language is thus the same pitch contour as one written

1415:

significance (such as changing a verb to a noun or vice versa).

10941: 10686: 10641: 10606: 10483: 10398: 10360: 10032: 8932:

Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages

7521:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 6636: 6449:

in the Chadic and Omotic branches have tone systems, including

6417: 6335: 6299: 6230: 5814: 4485: 4440: 3843: 2861:. Left-stem letters may also be combined to form contour tones. 2654: 2413: 1975: 1403:, tones are distinguished by their distinctive shape, known as 1041: 819: 772: 8273: 8229:. Slides for the 2017 LSA Institute at University of Kentucky. 7512: 2777:

A retired IPA system, sometimes still encountered, traces the

2618:). In traditional Chinese notation, the equivalent diacritics 1733:(part of the Wee continuum) of Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire, the 1066:

Tones can interact in complex ways through a process known as

308: 10172: 8712:

Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study

8163: 8139: 7757: 6922:. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo. pp. 70–82. 6331: 6102: 4030: 2281: 7536: 3778:

Several North American languages have tone, one of which is

1375:"High tone" redirects here. For the tones in telephony, see 9809:(1995). "Tone: African languages". In Goldsmith, J. (ed.). 8544:

Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS)

8538:

Burusphat, Somsonge (7 January 2012). Sidwell, Paul (ed.).

7061: 6988:. Tonal Aspects of Languages-Third International Symposium. 6986:

Pitch and Phonation Type Perception in Wenzhou Dialect Tone

6811: 6809: 2864:

The second Chao letter variant are the dotted tone letters

9624:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 137–184. 6984:

Xu, Xiaoying; Liu, Xuefei; Tao, Jianhua; Che, Hao (2012).

6534:

in southern Africa have tone systems; some languages like

731: 27:

Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning

9721:(1978). "Universals of tone". In Greenberg, J. H. (ed.). 8454:"Phonetic Properties of Vietnamese Tones Across Dialects" 8232: 8113:

Development of pitch contrast and Seoul Korean intonation

8029: 6357:

family are tonal. Other branches of this family, such as

5142:

tonogenesis. The tone values are taken from James Kirby.

4733:), did not develop tone. Thus, the Proto-Athabascan word 1907:

family, tone can be both lexical and grammatical. In the

10697:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

8788:"Tonal Features and the Development of Vietnamese Tones" 8382: 8175: 8127: 7460:

on 2020-08-09 – via NCCU Institutional Repository.

7440:. Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Retrieved 11 June 2019. 7107: 7001:"The role of creaky voice in Cantonese tonal perception" 6992: 6806: 3727:

is mid tone on a long syllable or a mid unchecked tone.

3602:

even among dialects of the same group. For example, the

2725:

For simple tone systems, a series of diacritics such as

9155: 8347: 8017: 7323:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 259–302. 7091: 7089: 6920:

Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm

6019:, which is predominantly tonal; notable exceptions are 5813:

rules will reshape them. The Sixian and Hailu Hakka in

4986:, the "rising" and the "departing" tones, arose as the 2841:

in isolation, but in a compound the tone will shift to

8276:"Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong" 7308: 7170: 7158: 6283:), similar to the Mandarin third tone (as in the word 4863:

to that of pitch change, and suggests that the modern

4787:

on the preceding vowel, which tends to produce a high

2710:

of Liberia, but with 1 for low and 5 for high for the

1903:

However, in many African languages, especially in the

1662: 751:, transcribed by letters with diacritics over vowels: 9739:

KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik

9079: 8767: 8401:(6). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 3749–3757. 8286:(2). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 1078–1089. 8219:

Structure of Hmong-Mien Languages Session 3: Tonology

7845:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–39. 7643:"Commentary: Tonal complexity in non-tonal languages" 7253: 7011:(3). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 1320–1333. 8929: 7676:"Commentary: Tone languages and laryngeal precision" 7516: 7086: 6972:

Phonation in Tonal Contrasts (Doctoral dissertation)

5029:

1. The table below is the process of tonogenesis in

1781:, the absolute pitch of a high tone at the end of a 342:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 9829:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–47. 9725:. Vol. 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9650:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2333. 7941: 7887: 7843:

Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives

7764:

Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives

7554: 7515:. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 7296: 4832:, a glottal stop can disappear in a combination of 3553:('entering'), based on the traditional analysis of 2738:⟩, with doubled high and low diacritics for 1370: 814:to produce different words. A minimal set based on 108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8730: 8593:Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 8580: 8391:"Dialect experience in Vietnamese tone perception" 8151: 7555:Everett, C.; Blasi, D. E.; Roberts, S. G. (2015). 3585:, when the tonal categories were established, the 2677:, respectively, or by the typographic substitutes 1831: 1184:Many languages use tone in a more limited way. In 313:with each of the primary tones in Standard Chinese 9894:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: 9825:. In Rainer Vossen; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 9693:20.500.11820/b1f8fff3-64e5-4504-8a49-7ac2ff1e1293 9581:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 9283: 8445: 8119:(PhD). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 7397:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 7268:(2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 192–218. 7114:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 7049: 6582:of the western Amazon is strongly tonal. Various 6181:influence on both languages. There were tones in 6023:(in the southeast), most languages spoken in the 2837:languages. For example, a word may be pronounced 2630:, marking the same distinctions, plus underlined 1525:Realization of neutral tones in Mandarin Chinese 1017: 974:A well-known tongue-twister in Standard Thai is: 10992: 9729: 9469: 8876:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (3 March 2011). 8395:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8280:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8077:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 7542: 7072:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 477–478. 7005:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 6776:Specifically, words that had the Middle Chinese 6043:. The Afroasiatic languages include both tonal ( 4718:developed low tones, whereas in others, such as 3441:encountered. This is usually only the case when 1480: 1469:and other Niger-Congo languages of West Africa. 1125: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1093: 1087: 999: 963:Translation: 'Is mom scolding the horse's hemp?' 356:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 9424:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 8742: 8661:(3rd ed., vol. 1), pp. 85-86. Beijing: 高等教育出版社. 8187: 7561:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6932: 9851:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 7464: 7193:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 881–902. 6101:Numerous tonal languages are widely spoken in 1208:Both lexical or grammatical tone and prosodic 1029:jat jan jan jat jat jan jat jan jat jan ji jan 10199: 9950: 9931:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online 9668: 9263:Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects 8882:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–. 8869: 8842: 8657:Huang, Bo-Rong & Liao, Xu-Dong. (2002). 8589:"Timing Tonogenesis: Evidence from Borrowing" 8198:. Oxford University Press. pp. 245–261. 8035: 7897:Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice 7858:Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature 7762:. In Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J.-L. (eds.). 7518:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online 7477:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 7395:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects 7191:Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Sinchronica 4631: 3719:may be mid tone on a short syllable or a mid 1638: 1612: 1586: 1560: 944: 933: 9760: 9376:. Translated by Guillaume Jacques: 161–182. 9311: 8828:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–. 8634:(Master's thesis). Simon Fraser University. 8133: 7766:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–12. 7506: 7504: 7419:The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 29 3794:has three tones (high, low, falling), while 3754:) tones and to use the subscript diacritics 2845:. This can be notated morphophonemically as 2661:, which are indicated by the IPA diacritics 1497:, each syllable may have a tone, whereas in 810:These tones combine with a syllable such as 10213: 9770:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 9676:The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics 9461: 9421: 9395:"Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque" 9367: 9352: 9327: 9125:Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English 9072:, Cambridge University Press, p. 102, 8599:(2). Linguistic Society of America: 29–41. 8491:A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai 8353: 8023: 8012: 8001: 7948:(Ph.D.). University of Kansas. p. 49. 7937: 7935: 7640: 7389: 7387: 6983: 6966: 6964: 6753:, is occasionally seen in informal writing. 6620:) as well as others possess what is termed 4665: 3707:. If a distinction is made, it may be that 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10206: 10192: 9957: 9943: 8341:Tibeto-Burman tonology in an areal context 7874: 7855: 7806: 7230: 6852: 6748: 6740: 6001: 5446:Tone Value of Modern Varieties of Chinese 4876: 4844:, derived from a lost final glottal stop. 4638: 4624: 3715:is mid level tone in a contour system, or 2872:, which are used to indicate the pitch of 1399:In the most widely spoken tonal language, 978: 10724:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 9717: 9620:. In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.). 9618:"The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis" 9521:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. Archived from 9410: 9139:"English intonation in the British Isles" 8875: 8848: 8604: 8555: 8537: 8315: 7968: 7966: 7942:Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (30 May 2008). 7927:International Phonetic Association (1989) 7900:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. 7893: 7734: 7724: 7691: 7658: 7590: 7580: 7510: 7501: 7470: 7141: 7067: 7024: 6894: 6821: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6538:have tone systems like that of Cantonese. 5244:3. The table below is the tonogenesis of 4927:Learn how and when to remove this message 4159:Learn how and when to remove this message 4108: 2889:Conventions for five-pitch transcription 2833:. These are especially important for the 1168:Kuang identified two types of phonation: 1163: 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 10592:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 9827:The Oxford Handbook of African Languages 9638: 9615: 9336:. Translated by Marc Brunelle: 146–160. 9319:(1971). "A note on laryngeal features". 8815: 8751:Studies on Dialects in the Shanghai Area 8691: 8689: 8669: 8667: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8621: 8487: 8338: 8238: 8181: 8169: 8145: 7945:A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee 7932: 7758:Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J.-L. (2016). 7384: 7188: 7095: 7068:Laver, John; John, Laver (12 May 1994). 6974:. University of California, Los Angeles. 6961: 5024: 4780: 3814:after a vowel to indicate low tone. The 3798:has four (high, mid, low, and falling). 1994:Forms of 'bend' in Tlatepuzco Chinantec 1179: 753: 444: 427:has an inherent pitch contour, and thus 254: 10659: 9723:Universals of human language: Phonology 9299: 8715:(MA thesis). Brigham Young University. 8586: 8512: 8193: 8047: 7706: 6830:A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology 6253:(with the largest number of speakers), 6097:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 4947:of consonants. In a nontonal language, 4868:the speech of those born in the 1990s. 2260:tai˦˥–˧ 'have pulled s.t., shook hands' 1978:), where tones are able to distinguish 14: 10993: 9778:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.748 9511: 9502: 9209: 9161: 9122: 9067: 8849:Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000). 8708: 8675:https://elearning.hakka.gov.tw/ver2015 8365: 8204:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232819.013.021 8157: 7963: 7760:"Tone and inflection: An introduction" 6999:Yu, Kristine M.; Lam, Hiu Wai (2014). 6756: 6600:Some Indo-European languages (notably 6330:, including the standard languages of 1957: 1350:Languages with simple tone systems or 1203: 1188:, fewer than half of the words have a 10658: 10580: 10454:High-context and low-context cultures 10225: 10187: 9938: 9817: 9805: 9532: 9165:Creoles, Contact, and Language Change 8785: 8686: 8664: 8646: 8494:(PhD thesis). University of Arizona. 8461:Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 8388: 7877:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 7840: 7812: 7613: 7314: 7302: 7262:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 7236: 7055: 6998: 6917: 6827: 3837: 3711:is mid tone in a register system and 3628:Tones of Standard Chinese (Mandarin) 10803:Computer processing of body language 10581: 9843: 9374:Problèmes de phonologie diachronique 9334:Problèmes de phonologie diachronique 9260: 9097: 8821: 8748: 8709:Bowden, Andrea Lynn (7 March 2012). 7673: 7471:Adekanmbi, Adetokunbo (March 1989). 7409:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 7406: 7357: 7259: 4909:adding citations to reliable sources 4880: 4141:adding citations to reliable sources 4112: 2579: 2247:tai˦˥–˧˨ 'pull on s.t., shake hands' 1120:tone is shorter and pronounced with 1114:tones are both low-falling, but the 346:. For the distinction between , 179: 106:adding citations to reliable sources 77: 36: 10818:List of facial expression databases 10808:Emotion recognition in conversation 9964: 9889: 9864: 9772:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9515:The Handbook of Phonological Theory 9393:Haudricourt, André-Georges (1954). 9368:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). 9328:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2018). 9293:Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone 9237: 9212:"The evolution of tones in Punjabi" 9085: 9045: 9016: 8984: 8773: 8736: 8627: 8109: 8074: 7787: 7176: 7164: 6815: 6586:have relatively basic tone systems. 2351:verbs are marked with tone change. 1663:Lexical tones and grammatical tones 395:Tonal languages are different from 24: 9505:There is no pitch-accent prototype 8934:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. 8519:(PhD thesis). Cornell University. 8451: 6571:are tonal. In some cases, as with 6310:Languages that are tonal include: 6083:—are tonal. Most languages of the 5442:The tone values are listed below: 4755:in Slavey; while Proto-Athabascan 3569:Typically, syllables carrying the 1682: 991:Translation: 'Does new silk burn?' 314: 195:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 11022: 10702:Childhood disintegrative disorder 9922: 9021:. Orient Blackswan. p. 132. 8808:from the original on 2022-10-09. 8368:The origin of tones in Viet-Muong 7628:10.1038/scientificamerican0415-19 7449: 7317:Journal of East Asian Linguistics 7215:. 3 December 2015. Archived from 6719:Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den 6261:have developed tone systems. The 6133:, are only marginally tonal) and 4729:) and the Pacific coast (such as 3790:have tone as well. For instance, 2167:da˨˧ 'dip into water, wash s.t.' 1765: 1345: 1155: 1148:here should not be confused with 52:This article has multiple issues. 9883:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x 9733:; Vaissière, Jacqueline (2015). 9574:from the original on 2022-10-09. 9507:. 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA. 8954: 8879:A History of the Korean Language 8587:Ratliff, Martha (25 June 2002). 7802:from the original on 2017-03-04. 7543:Hombert, Ohala & Ewan (1979) 4885: 4117: 3773: 2428:Comparison of personal pronouns 2268:Tones are used to differentiate 2134:da˧ 'has been loaded onto s.t.' 1371:Register tones and contour tones 625:mid falling, glottalized, heavy 297: 288: 279: 270: 205:guide to writing better articles 184: 82: 41: 9811:Handbook of Phonological Theory 9794:from the original on 2022-02-09 9749:from the original on 2020-11-09 9657:from the original on 2021-12-10 9451:from the original on 2022-10-09 9380:from the original on 2022-02-09 9340:from the original on 2022-02-09 9226:from the original on 2022-02-09 9202: 9131: 9116: 9091: 9061: 9039: 9010: 8987:"Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi" 8978: 8967:from the original on 2011-04-29 8948: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8896: 8779: 8719:from the original on 2022-08-19 8702: 8531: 8506: 8481: 8359: 8332: 8210: 8103: 8068: 8041: 8006: 7995: 7984:from the original on 2019-08-20 7952:from the original on 2016-03-16 7868: 7849: 7834: 7781: 7770:from the original on 2019-01-23 7751: 7700: 7667: 7634: 7607: 7548: 7525:from the original on 2011-02-26 7443: 7424: 7400: 7351: 7182: 7101: 6918:Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). 6770: 6664:, have tone from their African 6635:Some English dialects, such as 6541:Slightly more than half of the 5904:L: level; R: rising; F: falling 4956:) and thus becomes meaningful ( 4896:needs additional citations for 4220:Consonant voicing and devoicing 4128:needs additional citations for 3846:, but they tend to be omitted. 3830:has developed tone, as has the 3456:International Phonetic Alphabet 2704:International Phonetic Alphabet 2614:tones and even numbers for the 2408:) with Zaiwa and Jingpho (both 2117:da˦ 'ate, put it in (stomach)' 1887: 1832:Right- and left-dominant sandhi 1760: 1152:described in the next section. 671:mid falling(-rising), emphasis 338:International Phonetic Alphabet 93:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 10226: 9412:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532 9216:Studies in Linguistic Sciences 9048:Journal of the Asiatic Society 8822:Sohn, Ho-Min (29 March 2001). 8540:"Tones of Thai Song Varieties" 6977: 6911: 6846: 6731: 6597:possess register tone systems. 6249:, which are mostly non-tonal, 4871: 2142:totality of action, incomplete 1856: 1816: 1196:since they are reminiscent of 1102:in the middle. Similarly, the 945: 934: 13: 1: 9557:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007 9321:Quarterly Progress Report 101 8855:. SUNY Press. pp. 315–. 8036:, Kirby & Brunelle (2017) 7680:Journal of Language Evolution 7647:Journal of Language Evolution 7241:. ISCA: ISCA. pp. 6–11. 6828:Trask, R.L. (2 August 2004). 6799: 5365:4. The table below shows the 5138:2. The table below shows the 4963:This process happened in the 4105:Nuosu there is no ambiguity. 3816:Southern Athabascan languages 1481:Word tones and syllable tones 1217:Tone plus intonation in Thai 1134:. In some languages, such as 1130:tone is longer and often has 995:A Vietnamese tongue twister: 921:These may be combined into a 9389:Reprinted (with additions). 8062:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.06.002 7641:Gussenhoven, Carlos (2016). 7209:Glossary of Linguistic Terms 7126:10.1044/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0279 5969:C̬ʰVV → T̥VV̀, R̬VV̀ / #_VV 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3906:; a sixth tone is unmarked. 3244: 3156: 3094: 3050: 3006: 2962: 2918: 2212:totality of action, durative 2108:totality of action, punctual 1073: 1013:A Cantonese tongue twister: 1001:Bấy nay bây bầy bảy bẫy bậy. 402: 309: 7: 10719:Nonverbal learning disorder 10297:Speech-independent gestures 10270:Facial Action Coding System 9929:World map of tone languages 9438:Tai phonetics and phonology 9307:. New York: Academic Press. 9295:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer. 8488:Norquest, Peter K. (2007). 8247:(3). Elsevier BV: 466–476. 7450:吳, 瑞文 (18 September 2005). 6941:(4). Elsevier BV: 383–406. 6702: 6006: 5041:Tonogenesis in White Hmong 4701: 4684:contact-induced tonogenesis 4351: 3096:Sandhi neutral tone letter 1864:must be distinguished from 1379:. For the French band, see 10: 11027: 10459:Interpersonal relationship 10260:Body-to-body communication 9896:Cambridge University Press 9813:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 9768:. In Aronoff, Mark (ed.). 9267:Cambridge University Press 8699:(2nd ed.). Beijing: 语文出版社. 8516:The Phonology of Proto-Tai 8339:Matisoff, James A (1999). 8253:10.1016/j.wocn.2012.02.007 8134:Michaud & Sands (2020) 7473:"Tones of Yoruba Language" 6879:10.1038/s41467-021-21430-x 6305: 6220: 6094: 5917: 5146:Tonogenesis in Vietnamese 4952:carried (a process called 3270: 3182: 2766:of Mexico, the diacritics 2583: 2292:Case difference in Maasai 2204:da˦˧ 'still eating it up' 2131:tai˧ 'has been pulled off' 2071:(the most tonally complex 1820: 1769: 1385: 1374: 1018: 29: 10950: 10924: 10864: 10857: 10831: 10795: 10759: 10732: 10669: 10665: 10654: 10587: 10576: 10532: 10509: 10472: 10424: 10359: 10238: 10234: 10221: 10127: 10094: 10066: 10003: 9970: 9685:10.1017/9781107279872.027 9593:10.1017/S0025100300003868 9503:Hyman, Larry M. (2007a). 9305:Tone: A Linguistic Survey 9261:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). 9068:Masica, Colin P. (1991), 8957:"Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی)" 8513:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 8452:Vũ, Thanh Phương (1982). 8216:Ratliff, Martha. (2017). 7894:Heselwood, Barry (2013). 7707:Roberts, Seán G. (2018). 7393:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). 7358:Rose, Phil (March 2016). 7329:10.1007/s10831-007-9016-2 6749: 6741: 6484:, have tone systems. The 6369:, are entirely non-tonal. 6353:and other members of the 6302:contrasts certain tones. 6269: 6197:have tonality, including 6169:(Austronesian). Tones in 6090: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5937: 5679: 5614: 5609: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 4773:in Navajo, and high-tone 4651:André-Georges Haudricourt 3886:, has five tone letters: 3750:) and high-falling (e.g. 3598:phonetic tone across the 3535:Standard Mandarin Chinese 3449: 2563: 2549: 2535: 2521: 2507: 2493: 2479: 2465: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2318: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2048: 2031: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1639: 1613: 1587: 1561: 1517:are word-tone languages. 979: 908: 902: 890: 884: 872: 866: 854: 848: 836: 830: 687: 594: 561: 528: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 481: 10874:Behavioral communication 9100:Teach Yourself Norwegian 9070:The Indo-Aryan Languages 7726:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00166 7674:Ladd, D. Robert (2016). 6724: 6559:commonly have tone; the 6490:Southern Mande languages 6145:) are mostly tonal. The 5901:H: high; M: mid; L: low; 4751:in Navajo, and low-tone 4666:Tone as an areal feature 4570:Compensatory lengthening 4342:Compensatory lengthening 3766:) and low-falling (e.g. 2915:Bottom tone (extra-low) 2100:da 'locate s.t. inside' 2097:tai 'moving s.t. toward' 1729:Preliminary work on the 1365: 771:A high level tone: /á/ ( 718:mid rising, glottalized 32:Intonation (linguistics) 30:Not to be confused with 11011:Linguistics terminology 10314:Interpersonal synchrony 10215:Nonverbal communication 9764:; Sands, Bonny (2020). 9639:Kingston, John (2011). 9616:Kingston, John (2005). 9244:Oxford University Press 8749:Chen, Zhongmin (2003). 8366:Ferlus, Michel (2004). 8196:Oxford Handbooks Online 7713:Frontiers in Psychology 7582:10.1073/pnas.1417413112 7511:Maddieson, Ian (2013). 7070:Principles of Phonetics 6442:family is highly tonal. 6322:(most prominently, the 6129:; though some, such as 6107:Mainland Southeast Asia 6002:List of tonal languages 5373:Tonogenesis in Chinese 5252:Tonogenesis in Tai Dam 4877:Triggers of tonogenesis 4195:Quantitative metathesis 3524: 2410:Tibeto-Burman languages 2187:da˦˨ 'eaten it all up' 1964:inflectional morphology 461:("sharp" or "rising"), 457:("deep" or "falling"), 334:phonetic transcriptions 117:"Tone" linguistics 10911:Monastic sign lexicons 10602:Emotional intelligence 9865:Wee, Lian-Hee (2008). 9265:. Cambridge, England: 9123:Watson, Kevin (2007). 9098:Marm, Ingvald (1967). 8753:. LINCOM. p. 74. 8606:10.3765/bls.v28i2.1043 7274:10.1075/ltba.18007.tia 6947:10.1006/jpho.2001.0147 6818:, pp. 1–3, 17–18. 6569:Oto-Manguean languages 6378:Austronesian languages 6316:Sino-Tibetan languages 6243:Oto-Manguean languages 6111:Sino-Tibetan languages 6067:) branches. All three 5916:Tonogenesis in Punjabi 5765:Taiwanese Sixian Hakka 4739:('water') is toneless 4109:Origin and development 3746:for high-rising (e.g. 2897:Top tone (extra-high) 2714:of Ethiopia. The tone 2586:Phonetic transcription 2184:tai˦˨ 'fell to ground' 1882:Taiwanese Southern Min 1843:Taiwanese Southern Min 1737:of the Amazon and the 1669:grammatical categories 1164:Relationship with tone 1126: 1124:at the end, while the 1116: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1088: 1000: 915:interrogative particle 767: 559:low falling (breathy) 474: 397:pitch-accent languages 331:This article contains 322: 263: 10901:Impression management 9470:Hombert, Jean-Marie; 9240:The Structure of Tone 9238:Bao, Zhiming (1999). 9210:Bhatia, T.K. (1975). 8628:Dai, Yi-Chun (1991). 8389:Kirby, James (2010). 8172:, pp. 2310–2314. 8148:, pp. 2304–2310. 8110:Cho, Sunghye (2017). 7790:"Iau Verb Morphology" 6970:Kuang, J.-J. (2013). 6859:Nature Communications 6458:Niger–Congo languages 6456:The vast majority of 6447:Afroasiatic languages 6298:According to Watson, 6257:, and one dialect of 6245:of Mexico. Among the 5966:C̬ʰ → T̥V, R̬V / #_V 5801:The tones across all 5771:Taiwanese Hailu Hakka 5025:Stages of tonogenesis 4789:fundamental frequency 4761:('knee') is toneless 4670:Tone is sometimes an 4100:The syllabary of the 3762:for low-rising (e.g. 2764:Chinantecan languages 2748:ô ǒ o᷄ o᷅ o᷆ o᷇ o᷈ o᷉ 2278:Nilo-Saharan language 2201:tai˦˧ 'still falling' 1972:Oto-Manguean language 1938:the tones of speech. 1377:High tone (telephony) 1180:Tone and pitch accent 1055:, but also occurs in 757: 465:("heavy" or "down"), 448: 321: 258: 10916:Verbal communication 10869:Animal communication 10787:Targeted advertising 10304:Haptic communication 9301:Fromkin, Victoria A. 9174:10.1075/cll.27.11fin 8786:Alves, Mark (1995). 8241:Journal of Phonetics 6935:Journal of Phonetics 6694:constructed language 6648:Some European-based 6543:Athabaskan languages 6227:Athabaskan languages 6195:Indo-Aryan languages 6147:Hmong–Mien languages 6127:varieties of Chinese 4954:transphonologization 4905:improve this article 4857:aspirated consonants 4807:Algonquian languages 4708:Athabascan languages 4335:Transphonologization 4137:improve this article 3920:Tones of Vietnamese 3600:varieties of Chinese 3008:Neutral tone letter 2758:⟩ or ⟨ 2626:are attached to the 2398:'gone' (perfective) 2343:are shown below. In 2333:varieties of Chinese 2164:tai˨˧ 'land on s.t.' 2158:resultative punctual 2125:resultative durative 2073:Lakes Plain language 1459:varieties of Chinese 969:one-syllable article 102:improve this article 10925:Non-verbal language 10813:Gesture recognition 10660:Further information 10550:Emotion recognition 10501:Silent service code 9890:Yip, Moira (2002). 9285:Clements, George N. 9019:Crossing Boundaries 9017:Sen, Geeti (1997). 8955:Ager, Simon (ed.). 8852:The Korean Language 8825:The Korean Language 8697:Hanyu Fangyan Cihui 8407:2010ASAJ..127.3749K 8292:2013ASAJ..133.1078G 8089:2013ASAJ..133.3570K 7693:10.1093/jole/lzv014 7660:10.1093/jole/lzv016 7616:Scientific American 7573:2015PNAS..112.1322E 7247:10.21437/tal.2016-2 7179:, pp. 174–178. 7167:, pp. 178–184. 7017:2014ASAJ..136.1320Y 6871:2021NatCo..12.1161L 6553:Iroquoian languages 6408:) plus some of the 6085:Nilo-Saharan family 6015:are members of the 5928: 5447: 5374: 5253: 5147: 5042: 5004:depressor consonant 4745:in Hupa, high-tone 4658:, a term coined by 4215:Consonant gradation 4074:b, m, d, j, v, s, g 3921: 3882:, derived from the 3629: 3339:IPA tone diacritic 3246:IPA tone diacritic 3158:IPA tone diacritic 3052:Sandhi tone letter 2920:IPA tone diacritic 2890: 2429: 2293: 2234:tai˦˨˧ 'be falling' 2231:ba˦˨˧ 'sticking to' 2198:ba˦˧ 'still coming' 2084: 1995: 1974:spoken in Southern 1958:Tone and inflection 1673:induced creaky tone 1535:added neutral tone 1526: 1218: 1204:Tone and intonation 1086:, for example, the 1045:syllabic consonants 953:Māma mà mǎde má ma? 407:Most languages use 261:tones of Vietnamese 11001:Tone (linguistics) 10951:Art and literature 10906:Meta-communication 10894:Passive-aggressive 10823:Sentiment analysis 10524:Non-verbal leakage 9622:Athabaskan Prosody 9462:Haudricourt (1961) 9088:, pp. 212–14. 8985:Karamat, Nayyara. 8776:, pp. 172–73. 8680:2019-03-27 at the 8469:10.15144/PL-A62.55 8354:Haudricourt (2018) 8225:2019-03-27 at the 8024:Haudricourt (2017) 8013:Haudricourt (1961) 8002:Haudricourt (1954) 7436:2021-05-07 at the 7205:"Grammatical Tone" 6589:Many languages of 6584:Arawakan languages 6527:have tone systems. 6525:Kalenjin languages 6235:American Southwest 6071:language families— 6017:Niger-Congo family 6013:Sub-Saharan Africa 6011:Most languages of 5922:; you can help by 5915: 5841:老人家 'elder people' 5445: 5372: 5251: 5145: 5040: 4767:in Hupa, low-tone 4706:Tone arose in the 4600:Consonant mutation 4575:Monophthongization 4457:Consonant mutation 3919: 3838:Tone orthographies 3784:Iroquoian language 3681:High falling tone 3627: 3150:High falling tone 2888: 2801:syllable used in 2762:⟩. For the 2729:for high tone and 2720:⟨35⟩ 2716:⟨53⟩ 2653:Also phonemic are 2648:Proto-Tai language 2427: 2341:Guangdong Province 2291: 2218:tai˧˨ 'be pulling' 2181:ba˦˨ 'came to end' 2161:ba˨˧ 'came to get' 2148:tai˦˥ 'might pull' 2082: 1993: 1530:Tone in isolation 1524: 1216: 987:/mǎi̯mài̯mâi̯mái̯/ 768: 592:mid rising, tense 496:Chao Tone Contour 475: 323: 264: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10682:Asperger syndrome 10650: 10649: 10632:Social competence 10572: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10374:Emotional prosody 10280:Subtle expression 10265:Facial expression 10181: 10180: 9905:978-0-521-77314-0 9853:(Reprinted 1972, 9545:Language Sciences 9355:Journal Asiatique 9276:978-0-521-65272-8 9253:978-0-19-511880-3 9183:978-90-272-5249-4 9143:www.phon.ox.ac.uk 9028:978-81-250-1341-9 8941:978-3-11-014388-1 8889:978-1-139-49448-9 8862:978-0-7914-4832-8 8835:978-0-521-36943-5 8760:978-3-89586-978-5 8415:10.1121/1.3327793 8300:10.1121/1.4773259 8097:10.1121/1.4806535 7907:978-0-7486-9101-2 7827:978-3-11-028642-7 7814:Foley, William A. 7213:SIL International 7026:10.1121/1.4887462 6839:978-1-134-83100-5 6692:The 19th-century 6561:Cherokee language 6532:Khoisan languages 6509:Nilotic languages 6374:Malayo-Polynesian 6328:Tibetic languages 6324:Chinese languages 6320:Sinitic languages 6213:, as well as the 6161:(Austroasiatic), 6135:Kra–Dai languages 5996: 5995: 5898: 5897: 5753: 5752: 5440: 5439: 5404:去 qù (departing) 5401:上 shǎng (rising) 5363: 5362: 5242: 5241: 5136: 5135: 4990:final consonants 4974:Similarly, final 4949:voiced consonants 4937: 4936: 4929: 4696:Hong Kong English 4648: 4647: 4595:Shm-reduplication 4585:Rhinoglottophilia 4421:Consonant harmony 4322:Cluster reduction 4169: 4168: 4161: 4058: 4057: 3866:Standard Central 3855:toneless pinyin. 3832:Cheyenne language 3818:that include the 3812:⟨h⟩ 3808:⟨j⟩ 3696: 3695: 3665:Low dipping tone 3579:checked syllables 3533:). For instance, 3496: 3495: 3438: 3437: 3358:IPA tone letters 3334: 3327: 3315: 3314: 3276:IPA tone letters 3238:High rising tone 3227: 3226: 3188:IPA tone letters 3153:Low falling tone 3139: 3138: 2857://ɕim⁵³⁻⁴⁴mĩʔ³²// 2810:Chao tone letters 2781:of the tone (the 2731:⟨ò⟩ 2727:⟨ó⟩ 2628:Chinese character 2580:Phonetic notation 2577: 2576: 2422:sound alternation 2402: 2401: 2377: 2376: 2329: 2328: 2266: 2265: 2195:telic, incomplete 2145:ba˦˥ 'might come' 2065: 2064: 1838:Sinitic languages 1739:Chatino languages 1705:checked syllables 1697:Kam–Sui languages 1652: 1651: 1533:Tone pattern with 1340: 1339: 1174:pitch-independent 797:⟨à⟩ 790:⟨ǎ⟩ 783:⟨á⟩ 776:⟨ā⟩ 740: 739: 634: 449:Vietnamese tones 319: 251: 250: 243: 233: 232: 225: 199:used on Knowledge 197:encyclopedic tone 178: 177: 170: 152: 75: 16:(Redirected from 11018: 10862: 10861: 10839:Ray Birdwhistell 10667: 10666: 10656: 10655: 10582:Broader concepts 10578: 10577: 10555:First impression 10236: 10235: 10223: 10222: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10076:Secondary stress 9959: 9952: 9945: 9936: 9935: 9909: 9886: 9877:(3/4): 480–501. 9852: 9845:Pike, Kenneth L. 9840: 9814: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9726: 9714: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9656: 9645: 9635: 9612: 9575: 9573: 9551:(2–3): 213–238. 9542: 9529: 9527: 9520: 9508: 9499: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9450: 9443: 9431: 9416: 9414: 9405:(2/3): 351–364. 9388: 9386: 9385: 9362: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9324: 9317:Stevens, Kenneth 9308: 9296: 9280: 9257: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9196: 9195: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9109:978-0-82888376-4 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8792: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8706: 8700: 8693: 8684: 8671: 8662: 8655: 8644: 8643: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8608: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8559: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8458: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8319: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8236: 8230: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8118: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8010: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7939: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7788:Bateman, Janet. 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7738: 7728: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7584: 7567:(5): 1322–1327. 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7447: 7441: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7404: 7398: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7145: 7120:(4): 1468–1479. 7105: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7028: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6981: 6975: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6793: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6714:Musical language 6650:creole languages 6410:Chamic languages 6355:Vietic languages 6314:Over 50% of the 6290: 6282: 6278: 6177:may result from 6051:) and nontonal ( 6037:Cangin languages 5929: 5914: 5833:Standard Chinese 5824: 5823: 5819:Standard Chinese 5758:Standard Chinese 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5602: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5448: 5444: 5407:入 rù (entering) 5375: 5371: 5367:Chinese language 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5254: 5250: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5148: 5144: 5043: 5039: 4997: 4993: 4965:Punjabi language 4932: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4889: 4881: 4861:voice onset time 4853:lenis consonants 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4121: 4113: 4094:Zhuang languages 4071: 4060:The Latin-based 4046: 4043:creaky falling, 4027: 4008: 3989: 3970: 3953: 3922: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3824:Apache languages 3813: 3809: 3788:Tanoan languages 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3689: 3673: 3657: 3649:Mid rising tone 3641: 3630: 3626: 3519:Omotic languages 3461: 3460: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3422:˩˥˦,˩˥˧,˩˥˨,˩˥˩, 3416:˨˥˦,˨˥˧,˨˥˨,˨˥˩, 3412:˧˥˦,˧˥˧,˧˥˨,˧˥˩, 3410:˦˥˦,˦˥˧,˦˥˨,˦˥˩, 3393: 3392: 3391: 3384:˥˩˨,˥˩˧,˥˩˦,˥˩˥, 3378:˦˩˨,˦˩˧,˦˩˦,˦˩˥, 3374:˧˩˨,˧˩˧,˧˩˦,˧˩˥, 3372:˨˩˨,˨˩˧,˨˩˦,˨˩˥, 3353: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3333:(rising–falling) 3332: 3326:(falling–rising) 3325: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3241:Low rising tone 3229: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2964:IPA tone letter 2959: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2828: 2826: 2803:Standard Chinese 2796: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2771: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2712:Omotic languages 2692: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2644:Kradai languages 2637: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2553:kia˨˦ or ki˩ ke˥ 2511:ŋia˨˦ or ŋ̍˩ ke˥ 2469:ŋa˨˦ or ŋai˩ ke˥ 2430: 2426: 2384: 2383: 2359: 2358: 2294: 2290: 2215:ba˧˨ 'be coming' 2085: 2081: 1996: 1992: 1949:A 2015 study by 1725: 1721: 1717: 1658: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1544:English meaning 1527: 1523: 1401:Mandarin Chinese 1336: 1331: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241:High level tone 1219: 1215: 1129: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1097: 1091: 1082:differences. In 1021: 1020: 1003: 988: 982: 981: 980:ไหมใหม่ไหม้มั้ย. 960: 959:/mámamâmàtəmǎma/ 948: 947: 937: 936: 912: 906: 894: 888: 876: 870: 858: 852: 840: 834: 798: 791: 784: 777: 765: 745:Mandarin Chinese 727: 723: 694: 690: 684: 680: 676: 647: 643: 637: 632: 630: 601: 597: 568: 564: 535: 531: 479: 478: 469:("asking"), and 353: 349: 320: 312: 301: 292: 283: 274: 246: 239: 228: 221: 217: 214: 208: 207:for suggestions. 203:See Knowledge's 188: 187: 180: 173: 166: 162: 159: 153: 151: 110: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11006:Tonal languages 10991: 10990: 10989: 10972: 10963:Mimoplastic art 10946: 10937:Tactile signing 10920: 10853: 10827: 10791: 10755: 10728: 10661: 10646: 10622:Social behavior 10583: 10564: 10528: 10519:Microexpression 10505: 10489:One-bit message 10468: 10420: 10355: 10275:Microexpression 10230: 10217: 10212: 10182: 10177: 10123: 10119:Extra-shortness 10090: 10081:Vowel reduction 10062: 9999: 9995:Vowel reduction 9966: 9965:Suprasegmentals 9963: 9925: 9920: 9906: 9871:World Englishes 9837: 9797: 9795: 9788: 9762:Michaud, Alexis 9752: 9750: 9731:Michaud, Alexis 9703: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9643: 9632: 9571: 9540: 9534:Hyman, Larry M. 9525: 9518: 9460:Translation of 9454: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9392: 9383: 9381: 9343: 9341: 9291:, eds. (1984). 9289:Goldsmith, John 9277: 9254: 9229: 9227: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9184: 9160: 9156: 9147: 9145: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9066: 9062: 9044: 9040: 9029: 9015: 9011: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8983: 8979: 8970: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8805: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8722: 8720: 8707: 8703: 8694: 8687: 8682:Wayback Machine 8672: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8626: 8622: 8585: 8581: 8536: 8532: 8511: 8507: 8486: 8482: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8387: 8383: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8337: 8333: 8272: 8268: 8237: 8233: 8227:Wayback Machine 8215: 8211: 8192: 8188: 8184:, p. 2311. 8182:Kingston (2011) 8180: 8176: 8170:Kingston (2011) 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8146:Kingston (2011) 8144: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8073: 8069: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7987: 7985: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7955: 7953: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7892: 7888: 7873: 7869: 7854: 7850: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7756: 7752: 7705: 7701: 7672: 7668: 7639: 7635: 7612: 7608: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7526: 7509: 7502: 7493: 7491: 7469: 7465: 7448: 7444: 7438:Wayback Machine 7429: 7425: 7405: 7401: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7374: 7356: 7352: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7258: 7254: 7235: 7231: 7222: 7220: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7106: 7102: 7096:Kingston (2005) 7094: 7087: 7080: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 6997: 6993: 6982: 6978: 6969: 6962: 6931: 6927: 6916: 6912: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6757: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6709:Meeussen's rule 6705: 6641:Belfast English 6580:Ticuna language 6367:Munda languages 6308: 6272: 6263:Ticuna language 6247:Mayan languages 6223: 6215:Eastern Bengali 6099: 6093: 6009: 6004: 5927: 5848: 5682: 5398:平 píng (level) 5081: 5061: 5033:, described by 5027: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4902: 4890: 4879: 4874: 4800:Bantu languages 4781:Kingston (2005) 4704: 4668: 4644: 4615: 4614: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4476: 4443: 4426: 4425: 4402:Final devoicing 4372: 4362: 4361: 4337: 4327: 4326: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4262: 4245: 4244: 4240:Debuccalization 4210: 4200: 4199: 4190: 4165: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4134: 4122: 4111: 4090:Standard Zhuang 4024:creaky rising, 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3840: 3811: 3807: 3776: 3622:compatible font 3527: 3452: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3349: 3342: 3331: 3324: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2923: 2877: 2865: 2854: 2849://ɕim˥˧꜓mĩʔ˧˨// 2846: 2829:, are used for 2822: 2787:ˉo ˊo ˋo ˆo ˇo 2767: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2686: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2631: 2619: 2602:transcription. 2592: 2582: 2406:Taiwanese Hakka 2365:'I' (singular) 2274:Maasai language 2272:as well, as in 2083:Aspects in Iau 1960: 1890: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1836:Tone sandhi in 1834: 1825: 1819: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1735:Ticuna language 1713:stop consonants 1685: 1683:Number of tones 1665: 1534: 1511:Bantu languages 1483: 1394:Bantu languages 1390: 1384: 1373: 1368: 1348: 1281:Low level tone 1261:Mid level tone 1235: 1230: 1225: 1206: 1182: 1170:pitch-dependent 1166: 1158: 1076: 822:transcription: 796: 789: 782: 775: 668:3 / r / ? 490:Vni/telex/Viqr 405: 361: 360: 359: 327: 326: 325: 324: 315: 304: 303: 302: 294: 293: 285: 284: 276: 275: 247: 236: 235: 234: 229: 218: 212: 209: 202: 193:This article's 189: 185: 174: 163: 157: 154: 111: 109: 99: 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11024: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10844:Charles Darwin 10841: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10662: 10652: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10540:Affect display 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10426:Social context 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10334:Pupil dilation 10331: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10262: 10257: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10232: 10231: 10219: 10218: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10133: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10100: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10043:Tone terracing 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9924: 9923:External links 9921: 9919: 9918: 9904: 9887: 9862: 9841: 9835: 9815: 9803: 9786: 9758: 9727: 9719:Maddieson, Ian 9715: 9701: 9671:Raymond Hickey 9666: 9636: 9630: 9613: 9576: 9530: 9509: 9500: 9488:10.2307/412518 9472:Ohala, John J. 9467: 9466: 9465: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9349:HAL 01678018. 9325: 9309: 9303:, ed. (1978). 9297: 9281: 9275: 9258: 9252: 9235: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9182: 9154: 9130: 9115: 9108: 9090: 9078: 9060: 9038: 9027: 9009: 8977: 8947: 8940: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8868: 8861: 8841: 8834: 8814: 8778: 8766: 8759: 8741: 8739:, p. 131. 8729: 8701: 8685: 8663: 8645: 8620: 8579: 8530: 8505: 8480: 8444: 8381: 8358: 8346: 8331: 8266: 8231: 8209: 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8123:on 2020-10-29. 8102: 8083:(3570): 3570. 8067: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8005: 7994: 7962: 7931: 7919: 7906: 7886: 7867: 7848: 7833: 7826: 7805: 7780: 7750: 7699: 7666: 7633: 7606: 7547: 7535: 7500: 7463: 7442: 7423: 7399: 7383: 7350: 7307: 7295: 7252: 7229: 7196: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7100: 7085: 7078: 7060: 7048: 6991: 6976: 6960: 6925: 6910: 6845: 6838: 6820: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6769: 6755: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6701: 6670: 6669: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6618:Serbo-Croatian 6598: 6587: 6576: 6565: 6550: 6539: 6528: 6513:Dinka language 6505: 6454: 6443: 6436: 6421: 6370: 6343: 6307: 6304: 6271: 6268: 6222: 6219: 6092: 6089: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5977:C(V)V́C̬(V)V̀ 5975: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5918:This table is 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5035:Martha Ratliff 5026: 5023: 4984:Middle Chinese 4967:: the Punjabi 4935: 4934: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4842:Middle Chinese 4703: 4700: 4674:rather than a 4667: 4664: 4660:James Matisoff 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4387:Palatalization 4384: 4382:Coarticulation 4379: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282:Vowel breaking 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4235:L-vocalization 4232: 4230:Spirantization 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4167: 4166: 4125: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4102:Nuosu language 4081:, the letters 4056: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3884:Burmese script 3876:alphasyllabary 3839: 3836: 3775: 3772: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3583:Middle Chinese 3555:Middle Chinese 3526: 3523: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3451: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3301: 3290: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3225: 3224: 3213: 3202: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903:High-mid tone 2901: 2898: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2862: 2818: 2817: 2806: 2791:ˍo ˏo ˎo ꞈo ˬo 2775: 2723: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2373:'we' (plural) 2371: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228:telic durative 2226: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128:ba˧ 'has come' 2126: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1959: 1956: 1913:tense and mood 1889: 1886: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1833: 1830: 1821:Main article: 1818: 1815: 1811:floating tones 1803:tone terracing 1772:Tone terracing 1770:Main article: 1767: 1766:Tone terracing 1764: 1762: 1759: 1743:Guere language 1689:Chori language 1684: 1681: 1664: 1661: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1482: 1479: 1386:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1347: 1346:Tonal polarity 1344: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1205: 1202: 1181: 1178: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1156:Phonation type 1154: 1100:glottalization 1075: 1072: 1057:Serbo-Croatian 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 993: 992: 989: 983: 965: 964: 961: 955: 949: 938: 923:tongue-twister 919: 918: 896: 878: 860: 842: 808: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 729: 719: 716: 713: 710: 703: 702: 699: 696: 686: 672: 669: 666: 663: 656: 655: 652: 649: 639: 626: 623: 620: 617: 610: 609: 606: 603: 593: 590: 587: 584: 577: 576: 573: 570: 560: 557: 554: 551: 544: 543: 540: 537: 527: 524: 522: 519: 512: 511: 508: 504: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 404: 401: 366:is the use of 354:⟩, see 330: 329: 328: 306: 305: 296: 295: 287: 286: 278: 277: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 249: 248: 231: 230: 192: 190: 183: 176: 175: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11023: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10932:Sign language 10930: 10929: 10927: 10923: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10777:Freudian slip 10775: 10773: 10772:Lie detection 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10751:Mirror neuron 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742:Limbic system 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10707:Rett syndrome 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10653: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10637:Social skills 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10612:People skills 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10597:Communication 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10579: 10575: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533:Multi-faceted 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10444:Display rules 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10414:Voice quality 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10251:Body language 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10168:Prosodic unit 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10143:Pitch contour 10141: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10048:Floating tone 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9990:Metrical foot 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9960: 9955: 9953: 9948: 9946: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9916: 9915:0-521-77445-4 9912: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9860: 9859:0-472-08734-7 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9836:9780199609895 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9793: 9789: 9787:9780199384655 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9766:"Tonogenesis" 9763: 9759: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9702:9781107279872 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9641:"Tonogenesis" 9637: 9633: 9631:9789027285294 9627: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9516: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9447: 9440: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430:(1): 163–180. 9429: 9425: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9350: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9313:Halle, Morris 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9208: 9207: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9126: 9119: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9013: 8999:on 2015-09-23 8995: 8988: 8981: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8917: 8908: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8705: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8660: 8659:Xiandai Hanyu 8654: 8652: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8484: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8350: 8342: 8335: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8159: 8158:Bhatia (1975) 8154: 8147: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8122: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8009: 8003: 7998: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7969: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7938: 7936: 7929:, p. 76. 7928: 7923: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7505: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431:教育部臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 7427: 7421:(4), 395-422. 7420: 7415:(4): 395–422. 7414: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7305:, p. 37. 7304: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7219:on 2019-05-29 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7081: 7079:0-521-45655-X 7075: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6835: 6832:. Routledge. 6831: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6791: 6787: 6784:(rising) and 6783: 6779: 6773: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6521:Luo languages 6518: 6517:Maa languages 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486:Kru languages 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382:New Caledonia 6379: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6347:Austroasiatic 6344: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183:Middle Korean 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155:Austroasiatic 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 5999: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5952: 5949:C̬ʰ → V́C̬V̀ 5944: 5940: 5938:C̬ʰ(V)VC(V)V 5935:C(V)VC̬ʰ(V)V 5934: 5932:Atonal stage 5931: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5885:自行車 'bicycle' 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5871:車站 'bus stop' 5870: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5849:(→ laorenjia) 5846: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5836:Sixian Hakka 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5394: 5393: 5378:Atonal stage 5377: 5376: 5370: 5369:tonogenesis. 5368: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5273: 5272: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5164: 5163: 5160:CVs > CVh 5157:CVx > CVʔ 5151:Atonal stage 5150: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5065: 5064: 5046:Atonal stage 5045: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4931: 4928: 4920: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4894:This section 4892: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4869: 4866: 4865:Seoul dialect 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716:syllable coda 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Sulcalization 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432:Dissimilation 4430: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411:vowel harmony 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Labialization 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4357:Floating tone 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4160: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4126:This section 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4083:v, c, h, x, z 4080: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3986:high rising, 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3967:low falling, 3966: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3885: 3881: 3880:Shan alphabet 3877: 3873: 3872:Thai alphabet 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774:North America 3771: 3728: 3722: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549:('exiting'), 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3444: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3330:Peaking tone 3329: 3323:Dipping tone 3322: 3319: 3318: 3302: 3291: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3214: 3203: 3190: 3183: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3147:Falling tone 3146: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2909:Low-mid tone 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2875: 2874:neutral tones 2863: 2836: 2832: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2765: 2745: 2741: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2708:Kru languages 2705: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114:tai˦ 'pulled' 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2032:Incompletive 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1951:Caleb Everett 1947: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1932:talking drums 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Kru languages 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783:prosodic unit 1780: 1773: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:Mano language 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:Wobe language 1727: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:Kru languages 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1467:Kru languages 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1413:morphological 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301:Falling tone 1300: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1198:stress accent 1195: 1191: 1190:drop in pitch 1187: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1150:register tone 1147: 1146:tone register 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1132:breathy voice 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Kru languages 1050: 1046: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 996: 990: 984: 977: 976: 975: 972: 970: 962: 956: 954: 950: 942: 939: 931: 928: 927: 926: 924: 916: 911: 905: 900: 897: 893: 887: 882: 879: 875: 869: 864: 861: 857: 851: 846: 843: 839: 833: 828: 825: 824: 823: 821: 817: 813: 805: 801: 794: 787: 780: 774: 770: 769: 761: 756: 752: 750: 746: 735: 733: 730: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 640: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 611: 607: 604: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 578: 574: 571: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 545: 541: 538: 525: 523: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 506: 505: 484: 480: 477: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 440: 438: 434: 430: 429:minimal pairs 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 400: 398: 393: 391: 390: 385: 384:tone patterns 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 357: 345: 341: 339: 335: 311: 307:The syllable 300: 291: 282: 273: 262: 257: 253: 245: 242: 227: 224: 216: 206: 200: 198: 191: 182: 181: 172: 169: 161: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: – 118: 114: 113:Find sources: 107: 103: 97: 96: 91:This article 89: 85: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 10767:Cold reading 10760:Applications 10734:Neuroanatomy 10408: 10379:Paralanguage 10114:Vowel length 10018:Pitch accent 10013:Tone contour 10004: 9891: 9874: 9870: 9848: 9826: 9819:Odden, David 9810: 9807:Odden, David 9796:. Retrieved 9769: 9751:. Retrieved 9742: 9738: 9722: 9675: 9659:. Retrieved 9647: 9621: 9587:(2): 67–80. 9584: 9580: 9548: 9544: 9523:the original 9514: 9504: 9482:(1): 37–58. 9479: 9475: 9453:. Retrieved 9437: 9427: 9423: 9402: 9398: 9382:. Retrieved 9373: 9358: 9354: 9342:. Retrieved 9333: 9320: 9304: 9292: 9262: 9242:. New York: 9239: 9228:. Retrieved 9222:(2): 12–24. 9219: 9215: 9203:Bibliography 9164: 9157: 9146:. Retrieved 9142: 9133: 9124: 9118: 9099: 9093: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9032: 9018: 9012: 9001:. Retrieved 8994:the original 8980: 8969:. Retrieved 8960: 8950: 8931: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8898: 8878: 8871: 8851: 8844: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8798: 8794: 8781: 8769: 8750: 8744: 8732: 8721:. Retrieved 8711: 8704: 8696: 8658: 8630: 8623: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8515: 8508: 8490: 8483: 8472:. Retrieved 8460: 8447: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8367: 8361: 8349: 8340: 8334: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8218: 8212: 8195: 8189: 8177: 8165: 8153: 8141: 8129: 8121:the original 8112: 8105: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8008: 7997: 7986:. Retrieved 7975: 7954:. Retrieved 7944: 7922: 7911:. Retrieved 7896: 7889: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7817: 7808: 7783: 7772:. Retrieved 7763: 7753: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7686:(1): 70–72. 7683: 7679: 7669: 7653:(1): 62–64. 7650: 7646: 7636: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7538: 7527:. Retrieved 7517: 7492:. Retrieved 7483:(1): 29–34. 7480: 7476: 7466: 7458:the original 7452: 7445: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7394: 7375:. Retrieved 7363: 7353: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7303:Odden (2020) 7298: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7238: 7232: 7221:. Retrieved 7217:the original 7208: 7199: 7190: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7069: 7063: 7056:Hyman (2009) 7051: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6919: 6913: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6733: 6691: 6687:phonemically 6674:Ket language 6671: 6622:pitch accent 6511:such as the 6372:Some of the 6309: 6297: 6293: 6284: 6273: 6224: 6151:Austronesian 6131:Shanghainese 6100: 6027:(among them 6010: 5997: 5950: 5946:Tonogenesis 5924:expanding it 5907: 5894:cii hang ca 5888:cii hang cha 5800: 5441: 5395:Tonogenesis 5364: 5274:Tonogenesis 5243: 5165:Tonogenesis 5137: 5066:Tonogenesis 5028: 5019: 5008: 4973: 4962: 4938: 4923: 4914: 4903:Please help 4898:verification 4895: 4846: 4827: 4804: 4797: 4793:creaky voice 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4724: 4705: 4683: 4676:phylogenetic 4669: 4655: 4649: 4467:Vowel hiatus 4392:Velarization 4370:Assimilation 4347:Nasalization 4225:Assibilation 4175:Sound change 4155: 4146: 4135:Please help 4130:verification 4127: 4099: 4087: 4082: 4073: 4059: 3993:acute accent 3974:grave accent 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3908: 3865: 3841: 3803:Oto-Manguean 3800: 3777: 3734:and falling 3729: 3721:checked tone 3697: 3624:installed): 3618:tone contour 3614:tone letters 3608: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3545:('rising'), 3542: 3538: 3528: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3453: 3439: 3424:˩˦˧,˩˦˨,˩˦˩, 3418:˨˦˧,˨˦˨,˨˦˩, 3414:˧˦˧,˧˦˨,˧˦˩, 3386:˥˨˧,˥˨˦,˥˨˥, 3380:˦˨˧,˦˨˦,˦˨˥, 3376:˧˨˧,˧˨˦,˧˨˥, 3282:˩˥,˩˦,˩˧,˩˨, 3235:Rising tone 3194:˥˩,˥˨,˥˧,˥˦, 2799:Hanyu Pinyin 2778: 2760:ő ó o̍ ō ò ȍ 2743: 2739: 2695: 2652: 2639: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2403: 2337:Yue dialects 2330: 2267: 2069:Iau language 2066: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1925: 1902: 1891: 1888:Uses of tone 1878:Southern Min 1865: 1861: 1860: 1835: 1826: 1807: 1791: 1775: 1761:Tonal change 1755:Oto-Manguean 1747:Dan language 1728: 1709:Kam language 1701:Kam language 1694: 1686: 1672: 1666: 1653: 1596:elder uncle 1519: 1515:pitch accent 1499:Shanghainese 1484: 1471: 1456: 1444:Nilo-Saharan 1428:Sino-Tibetan 1417: 1404: 1398: 1391: 1388:Tone contour 1352:pitch accent 1349: 1341: 1321:Rising tone 1207: 1194:pitch accent 1183: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1122:creaky voice 1077: 1065: 1039: 1028: 1019:一人因一日引一刃一印而忍 1012: 994: 973: 966: 952: 920: 898: 880: 862: 844: 826: 815: 811: 809: 804:neutral tone 760:tone letters 747:, which has 743: 706: 659: 613: 580: 547: 515: 493:Description 473:("tumbling") 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 441: 406: 394: 387: 363: 362: 350:and ⟨ 332: 252: 237: 219: 210: 194: 164: 158:October 2019 155: 145: 138: 131: 124: 112: 100:Please help 95:verification 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 10746:Limbic lobe 10511:Unconscious 10494:Missed call 10464:Social norm 10439:Conventions 10329:Eye contact 10148:Pitch reset 10058:Tone letter 10053:Tone sandhi 7864:(1): 53–80. 6865:(1): 1161. 6438:The entire 6435:, is tonal. 6423:The entire 6241:), and the 6237:(including 6137:(including 6113:(including 6087:are tonal. 6063:, and most 5992:C(V)VC(V)V 5989:R̬VV̀C(V)V 5986:T̥VV̀C(V)V 5958:C̬ʰVVC(V)V 5941:C(V)VC(V)V 5891:zi xing che 5852:lo ngin ga 5847:lao ren jia 5830:Hailu Hakka 5796:Shaoxing Wu 5760:(Putonghua) 5390:-p, -t, -k 5031:White Hmong 4988:Old Chinese 4872:Tonogenesis 4785:tense voice 4779:in Slavey. 4656:tonogenesis 4610:Chain shift 4605:Vowel shift 4525:Affrication 4514:Other types 4462:Tone sandhi 4352:Tonogenesis 4179:alternation 3956:not marked 3950:mid level, 3541:('level'), 3531:tone number 2843:/ɕim˦mĩʔ˧˨/ 2835:Min Chinese 2831:tone sandhi 2814:pitch trace 2783:pitch trace 2590:Tone letter 2314:èlʊ́kʊ́nyá 2303:Accusative 2300:Nominative 2015:Completive 1905:Niger–Congo 1874:alternation 1870:Tone sandhi 1866:tone sandhi 1862:Tone change 1857:Tone change 1823:Tone sandhi 1817:Tone sandhi 1440:Niger-Congo 1432:Afroasiatic 1409:Old Chinese 1236:intonation 1234:Convoluted 1068:tone sandhi 941:Traditional 709:"tumbling" 18:Tonogenesis 10995:Categories 10879:Aggressive 10849:Paul Ekman 10832:Key people 10796:Technology 10782:Poker tell 10627:Social cue 10434:Chronemics 10384:Intonation 10228:Modalities 10137:Intonation 10109:Gemination 9798:2020-09-06 9753:2018-01-12 9661:2020-07-15 9455:2021-02-15 9384:2021-02-15 9344:2018-01-12 9230:2020-07-15 9148:2023-12-19 9086:Yip (2002) 9003:2015-01-30 8971:2015-01-30 8774:Yip (2002) 8737:Yip (2002) 8723:2022-08-19 8525:1813/13855 8474:2023-07-23 7988:2009-01-25 7956:2015-01-30 7913:2023-07-22 7883:(2): 1–15. 7774:2019-01-23 7529:2020-09-19 7494:2024-06-14 7377:2023-07-22 7223:2019-05-30 7177:Yip (2002) 7165:Yip (2002) 6816:Yip (2002) 6800:References 6668:languages. 6666:substratum 6662:Papiamento 6658:Saramaccan 6652:, such as 6610:Lithuanian 6591:New Guinea 6545:, such as 6480:, and the 6460:, such as 6440:Hmong–Mien 6420:are tonal. 6394:New Guinea 6376:branch of 6365:, and the 6351:Vietnamese 6217:dialects. 6171:Vietnamese 6159:Vietnamese 6115:Meitei-Lon 6095:See also: 6025:Senegambia 5955:C̬ʰVC(V)V 5920:incomplete 5910:sprachbund 5844:lo ngin ga 5784:Fuzhou Min 5777:Xiamen Min 5412:Tone split 5290:Tone split 5257:Proto-SKD 5179:Tone split 5140:Vietnamese 5086:Tone split 5015:Vietnamese 5000:tone split 4976:fricatives 4698:is tonal. 4530:Gemination 4491:Synaeresis 4260:Epenthesis 4188:Metathesis 4149:March 2017 4012:hook above 3914:diacritics 3910:Vietnamese 3703:or simply 3633:High tone 3559:Four tones 3512:markedness 3464:High tone 2900:High tone 2740:extra high 2697:language. 2608:four tones 2584:See also: 2412:spoken in 2349:perfective 2339:spoken in 2311:èlʊ̀kʊ̀nyá 2280:spoken in 2111:ba˦ 'came' 1231:intonation 1226:intonation 1210:intonation 1084:Vietnamese 930:Simplified 841:) 'mother' 749:five tones 715:4 / x / ~ 622:5 / j / . 589:1 / s / ' 556:2 / f / ` 526:mid level 499:Diacritic 453:("flat"), 433:Vietnamese 421:pragmatics 415:to convey 413:intonation 380:intonation 128:newspapers 57:improve it 10884:Assertive 10692:Fragile X 10677:Aprosodia 10670:Disorders 10617:Semiotics 10545:Deception 10351:Proxemics 10341:Olfaction 10324:Oculesics 10309:Imitation 10038:Downdrift 9745:: 43–80. 9609:249412330 9192:0920-9026 9054:: 44–45. 8640:141736627 8615:2377-1666 8566:1836-6821 8557:1885/9118 8550:: 32–48. 8500:659748425 8423:0001-4966 8376:194697589 8308:0001-4966 8261:0095-4470 8056:: 62–74. 7622:(4): 19. 7372:1836-6821 7366:: 48–80. 7337:0925-8558 7290:150580883 7282:0731-3500 7134:1092-4388 7035:0001-4966 6955:0095-4470 6887:2041-1723 6683:phonation 6637:Liverpool 6606:Norwegian 6396:(such as 6384:(such as 6207:Khariboli 6187:Mongolian 6125:and most 5983:R̬VC(V)V 5980:T̥VC(V)V 5866:von gung 5857:碗公 'bowl' 5803:varieties 5790:Suzhou Wu 4917:July 2020 4838:Cantonese 4834:morphemes 4823:Afrikaans 4694:in 1838. 4692:separated 4580:Rhotacism 4500:Synizesis 4495:diaeresis 4474:Synalepha 4452:linking R 4407:Metaphony 4317:Haplology 4302:Apheresis 4277:Unpacking 4267:Prothesis 4251:Fortition 4050:dot below 4005:dipping, 3936:Diacritic 3852:Hmong RPA 3770:) tones. 3692:(Tone 4) 3676:(Tone 3) 3660:(Tone 2) 3644:(Tone 1) 3486:Low tone 3475:Mid tone 3402:(various) 3364:(various) 3284:˨˥,˨˦,˨˧, 3196:˦˩,˦˨,˦˧, 2912:Low tone 2906:Mid tone 2884:are seen. 2744:extra low 2736:ő ó ō ò ȍ 2380:Zhongshan 2325:èndèrónì 2094:ba 'come' 2049:Irrealis 1968:Chinantec 1936:whistling 1787:downdrift 1777:sentence 1509:and many 1507:Norwegian 1487:Cantonese 1448:Cantonese 1411:that had 1381:High Tone 1141:registers 1080:phonation 1074:Phonation 967:See also 895:) 'scold' 877:) 'horse' 724:(3ˀ5) or 691:(324) or 681:(323) or 677:(313) or 662:"asking" 510:Southern 507:Northern 483:Tone name 403:Mechanics 213:July 2022 63:talk page 10714:Dyssemia 10560:Intimacy 10480:Emoticon 10389:Loudness 10319:Laughter 10255:Kinesics 10246:Blushing 10239:Physical 10163:Loudness 10104:Chroneme 10028:Downstep 10023:Register 9980:Syllable 9847:(1948). 9821:(2020). 9792:Archived 9747:Archived 9652:Archived 9601:44526032 9569:Archived 9565:10431925 9536:(2009). 9476:Language 9446:Archived 9378:Archived 9361:: 69–82. 9338:Archived 9224:Archived 8965:Archived 8961:Omniglot 8803:Archived 8801:: 1–13. 8717:Archived 8678:Archived 8574:29263300 8431:20550273 8326:23363123 8223:Archived 7982:Archived 7950:Archived 7797:Archived 7768:Archived 7745:29515487 7601:25605876 7523:Archived 7489:24537005 7434:Archived 7152:24686836 7043:25190405 6905:33608548 6745:⟩ 6739:⟨ 6703:See also 6697:Solresol 6564:(s)(C)V. 6412:such as 6349:family, 6326:), some 6255:Uspantek 6233:and the 6203:Haryanvi 6065:Cushitic 6061:Egyptian 5877:che zhan 5874:cha zham 5863:wan gong 5860:von gung 5807:dialects 5283:falling 4969:murmured 4958:phonemic 4855:(ㅂㅈㄷㄱ), 4819:Kickapoo 4811:Cheyenne 4702:Examples 4688:Cherokee 4555:Iotacism 4550:Betacism 4540:Fronting 4535:Clipping 4520:Apophony 4272:Paragoge 4208:Lenition 3780:Cherokee 3723:, while 3604:yin ping 3502:(high), 3426:˩˧˨,˩˧˩, 3420:˨˧˨,˨˧˩, 3388:˥˧˦,˥˧˥, 3382:˦˧˦,˦˧˥, 3311:&c. 3306:◌˩˧,◌˨˧, 3300:&c. 3295:◌˧˥,◌˦˥, 3286:˧˥,˧˦,˦˥ 3223:&c. 3218:◌˧˩,◌˧˨, 3212:&c. 3207:◌˥˧,◌˥˦, 3198:˧˩,˧˨,˨˩ 2882:⟩ 2878:⟨ 2870:⟩ 2866:⟨ 2859:⟩ 2855:⟨ 2851:⟩ 2847:⟨ 2827:⟩ 2823:⟨ 2772:⟩ 2770:◌ꜗ◌ꜘ◌ꜙ◌ꜚ 2768:⟨ 2756:ó o̍ ō ò 2734:⟨ 2691:⟩ 2687:⟨ 2683:⟩ 2679:⟨ 2675:⟩ 2671:⟨ 2667:⟩ 2663:⟨ 2659:downstep 2638:for the 2636:⟩ 2634:꜁◌꜃◌◌꜅◌꜇ 2632:⟨ 2624:⟩ 2622:꜀◌꜂◌◌꜄◌꜆ 2620:⟨ 2600:phonetic 2596:phonemic 2331:Certain 2322:èndérònì 2286:Tanzania 2225:tone 243 2178:punctual 1921:polarity 1894:homonyms 1799:terraced 1794:downstep 1695:Several 1627:falling 1601:dipping 1538:Example 1392:In many 1224:Falling 1186:Japanese 1025:Jyutping 951:Pinyin: 946:媽媽罵馬的麻嗎? 935:妈妈骂马的麻吗? 859:) 'hemp' 818:are, in 764:˥˧˥˨˩˦˥˩ 644:(12) or 616:"heavy" 598:(35) or 583:"sharp" 565:(31) or 532:(33) or 502:Example 487:Tone ID 425:syllable 372:language 348:/ / 344:Help:IPA 10968:Subtext 10889:Passive 10858:Related 10449:Habitus 10394:Prosody 10346:Posture 10287:Gesture 10139:(pitch) 10129:Prosody 9711:5036805 9673:(ed.). 9034:answer. 8439:8742491 8403:Bibcode 8317:3574099 8288:Bibcode 8085:Bibcode 7736:5826341 7719:: 166. 7592:4321236 7569:Bibcode 7345:2850414 7143:5503100 7013:Bibcode 6896:7896081 6867:Bibcode 6678:Siberia 6626:Punjabi 6614:Latvian 6602:Swedish 6536:Sandawe 6494:Swahili 6474:Maninka 6470:Lingala 6425:Kra–Dai 6345:In the 6340:Burmese 6306:Summary 6289:/ni˨˩˦/ 6259:Tzotzil 6251:Yucatec 6221:America 6199:Punjabi 6179:Chinese 6119:Burmese 6069:Khoisan 6053:Semitic 6039:), and 6021:Swahili 5974:Result 5880:ca zam 5821:below. 5683:˨˩˦,˥˩/ 5381:-∅, -N 5319:Current 5280:rising 5246:Tai Dam 5202:Current 5115:Current 4996:/s/→/h/ 4815:Arapaho 4727:Koyukon 4545:Raising 4481:Elision 4448:Liaison 4312:Apocope 4307:Syncope 4295:Elision 4079:Iu Mien 4066:Iu Mien 3941:Example 3931:Contour 3506:(mid), 3478:macron 3443:prosody 2839:/ɕim˥˧/ 2559:khjiʔ˥ 2446:Jingpho 2355:Taishan 2345:Taishan 2308:'head' 2209:tone 34 2192:tone 23 2172:tone 24 2155:tone 43 2139:tone 21 1779:prosody 1677:Burmese 1648:rabbit 1575:rising 1541:Pinyin 1503:Swedish 1463:contour 1436:Khoisan 1420:Kra–Dai 1405:contour 1310:˦˦˧,˥˥˦ 1305:˦˧˨,˦˦˨ 1229:Rising 1136:Burmese 1061:Punjabi 638:(3ˀ1ʔ) 550:"deep" 518:"flat" 437:Chinese 417:prosody 389:phoneme 376:inflect 336:in the 142:scholar 10942:Tadoma 10687:Autism 10642:Unsaid 10607:Nunchi 10484:Smiley 10404:Stress 10399:Rhythm 10369:Affect 10361:Speech 10158:Rhythm 10153:Stress 10096:Length 10086:Accent 10068:Stress 10033:Upstep 9972:Timing 9917:(pbk). 9913: 9902: 9857: 9833: 9823:"Tone" 9784: 9709: 9699: 9628: 9607: 9599: 9563: 9496:412518 9494: 9323:. MIT. 9273: 9250: 9190: 9180: 9106: 9025: 8938: 8886: 8859: 8832: 8757: 8638: 8613: 8572: 8564: 8498: 8437: 8429: 8421: 8374: 8324: 8314: 8306: 8259: 8050:Lingua 7904: 7824: 7743: 7733: 7599: 7589: 7513:"Tone" 7487: 7370: 7343: 7335: 7288: 7280: 7150: 7140: 7132: 7076: 7041: 7033: 6953: 6903: 6893: 6885: 6836: 6616:, and 6573:Mixtec 6557:Mohawk 6547:Navajo 6519:, the 6515:, the 6500:, and 6478:Yoruba 6418:Hainan 6406:Matbat 6392:) and 6390:Cèmuhî 6338:, and 6336:Bhutan 6318:. All 6300:Scouse 6270:Europe 6239:Navajo 6231:Alaska 6209:, and 6191:Uyghur 6163:Cèmuhî 6057:Berber 6049:Omotic 6045:Chadic 6041:Fulani 6007:Africa 5951:/ V_V 5815:Taiwan 5811:sandhi 5779:(Amoy) 5277:level 5269:*-ʔ͡C 5211:huyền 5205:ngang 4980:weaken 4945:merger 4849:Korean 4830:Mohawk 4817:, and 4805:Three 4758:*-ɢʊtʼ 4720:Slavey 4712:Navajo 4565:Merger 4560:Fusion 4486:Crasis 4441:Sandhi 4415:umlaut 4377:Fusion 3964:huyền 3947:ngang 3874:is an 3861:Ndjuka 3857:Dungan 3844:pinyin 3820:Navajo 3668:21(4) 3489:grave 3467:acute 3450:Africa 3274: 3272: 3186: 3184: 2655:upstep 2573:khji˧ 2564:3 Acc 2550:3 Gen 2545:khji˧ 2536:3 Nom 2522:2 Acc 2508:2 Gen 2494:2 Nom 2480:1 Acc 2475:ŋjeʔ˥ 2466:1 Gen 2452:1 Nom 2436:Sixian 2414:Yunnan 2370:ngwoi˨ 2362:ngwoi˧ 2319:'rat' 2297:gloss 2122:tone 3 2105:tone 2 2091:Aspect 2077:aspect 1988:number 1986:, and 1984:person 1976:Mexico 1928:Yoruba 1919:, and 1917:person 1570:glass 1493:, and 1424:Vietic 1360:Sekani 1356:Navajo 1144:. The 1042:voiced 913:) (an 820:pinyin 773:pinyin 728:(4ˀ5) 695:(214) 648:(212) 631:(3ˀ2ʔ) 352: 144: 137: 130: 123: 115: 10473:Other 10173:Pausa 9707:S2CID 9655:(PDF) 9644:(PDF) 9605:S2CID 9597:JSTOR 9572:(PDF) 9561:S2CID 9541:(PDF) 9526:(PDF) 9519:(PDF) 9492:JSTOR 9449:(PDF) 9442:(PDF) 8997:(PDF) 8990:(PDF) 8806:(PDF) 8791:(PDF) 8636:S2CID 8570:S2CID 8457:(PDF) 8435:S2CID 8372:S2CID 8117:(PDF) 7800:(PDF) 7793:(PDF) 7485:JSTOR 7341:S2CID 7286:S2CID 6782:shang 6725:Notes 6630:Dogri 6595:Siane 6593:like 6555:like 6502:Wolof 6451:Hausa 6445:Many 6402:Ma'ya 6386:Paicî 6363:Khmer 6332:Tibet 6211:Dogri 6167:Yabem 6103:China 6033:Serer 6029:Wolof 5794:SXW= 5788:SZW= 5782:FZM= 5775:XMM= 5769:THH= 5763:TSH= 5681:/˥,˧˥ 5661:/˨˦˨/ 5636:/˦˩˨/ 5631:/˨˩˧/ 5561:/˨˩˦/ 5451:Class 5348:/˧˩ʔ/ 5343:/˨˩ʔ/ 5223:nặng 4791:, or 4764:-ɢotʼ 4680:shift 4672:areal 4062:Hmong 4040:nặng 4031:tilde 3796:Jemez 3792:Kiowa 3782:, an 3587:shang 3567:yang. 3557:(see 3543:shang 3320:Name 3232:Name 3144:Name 2894:Name 2880:꜍꜎꜏꜐꜑ 2868:꜈꜉꜊꜋꜌ 2825:꜒꜓꜔꜕꜖ 2779:shape 2570:jaŋ˧˩ 2556:jaŋ˥˩ 2542:jaŋ˧˩ 2531:naŋ˧ 2528:naŋ˧˩ 2517:naʔ˥ 2503:naŋ˧ 2500:naŋ˥˩ 2489:ŋai˧ 2461:ŋai˧ 2441:Zaiwa 2418:Burma 2390:'go' 2282:Kenya 2270:cases 2176:telic 2061:húʔ˧ 2058:húʔ˩˥ 2055:húʔ˩˥ 2052:húʔ˩˥ 2044:húʔ˧ 2041:húʔ˩˧ 2038:húʔ˩˧ 2035:húʔ˩˧ 2027:húʔ˧ 2021:húʔ˩˥ 2004:1 PL 2001:1 SG 1898:Hmong 1675:, in 1645:tùzi 1622:horn 1619:lǎba 1593:bóbo 1567:bōli 1549:high 1457:Most 1452:Bench 1366:Types 1127:huyền 1111:huyền 1049:Bantu 1033:IPA: 1006:IPA: 985:IPA: 685:(31) 602:(45) 569:(21) 548:huyền 536:(44) 516:ngang 455:huyền 451:ngang 409:pitch 368:pitch 340:(IPA) 149:JSTOR 135:books 10958:Mime 10409:Tone 10292:List 10005:Tone 9985:Mora 9911:ISBN 9900:ISBN 9892:Tone 9855:ISBN 9831:ISBN 9782:ISBN 9697:ISBN 9626:ISBN 9399:Word 9271:ISBN 9248:ISBN 9188:ISSN 9178:ISBN 9104:ISBN 9023:ISBN 8936:ISBN 8884:ISBN 8857:ISBN 8830:ISBN 8755:ISBN 8611:ISSN 8562:ISSN 8496:OCLC 8427:PMID 8419:ISSN 8322:PMID 8304:ISSN 8257:ISSN 7902:ISBN 7822:ISBN 7741:PMID 7597:PMID 7368:ISSN 7333:ISSN 7278:ISSN 7148:PMID 7130:ISSN 7074:ISBN 7039:PMID 7031:ISSN 6951:ISSN 6901:PMID 6883:ISSN 6834:ISBN 6778:ping 6750:มั้ย 6660:and 6654:Krio 6639:and 6628:and 6578:The 6567:All 6530:All 6523:and 6507:All 6498:Fula 6488:and 6482:Zulu 6466:Igbo 6431:and 6429:Thai 6414:Tsat 6404:and 6388:and 6334:and 6189:and 6175:Tsat 6173:and 6165:and 6153:and 6141:and 6139:Thai 6105:and 6091:Asia 6079:and 6077:Kx'a 6073:Khoe 6035:and 5827:Word 5805:(or 5756:SC= 5748:/˧˨/ 5703:/˨˧/ 5698:/˧˨/ 5671:/˧˩/ 5666:/˧˩/ 5616:/˥˥/ 5611:/˥˩/ 5586:/˥˨/ 5581:/˧˩/ 5576:/˥˩/ 5571:/˨˦/ 5566:/˧˩/ 5551:/˩˥/ 5546:/˩˧/ 5541:/˥˨/ 5536:/˨˦/ 5521:/˧˥/ 5511:/˦˩/ 5491:/˥˧/ 5486:/˨˦/ 5472:SXW 5353:/˦˥/ 5333:/˦˥/ 5266:*-ʔ 5263:*-h 5237:/˧˥/ 5235:ngã 5231:/˧˨/ 5229:hỏi 5219:/˨˦/ 5217:sắc 5213:/˨˩/ 5197:C2 5174:CV 5171:CV 5168:CV 5110:D2 5075:CV 5072:CV 5069:CV 5055:CVh 5052:CVʔ 5013:and 5011:Thai 4994:and 4941:loss 4798:The 4776:-ɡóʔ 4770:-ɡòd 4736:*tuː 4731:Hupa 4493:and 4177:and 4092:and 4088:The 4064:and 4026:˧ˀ˦˥ 4021:ngã 4002:hỏi 3983:sắc 3926:Name 3868:Thai 3848:Thai 3828:Hopi 3822:and 3768:/˧˩/ 3764:/˩˧/ 3760:/ɔ̖/ 3758:and 3756:/ɔ̗/ 3752:/˥˧/ 3748:/˧˥/ 3744:/ɔ̂/ 3742:and 3740:/ɔ̌/ 3736:/ɔ̂/ 3732:/ɔ̌/ 3725:/˧˧/ 3713:/˧˧/ 3701:/˧˧/ 3611:Chao 3595:ping 3589:and 3565:and 3539:ping 3525:Asia 3308:◌˩˨, 3297:◌˧˦, 3220:◌˨˩, 3209:◌˦˧, 2742:and 2685:and 2669:and 2657:and 2640:yang 2616:yang 2598:and 2588:and 2514:naŋ˥ 2486:ŋo˧˩ 2483:ŋai˩ 2458:ŋo˥˩ 2455:ŋai˩ 2416:and 2395:hy˧˥ 2284:and 2088:Tone 2024:húʔ˩ 2018:húʔ˩ 1980:mood 1970:(an 1749:and 1491:Thai 1442:and 1172:and 1117:nặng 1108:and 1105:nặng 1092:and 1051:and 957:IPA 762:are 636:˧ˀ˩ʔ 629:˧ˀ˨ʔ 614:nặng 463:nặng 435:and 419:and 364:Tone 259:Six 121:news 9879:doi 9774:doi 9689:hdl 9681:doi 9589:doi 9553:doi 9484:doi 9407:doi 9359:242 9170:doi 9052:VII 8601:doi 8552:hdl 8521:hdl 8465:doi 8411:doi 8399:127 8312:PMC 8296:doi 8284:133 8249:doi 8200:doi 8093:doi 8081:133 8058:doi 8054:134 7731:PMC 7721:doi 7688:doi 7655:doi 7624:doi 7620:312 7587:PMC 7577:doi 7565:112 7325:doi 7270:doi 7243:doi 7138:PMC 7122:doi 7021:doi 7009:136 6943:doi 6891:PMC 6875:doi 6742:ไหม 6676:of 6462:Ewe 6433:Lao 6416:in 6398:Mor 6380:in 6359:Mon 6291:). 6281:˨˩˦ 6229:of 6143:Lao 6123:Mog 6081:Tuu 5743:/˨/ 5738:/˦/ 5733:/˥/ 5728:/˨/ 5723:/˥/ 5713:/˥/ 5708:/˥/ 5693:/˥/ 5688:/˨/ 5656:/˧/ 5651:/˧/ 5641:/˦/ 5626:/˩/ 5621:/˩/ 5601:/˨/ 5591:/˥/ 5531:/˥/ 5526:/˩/ 5506:/˦/ 5501:/˦/ 5496:/˥/ 5481:/˥/ 5469:SZW 5466:FZM 5463:XMM 5460:THH 5457:TSH 5436:D2 5387:-s 5384:-ʔ 5358:/˦/ 5338:/˦/ 5328:/˥/ 5323:/˨/ 5314:D2 5260:*∅ 5225:/˨/ 5207:/˦/ 5194:C1 5191:B2 5188:B1 5185:A2 5182:A1 5154:CV 5107:D1 5104:C2 5101:C1 5098:B2 5095:B1 5092:A2 5089:A1 5078:CVC 5058:CVC 5049:CV 4992:/ʔ/ 4960:). 4943:or 4907:by 4847:In 4840:or 4828:In 4742:toː 4139:by 4045:˨˩ˀ 4007:˧˩˧ 3810:or 3717:/˧/ 3709:/˧/ 3705:/˧/ 3684:51 3672:˨˩˦ 3652:35 3636:55 3563:yin 3514:). 3428:˩˨˩ 3390:˥˦˥ 2612:yin 2567:ki˩ 2539:ki˩ 2525:ŋ̍˩ 2497:ŋ̍˩ 2472:ŋa˥ 2387:hy˨ 2288:): 2276:(a 2067:In 1926:In 1849:sng 1724:/k/ 1722:or 1720:/t/ 1716:/p/ 1657:˨˩˦ 1634:˥˩꜌ 1608:˨˩꜉ 1603:˨˩˦ 1582:˧˥꜊ 1475:Mpi 1335:˨˩˦ 1330:˧˧˦ 1325:˩˩˦ 1315:˦˥˨ 1295:˧˧˦ 1275:˧˦˨ 1255:˦˥˨ 1245:˦˥˦ 1095:sắc 1089:ngã 736:mã 726:˦ˀ˥ 722:˧ˀ˥ 712:C2 707:ngã 701:mả 698:◌̉ 693:˨˩˦ 689:˧˨˦ 679:˧˨˧ 675:˧˩˧ 665:C1 660:hỏi 654:mạ 646:˨˩˨ 633:or 619:B2 608:má 605:◌́ 586:B1 581:sắc 575:mà 572:◌̀ 553:A2 542:ma 521:A1 471:ngã 467:hỏi 459:sắc 411:as 370:in 104:by 10997:: 10744:/ 10482:/ 10253:/ 9898:. 9875:27 9873:. 9869:. 9861:). 9790:. 9780:. 9741:. 9737:. 9705:. 9695:. 9687:. 9603:. 9595:. 9585:19 9583:. 9567:. 9559:. 9549:31 9547:. 9543:. 9490:. 9480:55 9478:. 9428:56 9426:. 9403:10 9401:. 9397:. 9372:. 9357:. 9332:. 9315:; 9287:; 9269:. 9246:. 9218:. 9214:. 9186:. 9176:. 9141:. 9050:. 9031:. 8963:. 8959:. 8799:27 8797:. 8793:. 8688:^ 8666:^ 8648:^ 8609:. 8597:28 8595:. 8591:. 8568:. 8560:. 8546:. 8542:. 8459:. 8433:. 8425:. 8417:. 8409:. 8397:. 8393:. 8320:. 8310:. 8302:. 8294:. 8282:. 8278:. 8255:. 8245:40 8243:. 8091:. 8079:. 8052:. 7980:. 7965:^ 7934:^ 7881:19 7879:. 7860:. 7739:. 7729:. 7715:. 7711:. 7682:. 7678:. 7649:. 7645:. 7618:. 7595:. 7585:. 7575:. 7563:. 7559:. 7503:^ 7481:79 7479:. 7475:. 7413:29 7411:. 7386:^ 7362:. 7339:. 7331:. 7321:16 7319:. 7284:. 7276:. 7266:41 7264:. 7211:. 7207:. 7146:. 7136:. 7128:. 7118:57 7116:. 7112:. 7088:^ 7037:. 7029:. 7019:. 7007:. 7003:. 6963:^ 6949:. 6939:29 6937:. 6899:. 6889:. 6881:. 6873:. 6863:12 6861:. 6857:. 6808:^ 6790:ru 6786:qu 6758:^ 6656:, 6632:. 6612:, 6608:, 6604:, 6496:, 6476:, 6472:, 6468:, 6464:, 6400:, 6361:, 6287:, 6285:nǐ 6277:˩˦ 6205:, 6201:, 6121:, 6117:, 6109:. 6075:, 6059:, 6055:, 6047:, 6031:, 5961:- 5719:D2 5677:D1 5647:C2 5607:C1 5597:B2 5557:B1 5517:A2 5477:A1 5454:SC 5433:D1 5430:C2 5427:C1 5424:B2 5421:B1 5418:A2 5415:A1 5311:D1 5308:C2 5305:C1 5302:B2 5299:B1 5296:A2 5293:A1 5130:-- 5080:vl 5060:vl 5017:. 4813:, 4753:tù 4748:tó 4662:. 4450:, 4413:, 4054:ạ 4035:ã 4016:ả 3997:á 3988:˧˥ 3978:à 3969:˨˩ 3959:a 3902:, 3898:, 3894:, 3890:, 3834:. 3688:˥˩ 3656:˧˥ 3591:qu 3575:ru 3571:ru 3551:ru 3547:qu 3508:mà 3504:ma 3500:má 3492:à 3481:ā 3470:á 3458:: 3351:◌᷈ 3344:◌᷉ 3265:◌᷅ 3258:◌᷄ 3251:◌̌ 3177:◌᷆ 3170:◌᷇ 3163:◌̂ 3131:◌꜑ 3124:◌꜐ 3117:◌꜏ 3110:◌꜎ 3103:◌꜍ 3087:◌꜖ 3080:◌꜕ 3073:◌꜔ 3066:◌꜓ 3059:◌꜒ 3043:◌꜌ 3036:◌꜋ 3029:◌꜊ 3022:◌꜉ 3015:◌꜈ 2999:◌˩ 2992:◌˨ 2985:◌˧ 2978:◌˦ 2971:◌˥ 2957:◌̏ 2950:◌̀ 2941:◌̄ 2932:◌́ 2925:◌̋ 2795:˴o 2752:o̍ 2424:. 2010:3 2007:2 1990:: 1982:, 1915:, 1900:. 1868:. 1813:. 1805:. 1789:. 1745:, 1718:, 1679:. 1640:兔子 1629:˥˩ 1614:喇叭 1588:伯伯 1577:˧˥ 1562:玻璃 1556:˥꜋ 1505:, 1501:, 1489:, 1438:, 1434:, 1430:, 1426:, 1422:, 1285:˨˩ 1265:˧˨ 1070:. 1063:. 1027:: 971:. 943:: 932:: 925:: 899:ma 881:mà 863:mǎ 845:má 827:mā 816:ma 812:ma 802:A 732:◌̃ 683:˧˩ 651:़ 642:˩˨ 600:˦˥ 596:˧˥ 567:˨˩ 563:˧˩ 539:◌ 310:ma 66:. 10207:e 10200:t 10193:v 9958:e 9951:t 9944:v 9908:. 9885:. 9881:: 9839:. 9801:. 9776:: 9756:. 9743:3 9713:. 9691:: 9683:: 9664:. 9634:. 9611:. 9591:: 9555:: 9498:. 9486:: 9464:. 9458:. 9415:. 9409:: 9387:. 9347:. 9279:. 9256:. 9233:. 9220:5 9194:. 9172:: 9151:. 9112:. 9006:. 8974:. 8944:. 8892:. 8865:. 8838:. 8763:. 8726:. 8642:. 8617:. 8603:: 8576:. 8554:: 8548:5 8527:. 8523:: 8502:. 8477:. 8467:: 8441:. 8413:: 8405:: 8378:. 8356:. 8328:. 8298:: 8290:: 8263:. 8251:: 8206:. 8202:: 8160:. 8136:. 8099:. 8095:: 8087:: 8064:. 8060:: 8038:. 8026:. 7991:. 7978:" 7974:" 7959:. 7916:. 7862:5 7830:. 7777:. 7747:. 7723:: 7717:9 7696:. 7690:: 7684:1 7663:. 7657:: 7651:1 7630:. 7626:: 7603:. 7579:: 7571:: 7545:. 7532:. 7497:. 7380:. 7347:. 7327:: 7292:. 7272:: 7249:. 7245:: 7226:. 7154:. 7124:: 7098:. 7082:. 7058:. 7045:. 7023:: 7015:: 6957:. 6945:: 6907:. 6877:: 6869:: 6842:. 6643:. 6504:. 6453:. 6342:. 6275:( 5926:. 4930:) 4924:( 4919:) 4915:( 4901:. 4639:e 4632:t 4625:v 4417:) 4409:( 4162:) 4156:( 4151:) 4147:( 4133:. 4070:˧ 3952:˧ 3904:ႊ 3900:ႉ 3896:း 3892:ႈ 3888:ႇ 3640:˥ 2689:ꜝ 2681:ꜞ 2673:ꜜ 2665:ꜛ 2606:" 1851:7 1847:7 1551:˥ 1383:. 1290:˧ 1270:˦ 1250:˥ 917:) 910:吗 907:/ 904:嗎 901:( 892:骂 889:/ 886:罵 883:( 874:马 871:/ 868:馬 865:( 856:麻 853:/ 850:麻 847:( 838:妈 835:/ 832:媽 829:( 799:) 792:) 785:) 778:) 766:. 534:˦ 530:˧ 358:. 244:) 238:( 226:) 220:( 215:) 211:( 201:. 171:) 165:( 160:) 156:( 146:· 139:· 132:· 125:· 98:. 73:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index