3808:
1341:
694:, regulating the right to strike and the recourse to lockouts and providing mechanisms for dispute resolution and the establishment of Labour Court and Labour Appeal Court as superior courts "with exclusive jurisdiction to decide matters arising from the Act". The act also addresses employee participation in decisionmaking and international law obligations in respect to labour relations.
678:. COSATU passed a resolution in 1998 to campaign for treatment. "It was clear to the labour movement at that time that its lowest paid members were dying because they couldn’t afford medicines," stated Theodora Steel, Campaigns Coordinator at COSATU. "We saw TAC as a natural ally in a campaign for treatment. We passed a formal resolution at our congress to assist and build TAC."
657:"Serious violations were reported during the year, including the death of two workers killed by their employer in a wage dispute, and a striking farm worker killed by security guards. Protest strikes and demonstrations met with violent repression, such as the use of rubber bullets, which in the case of striking truck drivers, led to injuries."
382:
In 1990 SACTU, which had continued underground activities from exile, dissolved and advised its members to join COSATU. COSATU, as a member of the
Tripartite alliance with the ANC and SACP, provided material support in the form of strikes and both political and economic unrest, which eventually led
745:
agreements, which require all workers in the covered workplace to join unions, may be struck if two thirds of the workers vote in favour of the agreement. Workers must then join the union or face dismissal. In addition, "if a union expels a member or refuses to allow a new worker to become a union
717:
Bargaining councils are formed by registered trade unions and employers' organisations. They deal with collective agreements, attempt to solve labour disputes and make proposals on labour policies and laws. As well, they may administer pension funds, sick pay, unemployment and training schemes and
232:
and Arthur F. Batty. It was the first nationally organized union for black workers who would eventually include rural farm workers, domestic and factory workers, dockworkers, teachers and retailers. By the 1920s it was said to be more popular than the ANC and eventually had branches in the Free
726:
Agency Shop
Agreements are struck by a majority trade union (either one union or a coalition of unions representing the majority of workers employed) and an employer or employers' organisation. The agreement requires employers to deduct a fee from the wages of non-union workers to "ensure that
252:(SATLC) had united much of the country. The SATLC maintained an explicitly non-racial stance, and accepted affiliation of black trade unions, as well as calling for full legal rights for black trade unionists. Some black unions joined SATLC, while in the 1940s others affiliated with the
746:
member, and if this expulsion or refusal is in accordance with the union’s constitution or is for a fair reason, then the employer will have to dismiss the worker. This dismissal is not considered unfair". Conscientious objectors may not be dismissed for refusing to join the union.
403:, which established the working framework for both unions and employers. Three institutions have also been created to further the goals of reducing industrial relations conflict, eliminating unfair discrimination and redressing past discrimination in the workplace: the
295:(SACTU). SACTU merged with the Council of Non-European Trade Unions and became the trade union arm of the ANC. The union grew to a membership of 53,000 by 1961, but was driven underground, and for a decade black unionism was again virtually silenced in South Africa.
749:
Restrictions on closed shops include the requirements not to compel workers to be trade union members before obtaining employment and for dues collected from employees to be used only to "advance or protect the socio-economic interests of workers".
366:
in South Africa. The UWUSA eventually faded from view, but not before revelations in July 1991 that it had collaborated with anti-union employers in a campaign against both COSATU and NACTU activists, and had received at least 1.5 million
689:
The Labour
Relations Act was passed in 1995 and experienced major amendments in 1996 1998 and 2002. Its stated purpose is to "give effect to section 27 of the Constitution" by regulating organisational rights of trade unions, promoting
374:
In 1988 a new Labour
Relations Act placed restrictions on labour activities, including giving the Labour Court the power to ban lawful strikes and lock-outs. This was to be short-lived, and negotiations between COSATU, NACTU and the
4150:
718:
other such benefits for their members. The
Amended Labour Relations Act also notes that the councils are to "extend the services and functions of the bargaining council to workers in the informal sector and home workers".
520:
404:
61:
4065:
291:(TUCSA) union membership included white, coloured, and Asians, with blacks in dependent organizations. Independent black unions were excluded from affiliation and 14 previous unions from SATLC founded the
560:
376:
670:
in the world, with a 2005 estimate of 5.5 million people living with HIV, 12.4% of its population. The trade union movement has taken a role in combating that pandemic. COSATU is a key partner in the
166:
trade unions played an important part in developing political and economic resistance, and eventually were one of the driving forces in realising the transition to an inclusive democratic government.
650:
130:
313:(NUM) was created in 1982, and was deeply involved in the political conflict against the ruling National Party. The union embraced four "pillars" of action - armed struggle, mass mobilisation (
681:
Notwithstanding the formal alliance of COSATU with the ruling ANC, it has been at odds with the government by calling for the rollout of comprehensive public access to antiretroviral drugs.
400:
4176:
1427:
627:(FEDSAL) and several smaller unions in 1997, the three main union organizations were established. COSATU, with a membership of 1.8 million, is followed by FEDUSA with 560,000 members and
610:
3940:
4223:
1646:
1613:
1535:
1250:
674:(TAC), a registered charity and political force working to educate and promote understanding about HIV/AIDS, and to prevent new infections, as well as push for greater access to
3980:
1707:
3617:
327:
The largest strike up to that date in South Africa's history took place on 1 May 1986, when 1.5 million black workers "stayed away" in a demand for recognition of an official
3985:
1651:
1374:
4155:
4075:
4040:
4010:
140:
4206:
4030:
1765:
1692:
1472:
4130:
3950:
3930:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4085:
4055:
4045:
4035:
4000:
3995:
3945:
2395:
734:
and refuse membership in a trade union on the grounds of conscience, they may request for their fees to be paid to a fund administered by the
Department of Labour.
4125:
4060:
4015:
4180:
4005:
3990:
3960:
1452:
530:
4259:
4020:
1608:
440:
57:
3184:
1422:
221:
3920:
1666:
1593:
1477:
2642:
2346:
1220:
3787:
3721:
1697:
1540:
1391:
1367:
639:
450:
340:
39:
3794:
1676:
1517:
1447:
3289:
2562:
2353:
1758:
1462:
1442:
863:(2004). "Bakunin's heirs in South Africa: race and revolutionary syndicalism from the IWW to the International Socialist League, 1910–21".
2060:
205:
is considered the first female South
African trade unionist and who led many strikes and sit ins before 1911. The first trade union to organise
3603:
3582:
3443:
2360:
1661:
991:
1310:
1280:
3205:
2555:
1702:
217:
1073:
3905:
3121:
3037:
2492:
2471:
1598:
1550:
1492:
1457:
1399:
1360:
550:
310:
276:
3575:
2441:
2402:
1555:
803:
702:
930:
3812:
3254:
2610:
2231:
1751:
1432:
1258:
3925:
3638:
3499:
3422:
2712:
1502:
1482:
624:
835:
399:, which provides for the right to join trade unions and for unions to bargain collectively and strike. That has translated into the
3780:
3568:
3303:
2635:
1717:
1638:
1623:
600:
480:
359:
299:
43:
201:(SACoL) favouring employment policies based on racial discrimination. They also often did not fully accept women into the unions.
3561:
3408:
3366:
3114:
2995:
2578:
2113:
2051:
1487:
1132:
632:
580:
490:
249:
3844:
3659:
3624:
3142:
2339:
1732:
1628:
1437:
1414:
460:
321:
292:
174:
27:
4249:
3533:
3100:
2194:
1467:
913:
347:
198:
3749:
3540:
3450:
3072:
1722:
1527:
966:
698:
620:
470:
384:
253:
31:
245:
as its secretary. It would attract black trade unions from the dry-cleaning, furniture, sweets and automobile industries.
3686:
3631:
3547:
3394:
3058:
2621:
2288:
2258:
1512:
288:
53:
324:(COSATU) was formed in 1985, and FOSATU merged into it in the same year (more formally known in the teaching industry).
158:
could be viewed as a reflection of the racial disunity of the country, with the earliest unions being predominantly for
3645:
3610:
3554:
3079:
3044:
2733:
2182:
2171:
238:
4254:
3429:
3296:
3275:
3233:
2775:
2448:
1565:
1497:
1032:
943:
815:
500:
303:
177:(COSATU) is the largest of the three major trade union centres, with a membership of 1.8 million, and is part of the
113:
4219:
3359:
3198:
2367:
2281:
2224:
1618:
1585:
1560:
1545:
1404:
628:
510:
351:
202:
35:
3589:
3352:
3268:
3149:
3135:
3107:
2374:
2318:
1575:
268:
2527:
727:
non-union workers, who benefit from the union’s bargaining efforts, make a contribution towards those efforts".
3338:
3247:
3002:
2761:
1105:
3492:
3478:
3401:
3282:
3240:
3219:
3093:
2656:
2302:
2024:
1656:
1507:
643:
570:
540:
272:
264:
242:
186:
2534:
1168:
271:
to become a
General Strike. The strike was broken by the police brutality which was part of the rise of the
4215:
4080:
3885:
3756:
3700:
3526:
3415:
3387:
3324:
3016:
2874:
1671:
1228:
1048:
996:
706:
396:
210:
2541:
4095:
3915:
3693:
3596:
3471:
3380:
3226:
2585:
1712:
408:
631:
with almost 400,000 members including the powerful mineworkers union. All three are affiliated with the
4025:
3965:
3900:
3837:
3163:
2684:
2592:
2548:
2325:
2203:
2102:
770:
730:
Permission from the employee is not required for deductions to be assessed. However, employee who are
343:, the general secretary of the CUSA, were reported to be arrested under a renewed state of emergency.
3707:
3345:
3177:
3170:
3128:
2842:
2789:
2677:
2628:
2409:
2067:
671:
590:
430:
260:
214:
182:
163:
1001:
224:(ICU), formed in 1919, in 1920. The ICU was initially a union for black and coloured dockworkers in
4105:
3955:
3895:
3880:
3519:
2782:
2434:
1318:
1288:
4115:
4070:
3890:
3865:
3156:
3051:
2918:
2768:
2649:
2381:
2164:
2074:
1346:
1083:
932:
Industrialisation and Trade Union
Organization in South Africa 1924-1955: The Rise and Fall of...
731:
667:
4120:
3975:
3870:
2726:
2691:
1893:
379:(SACOLA) eventually produced a 1991 amendment which effectively repealed the previous powers.
4100:
4050:
3970:
3935:
3875:
3830:
3261:
3191:
3086:
2981:
2835:
2485:
2265:
2178:
1973:
1793:
691:
4110:
3910:
3009:
2895:
2663:
2599:
2332:
2095:
2088:
2040:
1823:
901:
355:
8:
3464:
3436:
3310:
2828:
2821:
2754:
2719:
2670:
2150:
1957:
860:
675:
178:
94:
2157:
368:
1143:
383:
to the displacement of the
National Party, and the majority victory of the ANC in the
3742:
3728:
3065:
2881:
2705:
2295:
1885:
1815:
1028:
939:
909:
811:
1743:
3666:
3030:
2740:
2520:
2210:
1965:
1933:
1869:
872:
229:
2988:
2902:
2796:
2464:
2388:
2309:
2033:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1877:
876:
314:
3735:
3457:
3331:
2974:
2888:
2571:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2217:
2143:
1989:
1949:
1352:
159:
4243:
3652:
3373:
2478:
2457:
2427:
2420:
2129:
1727:
363:
332:
173:, with 3.11 million members representing 25.3% of the formal work force. The
84:
3317:
2926:
2747:
2698:
1861:
1775:
234:
206:
197:
Early trade unions were often for whites only, with organizations like the
170:
331:
holiday. In the following June up to 200 trade union officials, including
3822:
2910:
1853:
742:
155:
3485:
3023:
2136:
2081:
1941:
1925:
336:
2944:
2935:
2866:
2272:
2249:
2238:
1603:
225:
1169:"South African Union Boss Demands Government Supply Anti-AIDS Drugs"
611:
Union for the Local Employees in Missions Accredited to South Africa
233:
State, Transvaal and Natal and in 1925 it moved its headquarters to
3714:
3212:
2857:
1981:
1838:
906:
A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day
1110:
309:
What was to become one of the largest unions in South Africa, the
256:, raising it to a peak of 119 unions and 158,000 members in 1945.
241:(SATUC) was formed with 30,000 members of black trade unions with
2122:
328:
2849:
2005:
1784:
1078:
1340:
1997:
638:
A fourth national trade union centre was formed in 2003. The
1570:
412:
287:
By 1954 SATLC was disbanded, and with the formation of the
154:
has a history dating back to the 1880s. From the beginning
1053:
Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights (2006)
317:), international solidarity, and underground operation.
441:
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
413:
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
58:
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
1773:
900:
279:
as all black trade unions were violently suppressed.
1336:
836:"The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa"
810:(6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing.
531:
National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union
169:Today trade unions are still an important force in
222:Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa
651:Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights
4241:
1382:
1251:"28. Powers and functions of bargaining council"
521:National Economic Development and Labour Council
405:National Economic Development and Labour Council
62:National Economic Development and Labour Council
2563:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
697:The Labour Relations Act does not apply to the
640:Confederation of South African Workers' Unions
451:Confederation of South African Workers' Unions
4260:Political organisations based in South Africa
3838:
1759:
1368:
859:
853:
395:Trade unions are recognized within the 1996
306:(CUSA) being created in the following year.
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
3852:
3845:
3831:
1766:
1752:
1375:
1361:
1201:Labour Relations Amendment Act 127 of 1998
908:. Hatsfield, Pretoria: Protea Book House.
1210:Labour Relations Amendment Act 12 of 2002
1192:Labour Relations Amendment Act 42 of 1996
1074:"2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic"
938:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
737:
721:
625:Federation of South African Labour Unions
561:South African Committee on Labour Affairs
377:South African Committee on Labour Affairs
2636:Reconstruction and Development Programme
883:
481:Federation of South African Trade Unions
300:Federation of South African Trade Unions
162:workers. Through the turbulent years of
2232:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1311:"Basic Guide to Closed Shop Agreements"
1281:"Basic Guide to Agency Shop Agreements"
798:
796:
794:
765:
763:
684:
633:International Trade Union Confederation
581:South African Trades and Labour Council
491:International Trade Union Confederation
250:South African Trades and Labour Council
213:(IWA), formed in September 1917 by the
4242:
2713:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1027:. NY: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 61.
1022:
833:
712:
661:
461:Congress of South African Trade Unions
322:Congress of South African Trade Unions
293:South African Congress of Trade Unions
175:Congress of South African Trade Unions
3826:
1747:
1356:
928:
802:
601:United Workers' Union of South Africa
360:United Workers' Union of South Africa
348:Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions
199:South African Confederation of Labour
829:
827:
791:
760:
699:South African National Defence Force
666:South Africa has one of the largest
621:Federation of Unions of South Africa
471:Federation of Unions of South Africa
254:Council of Non-European Trade Unions
120:South African is a member of the ILO
2643:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2289:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
346:Also in 1986, CUSA joined with the
289:Trade Union Council of South Africa
107: Repeated violations of rights
13:
239:South African Trades Union Council
14:
4271:
3795:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3430:South African Party (Cape Colony)
824:
642:(CONSAWU) is affiliated with the
501:International Labour Organization
304:Council of Unions of South Africa
114:International Labour Organization
4151:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3921:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3807:
3806:
1339:
1106:"Country profile - South Africa"
623:(FEDUSA) from the merger of the
511:National Council of Trade Unions
418:
362:(UWUSA), particularly to oppose
352:National Council of Trade Unions
3444:South African Party (1977–1980)
3437:South African Party (1911–1934)
3353:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3150:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1303:
1273:
1243:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1161:
1125:
1098:
1066:
1041:
871:(1). Carfax Publishing: 67–89.
220:(ISL). The IWA merged into the
2762:2019 service delivery protests
2748:#FeesMustFall student protests
2493:1983 constitutional referendum
1221:"Amended Labour Relations Act"
1016:
984:
959:
922:
834:LaNasa, Peter (12 June 2015).
302:(FOSATU) was formed, with the
282:
218:International Socialist League
192:
1:
3220:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2449:Israel–South Africa Agreement
1842:
1827:
1804:
1797:
1133:"Stepping back from the edge"
971:National Union of Mineworkers
753:
644:World Confederation of Labour
571:South African Communist Party
551:National Union of Mineworkers
311:National Union of Mineworkers
265:South African Communist Party
187:South African Communist Party
4250:Trade unions in South Africa
2875:Black Consciousness Movement
2629:Government of National Unity
1384:Trade unions in South Africa
1255:Amended Labour Relations Act
997:Constitution of South Africa
929:Lewis, Jon (November 1984).
877:10.1080/02589340410001690819
840:South African History Online
806:; et al., eds. (2005).
707:South African Secret Service
703:National Intelligence Agency
397:Constitution of South Africa
269:African Mine Workers' Strike
259:In 1946, the CNETU with the
211:Industrial Workers of Africa
152:Trade unions in South Africa
19:Trade unions in South Africa
7:
2586:Saint James Church massacre
2472:Weapons of mass destruction
71:Labour Relations Act (1995)
10:
4276:
2326:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2204:South West Africa campaign
2103:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2068:French Huguenot settlement
371:from the security police.
4164:
4139:
3858:
3804:
3781:African National Congress
3770:
3676:
3509:
3241:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2964:
2955:
2813:
2609:
2579:1992 apartheid referendum
2248:
2193:
2112:
2050:
2023:
2016:
1782:
1685:
1637:
1584:
1526:
1413:
1390:
1025:Contemporary South Africa
808:Trade Unions of the World
672:Treatment Action Campaign
619:With the creation of the
591:Treatment Action Campaign
431:African National Congress
275:(NP) and their slogan of
261:African National Congress
215:revolutionary syndicalist
183:African National Congress
139:
129:
124:
119:
112:
100:
93:
83:
75:
67:
49:
23:
4255:Politics of South Africa
3906:Central African Republic
3234:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3227:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2783:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2741:#RhodesMustFall protests
2340:1960 republic referendum
1023:Butler, Anthony (2004).
390:
385:1994 political elections
24:National organization(s)
3679:terrorist organisations
2769:2019 Johannesburg riots
2382:Constructive engagement
2347:International isolation
2165:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1347:Organized labour portal
778:Statistics South Africa
732:conscientious objectors
125:Convention ratification
3853:Trade unions in Africa
2692:Attack on Kennedy Road
2303:Congress of the People
1894:South African Republic
738:Closed shop Agreements
722:Agency Shop Agreements
659:
131:Freedom of Association
76:Total union membership
4066:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3926:Republic of the Congo
3262:Natal Indian Congress
2982:Afrikaner Broederbond
2836:Afrikaner nationalism
2622:1994 general election
2593:Bophuthatswana crisis
2486:Church Street bombing
2266:Apartheid legislation
2259:1948 general election
2179:South Africa Act 1909
1974:Union of South Africa
1794:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1774:Political history of
902:Pretorius, Fransjohan
771:"Labour force survey"
692:collective bargaining
668:incidence of HIV/AIDS
655:
350:(AZACTU) to form the
2896:Greater South Africa
2734:2014 platinum strike
2600:Shell House massacre
2528:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
2333:Sharpeville massacre
2096:Battle of Blaauwberg
2089:Battle of Muizenberg
2041:Battle of Salt River
1824:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1315:Department of Labour
1285:Department of Labour
1261:on 24 September 2006
1225:Department of Labour
861:van der Walt, Lucien
685:Labour Relations Act
653:noted South Africa:
401:Labour Relations Act
356:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
54:Department of Labour
50:Regulatory authority
4141:States with limited
3788:Democratic Alliance
2965:Civic and political
2829:Afrikaner Calvinism
2822:African nationalism
2671:African Renaissance
2361:UNSC Resolution 591
2282:Internal resistance
2183:National Convention
2151:Transvaal Civil War
2075:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1958:Orange River Colony
1321:on 22 February 2006
1291:on 11 February 2006
1231:on 22 February 2006
1149:on 15 February 2006
1004:on 17 November 2013
713:Bargaining councils
662:Labour and HIV/AIDS
423:
354:(NACTU), and Chief
339:of the COSATU, and
179:Tripartite alliance
95:Global Rights Index
68:Primary legislation
20:
2535:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
2354:UN Resolution 1761
2319:Women's March 1956
2172:South African Wars
2158:Mineral Revolution
992:"Labour relations"
419:
18:
4237:
4236:
4168:other territories
3941:Equatorial Guinea
3820:
3819:
3773:political parties
3766:
3765:
3743:Orde van die Dood
3360:Progressive Party
3066:Congress Alliance
2882:Cape Independence
2814:Political culture
2809:
2808:
2776:COVID-19 pandemic
2706:Marikana massacre
2542:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
2296:Defiance Campaign
1886:Orange Free State
1816:Dutch Cape Colony
1741:
1740:
915:978-1-86919-908-1
616:
615:
283:1954 – 1991
248:By the 1930s the
149:
148:
141:Right to Organise
4267:
4229:
4228:(United Kingdom)
4224:Tristan da Cunha
4220:Ascension Island
4212:
4199:
4190:
4166:Dependencies and
3859:Sovereign states
3847:
3840:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3677:Paramilitary and
3669:
3667:Umkosi Wezintaba
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3512:social movements
3510:Trade unions and
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3031:Boerestaat Party
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2802:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2521:Dakar Conference
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2442:Israeli alliance
2437:
2430:
2423:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2396:Sporting boycott
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2368:Academic boycott
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2225:Great Depression
2220:
2213:
2211:Maritz rebellion
2206:
2186:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2061:Dutch settlement
2043:
2036:
2034:Bantu migrations
2021:
2020:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1966:Transvaal Colony
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1934:Nieuwe Republiek
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1870:Natalia Republic
1865:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1839:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1834:
1832:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1287:. Archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1142:. Archived from
1137:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1082:. Archived from
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
926:
920:
919:
898:
881:
880:
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
831:
822:
821:
800:
789:
788:
786:
784:
775:
767:
424:
230:Clements Kadalie
209:workers was the
181:with the ruling
145:19 February 1996
135:19 February 1996
106:
105:
21:
17:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4210:
4197:
4188:
4169:
4167:
4160:
4144:
4142:
4135:
3854:
3851:
3821:
3816:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3178:HNP (Herstigte)
3176:
3171:HNP (Herenigde)
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2989:Afrikaner Party
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2903:Honorary whites
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2805:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2664:Soweto bombings
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2465:Soweto Uprising
2463:
2456:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2389:Tar Baby Option
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:Freedom Charter
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1910:Griqualand West
1908:
1902:Griqualand East
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1778:
1772:
1742:
1737:
1681:
1633:
1580:
1522:
1409:
1386:
1381:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1086:on 12 July 2006
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
946:
935:
927:
923:
916:
899:
884:
858:
854:
844:
842:
832:
825:
818:
801:
792:
782:
780:
773:
769:
768:
761:
756:
740:
724:
715:
687:
676:antiretrovirals
664:
649:The 2006 ICFTU
617:
393:
341:Phiroshaw Camay
315:ungovernability
285:
267:pushed for the
237:. In 1924, the
203:Mary Fitzgerald
195:
164:1948–1991
108:
103:
102:
60:
56:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4213:
4200:
4191:
4177:Canary Islands
4173:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3736:Ossewabrandwag
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3479:Unionist Party
3475:
3468:
3461:
3458:Torch Commando
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3332:Orde Boerevolk
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3108:DP (1989–2000)
3104:
3101:DP (1973–1977)
3097:
3094:Dominion Party
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2975:Afrikaner Bond
2970:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2889:Day of the Vow
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2657:Floor crossing
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2572:Bisho massacre
2568:
2567:
2566:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2514:Operation Vula
2510:
2507:Rubicon speech
2503:
2500:Langa massacre
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2218:Rand Rebellion
2214:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2144:Boer Republics
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1990:Bophuthatswana
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1950:Klein Vrystaat
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1812:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1333:
1332:
1302:
1272:
1242:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1160:
1124:
1097:
1065:
1049:"South Africa"
1040:
1033:
1015:
983:
958:
944:
921:
914:
882:
852:
823:
816:
790:
758:
757:
755:
752:
739:
736:
723:
720:
714:
711:
686:
683:
663:
660:
614:
613:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
543:
541:National Party
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
428:
417:
407:(NEDLAC), the
392:
389:
284:
281:
273:National Party
228:and formed by
194:
191:
185:(ANC) and the
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
51:
47:
46:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Guinea-Bissau
3979:
3977:
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3653:Die Spoorbund
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3490:
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3374:Radio Freedom
3371:
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3333:
3329:
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3004:
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2972:
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2969:
2967:organisations
2963:
2960:
2958:organisations
2954:
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2755:Tshwane riots
2752:
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2476:
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2459:
2458:Mafeje affair
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
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2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:Durban Moment
2425:
2422:
2421:Rivonia Trial
2418:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
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2379:
2376:
2375:Disinvestment
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2159:
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2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:1820 Settlers
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
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2115:
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2104:
2100:
2097:
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2022:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
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1967:
1963:
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1728:Sikhula Sonke
1726:
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1034:0-333-71519-5
1030:
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1019:
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998:
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987:
972:
968:
967:"NUM History"
962:
947:
945:0-521-26312-3
941:
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907:
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817:0-9543811-5-7
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398:
388:
386:
380:
378:
372:
370:
365:
364:disinvestment
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:Elijah Barayi
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
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66:
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55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
16:
4216:Saint Helena
4187:
4091:South Africa
4090:
4081:Sierra Leone
3886:Burkina Faso
3811:
3771:Histories of
3472:United Party
3381:Reform Party
3318:Orangia Unie
2943:
2934:
2927:Swart gevaar
2925:
2909:
2865:
2856:
2797:
2699:Blikkiesdorp
2025:Pre-colonial
1878:Natal Colony
1862:Zulu Kingdom
1776:South Africa
1383:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1173:The Body.com
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1139:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1077:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1024:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
995:
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:
961:
949:. Retrieved
931:
924:
905:
868:
864:
855:
845:26 September
843:. Retrieved
839:
807:
781:. Retrieved
777:
748:
741:
729:
725:
716:
696:
688:
680:
665:
656:
648:
637:
618:
420:
409:Labour Court
394:
381:
373:
358:created the
345:
326:
319:
308:
298:In 1979 the
297:
286:
258:
247:
243:Bill Andrews
235:Johannesburg
196:
171:South Africa
168:
151:
150:
79:3.11 million
15:
4143:recognition
4096:South Sudan
3986:Ivory Coast
2911:Rooi gevaar
2790:2021 unrest
2720:Nkandlagate
2549:Third Force
2410:Rugby union
2008:(1981–1994)
2000:(1979–1994)
1992:(1977–1994)
1984:(1976–1994)
1976:(1910–1961)
1968:(1902–1910)
1960:(1902–1910)
1952:(1886–1891)
1944:(1885–1887)
1936:(1884–1888)
1928:(1882–1885)
1920:(1882–1883)
1912:(1870–1873)
1904:(1861–1879)
1896:(1856–1902)
1888:(1854–1902)
1880:(1843–1910)
1872:(1839–1843)
1864:(1816–1897)
1856:(1795–1910)
1854:Cape Colony
1846: 1780
1831: 1780
1818:(1652–1806)
1808: 1220
1801: 1075
743:Closed shop
193:The history
4244:Categories
4198:(Portugal)
4156:Somaliland
4076:Seychelles
4041:Mozambique
4026:Mauritania
4011:Madagascar
3966:The Gambia
3901:Cape Verde
3722:Greyshirts
3486:Volksparty
3024:Black Sash
2685:Xenophobia
2678:Travelgate
2435:Border War
2239:Bantustans
2137:Great Trek
2082:Xhosa Wars
1942:Upingtonia
1926:Stellaland
1733:Solidarity
754:References
337:Jay Naidoo
4031:Mauritius
2945:Volkstaat
2936:Uitlander
2867:Boerehaat
2843:Anarchism
2650:Arms Deal
2613:apartheid
2273:Pass laws
2250:Apartheid
2195:1910–1948
2114:1815–1910
2052:1652–1815
1686:Unaligned
1604:HOTELICCA
865:Politikon
277:apartheid
226:Cape Town
4222: /
4218: /
4211:(France)
4205: /
4183: /
4179: /
4131:Zimbabwe
4106:Tanzania
3956:Ethiopia
3951:Eswatini
3931:Djibouti
3896:Cameroon
3881:Botswana
3813:Category
3715:Boeremag
3213:Jeugkrag
3164:Het Volk
2858:Baasskap
2800:incident
2403:Olympics
1982:Transkei
1785:polities
1783:Defunct
1647:DEMAWUSA
1614:NUFBWSAW
1536:HOSPERSA
1428:CEPPWAWU
904:(2014).
607:ULEMASA
557:SACCOLA
447:CONSAWU
421:Acronyms
415:(CCMA).
411:and the
263:and the
189:(SACP).
4207:RĂ©union
4203:Mayotte
4194:Madeira
4189:(Spain)
4185:Melilla
4116:Tunisia
4086:Somalia
4071:Senegal
4056:Nigeria
4046:Namibia
4036:Morocco
4001:Liberia
3996:Lesotho
3946:Eritrea
3916:Comoros
3891:Burundi
3866:Algeria
3618:SAAPAWU
2956:Defunct
2919:Slavery
2123:Mfecane
1708:NAPTOSA
1693:AUBTWSA
1599:FEDCRAW
1473:SACCAWU
1400:FEDCRAW
1392:CONSAWU
1325:24 June
1295:24 June
1265:24 June
1235:24 June
1178:11 July
1153:11 July
1117:11 July
1111:ILOAIDS
1090:11 July
1058:12 July
1008:11 July
951:11 July
936:(ebook)
783:23 June
705:or the
646:(WCL).
527:NEHAWU
517:NEDLAC
477:FOSATU
467:FEDUSA
457:COSATU
329:May Day
85:Density
40:CONSAWU
4226:
4209:
4196:
4126:Zambia
4121:Uganda
4061:Rwanda
4016:Malawi
3976:Guinea
3871:Angola
3569:FOSATU
3423:SAYRCO
3395:SADECO
3311:Occupy
2850:Azania
2798:Lady R
2727:Racism
2556:CODESA
2017:Events
2006:Ciskei
1918:Goshen
1848:–1819)
1833:–1817)
1677:SASAWU
1667:NUPSAW
1652:DETAWU
1629:TAWUSA
1609:MEWUSA
1528:FEDUSA
1518:SATAWU
1478:SACTWU
1468:POPCRU
1463:PAWUSA
1453:NEHAWU
1448:LIMUSA
1443:DENOSA
1423:AFADWU
1415:COSATU
1140:UNAIDS
1079:UNAIDS
1031:
976:5 July
942:
912:
814:
701:, the
597:UWUSA
577:SATLC
507:NACTU
156:unions
32:FEDUSA
28:COSATU
4181:Ceuta
4101:Sudan
4051:Niger
4006:Libya
3991:Kenya
3971:Ghana
3961:Gabon
3936:Egypt
3876:Benin
3750:PAGAD
3646:SATUC
3639:SARHU
3625:SACTU
3604:NURHS
3562:FNETU
3548:CTSWU
3541:CNETU
3534:BLATU
3416:SAYCO
3304:NUSAS
3185:IDASA
2996:AITUP
2611:Post-
1998:Venda
1723:SANDU
1718:SAEWA
1703:IMATU
1662:NUMSA
1639:SAFTU
1624:SACWU
1594:BCAWU
1586:NACTU
1551:NULAW
1541:HIAWU
1513:SASFU
1508:SASBO
1503:SAMWU
1493:SAEPU
1488:SADTU
1483:SADNU
1438:CWUSA
1147:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
804:ICTUR
774:(PDF)
629:NACTU
567:SACP
487:ITUC
437:CCMA
391:Today
207:black
160:white
89:25.3%
44:SAFTU
36:NACTU
4111:Togo
4021:Mali
3911:Chad
3757:SANF
3687:APLA
3632:SAIF
3611:PAWE
3597:NEUM
3590:MUSA
3555:FCWU
3500:WOSA
3451:TNIP
3409:SASO
3402:SAIC
3388:SABP
3339:PAVN
3073:COSG
3052:CTEG
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