List of transcontinental countries

3843:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non – Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galápagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures. 5037:

Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and single islands not included under the other two. Accepting this arrangement, still the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject; neither shall we pretend to decide in the matter. The following list, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island not previously named as coming under the division of Australasia: 1. North of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galápagos. 2. South of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's islands. Cook's or Harvey islands, the Society islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter island.

1759: 1251: 3654:. To the south, we have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands we are not making any political statement but merely recognizing that this book is being written in the English language), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. However, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (e.g., South Georgia) are not included except incidentally (e.g., endemic South Georgia Pipit have been incorporated). Likewise, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor have the Galápagos Islands, situated even further off the Ecuadorian coast. 2498:, can be considered a transcontinental region. Many initial 19th century definitions of Oceania included most or all of the Malay Archipelago. Definitions of Oceania which include the Malay Archipelago are much rarer today; the non-oceanic nature of the Malay Archipelago and its geological connections to Asia may not have been as widely known in the 19th century. The Philippines are the closest to the Oceania subregion of Micronesia, and are sometimes historically associated with it, mainly due to their shared Christian cultures and Spanish colonial histories, and their shared 1145: 1335: 522: 1269: 1798:. Fully located on the North American tectonic plate, and close to the mainland, Greenland is considered to be geographically a part of North America, with the United Nations categorizing them as such. Although it is politically associated with Europe and internationally represented by a European state (including in the Council of Europe), it is autonomous. Historically and ethnically, its native population is of North American tradition, although it also shares cultural links with other native peoples bordering the 1774: 1028: 1186: 3578:

Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaíso; the Galápagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations — some have been used effectively as prisons — but the official language on each is Spanish.

2338:(United Kingdom). The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of South America, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Oceania. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is sometimes considered to be geographically within the bounds of South America; however, the other islands are among the most isolated locations in the world. Human activity is very limited on Bouvet Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands; for example, the 1233: 1218: 866: 2450: 2209: 2462: 1831: 1968: 1163: 2543: 1469: 701: 620: 1457: 997: 2438: 1904: 960: 2654: 2620: 666: 1200: 2426: 806: 2555: 1602: 1542: 1294: 471: 331: 391:. More specifically, they contain a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.g. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (e.g. Turkey). In other words, someone can travel to another continent without changing the country (without crossing a border). 2062: 747: 1666: 1701: 1402: 400: 3564: 184:. More specifically, they contain a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.g. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (e.g. Turkey). 5036:

the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—generally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malaysia we have the three geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and

4603:

The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of

3996:

The Bonin Islands, now known as the Ogasawara Islands, are a group of subtropical islands located roughly equidistant between the Tokyo, Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands. This group of islands is nowhere near Tokyo, but it is still considered to be a part of Tokyo! The Ogasawara Islands consist

5228:

The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galápagos

4560:

Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however,

5562:

Oceania is a broadly applied term for the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean. They range from extremely small, uninhabited islands, to large ones, including Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Oceania is further grouped into three regions, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. There a few

5444:

The human colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the late Holocene. Prehistoric human explorers missed only the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places as they surged east out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the

4975:

Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South Asia. It comprises New Holland or Australia, Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, Papua or New Guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific

3577:

Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the

2595:, despite being physiologically connected to the American landmass, is in fact part of the Pacific Plate. Guadalupe Island and Rocas Alijos are rarely categorized with other Pacific Islands, as they are only 250 to 300 kilometers removed from Baja California. Revillagigedo's most remote island, 694:

are located north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed, which is geographically in Europe, with mountain peaks throughout the Caucasus ridge, placing around 5% of the country's total territory in Europe. Despite its geography, Georgia is considered a European country geopolitically because of its

1112:

of South America, and can be considered South American as well. Excluding the geographically North American Aves Island, the remaining Venezuelan islands of the Federal Dependencies are islands situated in the Caribbean on the continental shelf of South America. These islands are north of the

4976:

Ocean, which, as you may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Sunday Isles, Celebes, Moluccas

1446:

around 2,000 years ago, with their official discovery coming much later in the 16th century, through Europeans. The most isolated island, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is 2,000 kilometers removed from Tokyo, lying closer to the northernmost islands of

3649:

included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various small islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, the Netherlands Antilles ; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern coast of Brazil), but islands more properly considered part of the West Indies (e.g. Grenada) are

63:

transcontinental countries are those states that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by a body of water or by other countries (such as in the case of France). Most non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with

3644:

Finally, a few comments on the area we consider to be part of "South America" are in order. Essentially we have followed the limits established by Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands

5362:

Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and

4561:

very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.

5323:

Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galápagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in

2587:. All of these islands were uninhabited prior to European discovery, and none lie on the North American or South American tectonic plates; the Mexican islands lie on the Pacific Plate with most of Oceania, and Cocos Island lies on the self-named 2045:, located at the northernmost tip of the Pacific Ocean, have also been considered part of Oceania on rare occasions, due to the remote nature of the western islands, and their close proximity to the Pacific Plate. The islands, however, have 1129:) are also situated in the Caribbean Sea just to the north of the Caribbean coastline of the Venezuelan mainland. However, all of the non-Venezuelan islands in this area are typically considered North American rather than South American. 2342:

have only ever been visited twice throughout their entire recorded history, with the last visit being in 1980. The World Factbook categorize Bouvet Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Antarctica rather than South

1706:

Spain: Although its mainland is in Europe, Spain has territory, including two provinces and two autonomous cities, in Africa. Close to 5% of Spain's population live on the African continent. Spanish territory in Africa includes the

5589: 2632:, about 1,000 kilometers from continental Ecuador, is sometimes considered part of Oceania. This is because of the distance separating them from mainland South America, and their oceanic geology. The islands lie on the 2636:

with Easter Island, which is considered to be separate to the South American Plate, and they additionally border the Pacific Plate. The Galápagos Islands did not have any known human ties to South America during the

2214:

United Kingdom: The territory of the United Kingdom itself is located entirely within Europe. However, the UK is the sovereign state of 'one, undivided Realm' consisting of all territory under the sovereignty of the

4824: 119:

or districts technically in 'Europe'. Notwithstanding these anomalies, this list of transcontinental or intercontinental states respects the convention that Europe and Asia are full continents rather than

5392: 4933: 2571:

in the Pacific Ocean. Oceanic islands are defined as islands that were never connected to a continental landmass, and which formed through volcanic activity in the ocean. Mexico administer the oceanic

3105:

A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles.

5158:

Mexico controls two small groups of Pacific Ocean islands — Islas Revilla Cigedo and Guadalupe — both less than 500 miles ... They have no indigenous population and are geographically part of Oceania

4962: 2607:(1,100 kilometers from Mexico's coast) are even more commonly associated with Oceania, with such islands usually having stronger biogeographical affinities to the central Pacific or south Pacific. 5023: 4308: 3890: 3350: 4350: 5053: 3906:

In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species

3631: 5549: 2237:

This Realm is spread across all seven continental regions: the United Kingdom, Gibraltar and the Crown Dependencies are located in Europe; six Overseas Territories are in North America; the

737:

regions extend on either side of the Ural River, placing a population of less than one million residents (out of a 15 million total population) geographically in Europe. Because the city of

5431: 4321:

The Canary Islands are politically part of Spain, but geographically part of Africa, being islands of volcanic origin situated around one hundred miles off the coast of North-West Africa.

3444: 4622: 87:

is largely conventional (much of it over land), and several conventions remained in use well into the 20th century. However, the now-prevalent convention—which has been in use by some

3997:

of 30 subtropical islands made The Bonin Islands were said to be discovered first by Bernardo de la Torre, a Spanish explorer, who originally called the islands "Islas del Arzobispo"

3715: 1009:): Most of Venezuela, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern South America. Aves Island, however, is geographically a definitive part of North America. It is one of the 5104: 5307: 4590: 4060: 3477: 574:

to the east. Since the late 19th century, the Caucasus–Urals boundary has become almost universally accepted. According to this now-standard convention, the boundary follows the

2764: 5215: 2670:, which runs beneath the island. This ridge divides Iceland between the two continental plates, although the country identifies with Europe for political and economic reasons. 1384:, as they were only discovered in the 17th century, by Europeans. Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are classified as being the westernmost areas of Oceania by the 5145: 4547: 3822: 4116:

This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galápagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.

83:

is assumed based on common terms of reference by English language geographers. Combined continents like "the Americas" and "Eurasia" are not acknowledged or referenced. The

4808: 3028: 2804: 4441: 781: 4855: 1168: 981: 4384: 3859: 3748: 4785: 4518: 3983: 1671:

Italy: Italy has a number of small islands south of Sicily that can be considered part of the African continent, due to their proximity to Tunisia. The closest land to

3262: 908:

is classified as a South American city. Given the competing claims, the Panamanian sports governing bodies affiliate to differing continental/regional confederations:

4270: 4995: 278:

and the United Kingdom), thereby causing debate as to whether such states ought to be considered 'transcontinental'. They are nevertheless included in this article.

5079: 2514:, and has contemplated full membership in this organisation. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore (as well as Japan) are all dialogue partners of the 1818:

in Canada). Greenland was part of metropolitan Denmark and within the territory of the European Union, but voted for more autonomy and is now excluded from the EU.

797: 225:

Some non-contiguous transcontinental states have territory situated on distant islands that may or may not be considered a part of another nearby continent (e.g.

1762:

Comparison map: Greenland, the Faroe Islands (enlarged) and Denmark differ significantly in size. The Danish Realm is spread across the North Atlantic Ocean and

830:, which covers only 3% of the country's total area, with a population of about 11 million people, or some 14% of the country's population. Turkey's largest city 4907: 4679: 3182: 2599:, is 700 kilometers from Mexico's coast, and Cocos Island is 550 kilometers from Costa Rica's coast. These islands are more frequently associated with the term 5376: 4929: 4650: 2026: 3744: 3153: 4956: 2882:, Volumes 13–14, 1869). In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from 2641:; however, they also do not fit into a cultural subregion of Oceania and the Pacific, as is the case with Easter Island, which historically was Polynesian. 1656: 1056:. However, these geological features do not necessarily qualify Trinidad and Tobago as a transcontinental state, as the whole territory is often labeled 1014: 5017: 1592: 4363:

The offshore Canary Islands, although historically and geographically part of Africa, remained culturally, economically and politically part of Spain.

4292: 4167: 3881: 3338: 3237: 4334: 5049: 3615: 5533: 5415: 950: 5508: 1883:

and the Netherlands — the last of which includes the islands of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands or the

2392:, consider the Antarctic land they claim to be integral parts of their national territory. However, none of these claims are recognized by the 3679: 3428: 3064: 4616: 1250: 187:

Non-contiguous transcontinental states are those that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by a significant

4881: 3707: 2992: 1951:

on the North American tectonic plate being a distinct group from the rest), so Portugal could be a transcontinental state geologically (see

2950: 2919: 2335: 2266: 2246: 3531: 3127: 5100: 3374: 2940:, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia.") 5298: 4574: 4054: 3469: 2928:. Nevertheless, most Soviet-era geographers continued to favour the boundary along the Caucasus crest. (E. M. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, 2871: 2828: 2518:(PIF), and Timor-Leste are an observer. However, only countries solely associated with Oceania have full membership, such as Australia, 387:

Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a

237:). Though there is debate as to whether these states ought to be considered 'transcontinental', they are still included in this article. 180:

Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a

4100: 2987: 2303: 846:

that was also transcontinental in the same geographic region, which itself had also supplanted the earlier, similarly transcontinental

753: 388: 319: 202: 181: 73: 4760: 1340:

Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia consists of its namesake continent and island possessions associated with Oceania, Asia, and

5346: 4412: 3778: 3406: 2754: 818:(the Asian portion of Turkey consisting of the Anatolian Peninsula and additional land) plus a smaller portion of the country in the 559: 526: 509: 292:

that are in themselves transcontinental are excluded from the lists in this article as a separate entry from their controlling state.

84: 5574: 5199: 1725:, which are close to those cities that are geographically part of Africa. The Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are three of the 19 1113:

Venezuelan mainland and are akin to the location of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, the islands of the

5609: 5129: 4541: 3806: 2506:

is a part of Melanesia, but it is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago. The state of Papua New Guinea is an observer in the

1695:

on the African mainland. Nevertheless, Pantelleria and Linosa are considered part of Europe, Lampedusa and Lampione part of Africa.

793: 205:

can be vague and subject to interpretation, making it difficult to conclusively define what counts as a 'transcontinental state'.

3558: 3020: 2796: 1857: 306: 135:

Listed further below, separately, are countries with distant non-contiguous parts (overseas territories) on separate continents.

17: 4433: 4847: 4409:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings" 4376: 3855: 3737: 2727:

Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom recognize each other's Antarctic claims (which do not overlap).

5494: 4781: 4502: 4231: 3967: 3258: 3175: 3098: 2937: 2181: 4479: 3207: 2904: 1802:

in Northern Europe and Asia (today in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia), as well as in North America (Alaska in the U.S.,

4254: 3506: 3339:"In the Name of God? The Problem of Religious or Non-religious Preambles of State Constitutions in Post-atheistic Contexts" 1998: 4989: 660:, and thus in Europe, placing a population of about half a million (or c. 5% of the country's total population) in Europe. 274:) may be constitutionally distinguishable from the parent state that claims them as their territory (e.g., in the case of 5075: 2143: 1345: 298: 4024: 3314: 2046: 1973:

United States: While the territory of the United States lies overwhelmingly in North America, it includes the state of

285: 55:

transcontinental countries are states that have one continuous or immediately-adjacent piece of territory that spans a

4903: 4198: 5543: 5425: 5386: 5209: 5139: 4818: 4673: 4584: 4512: 4473: 4344: 4302: 4264: 3977: 3816: 3625: 3438: 3291: 2739: 2327: 1955:

above). However, geologic tectonic plate separation does not necessarily define geographical continental distinction.

1758: 1256: 1144: 1089: 1010: 374: 56: 356: 4644: 2280: 2049:

inhabitants and non-tropical biogeography, and as such they are excluded from most standard definitions of Oceania.

72:, but can be countries that have fully integrated former dependencies in their central states like France with its 3149: 2867:

advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers" (

1726: 1162: 976:

in the Pacific Ocean is also associated with South America (or on rare occasion Oceania, due to its status as an

909: 5076:"The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie" 4730: 2412: 4705: 4137: 3946: 2519: 2262: 2072: 1940: 1921: 1477:: Indonesia and Timor-Leste are occasionally associated with Oceania, as they are the closest to Australia and 917: 341: 2863:

The question was treated as a "controversy" in British geographical literature until at least the 1860s, with

1268: 5229:

claimed by Ecuador. By 1900 there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.

2759: 2310:

region between 46°S and 60°S latitude. Subantarctic islands that are north of 60°S latitude but south of the

1443: 516: 103:, is used for the purposes of this list. This convention results in several countries such as in the case of 348: 4159: 3229: 2339: 2220: 2099: 721:. The country's physical, cultural, ethnic, and geographic characteristics are Central Asian, with a large 275: 217: 2080: 5101:"Japan, U.S. Increase cooperation to enhance Pacific islands' security | Indo-Pacific Defense Forum" 3370: 3123: 3090: 2833: 2479: 2254: 777: 562:

was subject to considerable variation during the 18th and 19th centuries, indicated anywhere between the

260: 5243:"The Eastern Tropical Pacific coral population connectivity and the role of the Eastern Pacific Barrier" 1185: 725:

and influx of European settlers from Russia from when it was a part of the Soviet Union and the earlier

4226: 2591:, which contains no other islands besides Colombia's Malpelo Island. Furthermore, the Mexican state of 1837: 1242: 1209: 988: 874: 653: 529:

during the 18th and 19th centuries. The red line shows the most common modern convention, in use since

69: 3323: 2384:(some of them overlapping), as well as its associated islands south of 60°S latitude. Some, including 1871:

of the Netherlands has been administratively divided into four non-sovereign constituent "countries":

5461: 2103: 1232: 1217: 904:

as the physical boundary between North and South America instead. Under this convention, its capital

842:

is located in Asia. The territory of the current Turkish state is the core territory of the previous

5477: 2269:

are associated with South America but straddle the plate boundary with and are closer to Antarctica.

1392:, and could potentially be geographically part of Oceania under definitions that include the nearby 1311: 3671: 3056: 2706: 1990: 1423: 925: 878: 788:, and political ties to the continent. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives within its 4877: 2982: 2749: 2511: 2495: 2475: 2408:

all land claims south of 60°S latitude, including Antarctica's ice shelves and Antarctic islands.

2401: 2397: 2193: 1377: 1353: 1037: 521: 352: 256: 2960: 2923: 5472: 5241:

Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Treml, Eric A.; Acosta, Alberto; Paz-García, David A. (19 June 2018).

3527: 3364: 3117: 2955: 2694: 1944: 730: 3889:. Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16. 2200: 2037:

and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of

1887:) as "special municipalities", making it a non-sovereign transcontinental constituent country 1746: 1721: 613:

According to this convention, the following countries have territory in both Asia and Europe.

2868: 2842: 2576: 2515: 2413:

Countries formerly and/or never widely or officially considered as transcontinental countries

2311: 2250: 2076: 2034: 2029:. Most of these islands are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost 1884: 1803: 1502: 1315: 657: 480: 302: 4085: 1307: 889:). This area encompasses a large watershed, forest and mountains in the northern portion of 5254: 4752: 2663: 2603:, and occasionally have been included as part of Oceania. Remoter islands such as France's 2499: 1913: 1861: 1494: 1373: 1199: 1045: 683: 488: 289: 5337: 3774: 3398: 2629: 873:

The conventional boundary between North America and South America is at some point on the

8: 2838: 2744: 2068: 1791: 1734: 1191: 1033: 838:, making it a transcontinental city in both Europe and Asia, while the country's capital 823: 271: 192: 116: 65: 5258: 2718:

The Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom overlap to some degree.

2095: 2053: 1977:

in Oceania, as well as several other Oceanian island possessions. These islands include

949:

For more details about the maritime border between North America and South America, see

5500: 5275: 5242: 2864: 2667: 2491: 2224: 1925: 1795: 1639: 1486: 1381: 1357: 456: 241: 4408: 3430:

Strategic Communication in EU-Russia Relations: Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities

5539: 5490: 5421: 5382: 5280: 5205: 5171: 5135: 4814: 4580: 4508: 4469: 4340: 4298: 4260: 3973: 3812: 3621: 3434: 3094: 2933: 2883: 2638: 2604: 2471: 2331: 2319: 2161: 2139: 2123: 1551: 1482: 1393: 1388:, and are also considered part of Oceania by the United Nations. They are within the 1109: 1096:): The Caribbean islands division of North America and South America is complicated. 882: 773: 722: 671: 649: 267: 5563:

other Pacific island groups that do not fit into these groupings, such as Galápagos.

3914:

in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of

2169: 216:

Therefore, states that have territory across sub-continental boundaries, as well as

191:

or by other land. Most non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with

5482: 5270: 5262: 2572: 2455: 2242: 2238: 2177: 2119: 2042: 1929: 1853: 1389: 1365: 1349: 1118: 1064: 847: 641: 591: 492: 430:

The modern convention for the land boundary between Asia and Africa runs along the

4221: 3457:

Russia is culturally part of Europe and this will still be the case in the future.

2173: 255:

While it is debatable as to whether states that have claimed territory within the

4463: 3318: 3199: 2900: 2891: 2875: 2592: 2568: 2135: 1865: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1676: 1419: 1415: 1053: 789: 645: 587: 579: 484: 431: 155: 3498: 1021:

The special case of Caribbean islands adjacent to the South American coastline:

143:

The lists within this article include entries that meet the following criteria:

5266: 4193: 2698: 2596: 2393: 2157: 2006: 1978: 1933: 1738: 1708: 1555: 1526: 1490: 1439: 1427: 1385: 1361: 977: 973: 843: 761: 726: 718: 637: 603: 571: 100: 5504: 5445:

far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the east and, New Zealand to the south

5306:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. 3311: 2148: 1655:

For more details about the geographical border between Africa and Europe, see

877:, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the 5603: 5593: 4621:. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, University of Stockholm. 1996. p. 3. 4009: 2769: 2323: 2127: 2107: 2018: 2010: 1610:: The territory of Greece includes a number of islands just off the coast of 1529:, and many others, have strong biogeographic and cultural links with Oceania. 1435: 1411: 1319: 1310:, which are within the Oceania subregion of Polynesia. Those and the oceanic 1303: 1302:: Chile is mostly on the South American mainland and includes the islands of 1274: 1114: 1081: 765: 734: 675: 629: 461: 188: 3883:

Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity

2898:, and the Kuma–Manych Depression (i.e. passing well north of the Caucasus); 1591:

For more details about the geographical border between Asia and Europe, see

1497:, which are culturally and ecologically associated with Oceania. Meanwhile, 886: 865: 508:

For more details about the geographical border between Asia and Europe, see

210: 80: 5284: 4702:"Clipperton Island Country data, links and map by administrative structure" 4188: 2890:, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then the Ural River to the 2584: 2580: 2307: 2299: 2201:

Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica

2030: 2014: 2002: 1948: 1880: 1852:

group (considered part of the continent of North America) and three in the

1783: 1779: 1635: 1559: 1510: 1369: 1150: 1122: 1093: 1006: 968:: Most of the Colombian mainland is located in northern South America (see 901: 815: 714: 710: 607: 599: 451: 443: 249: 121: 96: 5234: 3283: 3181:. Preface by Alina Inayeh. The German Marshall Fund of the United States. 3910:, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such 2633: 2588: 2467: 2022: 1815: 1672: 1571: 1498: 1431: 1364:. The majority of residents on these islands have Asian ancestry (mainly 1101: 1097: 1057: 984: 905: 827: 595: 563: 281: 88: 2265:

are geologically part of South Asia, but geopolitically in East Africa.

1840:' landmass is in Europe, it also includes six island territories in the 1138:

North American Caribbean islands administered by South American states:

5575:

This Strange Iceland Shopping Center Straddles Europe and North America

2895: 2702: 2548: 2503: 2487: 2381: 2258: 2153: 2091: 2087: 1994: 1848:. Within the Lesser Antilles archipelago, three territories are in the 1799: 1643: 1611: 1474: 1448: 1341: 913: 741:

straddles the Ural River, it can be considered a transcontinental city.

706: 687: 625: 575: 435: 108: 104: 5486: 2115: 1876: 1742: 1380:

on the islands who have European ancestry. The islands have no proper

1238: 1077: 59:, most commonly the line that separates Asia and Europe. By contrast, 4726: 3601:

Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide

2483: 2385: 2291: 2228: 2216: 2165: 2054:

Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and Antarctica

2025:). Additionally, the territory of the United States also encompasses 1982: 1787: 1763: 1680: 1501:(part of Maluku) and Western New Guinea are geologically part of the 1478: 1462: 1278: 1260: 1154: 1085: 1002: 835: 583: 245: 220:

that are only internal to continents, are excluded from this article.

163: 159: 38: 34: 4701: 4129: 3938: 1570:

are associated with Asia, Yemen's national territory extends to the

359:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5462:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific" 3856:"Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions – ANU" 2887: 2686: 2443: 2405: 2322:

as being full sovereign possessions of an administering state are:

2189: 2142:(considered either North American or Oceanian) and the uninhabited 1909: 1688: 1506: 1172: 1041: 965: 921: 890: 860: 831: 679: 633: 567: 125: 92: 5240: 4753:"Questioning the current status of the British Crown Dependencies" 695:

historical, cultural, ethnic, and political ties to the continent.

252:) are considered transcontinental for the purpose of this article. 2690: 2659: 2625: 2564: 2232: 2131: 2111: 1917: 1811: 1807: 1716: 1692: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1223: 1126: 1105: 1073: 819: 769: 757: 691: 454:. In antiquity, Egypt had been considered part of Asia, with the 447: 234: 230: 129: 30: 2765:

List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

2560: 2431: 2038: 1974: 1937: 1684: 1631: 1615: 1607: 1518: 1179:

Caribbean islands considered North American or South American:

1049: 933: 929: 894: 869:

Map of the Darién Gap at the border between Colombia and Panama

839: 811: 738: 115:

finding themselves almost entirely in 'Asia', with a few small

112: 4930:"Did you know that seven countries have claims in Antarctica?" 2196:. France has territory in each continental region except Asia. 399: 2527: 2507: 2389: 2295: 1872: 1712: 1627: 1623: 1563: 1547: 1522: 1514: 1407: 1299: 1205: 1069: 785: 476: 439: 226: 5417:

Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences

713:, with a small portion of the country extending west of the 5050:"Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid" 5019:

Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia: Volume 9

3617:

The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines

2523: 1986: 1856:

group (on the South American continental shelf). Since the

1822: 1481:

out of all countries in the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia's

496: 4646:

The World and Its Peoples: Australia, New Zealand, Oceania

1434:

are sometimes considered parts of Oceania, owing to their

1396:, or under definitions which are based on tectonic plates. 495:—which is coterminous with the "transcontinental city" of 5467:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). 3259:"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church" 3176:"A Country on the Verge: The Case for Supporting Georgia" 1619: 259:

can have actual control of that claimed territory (e.g.,

4958:

Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania

4618:

The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies: Volumes 6-8

4294:

Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places

4259:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Limited. p. 265. 510:

Boundaries between the continents § Asia and Europe

4222:"Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen" 4130:"The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania" 4010:"Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 − 2003" 3200:"10 things you might not know about Georgia – BBC News" 2033:

group, which is on Asia's continental shelf beyond the

5170:

Mueller-Dombois, Dieter; Fosberg, Frederic R. (1998).

5169: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3284:"Kazakhstan – Local Travel Information and City Guide" 1048:

while the northern half of Trinidad and the island of

5378:

Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds

5193: 5191: 4377:"Broadening U.S. Ties With Greenland Is a Smart Move" 4291:

Abram, Simone; Macleod, Don; Waldren, Jackie (2021).

3745:

Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development

3560:

Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania

2138:

are integral parts of France, as are the uninhabited

2027:

Alaskan islands on Northeast Asia's continental shelf

318:

For more details about the geographical borders, see

5590:

Transcontinental states according to World Gazetteer

2041:

to be considered a transcontinental state. Alaska's

1895: 969: 944: 4290: 3880:Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). 3694: 2930:

Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology

1959: 1943:can be split as two island groups (the westernmost 5188: 3879: 2302:, and the United Kingdom: These eight states have 2274: 1442:, and are believed to have once been inhabited by 854: 5345:. Department of Biology, University of Missouri. 5022:. The University of Virginia. 1885. p. 657. 4848:"Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts" 4434:"Greenland: the only country to have left the EU" 1737:territories. The African Mediterranean island of 1108:, the islands of the Leeward Antilles lie on the 1104:are often labeled as North American islands, but 987:, 640 kilometres (400 mi) WNW of Colombia's 491:is nearly equally divided by the Suez Canal, and 169:Transcontinental states can be classed as either 5601: 4810:South America, Central America and the Caribbean 4576:Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska 4093:Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research 3093:. 2011. "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74). 244:territory as a part of another continent (e.g., 5300:Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania 5201:Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific 4128:Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (1 February 2016). 3343:Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe 3021:"Which Countries Span More Than One Continent?" 2943: 1036:: The state of Trinidad and Tobago lies on two 5291: 4906:. Central Intelligence Agency. July 18, 2022. 4880:. Central Intelligence Agency. July 27, 2022. 4784:. Central Intelligence Agency. March 3, 2022. 4059:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5. 2662:: Among the most frequently cited features of 2611: 4579:. University of Washington Press. p. 6. 4017:Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute 3613: 3357: 2880:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 2645: 1952: 1550:: Although mainland Yemen is in the southern 1133: 553: historically placed in either continent 5459: 5414:Sues, Hans-Diete; MacPhee, Ross D.E (1999). 3014: 3012: 3010: 2534: 2336:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2267:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2247:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 1285: 309:are excluded from the lists in this article. 162:geographically divided between at least two 5413: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3563:. the University of Michigan. p. 950. 3174:Kelly, Ian; Kramer, David J. (March 2021). 3173: 3079: 3050: 3048: 3046: 2380:: These seven states claim portions of the 1753: 980:). However, the state also administers the 636:, with a small portion of the country, its 5381:. University of Chicago Press. p. 7. 5173:Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands 4782:"South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands" 4332: 4127: 3960: 3730: 3426: 2917: 2583:, while Costa Rica administer the oceanic 2086:are located in other continental regions. 1657:Boundaries between the continents of Earth 1593:Boundaries between the continents of Earth 1582:and is much closer to Africa than to Asia. 1013:which are under the administration of the 951:Boundaries between the continents of Earth 320:Boundaries between the continents of Earth 5476: 5274: 5204:. The University of Michigan. p. 5. 4546:. The University of Michigan. p. 2. 4052: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3620:. University of Texas Press. p. 14. 3007: 2975: 2823: 2821: 2797:"Transcontinental Countries Of The World" 2755:List of former transcontinental countries 375:Learn how and when to remove this message 5455: 5453: 5374: 5339:A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania 4572: 4403: 4401: 4181: 4121: 4041: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3396: 3057:"What Continent Is Egypt Officially In?" 3043: 2567:at times is considered to encompass all 1823:Europe, North America, and South America 1757: 1741:belongs to the transcontinental city of 885:meets the South American continent (see 864: 520: 398: 4987: 4845: 4539: 4080: 4078: 3931: 3614:S. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). 3552: 3550: 3548: 3110: 3018: 2628:: The Pacific Ocean archipelago of the 2285: 1916:is in Europe, while the archipelago of 1015:Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace 772:was historically incorporated into the 499:—has a small portion east of the Canal. 14: 5602: 5531: 5525: 5134:. Angus & Robertson. p. 197. 4954: 4750: 4411:. United Nations Statistics Division. 3972:. St. John's School, Guam, USA. 2010. 3873: 3858:. Press-files.anu.edu.au. 2019-04-11. 3811:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. 3659: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3556: 3470:"Istanbul, Turkey – Image of the Week" 3336: 3188:from the original on 26 December 2021. 3087:National Geographic Atlas of the World 2818: 2508:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 1733:are under a different status, akin to 1719:on mainland North Africa, and Spain's 922:North, Central America and Caribbean's 460:escarpment taken as the boundary with 313: 5450: 5368: 5197: 5123: 5121: 4788:from the original on January 15, 2021 4671: 4494: 4468:. Penguin Random House South Africa. 4398: 3793: 3705: 3353:from the original on 1 November 2018. 3210:from the original on 29 December 2019 3054: 2417: 2182:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean 2071:is located in Europe, while the five 517:Geographic criteria for EU membership 263:), they are included in this article. 5460:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). 5352:from the original on 26 January 2022 5335: 5313:from the original on 20 January 2022 5127: 5056:from the original on 1 November 2014 4910:from the original on August 24, 2022 4884:from the original on August 14, 2022 4858:from the original on 26 January 2022 4806: 4649:. Greystone Press. 1966. p. 6. 4500: 4465:Guide to Seabirds of Southern Africa 4461: 4339:. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. 4252: 4234:from the original on 5 February 2019 4201:from the original on 7 February 2019 4075: 3896:from the original on 24 January 2022 3804: 3772: 3754:from the original on 11 January 2018 3545: 3330: 3130:from the original on 27 January 2021 3031:from the original on 30 January 2019 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2134:. These 11 populated territories of 1999:United States Minor Outlying Islands 1650: 1586: 760:, stretching over a vast expanse of 324: 209:For the purposes of this article, a 79:For the purposes of this article, a 5042: 4904:"Heard Island and McDonald Islands" 4727:"Country selection – North America" 4213: 3969:Oceania in the 21st Century – Color 3682:from the original on 6 January 2022 3583: 3377:from the original on 9 January 2021 2347: 2144:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 1326: 900:Some geographers prefer to use the 628:is a country located mainly on the 442:. The border continues through the 24: 5118: 4991:Cornell's First Steps in Geography 4846:Whitley, David (14 January 2015). 4637: 4482:from the original on 26 March 2023 4374: 4246: 4140:from the original on 12 April 2022 4106:from the original on 22 March 2022 3773:Egan, Colleen (11 December 1999). 3708:"Oceania: General Characteristics" 3447:from the original on 12 March 2023 3397:Borneman, Elizabeth (2016-03-02). 3089:(9th ed.). Washington, D.C.: 2901:"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?" 1936:), is associated with Africa. The 1844:archipelago of the Caribbean: the 1533: 1438:. The Bonin Islands belong to the 784:, as it has historical, cultural, 594:, the northwestern portion of the 503: 394: 25: 5621: 5583: 5552:from the original on 4 April 2023 5395:from the original on 4 April 2023 5218:from the original on 5 April 2023 5148:from the original on 4 April 2023 5078:. Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc. 5026:from the original on 4 April 2023 4653:from the original on 4 April 2023 4625:from the original on 4 April 2023 4550:from the original on 4 April 2023 4219: 4063:from the original on 6 April 2023 3825:from the original on 4 April 2023 3718:from the original on 4 April 2023 3603:. University of California Press. 3567:from the original on 30 July 2022 2995:from the original on 5 April 2019 2782: 2740:Boundaries between the continents 2512:mainland states of Southeast Asia 2328:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 2227:. All are on islands, apart from 1896:Europe, Africa, and North America 1727:autonomous communities and cities 1578:, which lies east of the horn of 1372:); there is also a proportion of 1090:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela 1011:Federal Dependencies of Venezuela 939: 796:. Russia's capital Moscow is the 203:boundaries between the continents 5535:Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36 5434:from the original on 13 May 2023 5131:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 4998:from the original on 17 May 2023 4965:from the original on 3 July 2023 4961:. Oxford University. p. 2. 4827:from the original on 3 July 2023 4682:from the original on 3 July 2023 4593:from the original on 17 May 2023 4521:from the original on 3 July 2023 4504:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 4353:from the original on 3 July 2023 4311:from the original on 3 July 2023 4053:Henderson, John William (1971). 3986:from the original on 17 May 2023 3922:. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and 3808:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 3781:from the original on 8 June 2021 3634:from the original on 3 July 2023 3427:Pashentsev, Evgeny, ed. (2019). 3349:(1). George Fox University: 26. 3337:Schmid, Konrad (February 2004). 3067:from the original on 3 July 2023 2652: 2618: 2553: 2541: 2502:backgrounds. Anthropologically, 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2281:Territorial claims in Antarctica 2207: 2073:overseas departments and regions 2060: 1966: 1960:North America, Oceania, and Asia 1902: 1836:Netherlands: Though most of the 1829: 1772: 1699: 1664: 1600: 1540: 1467: 1455: 1400: 1333: 1292: 1267: 1249: 1231: 1216: 1198: 1184: 1161: 1143: 1026: 995: 958: 804: 745: 699: 664: 618: 527:boundary between Asia and Europe 483:, two lie entirely on the Asian 469: 407: African land part of Egypt 329: 158:that have some portion of their 85:boundary between Asia and Europe 5610:Lists of countries by geography 5568: 5514:from the original on 2021-12-31 5471:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. 5407: 5329: 5163: 5107:from the original on 2023-02-07 5093: 5082:from the original on 2022-03-02 5068: 5010: 4981: 4948: 4936:from the original on 2020-08-07 4922: 4896: 4870: 4839: 4800: 4774: 4763:from the original on 2023-01-09 4744: 4733:from the original on 2022-04-26 4719: 4708:from the original on 2022-04-26 4694: 4665: 4609: 4566: 4540:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). 4533: 4455: 4444:from the original on 2022-03-12 4426: 4415:from the original on 2018-12-25 4387:from the original on 2022-04-09 4368: 4326: 4284: 4273:from the original on 2023-05-17 4170:from the original on 2022-03-10 4152: 4030:from the original on 2022-03-02 4002: 3949:from the original on 2019-09-09 3926:throughout the Pacific Islands. 3862:from the original on 2022-01-18 3848: 3766: 3738:"2016 Census: Christmas Island" 3607: 3534:from the original on 2021-12-05 3520: 3509:from the original on 2019-07-10 3491: 3480:from the original on 2022-04-09 3462: 3420: 3409:from the original on 2022-12-07 3390: 3305: 3294:from the original on 2022-04-09 3276: 3265:from the original on 2020-05-10 3251: 3240:from the original on 2021-09-12 3222: 3192: 3167: 3156:from the original on 2019-09-13 3142: 3019:Misachi, John (25 April 2017). 2907:from the original on 2018-02-18 2807:from the original on 2021-05-14 2721: 2712: 2680: 2298:, France, New Zealand, Norway, 2275:Antarctica and other continents 1782:: As a constituent part of the 1711:in the Atlantic, the cities of 1554:and thus part of Asia, and its 1100:, all Caribbean islands in the 970:North America and South America 945:North America and South America 855:North America and South America 798:largest city entirely in Europe 709:is a country mainly located in 682:; however, the Municipality of 307:states with limited recognition 4994:. The University of Michigan. 4813:. Taylor & Francis Group. 4757:Small States & Territories 4751:Bosque, Maria Mut (May 2022). 4672:Mears, Eliot Grinnell (1945). 3557:Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971). 2857: 2520:Federated States of Micronesia 2263:British Indian Ocean Territory 2184:. French sovereignty claim on 2106:are located in North America, 487:and two are transcontinental: 413: Asian land part of Egypt 13: 1: 4932:. Norwegian Polar Institute. 4148:– via www.academia.edu. 3055:Ramos, Juan (19 March 2018). 2775: 2760:List of medieval great powers 2110:is located in South America, 1444:Indigenous peoples of Oceania 794:most populous European nation 530: 138: 91:since about 1850—follows the 68:like United Kingdom with its 37:that straddles more than one 4678:. J. L. Delkin. p. 45. 4336:The Decolonization Of Africa 3835:can further define the word 2922:(in Russian). Archived from 2510:(ASEAN), which includes the 2221:British Overseas Territories 2146:, which include the claimed 1440:Oceanian biogeographic realm 754:largest country in the world 276:British Overseas Territories 7: 5420:. Springer US. p. 29. 5375:Steadman, David W. (2006). 5052:. GMA News. 30 March 2009. 4988:Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). 4451:– via www.abc.net.au. 3371:Central Intelligence Agency 3230:"EU relations with Georgia" 3124:Central Intelligence Agency 2733: 2579:, and the oceanic islet of 2480:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2304:overseas island possessions 2255:British Antarctic Territory 2118:are located in Africa, and 1729:that form Spain, while the 1505:. Likewise, the islands of 1489:and nearby islands such as 814:falls almost wholly within 355:the claims made and adding 261:Chilean Antarctic Territory 10: 5626: 5596: (archived 2012-12-18) 5267:10.1038/s41598-018-27644-2 4333:Birmingham, David (1995). 4160:"The Australian Continent" 3777:. The Weekend Australian. 3775:"Bad tidings on Christmas" 3712:The countries of the world 2278: 2241:are in South America; the 1838:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1773: 1654: 1590: 1418:and three remote islands: 1169:San Andrés and Providencia 1134:Caribbean Island locations 982:San Andrés and Providencia 948: 858: 658:Greater Caucasus Watershed 514: 507: 317: 4807:West, Jacqueline (2002). 4507:. Angus & Robertson. 4056:Area Handbook for Oceania 3747:. Australian Government. 3476:. European Space Agency. 3399:"Transcontinental Cities" 2666:is its position atop the 2612:South America and Oceania 2535:North America and Oceania 2474:, comprising the bulk of 2104:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1745:and the transcontinental 1286:South America and Oceania 1060:as part of North America. 780:. Russia is considered a 768:. Its sparsely populated 756:, spans most of northern 674:is located mainly on the 525:Conventions used for the 177:transcontinental states. 5198:Terry, James P. (1998). 4297:. Taylor & Francis. 3672:"Oceania Military Guide" 2988:Dictionary.Cambridge.org 2707:Turks and Caicos Islands 2674: 2646:Europe and North America 1991:Northern Mariana Islands 1953:Europe and North America 1754:Europe and North America 1346:Indian Ocean territories 910:its athletics federation 893:'s Chocó Department and 834:spans both sides of the 419: The rest of Africa 5336:Hull, Frank M. (1937). 4604:the Western Hemisphere. 4573:Kohlhoff, Dean (2002). 4381:The Heritage Foundation 3908:Santalum fernandezianum 3599:R. Zug, George (2013). 3503:Encyclopædia Britannica 3327:. Retrieved 8 May 2016. 3324:Encyclopædia Britannica 2869:Journey in the Caucasus 2750:List of divided islands 2496:Mainland Southeast Asia 2476:Maritime Southeast Asia 2402:Antarctic Treaty System 2398:international community 2194:Antarctic Treaty System 2077:overseas collectivities 1354:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1040:. The southern half of 776:in the 17th century by 656:districts north of the 257:Antarctic Treaty System 152:intercontinental states 47:intercontinental states 43:transcontinental states 18:Transcontinental nation 5538:. Wiley. p. 146. 5532:Janick, Jules (2010). 4955:Parley, Peter (1866). 4675:Pacific Ocean Handbook 4164:www.virtualoceania.net 4086:"Oceania Bibliography" 3706:Brown, Robert (1876). 2956:OxfordDictionaries.com 2834:NationalGeographic.org 2695:British Virgin Islands 1810:and northern parts of 1767: 1312:Juan Fernández Islands 1115:State of Nueva Esparta 875:Colombia–Panama border 870: 555: 427: 425: The rest of Asia 240:States that only have 4253:Hutt, Graham (2010). 3714:. Oxford University. 3387:Kazakhstan: Geography 2577:Revillagigedo Islands 2516:Pacific Islands Forum 2312:Antarctic Convergence 2253:are in Asia; and the 2251:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2035:North Aleutians Basin 1885:Caribbean Netherlands 1804:Northwest Territories 1792:non-sovereign country 1761: 1382:indigenous population 1358:culturally associated 1316:Desventuradas Islands 926:its Olympic committee 918:its soccer federation 868: 524: 481:governorates of Egypt 402: 303:United Nations System 290:sub-national entities 272:dependent territories 211:seven-continent model 81:seven-continent model 4918:– via CIA.gov. 4892:– via CIA.gov. 4796:– via CIA.gov. 4462:Ryan, Peter (2017). 4440:. November 8, 2016. 4023:: 9–25. March 2004. 3369:. Washington, D.C.: 3122:. Washington, D.C.: 2920:"Physical Geography" 2486:) and the island of 2286:Sub-Antarctic region 1914:Continental Portugal 1527:Moluccan archipelago 1495:Lesser Sunda Islands 1257:Federal Dependencies 1080:of the Netherlands; 1046:South American Plate 897:'s Darién province. 881:watershed where the 570:to the south or the 560:Asia-Europe boundary 489:Ismailia Governorate 389:continental boundary 297:Any entry must be a 193:overseas territories 182:continental boundary 95:northern chain, the 70:overseas territories 57:continental boundary 5259:2018NatSR...8.9354R 3918:in Fiji and Tonga, 3433:. Springer Nature. 3091:National Geographic 2918:Orlenok V. (1998). 2839:National Geographic 2745:Dependent territory 2664:Iceland's geography 2219:, i.e. itself, the 2069:Metropolitan France 2047:Indigenous American 1747:province of Almería 1731:plazas de soberanía 1722:plazas de soberanía 1503:Australian landmass 1192:Trinidad and Tobago 1034:Trinidad and Tobago 991:, in North America. 824:Southeastern Europe 314:Contiguous boundary 5469:Islands of Inquiry 5247:Scientific Reports 5128:Todd, Ian (1974). 4501:Todd, Ian (1974). 3805:Todd, Ian (1974). 3676:GlobalSecurity.org 3317:2015-06-17 at the 3288:www.kazakhstan.com 3150:"Country profiles" 2951:"transcontinental" 2932:, Springer, 1997, 2874:2023-07-03 at the 2865:Douglas Freshfield 2668:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2526:, New Zealand and 2492:Mainland Australia 2490:, located between 2400:. Since 1961, the 2382:Antarctic mainland 2225:Crown Dependencies 2154:Antarctic mainland 1997:) and most of the 1926:Porto Santo Island 1796:Kingdom of Denmark 1780:Kingdom of Denmark 1768: 1640:Strongyli Megistis 1487:Western New Guinea 1308:Isla Salas y Gómez 871: 723:European influence 556: 457:Catabathmus Magnus 428: 340:possibly contains 286:autonomous regions 268:autonomous regions 242:uninhabited island 29:This is a list of 5496:978-1-921313-89-9 4227:WorldWildlife.org 3373:. 17 March 2022. 3126:. 22 March 2022. 3100:978-1-4262-0634-4 3061:ScienceTrends.com 2938:978-0-412-74040-4 2884:Baydaratskaya Bay 2639:pre-Columbian era 2630:Galápagos Islands 2472:Malay Archipelago 2332:Kerguelen Islands 2330:(Australia), the 2320:international law 2174:Amsterdam Islands 2162:Kerguelen Islands 2140:Clipperton Island 2124:Wallis and Futuna 1941:Autonomous Region 1922:Autonomous Region 1651:Africa and Europe 1552:Arabian Peninsula 1394:Malay Archipelago 1110:continental shelf 934:Central America's 883:Isthmus of Panama 774:Tsardom of Russia 558:The conventional 385: 384: 377: 342:original research 301:or a part of the 16:(Redirected from 5617: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5480: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4050: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3832: 3830: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3703: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3639: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3334: 3328: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3016: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2963:on April 5, 2019 2959:. Archived from 2947: 2941: 2927: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2841:. Archived from 2825: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2793: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2684: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2573:Guadalupe Island 2559: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2456:Papua New Guinea 2454: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2418:Asia and Oceania 2348:Antarctic region 2343:America/Oceania. 2340:McDonald Islands 2270: 2245:are in Oceania; 2243:Pitcairn Islands 2239:Falkland Islands 2213: 2211: 2210: 2178:Australian Plate 2120:French Polynesia 2096:Saint Barthélemy 2066: 2064: 2063: 2043:Aleutian Islands 1972: 1970: 1969: 1930:Desertas Islands 1908: 1906: 1905: 1854:Leeward Antilles 1835: 1833: 1832: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1485:region includes 1473: 1471: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1414:(comprising the 1406: 1404: 1403: 1390:Australian Plate 1350:Christmas Island 1339: 1337: 1336: 1327:Asia and Oceania 1298: 1296: 1295: 1271: 1253: 1235: 1220: 1202: 1188: 1165: 1147: 1119:Margarita Island 1065:Leeward Antilles 1032: 1030: 1029: 1001: 999: 998: 964: 962: 961: 879:Darién Mountains 848:Byzantine Empire 820:Balkan Peninsula 810: 808: 807: 792:, making it the 790:European portion 782:European country 751: 749: 748: 705: 703: 702: 670: 668: 667: 624: 622: 621: 592:Greater Caucasus 552: 546: 540: 535: 532: 493:Suez Governorate 479:: Out of the 27 475: 473: 472: 424: 418: 412: 406: 380: 373: 369: 366: 360: 357:inline citations 333: 332: 325: 218:plate boundaries 156:sovereign states 148:Transcontinental 74:overseas regions 21: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5569: 5555: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5497: 5478:10.1.1.593.8988 5464: 5458: 5451: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5239: 5235: 5221: 5219: 5212: 5196: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5151: 5149: 5142: 5126: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5029: 5027: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4968: 4966: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4878:"Bouvet Island" 4876: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4596: 4594: 4587: 4571: 4567: 4553: 4551: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4369: 4356: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4314: 4312: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3989: 3987: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3803: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3704: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3637: 3635: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3597: 3584: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3528:"North America" 3526: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3403:Geography Realm 3395: 3391: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3335: 3331: 3319:Wayback Machine 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3206:. 4 July 2013. 3198: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2892:Mugodzhar Hills 2876:Wayback Machine 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845:on 16 July 2019 2827: 2826: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2783: 2778: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2601:Pacific Islands 2593:Baja California 2569:oceanic islands 2554: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2478:(excluding the 2461: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2350: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2249:are in Africa; 2236: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2136:overseas France 2130:are located in 2061: 2059: 2056: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1850:Leeward Islands 1846:Dutch Caribbean 1842:Lesser Antilles 1830: 1828: 1825: 1771: 1756: 1700: 1698: 1677:Pelagie Islands 1665: 1663: 1660: 1653: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1589: 1587:Asia and Europe 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534:Asia and Africa 1468: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1420:Minamitorishima 1416:Volcano Islands 1401: 1399: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1189: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1136: 1054:Caribbean Plate 1038:tectonic plates 1027: 1025: 996: 994: 989:Caribbean Coast 972:above) and the 959: 957: 954: 947: 942: 930:South America's 914:South America's 863: 857: 805: 803: 770:Asian territory 746: 744: 731:West Kazakhstan 700: 698: 665: 663: 619: 617: 580:Turkish Straits 554: 550: 548: 544: 542: 538: 533: 519: 513: 506: 504:Asia and Europe 485:Sinai Peninsula 470: 468: 432:Isthmus of Suez 426: 422: 420: 416: 414: 410: 408: 404: 397: 395:Africa and Asia 381: 370: 364: 361: 346: 334: 330: 323: 316: 299:UN member state 233:and Portugal's 141: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5598: 5597: 5585: 5584:External links 5582: 5579: 5578: 5567: 5544: 5524: 5505:j.ctt24h8gp.20 5495: 5449: 5426: 5406: 5387: 5367: 5328: 5290: 5233: 5210: 5187: 5162: 5140: 5117: 5092: 5067: 5041: 5009: 4980: 4947: 4921: 4895: 4869: 4838: 4819: 4799: 4773: 4743: 4718: 4693: 4664: 4636: 4608: 4585: 4565: 4532: 4513: 4493: 4474: 4454: 4425: 4397: 4375:Coffey, Luke. 4367: 4345: 4325: 4303: 4283: 4265: 4245: 4212: 4197:. 6 May 2014. 4194:Britannica.com 4180: 4151: 4120: 4074: 4040: 4001: 3978: 3959: 3943:www.iwojima.jp 3930: 3872: 3847: 3817: 3792: 3765: 3729: 3693: 3658: 3626: 3606: 3582: 3544: 3519: 3499:"Panama Canal" 3490: 3474:Earth Watching 3461: 3439: 3419: 3389: 3366:World Factbook 3356: 3329: 3304: 3275: 3250: 3221: 3191: 3166: 3141: 3119:World Factbook 3109: 3099: 3078: 3042: 3025:WorldAtlas.com 3006: 2974: 2942: 2926:on 2011-10-16. 2903:(in Russian). 2856: 2817: 2803:. 7 May 2021. 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2699:Cayman Islands 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2394:United Nations 2378:United Kingdom 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2334:(France), and 2317: 2287: 2284: 2279:Main article: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2231:, which is on 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2158:Crozet Islands 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2007:Howland Island 1979:American Samoa 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1934:Savage Islands 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1862:Dutch Antilles 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1735:unincorporated 1709:Canary Islands 1696: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1556:Hanish Islands 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1491:Maluku Islands 1452: 1436:oceanic nature 1428:Okinotorishima 1397: 1386:World Factbook 1378:New Zealanders 1362:Southeast Asia 1356:are sometimes 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1098:Geopolitically 1068:(Collectively 1061: 1058:geopolitically 1019: 1018: 992: 978:oceanic island 974:Malpelo Island 946: 943: 941: 940:Non-contiguous 938: 856: 853: 852: 851: 844:Ottoman Empire 801: 762:Eastern Europe 742: 727:Russian Empire 719:Eastern Europe 696: 661: 604:Ural Mountains 598:and along the 572:Ural Mountains 549: 543: 537: 505: 502: 501: 500: 462:Africa (Libya) 421: 415: 409: 403: 396: 393: 383: 382: 337: 335: 328: 315: 312: 311: 310: 295: 294: 293: 264: 253: 238: 223: 222: 221: 199: 198: 197: 196: 185: 175:non-contiguous 167: 140: 137: 101:Ural Mountains 61:non-contiguous 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5622: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5594:archive.today 5591: 5588: 5587: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5551: 5547: 5545:9780470527221 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5433: 5429: 5427:9780306460920 5423: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5388:9780226771427 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5217: 5213: 5211:9789820103580 5207: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5192: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5141:9780207127618 5137: 5133: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4820:9781857431384 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4586:9780295800509 4582: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4514:9780207127618 4510: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4481: 4477: 4475:9781775845201 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4346:9781135363673 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4310: 4306: 4304:9781000324143 4300: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4272: 4268: 4266:9781846238833 4262: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4220:Evans, Mike. 4216: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3979:9780557445059 3975: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3924:Intsia bijuga 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912:S. boninensis 3909: 3892: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3824: 3820: 3818:9780207127618 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3627:9780292707566 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3446: 3442: 3440:9783030272531 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2771: 2770:Thalassocracy 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2550: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2422: 2421: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Bouvet Island 2321: 2315: 2314:and that are 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:, Australia, 2293: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:British Crown 2205: 2204: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128:New Caledonia 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:French Guiana 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:Palmyra Atoll 2016: 2012: 2011:Jarvis Island 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1964: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:Flores Island 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1900: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864:in 2010, the 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1827: 1826: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1537: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513:), including 1512: 1509:(east of the 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1464: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:Bonin Islands 1409: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1320:Insular Chile 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Easter Island 1301: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1275:Nueva Esparta 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1226:, Netherlands 1225: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Nueva Esparta 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 956: 955: 952: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 867: 862: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 802: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766:Northern Asia 763: 759: 755: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:Asian portion 673: 662: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Asian portion 627: 616: 615: 614: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 528: 523: 518: 511: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 467: 466: 465: 463: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 401: 392: 390: 379: 376: 368: 365:November 2022 358: 354: 350: 344: 343: 338:This section 336: 327: 326: 321: 308: 305:. Therefore, 304: 300: 296: 291: 287: 283: 280: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 214: 212: 208: 207: 206: 204: 194: 190: 189:body of water 186: 183: 179: 178: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146: 145: 144: 136: 133: 131: 127: 124:or component 123: 122:subcontinents 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:cartographers 86: 82: 77: 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 54: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 5570: 5561: 5554:. Retrieved 5534: 5527: 5516:. Retrieved 5468: 5443: 5436:. Retrieved 5416: 5409: 5397:. Retrieved 5377: 5370: 5361: 5354:. Retrieved 5338: 5331: 5322: 5315:. Retrieved 5299: 5293: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5227: 5220:. Retrieved 5200: 5178:. Retrieved 5172: 5165: 5157: 5150:. Retrieved 5130: 5109:. Retrieved 5095: 5084:. Retrieved 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5044: 5035: 5028:. Retrieved 5018: 5012: 5000:. Retrieved 4990: 4983: 4974: 4967:. Retrieved 4957: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4924: 4912:. Retrieved 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4872: 4860:. Retrieved 4851: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4809: 4802: 4790:. Retrieved 4776: 4765:. Retrieved 4756: 4746: 4735:. Retrieved 4721: 4710:. Retrieved 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4674: 4667: 4655:. Retrieved 4645: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4617: 4611: 4602: 4595:. Retrieved 4575: 4568: 4559: 4552:. Retrieved 4542: 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4503: 4496: 4484:. Retrieved 4464: 4457: 4446:. Retrieved 4437: 4428: 4417:. Retrieved 4389:. Retrieved 4380: 4370: 4362: 4355:. Retrieved 4335: 4328: 4320: 4313:. Retrieved 4293: 4286: 4275:. Retrieved 4256:North Africa 4255: 4248: 4236:. Retrieved 4225: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4192: 4183: 4172:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4134:Sanneh/Wiley 4133: 4123: 4115: 4108:. Retrieved 4096: 4092: 4065:. Retrieved 4055: 4032:. Retrieved 4020: 4016: 4004: 3995: 3988:. Retrieved 3968: 3962: 3951:. Retrieved 3942: 3933: 3923: 3920:Gyrinops spp 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3898:. Retrieved 3882: 3875: 3864:. Retrieved 3850: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3827:. Retrieved 3807: 3783:. Retrieved 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3732: 3720:. Retrieved 3711: 3684:. Retrieved 3675: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3636:. Retrieved 3616: 3609: 3600: 3576: 3569:. Retrieved 3559: 3536:. Retrieved 3522: 3511:. Retrieved 3502: 3493: 3482:. Retrieved 3473: 3464: 3456: 3449:. Retrieved 3429: 3422: 3411:. Retrieved 3402: 3392: 3379:. Retrieved 3365: 3359: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3322: 3312:"Kazakhstan" 3307: 3296:. Retrieved 3287: 3278: 3267:. Retrieved 3253: 3242:. Retrieved 3233: 3224: 3214:12 September 3212:. Retrieved 3203: 3194: 3169: 3158:. Retrieved 3144: 3132:. Retrieved 3118: 3112: 3104: 3086: 3081: 3069:. Retrieved 3060: 3033:. Retrieved 3024: 2997:. Retrieved 2986: 2983:"contiguous" 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2961:the original 2954: 2945: 2929: 2924:the original 2909:. Retrieved 2879: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2843:the original 2832: 2809:. Retrieved 2800: 2723: 2714: 2682: 2600: 2585:Cocos Island 2581:Rocas Alijos 2500:Austronesian 2404:has held in 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2308:Subantarctic 2300:South Africa 2185: 2147: 2100:Saint Martin 2084:collectivity 2081: 2031:Near Islands 2015:Midway Atoll 2003:Baker Island 1949:Corvo Island 1891:the Kingdom. 1888: 1881:Sint Maarten 1868: 1784:Danish Realm 1730: 1720: 1636:Kastellorizo 1560:Zubair Group 1511:Wallace Line 1424:Nishinoshima 1318:are part of 1178: 1137: 1123:Coche Island 1106:geologically 1092:, excluding 1063: 1044:lies on the 1020: 902:Panama Canal 899: 872: 816:Western Asia 752:Russia, the 711:Central Asia 612: 608:Arctic Ocean 586:, along the 557: 547: Europe 455: 452:Gulf of Aden 444:Gulf of Suez 429: 386: 371: 362: 339: 282:Micronations 213:is assumed. 200: 174: 170: 151: 147: 142: 134: 128:of a larger 78: 66:dependencies 60: 52: 51: 46: 42: 28: 26: 5253:(1): 9354. 4543:Australasia 4525:12 February 4136:: 588–604. 4099:(1). 1987. 2829:"Continent" 2634:Nazca Plate 2589:Cocos Plate 2468:Philippines 2370:New Zealand 2186:Adélie Land 2149:Adélie Land 2082:Sui generis 2023:Wake Island 1924:(including 1858:dissolution 1794:within the 1673:Pantelleria 1572:archipelago 1499:Aru Islands 1475:Timor-Leste 1432:Izu Islands 1374:Australians 1243:Netherlands 1210:Netherlands 1151:Aves Island 1102:West Indies 1094:Aves Island 1052:lie on the 1007:Aves Island 985:archipelago 906:Panama City 828:East Thrace 596:Caspian Sea 534: 1850 250:Aves Island 132:continent. 41:, known as 5556:1 February 5518:2022-01-17 5487:1885/38139 5438:1 February 5399:4 February 5363:Galápagos. 5356:17 January 5317:17 January 5176:. Springer 5152:2 February 5111:2022-04-25 5086:2022-03-02 4914:August 14, 4888:August 14, 4767:2023-01-17 4737:2022-04-26 4712:2022-04-26 4448:2022-03-12 4419:2022-03-12 4391:2022-03-12 4277:2023-03-19 4238:5 February 4205:5 February 4174:2022-03-10 4034:2022-04-26 3953:2022-03-07 3939:"小笠原諸島の歴史" 3900:24 January 3866:2022-01-18 3829:2 February 3722:1 February 3571:2 February 3538:2020-08-14 3513:2019-09-13 3484:2022-03-20 3413:2022-12-10 3381:24 January 3298:2022-03-20 3269:2021-09-12 3244:2021-09-12 3160:2021-09-12 3134:24 January 3071:5 February 3035:5 February 2999:5 February 2967:5 February 2911:2015-11-26 2896:Emba River 2849:5 February 2811:2021-05-31 2801:WorldAtlas 2776:References 2705:, and the 2703:Montserrat 2605:Clipperton 2549:Costa Rica 2504:New Guinea 2488:New Guinea 2376:, and the 2326:(Norway), 2316:recognized 2259:Antarctica 2192:under the 2180:, and the 2170:Saint Paul 2092:Martinique 2088:Guadeloupe 2079:, and one 1995:Micronesia 1800:Arctic Sea 1614:, such as 1612:Asia Minor 1449:Micronesia 1430:) and the 1342:Antarctica 1088:; and the 887:Darién Gap 859:See also: 715:Ural River 707:Kazakhstan 688:Khevsureti 626:Azerbaijan 600:Ural River 576:Aegean Sea 541: Asia 515:See also: 436:Suez Canal 349:improve it 171:contiguous 164:continents 139:Definition 126:landmasses 109:Kazakhstan 105:Azerbaijan 97:Ural River 53:Contiguous 5473:CiteSeerX 4940:30 August 4852:Traveller 4792:March 12, 4189:"Socotra" 3686:6 January 3234:Consilium 2886:, on the 2484:Singapore 2386:Argentina 2358:Australia 2354:Argentina 2292:Argentina 2229:Gibraltar 2166:Antarctic 1983:Polynesia 1866:sovereign 1788:Greenland 1764:North Sea 1681:Lampedusa 1479:Melanesia 1463:Indonesia 1279:Venezuela 1261:Venezuela 1155:Venezuela 1086:Venezuela 1003:Venezuela 836:Bosphorus 778:conquests 588:watershed 584:Black Sea 564:Don River 353:verifying 246:Venezuela 160:territory 39:continent 35:territory 31:countries 5604:Category 5550:Archived 5509:Archived 5432:Archived 5393:Archived 5347:Archived 5324:Oceania. 5308:Archived 5285:29921956 5222:11 March 5216:Archived 5180:11 March 5146:Archived 5105:Archived 5080:Archived 5054:Archived 5030:13 March 5024:Archived 5002:11 March 4996:Archived 4969:12 March 4963:Archived 4934:Archived 4908:Archived 4882:Archived 4862:12 March 4856:Archived 4831:12 March 4825:Archived 4786:Archived 4761:Archived 4731:Archived 4706:Archived 4686:19 April 4680:Archived 4657:29 March 4651:Archived 4629:31 March 4623:Archived 4597:12 March 4591:Archived 4554:12 March 4548:Archived 4519:Archived 4486:12 March 4480:Archived 4442:Archived 4438:ABC News 4413:Archived 4385:Archived 4357:12 March 4351:Archived 4315:12 March 4309:Archived 4271:Archived 4232:Archived 4199:Archived 4168:Archived 4144:10 March 4138:Archived 4110:16 March 4101:Archived 4067:11 March 4061:Archived 4025:Archived 3990:12 March 3984:Archived 3947:Archived 3891:Archived 3860:Archived 3841:language 3839:to mean 3823:Archived 3779:Archived 3749:Archived 3716:Archived 3680:Archived 3638:12 March 3632:Archived 3565:Archived 3532:Archived 3507:Archived 3478:Archived 3451:20 March 3445:Archived 3407:Archived 3375:Archived 3351:Archived 3315:Archived 3292:Archived 3263:Archived 3238:Archived 3208:Archived 3204:BBC News 3183:Archived 3154:Archived 3128:Archived 3065:Archived 3029:Archived 2993:Archived 2905:Archived 2888:Kara Sea 2872:Archived 2805:Archived 2734:See also 2687:Anguilla 2444:Malaysia 2406:abeyance 2396:and the 2223:and the 2190:abeyance 2168:region, 2160:and the 2067:France: 1989:and the 1932:and the 1910:Portugal 1816:Labrador 1689:Lampione 1675:and the 1507:Wallacea 1352:and the 1173:Colombia 1042:Trinidad 966:Colombia 928:to both 891:Colombia 861:Americas 832:Istanbul 686:, north 680:Caucasus 650:Khachmaz 634:Caucasus 568:Caucasus 566:and the 434:and the 130:Eurasian 117:enclaves 99:and the 93:Caucasus 5276:6008413 5255:Bibcode 5060:15 July 3916:S. yasi 3837:culture 3785:7 March 2691:Bermuda 2660:Iceland 2626:Ecuador 2597:Clarion 2565:Oceania 2306:in the 2233:Eurasia 2176:on the 2164:in the 2152:on the 2132:Oceania 2116:Réunion 2112:Mayotte 2075:, five 1918:Madeira 1877:Curaçao 1869:Kingdom 1860:of the 1808:Nunavut 1743:Almería 1739:Alboran 1717:Melilla 1693:Tunisia 1580:Somalia 1576:Socotra 1568:Red Sea 1566:in the 1483:eastern 1366:Chinese 1239:Curaçao 1224:Bonaire 1127:Cubagua 1078:Curaçao 1074:Bonaire 826:called 758:Eurasia 692:Tusheti 684:Kazbegi 678:of the 672:Georgia 642:Shabran 632:of the 606:to the 590:of the 448:Red Sea 347:Please 235:Madeira 231:Socotra 5542: 5503: 5493: 5475: 5424: 5385: 5283: 5273: 5208: 5138: 4817: 4583: 4511: 4472: 4343: 4301: 4263: 3976: 3815: 3624: 3437: 3097: 2936: 2894:, the 2697:, the 2693:, the 2657: 2623: 2561:Mexico 2558: 2546: 2470:: The 2465: 2458:, and 2453: 2441: 2432:Brunei 2429: 2374:Norway 2366:France 2261:. The 2257:is in 2212: 2188:is in 2156:, the 2126:, and 2102:, and 2065: 2039:Alaska 1975:Hawaii 1971: 1938:Azores 1928:, the 1907: 1889:within 1834: 1812:Quebec 1777: 1704: 1685:Linosa 1669: 1642:, and 1632:Lesbos 1616:Rhodes 1608:Greece 1605: 1562:, and 1545: 1525:, the 1519:Flores 1472: 1460: 1426:, and 1410:: The 1405: 1370:Malays 1344:. Its 1338: 1297: 1125:, and 1076:, and 1050:Tobago 1031: 1000: 963: 895:Panama 840:Ankara 812:Turkey 809: 786:ethnic 750: 739:Atyrau 735:Atyrau 729:. Its 704: 669: 646:Siazan 623: 582:, the 578:, the 551: 545: 539: 474: 450:, and 423: 417: 411: 405: 288:, and 113:Turkey 111:, and 5512:(PDF) 5501:JSTOR 5465:(PDF) 5350:(PDF) 5343:(PDF) 5311:(PDF) 5304:(PDF) 4104:(PDF) 4089:(PDF) 4028:(PDF) 4013:(PDF) 3894:(PDF) 3887:(PDF) 3758:3 May 3752:(PDF) 3741:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 3179:(PDF) 2675:Notes 2528:Samoa 2390:Chile 2362:Chile 2296:Chile 1920:, an 1873:Aruba 1790:is a 1713:Ceuta 1691:) is 1628:Chios 1624:Samos 1564:Perim 1548:Yemen 1523:Sumba 1515:Timor 1408:Japan 1360:with 1300:Chile 1206:Aruba 1070:Aruba 638:Qusar 477:Egypt 440:Egypt 266:Some 227:Yemen 33:with 5558:2022 5540:ISBN 5491:ISBN 5440:2022 5422:ISBN 5401:2022 5383:ISBN 5358:2022 5319:2022 5281:PMID 5224:2022 5206:ISBN 5182:2022 5154:2022 5136:ISBN 5062:2014 5032:2022 5004:2022 4971:2022 4942:2020 4916:2022 4890:2022 4864:2022 4833:2022 4815:ISBN 4794:2022 4688:2022 4659:2022 4631:2022 4599:2022 4581:ISBN 4556:2022 4527:2022 4509:ISBN 4488:2022 4470:ISBN 4359:2022 4341:ISBN 4317:2022 4299:ISBN 4261:ISBN 4240:2019 4207:2019 4146:2022 4112:2022 4069:2022 3992:2022 3974:ISBN 3902:2022 3831:2022 3813:ISBN 3787:2022 3760:2020 3724:2022 3688:2022 3640:2022 3622:ISBN 3573:2022 3453:2022 3435:ISBN 3383:2021 3216:2021 3136:2021 3095:ISBN 3073:2019 3037:2019 3001:2019 2969:2019 2934:ISBN 2851:2019 2575:and 2551:and 2524:Fiji 2494:and 2482:and 2388:and 2172:and 2114:and 2021:and 1993:(in 1987:Guam 1981:(in 1947:and 1814:and 1715:and 1687:and 1493:and 1465:and 1376:and 1368:and 1314:and 1306:and 932:and 764:and 733:and 690:and 654:Quba 652:and 602:and 497:Suez 270:(or 201:The 154:are 5592:at 5483:hdl 5271:PMC 5263:doi 3652:not 3647:are 2318:by 1985:), 1620:Kos 1574:of 1348:of 1084:of 920:to 912:to 822:in 717:in 438:in 351:by 248:'s 229:'s 173:or 150:or 45:or 5606:: 5560:. 5548:. 5507:. 5499:. 5489:. 5481:. 5452:^ 5442:. 5430:. 5391:. 5360:. 5321:. 5279:. 5269:. 5261:. 5249:. 5245:. 5226:. 5214:. 5190:^ 5156:. 5144:. 5120:^ 5103:. 5034:. 4973:. 4854:. 4850:. 4823:. 4759:. 4755:. 4729:. 4704:. 4601:. 4589:. 4558:. 4517:. 4478:. 4436:. 4400:^ 4383:. 4379:. 4361:. 4349:. 4319:. 4307:. 4269:. 4230:. 4224:. 4191:. 4166:. 4162:. 4132:. 4114:. 4097:25 4095:. 4091:. 4077:^ 4043:^ 4021:50 4019:. 4015:. 3994:. 3982:. 3945:. 3941:. 3904:. 3833:. 3821:. 3795:^ 3743:. 3710:. 3696:^ 3678:. 3674:. 3661:^ 3642:. 3630:. 3585:^ 3575:. 3547:^ 3530:. 3505:. 3501:. 3472:. 3455:. 3443:. 3405:. 3401:. 3347:24 3345:. 3341:. 3321:. 3290:. 3286:. 3261:. 3236:. 3232:. 3202:. 3152:. 3103:. 3063:. 3059:. 3045:^ 3027:. 3023:. 3009:^ 2991:. 2985:. 2953:. 2916:; 2878:, 2837:. 2831:. 2820:^ 2799:. 2784:^ 2701:, 2689:, 2563:: 2522:, 2446:, 2434:, 2372:, 2368:, 2364:, 2360:, 2356:, 2235:. 2122:, 2098:, 2094:, 2090:, 2017:, 2013:, 2009:, 2005:, 1912:: 1879:, 1875:, 1806:, 1786:, 1683:, 1644:Ro 1638:, 1634:, 1630:, 1626:, 1622:, 1618:, 1558:, 1521:, 1517:, 1422:, 1277:, 1259:, 1241:, 1208:, 1171:, 1153:, 1121:, 1072:, 936:. 924:; 916:, 648:, 644:, 640:, 610:. 536:. 531:c. 464:. 446:, 284:, 107:, 76:. 49:. 5521:. 5485:: 5403:. 5287:. 5265:: 5257:: 5251:8 5184:. 5114:. 5089:. 5064:. 5006:. 4944:. 4866:. 4835:. 4770:. 4740:. 4715:. 4690:. 4661:. 4633:. 4529:. 4490:. 4422:. 4394:. 4280:. 4242:. 4209:. 4177:. 4071:. 4037:. 3956:. 3869:. 3789:. 3762:. 3726:. 3690:. 3541:. 3516:. 3487:. 3416:. 3385:. 3301:. 3272:. 3247:. 3218:. 3163:. 3138:. 3075:. 3039:. 3003:. 2971:. 2914:. 2853:. 2814:. 2709:. 2530:. 2001:( 1766:. 1749:. 1679:( 1659:. 1646:. 1595:. 1451:. 1322:. 1117:( 1017:. 1005:( 953:. 850:. 800:. 512:. 378:) 372:( 367:) 363:( 345:. 322:. 195:. 166:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

List of transcontinental countries

Index