Boundaries between the continents

4039:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures. 6482:

representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.

3317:. To the south, we have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands we are not making any political statement but merely recognizing that this book is being written in the English language), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. However, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (e.g., South Georgia) are not included except incidentally (e.g., endemic South Georgia Pipit have been incorporated). Likewise, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor have the Galápagos Islands, situated even further off the Ecuadorian coast. 1144:

continental land masses and adjacent islands. This prolonged period of isolation allowed for the emergence of distinctive oceanic cultures with the only non-oceanic influences being the original cultures that the earliest settlers brought with them when they entered the vast, uninhabited region. Scholars of antiquity may raise the issue of continental cultural influences on the western and northwestern border islands of Oceania, but these are exceptions, and the Asian mainland influences were largely absent until the modern era. On the eastern extremity of the region there were some influences from the Americas, but these were minimal. It is for these reasons that Pacific Ocean islands from

1327:(being 180 km away), and Taiwan lies on the continental shelf of Asia. Taiwan was formerly a member of the Oceania Football Confederation; this was for political reasons: It was forced to compete against teams from Oceania because China, its political administrator, did not recognize its sovereignty and would not compete against them. It was a member from 1975 to 1989, but now competes as part of the Asian Football Confederation. Taiwan, Japan and most of the nations in the Malay Archipelago are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership, only Australia, New Zealand and the island states in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia do. 6886: 6803: 1779:“The watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the backbone of the system, traditionally has been part of the line dividing Europe and Asia, but Europe's eastern boundary has been the subject of much debate. One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe and the portion south of it in Asia. Another puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part (the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia's Caspian Sea coast) in Asia. Still another scheme identifies the 2584:, which are 650 km removed. Both are located on the Nazca Plate and to the east of Salas y Gómez and Easter Island. Akin to Clipperton and Galápagos, the Desventuradas Islands and the Juan Fernández Islands were uninhabited prior to European discovery. They too are associated with both the American continent and Oceania. The marine fauna of the Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernández Islands shares great similarity with the south central Pacific, more so than with the nearing South America. Some consider the islands to be the easternmost areas of the Oceanian biogeographical realm. Scientific journal 6848: 6818: 6773: 6901: 6931: 6916: 6758: 1648: 6788: 7413: 2620: 1621: 1123:. The Malay Archipelago was more frequently associated with Oceania during the 19th century, when the term was first coined. Many inhabitants in the Malay Archipelago are Austronesians, sharing genetic and linguistic affinities to the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian inhabitants of Oceania, who also fall under the Austronesian umbrella. However, the Austronesians of the Malay Archipelago had significant contact with mainland Asia during prehistoric times, unlike with the Austronesians and 19: 1018: 6833: 7435: 2567:, who lost significant amounts of their populations through the Peruvian kidnappings. Easter Island under Chilean rule has still made attempts to become politically involved with the rest of the South Pacific, and has considered gaining representation in the Pacific Islands Forum, which includes Australia, New Zealand and most of the Pacific Island nations/territories. Similar to Easter Island, and just to the northeast of it, is the nearby uninhabited 640: 1379: 157: 648: 475: 1387: 2434: 2606: 1299:(OFC). Guam was never an official OFC member, although they exclusively played against teams from Oceania prior to joining the AFC. The presence of these teams in the AFC is not necessarily related to geography or politics, but rather because the Asian Football Confederation have far more resources than the Oceania Football Confederation. All three are members of the 1004:. None are discrete political entities like Heard Island and McDonald Islands. As such, they are likely considered by the United Nations also to be part of Oceania. The Auckland Islands could be considered part of Oceania on cultural grounds rather than mere political grounds, as they are believed to be the southernmost island group to have been settled by 1251:, on the periphery of the main Japanese archipelago, are sometimes associated with Austronesians. The islands are geologically and historically linked with Asia, and are excluded from most definitions of Oceania, along with the similarly non-oceanic Japanese archipelago, which is not associated with Austronesians. To the north of Japan is the disputed 1612:; and Kuma–Manych Depression, thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest and this became the standard convention in the latter 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. 2288:, although it has extensive home rule and EU law no longer applies there. The United Nations consider Greenland to be part of North America; this is unusual, as the United Nations categorize many nations and territories purely on political convention rather than geographical or cultural convention. The 5591:

The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of

3940:

The Bonin Islands, now known as the Ogasawara Islands, are a group of subtropical islands located roughly equidistant between the Tokyo, Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands. This group of islands is nowhere near Tokyo, but it is still considered to be a part of Tokyo! The Ogasawara Islands consist

2509:

as well as with Oceania. Oceanic southeastern Pacific islands such as Clipperton and Galápagos were never inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, unlike with the Atlantic Ocean's Caribbean Islands. Clipperton remains uninhabited, and its marine fauna maintains interconnectivity to the marine

6481:

Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's

6156:

The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galapagos

1008:

during prehistoric times. The islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but archaeological traces have since been found to indicate Polynesian settlement, dating to the 13th century, on Enderby Island. Macquarie Island is theorized to have possibly had contact with Polynesians, although

694:

are much closer to, and usually grouped with, Africa; the Canary Islands are only 100 km (62 mi) from the African mainland at their closest point but 945 km (587 mi) from the European mainland, while Madeira is 520 km (320 mi) from the African mainland and 1,000 km

5969:

In the present taxonomic study of the Hippoboscidae, Oceania covers, rather arbitrarily, the many archipelagos and isolated islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean, from the Marianas and Caroline Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia to the Hawaiian islands

5553:

Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however,

1270:

Australia has a more developed economy than neighboring Pacific Island nations, and is occasionally associated with mainland Asia as a result of this, despite being geologically distinct and having no cultural links to it prior to European discovery. It has historically been included in definitions

1322:

that "a strong case could be made for extending Oceania to at least Taiwan, the homeland of the Austronesian language family whose speakers colonized significant parts of the region about 6,000 years ago." Definitions of Oceania which include Taiwan are extremely rare because Taiwan has historical

964:

during prehistoric times. These theories are usually considered dubious, as there is no archaeological evidence indicating prehistoric human inhabitation on the Falklands. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands do not have any permanent residents. The Falkland Islands have historically had a

2724:

And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of

2461:

and Colombia, respectively. Malpelo Island, located 500 km from Colombia, is nominally associated with South America, while the Galápagos Islands, 1,000 km from Ecuador, are also sometimes associated with Oceania. The Galápagos Islands lie on the Nazca Plate and are thought of as part of Oceania

1829:

This Ural River delineation is the only segment not to follow a major mountain range or wide water body, both of which often truly separate populations. However, the Ural River is the most common division used by authorities, is the most prominent natural feature in the region, and is the "most

2424:

can be considered to be a part of the Caribbean instead of part of South America. The circumstance of these islands is akin to that of the ABC islands, as both the ABC islands and the Venezuelan islands are at an equivalent range from the Venezuelan mainland. Thus, these Venezuelan lands could

1143:

descent, considered the Malay Archipelago separate from Oceania for this very reason. He wrote, "Before the advent of Europeans into the Pacific, our cultures were truly oceanic, in the sense that the sea barrier shielded us for millennia from the great cultural influences that raged through

1907:(UNSD): According to UNSD, "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories". Furthermore, the UNSD classification often differs from those of other 2135:

to be considered a transcontinental state. The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate. This is extremely rare, however, because of their non-tropical biogeography and because their

1767:

and thus geographically in Europe, whereas the rest arguably falls under Asia. Georgia actively identified as European throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, Georgia is regarded as a European country for historical, cultural, religious, and political reasons.

579:

a transcontinental country. Less than 2% of the Egyptian population live on the Sinai Peninsula, and hence Egypt, even though technically transcontinental, is usually considered an African country entirely and not partly Asian. But when discussing the geopolitical region of the

2571:

of Chile, which is also considered to be geographically in Oceania while associated with South America politically. The island was never inhabited, yet it was known about by the natives of Easter Island during prehistoric times. The name for the island in their language was

6443:

It is clear that since World War II, Britain, in contrast to France and the United States (and one might say Chile and Ecuador, which hold, respectively, Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands), conceived of Oceania as a region of sovereign nations living in a spirit of

777:. The existence of these territories further blurs the line between the borders of Africa and Europe, in particular with regard to the Spanish territories which lie immediately adjacent to and/or connected to the African mainland. The French territories lie within the 3312:

included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various small islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, the Netherlands Antilles ; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern coast of Brazil), but islands more properly considered part of the West Indies (e.g. Grenada) are

550:"an accurate Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Libya, and Billedulgerid, the Land of Negroes, Guinea, Æthiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Southern, or Oriental Seas, belonging thereunto" 1888:) remains cited less commonly as one possible natural boundary in contemporary sources. This definition peaked in prominence in the 19th century; however, it has declined in usage over time. This is because it included in Asia certain areas of Russia (such as 1343:

is unusual among continental boundaries because of its largely mountain-and-river-based characteristics north and east of the Black Sea. Asia and Europe are considered separate continents for historical reasons; the division between the two goes back to the

999:

are all uninhabited, and are located between Australia and New Zealand and Antarctica. The Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands are politically part of New Zealand, while Macquarie Island has been integrated into the Australian state of

3307:

Finally, a few comments on the area we consider to be part of "South America" are in order. Essentially we have followed the limits established by Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands

5903:

Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and

5554:

very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.

5871:

Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in

4282: 5029:"Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." 4506:

Despite varied usage, Ocean, from Madagascar off the coast of Africa to Taiwan, Oceania primarily refers to most of the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean, but not to the shore nations of its surrounding continents, or to the Japanese

960:, and which are located on the South American continental shelf. The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, with some theorizing that the Falklands were visited by 917:

are also located on the Antarctic continental plate, and are not often associated with other continents. The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island as part of South America, while the World Factbook categorizes it as part of Antarctica.

1234:

around 2,000 years ago. Their official discovery came much later in the 16th century, through Europeans. The most remote island within this group, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is nearly 2,000 km removed from

882:. Both are still within the bounds of the Indian Ocean. The United Nations categorizes Heard Island and McDonald Islands, which are politically affiliated with Australia, as being part of Oceania. The islands are 4,000 km from 1592:, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906. In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between Asia and Europe be drawn in textbooks from 2039:. While Novaya Zemlya was variously grouped with Europe or with Asia in 19th-century maps it is now usually grouped with Europe, the continental boundary considered to join the Arctic Ocean along the southern shore of the 973:

between Argentina and the United Kingdom regarding ownership of the islands in 1982, and the residents of the Falklands do not currently wish to be associated with South America, despite their geographical proximity.

5434:, 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union..." 2020:. Akin to Cyprus, these small islets would nominally be considered Asian if only the continental shelf were used to define the boundary, but for history and cultural influences they are considered a part of Europe. 4109: 6044:

French Polynesia operates as a CEPT country under French authority, but still requires local permission and a local call sign (as do the other French colonies in Oceania: Clipperton, New Caledonia, and Wallis and

4395: 524:

This was not considered to be a continent. As wider knowledge of geography developed, the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that landmass) became apparent. In 1806,

4997::"The land boundary between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct that has been defined variously; only as a matter of agreement is it tied to a specific borderline...", June 2021 1152:

and Indonesia, which are adjacent to the Asian mainland, do not have oceanic cultures, and are therefore not part of Oceania. This definition of our region delineates us clearly from Asia and the

835:. Réunion is an island territory located near the island country of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar (both nominally considered part of the African continent). The final territory is the 6119:

In India, French settlements included Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Mahé and Chandernagore; and in Oceania, Clipperton, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Vanuatu (shared with the British Empire)

1311:

made an unsuccessful attempt to join the Asian Football Confederation in 2009. They too share much of the same history as the rest of Micronesia, and are a member of the Pacific Islands Forum.

769:

There are six definitive occurrences of territories unequivocally being a part of the African continent, but legally being administered by a European state. Three of these are administered by

730:

is 100 km (62 mi) from Sicily and just 71 km (44 mi) from the African mainland. All of these Mediterranean islands, including Malta and Sicily, are actually located on the

4073:

In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species

1996:

lie on the coast of the Asian part of Turkey (on the Asian continental shelf). Thus, generally, these island groups could be considered part of Asia. More specifically, the small islands of

5460:"JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on closer ties between the EU and Armenia and the need for a peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia | RC-B9-0163/2024 | European Parliament" 3329:

Hamley, Kit M.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Krasinski, Kathryn E.; Groff, Dulcinea V.; Hall, Brenda L.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Southon, John R.; Brickle, Paul; Lowell, Thomas V. (29 October 2021).

1771:

The international geographic community has never reached a universal agreement on continental borders, especially with regard to the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian seas. As

3750: 703:

and Azores — which are usually assigned to Africa, although the Canaries and Cape Verde alone belong geographically to that continent, the Azores are lost, so to say, in mid-Atlantic."

3941:

of 30 subtropical islands made The Bonin Islands were said to be discovered first by Bernardo de la Torre, a Spanish explorer, who originally called the islands "Islas del Arzobispo"

6618:

Friedlander, Alan M.; Ballesteros, Enric; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gaymer, Carlos F.; Palma, Alvaro T.; Petit, Ignacio; Varas, Eduardo; Muñoz Wilson, Alex; Sala, Enric (6 January 2016).

4621: 5697: 3838: 2522:, with the island being labelled as a stepping stone between the south central Pacific and the southeastern Pacific. The Galápagos Islands similarly share interconnectivity with 2667: 1950:

noted that Armenia and Georgia are eligible to apply for EU membership "like any other European state". On 14 December 2023, Georgia was officially granted EU Candidate status.

2174:

stands in opposition to islands and archipelagos. Nevertheless, there are some islands that are considered part of Europe in a political sense. This most notably includes the

1303:, the major governing body for the Oceania region, with Australia being a founding member in 1971. Guam and Northern Mariana Islands have had similar histories to the rest of 5765:

This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.

2762:

For instance, in one of the only two instances when China was ruled by a foreign dynasty, Yuan Dynasty ambassadors, this time Mongols, traveled to Madagascar in East Africa.

4116: 1659:

The modern border between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct, and for that reason, its definition has varied. One commonly accepted border follows the

3222: 734:, and could be considered part of the African continent geologically. However, for political and cultural reasons, maps generally display them as part of Europe instead. 373:, these artificial channels are not generally accepted as continent-defining boundaries in themselves. The Suez Canal happens to traverse the Isthmus of Suez between the 3596: 1981:

was nevertheless admitted to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. The northern part of the island functions as the unrecognized (except by Turkey)

1271:

of Oceania, ever since the term was first coined in the early 1810s. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions;

1080:

region of Western New Guinea and nearby islands, makes it a transcontinental country; Western New Guinea is often considered part of Oceania because of its Indigenous

249: 3106:"Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore-onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data" 2526:. Until 2007, Clipperton was administratively part of French Polynesia (formerly French Oceania). It has historically had very little contact with the Americas. 1577:

and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the

667:

mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated with which continent.

1500:(known in antiquity as the Tanais). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at 5650: 2150:

in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North America, as with the

2012:

coastline, of which they are directly adjacent. Additionally, they lie at some distance to the east of the rest of the Dodecanese group in the direction of

1903:

One formal means by which states are grouped into one specified continental area or another is by using the definition used for statistical purposes by the

1794:

are transcontinental states with territory in both Asia and Europe. Russia is historically, culturally, and politically a European state, with a history of

3077: 1570:, as a valley that, once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. 6206:

Its distribution encompasses much of Oceania from the Hawaiian archipelago, Clipperton Island, and Easter Island westward through Polynesia and Melanesia

5444: 1543: 6020: 6457: 2254:. Iceland and the Azores are protrusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from Europe, even though they have areas on the 1912: 1226:. Owing to the location and oceanic nature of these islands, they are sometimes considered to be a part of Oceania as well. The islands are within the 4310: 4055: 3699: 5212:

Most of these countries are located on the east and southeast half-circle of the European continent, but two, Russia and Turkey, are transcontinental

2633: 5477: 3283: 2970: 3240: 177: 5817: 5188: 2901: 2883: 674:

is 1,368 km (850 mi) from Europe and 1,507 km (936 mi) from Africa, and is sometimes grouped with Europe. By contrast, the

4926: 6721: 1814:

is a transcontinental city because it lies on both sides of the Bosporus (one of the Turkish Straits). The Russian and Kazakhstani cities of

4872: 3882: 3808: 855:

Antarctica along with its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land claims south of 60°S latitude are held in abeyance by the

381:, dividing Africa and Asia. The continental boundaries are considered to be within the very narrow land connections joining the continents. 5917: 5694: 5504: 4952: 4841:Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ. 921: 2479: 1373: 164:: these states are not located on any continent-sized landmass, but they are usually grouped geographically with a neighbouring continent 5853: 5567: 4981:, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia." 3638: 1314:

Taiwan has at times been associated with Oceania, not only because of their loose status as a Pacific Island, but also because of their

1093: 820: 6095: 5431: 6082:

On the other side of Oceania, about 1,800 miles (2,897 km) west of the Panama Canal, is another French possession, Clipperton Island.

4844:"And is connected to Europe by the land-strait between Lake Maiotis and the Sarmatian Ocean where the river Tanais crosses through." 4520: 4228: 2643: 796:("Localities of Sovereignty"), are small islands that lie immediately adjacent to the North African coastline, with the exception of 6132: 4903: 3840:

Understanding Oceania: Celebrating the University of the South Pacific and its collaboration with The Australian National University

3046: 2929: 2738: 6058: 5778: 5538: 4007: 4276: 2292:, while not officially part of any confederation, has historically competed against teams from Europe, rather than North America. 1974: 4365: 1048:

region of the Malay Archipelago. The boundary is frequently divided along the anthropologic Melanesian Line or the biogeographic

4643: 4420: 3465: 3203: 2649: 2808:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings" 176:

convention. Several slightly different conventions are in use. The number of continents is most commonly considered seven (in

6690: 6419: 6255: 5927: 5022: 4978: 4813: 4775: 4714: 3916: 3679: 2710: 836: 5076: 2445:, and contains several oceanic islands of the South Pacific, which have been associated with both Oceania and South America. 1783:

and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe”

5301: 4454: 2995: 257: 5983: 3783: 7470: 5415: 4340: 3864: 867: 840: 237: 5402: 4779: 797: 3505: 2638: 2141: 1904: 961: 5274: 3883:"Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories" 3732: 3254: 2590:

describe Easter Island, the Desventurudas Islands, the Juan Fernández Islands and Salas y Gómez (collectively titled

2284:

is geographically part of North America. Politically, however, it is more associated with Europe as it is part of the

699:, author Augustus Henry Keane remarked, "In the North Atlantic there are four insular groups — Madeira, the Canaries, 6714: 6467: 6429: 6142: 6105: 6068: 6030: 5993: 5827: 5790: 5577: 5514: 5313: 5198: 4653: 4492: 4430: 4261: 4238: 4203: 4017: 3926: 3848: 3709: 3579: 3293: 3005: 2748: 2421: 1542:. The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The 863: 726:) is 207 km (129 mi) from Sicily while just 127 km (79 mi) from the African mainland; similarly, 5658: 5363: 5117: 3533: 2289: 1403: 1345: 800:, which was originally an island like the other 'localities' but has subsequently become directly connected to the 2551:

in 1888, but their first major contact with South America came during the 1860s, when islanders were kidnapped by

4704: 3104:

Grevemeyer, Ingo; Gràcia, Eulàlia; Villaseñor, Antonio; Leuchters, Wiebke; Watts, Anthony B. (17 December 2015).

4341:"The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie" 718:— much closer than the 288 km (179 mi) distance to the African mainland. The nearby Italian island of 384:

The remaining boundaries concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents, notably:

6528: 6157:

claimed by Ecuador. By 1900, there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.

1296: 2478:). It is among the easternmost and least remote of the oceanic island groups in the southeastern Pacific. The 1857:, the option according to which the border of Europe runs from the Caspian Sea along the state border between 1581:

to the Caspian. The question was still treated as a controversy in geographical literature of the 1860s, with

940:. The United Nations consider them to be part of South America. Definitions of South America that exclude the 7423: 2397: 1655:, Ural Mountains, Russia. It reads "Europe", above a crossed-out "Asia", as one enters Europe and leaves Asia 1585:

advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the best possible, citing support from various modern geographers.

1511: 1457:, this archaic convention was revised, and the boundary between Asia and Europe was now considered to be the 887: 4482: 2413: 2178:(part of the European continental shelf and during the Ice Age of the continent itself); the islands of the 7329: 6707: 5135: 4817: 2822: 1739:, whereas the country's south is arguably in Asia. Similarly, according to this one particular definition, 1315: 1292: 1119:

is included in Oceania, although this is extremely rare, especially as most of the archipelago lies on the

891: 5368: 3442: 1846:

are even labeled with permanent monuments carved with the word "Europe" on one side, "Asia" on the other.

1263:. This is primarily as a result of their non-tropical biogeography, and their inhabitants, who are mostly 7289: 6339:

Robertson, D. R.; Allen, G. R. (1 June 1996). "Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll".

5654: 5344: 5233: 5105: 5045: 5014: 1795: 1708: 1547: 1104:, having been involved as an ASEAN Regional Forum member since independence, and has participated in the 890:

or any other humans. Heard Island has only been visited 240 times throughout its entire history, and the

879: 785: 6284:"The Eastern Tropical Pacific coral population connectivity and the role of the Eastern Pacific Barrier" 6007:

Malpelo Island, the easternmost and least remote of the five oceanic islands or archipelagos in the ETP.

2274:.) Some definitions of the Europe – America continental boundary place it on (the northern half of) the 924:

are closer to Antarctica than to any other continent. However, they are politically associated with the

5459: 4876: 3559: 2357: 1873: 1764: 1748: 1736: 1578: 1563: 1109: 350: 319: 4990: 1772: 1318:, who are related to the natives of Oceania. In 2010, Australian historian Bronwen Douglas claimed in 981:

are located between Africa and Antarctica, and are the territory of South Africa, an African country.

7234: 7224: 6977: 6222: 4397:

Modern World History, 1776-1926: A Survey of the Origins and Development of Contemporary Civilization

2342: 1961:

is an island of the Mediterranean located on the Asian continental shelf, geologically a part of the

6238: 2581: 945: 627:

may be considered African as it lies on its continental shelf; however, it is politically a part of

7443: 7209: 4311:"The curious case of Northern Mariana Islands and what OFC can learn from it - Football in Oceania" 3977: 3751:"Australia's history with East Timor isn't pretty but it must be told truthfully | Paul Daley" 2353: 2100: 1803: 1244: 1195: 1156:

and is based on our own historical developments, rather than on other people's perceptions of us."

346: 6620:"Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots" 6171:"Nomenclatural status of Emoia cyanura (Lacertilia, Scincidae) populations in the Central Pacific" 5716: 3268: 1476:

Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass of

7266: 7261: 5170: 5101: 1211: 1168: 856: 781:, and, consequently, are more dislocated from the principal boundary between the two continents. 213: 4956: 4603: 3865:"BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean" 7204: 6282:

Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Treml, Eric A.; Acosta, Alberto; Paz-García, David A. (19 June 2018).

6233: 5686: 5227: 5059: 5039: 3105: 2854: 2840: 2547:, though politically it came to be associated with South America. Easter Island was annexed by 2008:(all these islands are still in the Dodecanese group) are directly to the south of the Turkish 1355:

is more readily identifiable as a "continent", and Europe has occasionally been described as a

1049: 1026: 460: 428:, and South Atlantic oceans, respectively (referred to collectively by some geographers as the 3768: 3188: 2868: 2698: 2131:

and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of

1514:

in 1725 was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by drawing the line along the

793: 7089: 6997: 6807: 6802: 6597: 4730: 3662:

Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (2016). "The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania".

2677: 2577: 2498: 2296: 2266:; thus, defining a "continent" falls into the realm of physical and cultural geography (i.e. 2128: 1881: 1300: 1124: 1105: 1072:

which is considered to be a part of Oceania. Indonesia is commonly referred to as one of the

1065: 1041: 978: 831:. Mayotte is an island territory located west of the island country of Madagascar within the 525: 506: 436: 417: 261: 140: 5741: 4915: 4739: 4278:

Cornell's Primary Geography: Forming Part First of a Systematic Series of School Geographies

4063:. Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16 2774: 2568: 7428: 7183: 7074: 6631: 6348: 6295: 3483: 3405: 3342: 3117: 2657: 2543:

coast. Because of its original inhabitants, It is culturally part of the Oceania subregion

2442: 2255: 2079:, as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States. This 1989: 1720: 1411: 1223: 5985:

Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Persistence and Loss in a Dynamic Environment

5951: 5885: 5249: 2450: 941: 8: 7465: 7438: 7385: 7175: 7134: 6683:

The Boundaries of Europe: From the Fall of the Ancient World to the Age of Decolonisation

5427: 4830: 4757: 3601: 3054: 2933: 2662: 2462:

because of their geographical distance from South America in the Pacific Ocean and their

2401: 2295:

Three islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of the Netherlands, that is the

2251: 2147: 2116: 2112: 1947: 1911:

organizations. For instance, while UNSD includes Georgia and Cyprus in Western Asia, the

1885: 1574: 1551: 1505: 952:

in nature) still generally include the Falklands, which share biographical affinities to

789: 624: 7094: 6635: 6352: 6299: 5506:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

4676: 3409: 3346: 3121: 2441:(depicted in pink). It is considered to be a separate tectonic plate to the neighboring 1480:

into two continents, Asia and Europe, followed Ptolemy, with the boundary following the

209: 7293: 7139: 7119: 6654: 6619: 6364: 6316: 6283: 6261: 6190: 5625: 4585: 4569: 4209: 4188: 3421: 3371: 3330: 3143: 2672: 2533: 2285: 2275: 2259: 2195: 2092: 2001: 1712: 1582: 1573:

By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the

1567: 1497: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1430: 1175:) as being part of Oceania, rather than Asia. The islands lie within the bounds of the 1061: 895: 832: 519: 6382: 5190:

Economic History of a Divided Europe: Four Diverse Regions in an Integrating Continent

4369: 2807: 1295:(AFC), with Australia and Northern Mariana Islands having originally been part of the 1097: 816:

coastal cities located directly on the African mainland, both bordering only Morocco.

7360: 7214: 7179: 6686: 6659: 6509: 6463: 6425: 6400: 6321: 6251: 6138: 6101: 6064: 6026: 5989: 5923: 5823: 5786: 5573: 5510: 5309: 5194: 5018: 4974: 4809: 4771: 4710: 4649: 4589: 4577: 4488: 4426: 4234: 4199: 4189:"The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement" 4013: 3922: 3844: 3705: 3675: 3614: 3606: 3575: 3425: 3376: 3358: 3289: 3234: 3001: 2744: 2706: 2483: 2405: 2381: 2108: 2080: 1923: 1744: 1716: 1647: 1593: 1426: 1199: 1153: 1116: 1077: 988: 875: 871: 560: 389: 374: 342: 197: 6592: 6575: 6368: 4230:

The Making of Anthropology: The Semiotics of Self and Other in the Western Tradition

4081:

in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of

3560:"13. The Early Inscriptions of Indonesia and the Problem of the Sanskrit Cosmopolis" 3147: 2119:. Most of them are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost 910: 7375: 7349: 7039: 6649: 6639: 6587: 6546: 6499: 6356: 6311: 6303: 6243: 6182: 5299: 4559: 4551: 3956: 3667: 3567: 3413: 3366: 3350: 3133: 3125: 2611: 2523: 2190:

that are part of the territory of a country situated on the European mainland; the

2104: 2048: 1756: 1688: 1356: 1207: 1176: 1164: 1088:, an independent state that was formerly a part of Indonesia, is classified by the 1069: 1030: 996: 992: 984: 969:

population, with a culture distinct from that of mainland South America. There was

957: 925: 683: 652: 245: 193: 2594:) as having "cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific." 2416:

lie on the North American shelf. Additionally, the adjacent Venezuelan islands of

2270:), while continental plate definitions fall under plate tectonics in the realm of 1453:

in the 5th century BC. As geographic knowledge of the Greeks increased during the

1179:, and were uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. They have 1132: 906: 7365: 7335: 7276: 7099: 6644: 5701: 5381: 5153: 4937: 4835: 4555: 4540:""Terra Australis" to Oceania: Racial Geography in the 'Fifth Part of the World'" 3985: 2463: 2369: 2338: 2263: 2233: 2096: 2088: 2084: 1982: 1962: 1807: 1760: 1684: 1676: 1605: 1527: 1481: 1461:(the modern Don River). This is the convention used by Roman era authors such as 1222:. These mostly uninhabited islands are located at some distance southeast of the 1191: 1180: 1084:

inhabitants and geological association with the Australian continental landmass.

1057: 723: 572: 556: 303: 288: 7412: 6601: 2884:"10 African countries with the highest GDP per capita, according to latest data" 2619: 1620: 1382:

A map illustrating various definitions of the boundaries between Asia and Europe

7297: 7017: 6971: 6307: 4213: 3671: 2308: 2229: 2032: 2024: 1943: 1908: 1752: 1732: 1700: 1668: 1539: 1501: 1248: 1227: 1203: 1089: 1073: 966: 949: 937: 902: 746: 738: 707: 687: 675: 429: 403: 225: 161: 6513: 6277: 6275: 6265: 4366:"Regarding the agenda/ decisions of the 29th EAFF Executive Committee Meeting" 3618: 3571: 3417: 345:, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the 7459: 7314: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6832: 5446:

European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus

5382:"Standard country or area codes and geographical regions for statistical use" 4910:, Volumes 13-14, 1869. Cited as de facto convention by Baron von Haxthausen, 4162: 3704:. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13. 3610: 3362: 2591: 2555:

for slavery. This was also the case with other Polynesian islands, including

2539:, is a territory located on the Nazca Plate, and is roughly 3,500 km off the 2529: 2504: 2487: 2454: 2417: 2365: 2304: 2187: 2175: 2076: 2060: 2028: 1897: 1260: 1252: 1219: 1187: 1128: 970: 914: 742: 731: 597: 510: 452: 425: 410: 334: 330: 205: 58: 47: 5861:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986 5174: 4422:

Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences: Nuclear physics-Plate tectonics

4057:

Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity

3394:

G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands".

2361: 354: 7417: 7370: 7104: 7079: 6890: 6885: 6663: 6325: 6272: 4763:ὡμολόγητο ἐκ πάντων ὅτι διείργει τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός 4760:, "it was agreed by all that the Tanais river separated Asia from Europe" ( 4581: 3396: 3380: 3354: 2625: 2556: 2519: 2475: 2352:

The border between North America and South America is at some point on the

2222: 2199: 2120: 2036: 1997: 1970: 1877: 1835: 1815: 1780: 1696: 1652: 1625: 1601: 1589: 1523: 1489: 1418: 1231: 1160: 1022: 778: 620: 584:, Egypt is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of the 564: 421: 396: 370: 315: 181: 80: 18: 5604: 3534:"Macquarie Island station: a brief history – Australian Antarctic Program" 2902:"The Economic and Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis on Eastern Africa" 1719:

is a transcontinental country with some of its northern portions (such as

1508:), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. 1402:

into Africa, Asia, and Europe has been in use since the 6th century BC by

1307:, and are biogeographically and geologically distinct from mainland Asia. 928:, which are less geographically isolated from South America. Furthermore, 804:(African) mainland. The two other Spanish territories are the exclaves of 7271: 7239: 7229: 5371:: "It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia." 4752: 4077:, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such 3221:

Australia, c\=AU\;o\=Australia Government\;ou\=Geoscience (15 May 2014).

3129: 3021: 2467: 2438: 2267: 2151: 2044: 1692: 1664: 1555: 1519: 1515: 1493: 1442: 1407: 1149: 1120: 1081: 1053: 1017: 1005: 933: 750: 727: 585: 541: 533: 444: 323: 241: 6576:"Shore Fishes of Easter Island, John E. Randall & Alfredo Cea Egaña" 4573: 3138: 2364:). Virtually all atlases list Panama as a state falling entirely within 1291:. Australia, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands currently compete in the 7309: 7219: 7199: 7049: 6777: 6772: 6504: 6360: 6194: 6181:(4). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 1132–1136. 6170: 5608: 4994: 4539: 2471: 2316: 2312: 2271: 2183: 2064: 2005: 1993: 1866: 1862: 1831: 1810:

provinces extending on either side of the Ural River. The Turkish city

1799: 1740: 1724: 1660: 1609: 1531: 1462: 1304: 1183:, making them distinct from both mainland Asia and mainland Australia. 1085: 813: 700: 639: 616: 608: 568: 366: 221: 217: 150: 6699: 6247: 4604:"Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica" 4564: 3957:"Pacific Islands | Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica" 2393: 2206:(part of Norway and/or Denmark from 13th to early 20th centuries) and 828: 465:

the delineation of Asia from North America in the North Pacific Ocean.

7380: 7244: 7194: 7114: 7109: 7054: 6987: 6730: 6496:

Slavers in paradise: the Peruvian slave trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864

2552: 2544: 2409: 2334: 2311:). Two islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of France, 2281: 2237: 2214: 2179: 2171: 1893: 1889: 1826:

fall on the Ural River, making them transcontinental cities as well.

1680: 1559: 1485: 1450: 1438: 1399: 953: 929: 898:

categorizes these islands as part of Antarctica rather than Oceania.

847:

in the Indian Ocean, located in the deep sea surrounding Madagascar.

719: 612: 514: 448: 440: 265: 201: 173: 169: 6186: 4144: 2948: 1159:

The United Nations and The World Factbook categorize the Australian

7304: 7189: 7069: 7059: 7022: 7007: 6992: 6982: 6905: 6900: 6617: 6223:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific" 3103: 2586: 2515: 2328: 2262:

dating back centuries, long before the advent or even knowledge of

2228:

South of the Arctic, Europe and North America are separated by the

2218: 2068: 2040: 2009: 1966: 1843: 1819: 1811: 1704: 1672: 1629: 1600:, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then following the 1597: 1391: 1378: 1264: 1045: 1034: 1001: 456: 338: 307: 185: 36: 6401:"Clipperton Island | island, Pacific Ocean | Britannica" 6281: 4622:"Indian National Football Team: Know Your Rivals - Chinese Taipei" 1417:

Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the

1390:

A physical map of Europe from 1880, depicting the entirety of the

7324: 7319: 7084: 7064: 7044: 7012: 7002: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6915: 2564: 2458: 2389: 2300: 2241: 2203: 2017: 1927: 1850: 1728: 1651:

Road sign on the continental border between Asia and Europe near

1477: 1470: 1352: 1239:, and is geographically closer to the Micronesian territories of 1140: 843:. This French territory consists of a range of minor uninhabited 824: 809: 801: 754: 691: 679: 604: 593: 378: 362: 299: 284: 253: 233: 229: 156: 108: 5300:

Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (2009).

4110:"A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World" 3331:"Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands" 3257:. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 June 2022 – via CIA.gov. 3191:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2 March 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2871:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2843:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2777:. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 1977:. Despite differences regarding its geographic affiliation, the 1743:

is a transcontinental country with some northern portions (e.g.

555:

The usual line taken to divide Africa from Asia today is at the

7355: 7124: 6822: 6817: 6762: 6757: 4853: 3271:. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 June 2022 – via CIA.gov. 3167:«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario 2857:. Central Intelligence Agency. 1 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2668:

List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

2511: 2491: 2191: 2159: 2155: 2132: 2013: 1978: 1958: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1916: 1858: 1839: 1823: 1791: 1787: 1641: 1633: 1466: 1340: 1256: 1127:

of Oceania, who were isolated from the culture of Asia and the

770: 715: 671: 664: 660: 295: 276: 189: 119: 91: 5064:. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 6 October 2021. 4706:

A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of Europe

4418: 1802:

is also a transcontinental state by this definition, with its

936:

claims on all of these islands, which are administered by the

647: 474: 402:

the delineation between Europe and North America in the North

7129: 6734: 4839: 4761: 2548: 2540: 2494: 2433: 2385: 2236:

with either continent, the boundary is usually drawn between

2207: 2137: 1707:, as mapped and listed in most atlases including that of the 1535: 1504:(where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the 1422: 1386: 1324: 1308: 1236: 1215: 1145: 1136: 1101: 883: 844: 805: 774: 758: 711: 628: 592:

is grouped with the remaining North African countries as the

589: 576: 311: 6022:

Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands

5982:

Manzello, Derek P.; Enochs, Ian C.; Glynn, Peter W. (2016).

3085:. Stony Brook, New York: Stony Brook University. p. 257 1830:

satisfactory of those (options) proposed" which include the

1374:

Philip Johan von Strahlenberg § Von Strahlenberg's line

1064:, which contain six provinces of Indonesia, are part of the 695:(620 mi) from the European mainland. In his 1895 book 6792: 6787: 4736:

The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained

3285:

The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines

3162: 2560: 2124: 2072: 1854: 1637: 1434: 1336: 1240: 1230:, unlike the rest of Japan, and may have been inhabited by 1172: 651:

The Atlantic Ocean around the plate boundaries (text is in

581: 280: 271:

There are three overland boundaries subject to definition:

130: 4196:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

3594: 2360:

where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see

764: 353:

where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see

6228:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). 4484:

International Military and Defense Encyclopedia: Volume 4

1259:. Usually, these islands are associated with the Russian 3328: 3000:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Limited. p. 265. 1562:

followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the

1550:

has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as

538:

Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia

388:

the delineation between Africa, Asia, and Europe in the

4891:

Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire

4163:"Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 − 2003" 2278:, which would make Iceland a transcontinental country. 1033:

Lines, the three principal biogeographic boundaries in

409:

the delineation between North and South America in the

2497:, and roughly 300 km to the south of Mexico's oceanic 1926:

includes transcontinental or Eurasian states, such as

1558:, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as 5690:

Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)

4677:"How was the border between Europe and Asia defined?" 3769:"Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Oceania" 3486:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 24 January 2013 2250:(Western Group)—all other North Atlantic islands are 1009:

there is no archaeological evidence to support this.

894:

have only ever been visited twice, in 1971 and 1980.

6421:

Oceania and Beyond: Essays on the Pacific Since 1945

5681:

Webster's New Geographical Dictionary (list and map)

2601: 2408:

of South America. On the other hand, the Venezuelan

318:(historically also north of the Caucasus, along the 5981: 5100:Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, 4971:

Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology

4054:Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). 3800: 3664:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity

3564:

Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia

3393: 1449:to the Caspian Sea, a convention still followed by 714:is about 81 km (50 mi) from the coast of 369:, and that between North and South America via the 5848: 5846: 4053: 3484:"4. Early human settlement – Subantarctic islands" 2736: 2322: 2258:. (Definitions of "continents" are a physical and 1913:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 1566:was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, 3204:"Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts" 2743:. Springer International Publishing. p. 10. 2737:Abegunrin, Olayiwola; Manyeruke, Charity (2019). 2634:List of countries bordering on two or more oceans 2425:consequently be placed in North America instead. 1969:, by which it is sometimes associated with Asia ( 670:The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the 228:while still being associated with a continent by 7457: 5919:Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World 5749:Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research 5569:Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska 5222: 5220: 4537: 4453:Bowen, James Dean (1971). "Japanese in Taiwan". 3832: 3830: 2705:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. 2245: 2162:are separated by only 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). 2154:in the Aleutian chain. At their nearest points, 2107:are an island chain extending westward from the 819:Two of the French territories are the inhabited 643:The Mediterranean Sea, between Africa and Europe 623:which are nominally associated with Africa. The 513:, and its eastern extent was taken to be around 6134:Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific 5893:. Department of Biology, University of Missouri 5855:Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania 5843: 5776: 5683:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1984. pp. 856, 859. 5676:. National Geographic Society. 2010. p. 4. 5421: 5328: 5005: 5003: 4856:Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia 4795:, vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982, fragm. 47a. 3701:Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West 3693: 3691: 3443:"UK 'regrets' Falklands war deaths | News" 1853:are an Asian people, after the collapse of the 886:in Australia, and have never been inhabited by 395:the delineation between Asia and Europe in the 6338: 4867: 4865: 4425:. Pennsylvania State University. p. 876. 3163:"plaza #5 | Diccionario de la lengua española" 3075: 2051:farther north is also associated with Europe. 2035:and are a continuation of that chain into the 2031:extend northward from the northern end of the 1068:. The eastern half of New Guinea is a part of 682:islands (the latter of which also include the 6715: 5572:. University of Washington Press. p. 6. 5432:European Parliament Resolution 2014/2717(RSP) 5275:"Which Cities Are Located On Two Continents?" 5217: 4908:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 4226: 4198:. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 189–200. 4170:Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute 3911: 3909: 3907: 3827: 3595:JACK ANDERSON; DALE VAN ATTA (16 July 1990). 3281: 1834:, a much smaller stream cutting further into 1351:In the modern sense of the term "continent", 365:between Asia and Africa is navigable via the 188:are both considered as single continents. An 6383:"French Polynesia summary | Britannica" 6220: 5779:"Volcanic Islands of Oceania.—The Galapagos" 5154:"10 things you might not know about Georgia" 5066:Azerbaijan: Geography and Georgia: Geography 5000: 4487:. The University of Michigan. p. 2009. 3688: 3643:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5 3239:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3110:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 2466:. Malpelo is one of only two islands on the 922:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 196:by either lying on the continent's adjacent 6462:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347. 5785:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 4862: 4521:"New Zealand's long-lost Taiwanese cuzzies" 3632: 3630: 3628: 3404:(135). Cambridge University Press: 605–06. 2975:. The University of California. p. 636 2740:China's Power in Africa: A New Global Order 2696: 2580:, 850 km removed from the country, and the 2428: 2165: 1715:. According to this particular definition, 1190:(also known as the Ogasawara Islands), the 757:coast and 90 km (56 mi) south of 416:the delineation of Antarctica from Africa, 6722: 6708: 6613: 6611: 6018: 5777:Zurcher, Frédéric; Margollé, Elie (2012). 4950: 4641: 4139: 4137: 3904: 3836: 3661: 2384:are considered part of North America, but 1323:ties to mainland Asia, Taiwan is close to 1040:The continental boundary between Asia and 932:, a South American country, maintains its 741:, is also debatably located on either the 6653: 6643: 6591: 6503: 6487: 6315: 6237: 6216: 6214: 6168: 6137:. The University of Michigan. p. 5. 6093: 5478:"Georgians celebrate EU candidate status" 4873:"Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals" 4637: 4635: 4563: 4476: 4474: 4049: 4047: 3972: 3970: 3636: 3370: 3288:. University of Texas Press. p. 14. 3220: 3137: 2644:List of former transcontinental countries 2198:, part of Portugal; and usually also the 2054: 792:overseas minor territories, known as the 6569: 6567: 6097:Jean Cras, Polymath of Music and Letters 5949: 5922:. Oxford University Press. p. 183. 5887:A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania 5565: 5308:(Illustrated ed.). Academic Press. 5247: 5077:"Schuman Papers and Interviews: Georgia" 5032: 4854:Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg (1730). 4389: 4387: 4103: 4101: 3697: 3655: 3625: 3437: 3435: 2432: 1646: 1619: 1385: 1377: 1016: 646: 638: 473: 252:). Another example is the grouping into 155: 17: 6729: 6608: 6573: 6459:France and the South Pacific Since 1940 6455: 5815: 5543:. The University of Michigan. p. 2 5536: 5345:"The White Rose - Orenburg Journey - 3" 5331:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 4518: 4419:Marshall Cavendish Corporation (1998). 4274: 4134: 3781: 3282:S. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). 3275: 3201: 2882:Benson, Emmanuel Abara (9 March 2022). 2820: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2576:. Additionally, Chile has the oceanic 2501:, which are also on the Pacific Plate. 2453:and Malpelo Island in the southeastern 2083:and continental boundary separates the 765:European-governed territories in Africa 753:, 50 km (31 mi) north of the 283:(dividing Afro-Eurasia into Africa and 168:Determining the boundaries between the 7458: 6685:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 6526: 6520: 6211: 6063:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. 5502: 5403:United Nations Industrial Organisation 5186: 5011:National Geographic Atlas of the World 4703:Meier, Christian (22 September 2011). 4632: 4471: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4227:Pandian, Jacob; Parman, Susan (2004). 4186: 4044: 4012:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. 3967: 3951: 3949: 3921:. St. John's School, Guam, USA. 2010. 3597:"INDONESIA'S NEW ECONOMICS WHO GAINS?" 3506:"Island locations and classifications" 3463: 2881: 2650:The empire on which the sun never sets 1838:Kazakhstan. The Ural River bridges in 1518:, following the Volga north until the 1279:(encompassing the Malay Archipelago), 1102:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 540:. On the other hand, as early as 1670 6703: 6680: 6564: 6493: 6332: 6130: 5988:. Springer Netherlands. p. 140. 5943: 5915: 5509:. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. 5333:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. xii. 4702: 4480: 4452: 4393: 4384: 4308: 4098: 3999: 3837:Firth, Stewart; Naidu, Vijay (2019). 3806: 3432: 2968: 2810:. United Nations Statistics Division. 2690: 1012: 837:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean 6529:"Pacific forum looks to widen entry" 6417: 6221:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). 6056: 5883: 5692:, United Nations Statistics Division 5615:'continuous mass of land, mainland'" 5248:Borneman, Elizabeth (2 March 2016). 5187:Berend, Ivan T. (28 February 2020). 4808:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 4770:, Princeton University Press, 2010, 4446: 4268: 4005: 3160: 3079:Chapter 13 : Maltese Morphology 2993: 2781: 2244:and between Bermuda and the Azores' 2225:are usually associated with Europe. 1900:) seen as too European to be Asian. 1615: 634: 180:) but may range as low as four when 123: 112: 6424:. Greenwood Press. pp. 20–21. 6019:Hinz, Earl R.; Howard, Jim (2006). 4328: 4297: 4107: 3946: 3918:Oceania in the 21st Century - Color 3466:"Falklands' rights and sovereignty" 3255:"Heard Island and McDonald Islands" 3069: 1983:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 841:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 530:Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria 238:Australian Indian Ocean Territories 13: 6674: 6169:Ineich, Ivan; Zug, George (1991). 4938:"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?" 4394:Flick, Alexander Clarence (1926). 3809:"Oceania: General Characteristics" 3785:Cornell's First Steps in Geography 3498: 3202:Whitley, David (14 January 2015). 2987: 2639:List of transcontinental countries 2140:have historically been related to 1905:United Nations Statistics Division 1691:, the northwestern portion of the 1394:as part of the European continent. 1330: 962:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 567:, the route today followed by the 469: 224:). An island can also be entirely 14: 7482: 5822:. Moon Publications. p. 43. 4285:from the original on 30 July 2022 3566:. ISEAS. 2011. pp. 277–298. 3022:"African/Arabian Tectonic Plates" 2821:Stengel, Richard (2 April 2009). 2356:watershed that divides along the 1538:rivers) and then north along the 1171:(both geographically adjacent to 864:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 839:, administratively a part of the 737:A single Spanish islet, known as 588:, while Egypt's western neighbor 194:associated with a given continent 7434: 7433: 7411: 6929: 6914: 6899: 6884: 6846: 6831: 6816: 6801: 6786: 6771: 6756: 6539: 6449: 6411: 6393: 6375: 6162: 6124: 6087: 6060:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 6050: 6012: 5975: 5909: 5877: 5809: 5770: 5734: 5709: 5674:National Geographic Atlas (list) 5643: 5618: 5597: 5559: 5530: 5496: 5470: 5452: 5437: 5408: 5396: 5374: 5355: 5337: 5322: 5013:(9th ed.). Washington, DC: 4969:E. M. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, 4089:. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and 4009:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 3637:Henderson, John William (1971). 2618: 2604: 2290:Greenland national football team 2127:'s continental shelf beyond the 1206:), all governed collectively as 821:overseas departments and regions 749:. This island is located in the 559:, the narrowest gap between the 7257:Possible future supercontinents 6593:10.4067/S0717-65382011000200011 6527:Dorney, Sean (27 August 2012). 6232:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. 5651:"National Geographic Education" 5537:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). 5293: 5267: 5241: 5180: 5164: 5146: 5128: 5110: 5094: 5069: 5052: 4984: 4963: 4944: 4930: 4920: 4896: 4883: 4847: 4823: 4798: 4785: 4744: 4723: 4696: 4693:. Edité par Armand Colin: 1880 4691:La deuxième année de géographie 4683: 4669: 4614: 4596: 4531: 4519:Dudding, Adam (15 March 2015). 4512: 4412: 4358: 4254: 4220: 4180: 4155: 4093:throughout the Pacific Islands. 3875: 3857: 3775: 3761: 3743: 3725: 3588: 3552: 3526: 3476: 3457: 3387: 3322: 3261: 3247: 3214: 3195: 3181: 3154: 3097: 3039: 3026:African/Arabian Tectonic Plates 3014: 2962: 2922: 2894: 2703:Encyclopedia of World Geography 2422:Venezuelan Federal Dependencies 2323:North America and South America 1919:include both states in Europe. 1214:consisting of scattered island 6094:Bempéchat, Paul-André (2017). 6025:. University of Hawaii Press. 5364:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4544:The Journal of Pacific History 4481:Dupuy, Trevor N., ed. (1992). 2969:Keane, Augustus Henry (1895). 2875: 2861: 2847: 2833: 2814: 2767: 2730: 2232:. In terms of associating its 1398:The threefold division of the 1320:The Journal of Pacific History 1297:Oceania Football Confederation 1228:Oceanian biogeographical realm 22:Color-coded map of continents: 1: 6498:. Stanford University Press. 4345:Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc 2829:– via content.time.com. 2683: 2347: 2170:The geographical notion of a 1554:before cutting north towards 1512:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg 888:indigenous peoples of Oceania 850: 435:the delineation of Asia from 7035:Other prehistoric continents 6645:10.1371/journal.pone.0145059 5953:The Hippoboscidae of Oceania 5950:Bequaert, Joseph C. (1941). 4955:(in Russian). Archived from 4875:(in Russian). Archived from 4756:11.7.4) even at the time of 4738:, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, 4556:10.1080/00223344.2010.501696 4459:. The University of Michigan 4031:can further define the word 3788:. The University of Michigan 3513:Horizon.documentation.ird.fr 3223:"Heard and McDonald Islands" 2375: 1869:has also gained popularity. 1731:) geographically located in 1293:Asian Football Confederation 1255:, currently administered by 1094:South-eastern Asia subregion 690:) off the Atlantic coast of 619:are island countries in the 582:Middle East and North Africa 528:still titled his travelogue 7: 5916:Lever, Christopher (2003). 5655:National Geographic Society 5234:Central Intelligence Agency 5136:"EU relations with Georgia" 5046:Central Intelligence Agency 4645:Europe: A Political Profile 4275:Cornell, Sophia S. (1857). 3782:Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). 2597: 2087:in the Bering Strait, with 1709:National Geographic Society 1624:Pedestrian bridge over the 1548:Russian Academy of Sciences 1362: 1194:, and three remote islets ( 880:Antarctic continental plate 798:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 482: African part of Egypt 420:, and South America in the 10: 7487: 7471:Transcontinental crossings 6551:Collections.tepapa.govt.nz 6308:10.1038/s41598-018-27644-2 6154:– via Google Books. 6117:– via Google Books. 6080:– via Google Books. 6042:– via Google Books. 5503:Danver, Steven L. (2015). 4916:Dublin University Magazine 4840: 4806:Posidonius: The commentary 4762: 4734:4.38. C.f. James Rennell, 3843:. ANU Press. p. 354. 3813:The countries of the world 3672:10.1002/9781118556115.ch44 3445:. Al Jazeera. 1 April 2007 2414:San Andrés and Providencia 2332: 2326: 1953: 1896:, and areas just south of 1765:Greater Caucasus Watershed 1737:Greater Caucasus Watershed 1579:Greater Caucasus watershed 1371: 1367: 596:. Both are members of the 575:geographically Asian, and 210:a part of a microcontinent 178:English-speaking countries 7403: 7161: 7157: 6956: 6952: 6873: 6869: 6745: 6741: 5783:Volcanoes and Earthquakes 5626:"Definition of CONTINENT" 5250:"Transcontinental Cities" 4858:(in German). p. 106. 4793:Posidonios. Die Fragmente 4538:DOUGLAS, BRONWEN (2010). 4456:Linguistics in Oceania, 2 4400:. A.A. Knopf. p. 492 4309:Admin (3 February 2021). 3737:The Sydney Morning Herald 3640:Area Handbook for Oceania 3572:10.1355/9789814311175-016 3418:10.1017/S003224740002204X 2697:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005). 2490:, about 1,000 km off the 2213:The Norwegian islands of 1115:Occasionally, all of the 773:, and the other three by 722:(principal island of the 488: Asian part of Egypt 172:is generally a matter of 7444:Chronology of continents 6574:Pequeño, Germán (2011). 6456:Aldrich, Robert (1993). 6131:Terry, James P. (1988). 6100:. Taylor & Francis. 5959:. Harvard Medical School 5418:, Retrieved: 10 May 2016 5416:Europe and North America 5369:"Kuma-Manych Depression" 5329:Glanville Price (2000). 5122:european-union.europa.eu 4902:Douglas W. Freshfield, " 4766:; c.f. Duane W. Roller, 4187:Hudson, Mark J. (2017). 4115:. UNESCO. Archived from 3978:"Oceania Military Guide" 3698:Crocombe, R. G. (2007). 2429:Oceania and the Americas 2166:Europe and North America 2016:and the Turkish city of 1975:United Nations geoscheme 1636:. The bridge is between 1245:Northern Mariana Islands 1163:external territories of 432:or the Antarctic Ocean); 341:): at some point on the 214:principal tectonic plate 192:can be considered to be 146: 136: 126: 115: 104: 98: 87: 76: 70: 64: 54: 43: 32: 26: 6547:"Museum of New Zealand" 6418:King, Frank P. (1976). 5884:Hull, Frank M. (1937). 5816:Stanley, David (1979). 5592:the Western Hemisphere. 5566:Kohlhoff, Dean (2002). 5171:Encyclopedia Britannica 5102:Oxford University Press 4991:Encyclopædia Britannica 4904:Journey in the Caucasus 4834:7.5.6 (ed. Nobbe 1845, 4768:Eratosthenes' Geography 4262:"Asia and the Americas" 4233:. Vedams. p. 206. 4075:Santalum fernandezianum 3464:Westmacott, Sir Peter. 2888:Business Insider Africa 2420:and the islands of the 1773:Encyclopædia Britannica 1763:) located north of the 1675:(together known as the 1433:), from Rioni mouth in 1404:early Greek geographers 1346:early Greek geographers 1212:administrative division 1169:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1121:Asian continental shelf 1076:countries. Indonesia's 857:Antarctic Treaty System 7205:Great Australian Bight 6681:Rossi, Pietro (2015). 5819:South Pacific Handbook 5742:"Oceania Bibliography" 5721:Nationalgeographic.org 5464:www.europarl.europa.eu 4281:. Harvard University. 3807:Brown, Robert (1876). 3733:"East Timor ASEAN bid" 3355:10.1126/sciadv.abh3803 2582:Juan Fernández Islands 2503:It is associated with 2470:(with the other being 2446: 2358:Colombia–Panama border 2246: 2055:Asia and North America 1874:Kuma–Manych Depression 1785: 1656: 1644: 1564:Kuma–Manych Depression 1395: 1383: 1154:pre-Columbian Americas 1125:Indigenous Australians 1037: 946:Juan Fernández Islands 656: 644: 502: 461:Indonesian Archipelago 351:Colombia–Panama border 320:Kuma–Manych Depression 250:South Sandwich Islands 165: 153: 5613:continent-, continens 5238:Kazakhstan: Geography 5081:www.robert-schuman.eu 4750:according to Strabo ( 4108:Udvardy, Miklos D.F. 3890:Parksaustralia.gov.au 2994:Hutt, Graham (2010). 2949:"Countries of Africa" 2678:Borders of the oceans 2578:Desventuradas Islands 2499:Revillagigedo Islands 2436: 2327:Further information: 2297:Caribbean Netherlands 2129:North Aleutians Basin 2043:. The Russian Arctic 1876:(more precisely, the 1777: 1650: 1623: 1389: 1381: 1335:The boundary between 1316:indigenous population 1301:Pacific Islands Forum 1247:. Inhabitants of the 1106:Southeast Asian Games 1020: 979:Prince Edward Islands 650: 642: 526:William George Browne 507:Greco-Roman geography 477: 159: 21: 7429:Continental fragment 7424:Regions of the world 6494:Maude, H. E (1981). 5700:3 March 2008 at the 5232:. Washington, D.C.: 4953:"Physical Geography" 4889:Peter Simon Pallas, 3666:. pp. 588–604. 3130:10.1002/2015JB012073 3076:Robert D. Hoberman. 2930:"The Canary Islands" 2658:Tricontinental Chile 2569:Salas y Gómez Island 2532:, also known by its 2443:South American Plate 2256:North American Plate 2142:Indigenous Americans 1990:North Aegean islands 1721:Kazbegi Municipality 1711:and as described in 1224:Japanese archipelago 1186:Japan possesses the 1066:Australian continent 1052:. Geologically, the 1044:is somewhere in the 913:, and the Norwegian 631:, an Asian country. 494: Rest of Africa 349:watershed along the 7386:Indian Subcontinent 7176:Submerged continent 6636:2016PLoSO..1145059F 6353:1996CorRe..15..121R 6300:2018NatSR...8.9354R 5630:Merriam-webster.com 5428:European Parliament 5140:Consilium.europa.eu 5015:National Geographic 4959:on 16 October 2011. 4951:Orlenok V. (1998). 4642:Hans Slomp (2011). 4315:Footballoceania.com 4176:: 9–25. March 2004. 4085:in Fiji and Tonga, 3815:. Oxford University 3757:. 13 November 2019. 3605:. Washington, D.C. 3602:The Washington Post 3410:1983PoRec..21..605H 3347:2021SciA....7.3803H 3122:2015JGRB..120.8348G 2936:on 25 December 2012 2663:Pluricontinentalism 2457:are possessions of 2402:Trinidad and Tobago 2148:St. Lawrence Island 2123:group, which is on 2117:Kamchatka Peninsula 2113:Komandorski Islands 1948:European Parliament 1942:is a member of the 1441:coast, through the 874:are located on the 794:plazas de soberanía 625:Socotra Archipelago 7167: 6962: 6879: 6751: 6361:10.1007/BF01771902 6288:Scientific Reports 6230:Islands of Inquiry 6057:Todd, Ian (1974). 5970:and the Galapagos. 5484:. 15 December 2023 5236:. 11 October 2021. 5118:"Country profiles" 5044:. Washington, DC: 4973:, Springer, 1997, 4804:I. G. Kidd (ed.), 4592:– via JSTOR. 4372:on 7 February 2012 4006:Todd, Ian (1974). 3982:GlobalSecurity.org 3161:ASALE, RAE-; RAE. 2673:Continental divide 2447: 2412:and the Colombian 2286:Kingdom of Denmark 2276:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2260:cultural construct 2196:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2002:Strongyli Megistis 1979:Republic of Cyprus 1796:imperial conquests 1713:The World Factbook 1657: 1645: 1588:In Russia and the 1583:Douglas Freshfield 1568:Peter Simon Pallas 1455:Hellenistic period 1431:Caucasus Mountains 1396: 1384: 1265:ethnically Russian 1062:western New Guinea 1038: 1013:Asia and Australia 896:The World Factbook 868:external territory 833:Mozambique Channel 706:The Mediterranean 657: 645: 536:in 1835 published 520:Catabathmus Magnus 503: 500: Rest of Asia 166: 154: 95: 84: 51: 40: 7453: 7452: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7215:Kerguelen Plateau 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6692:978-3-11-042072-2 6257:978-1-921313-89-9 5929:978-0-19-850771-0 5048:. 6 October 2021. 5024:978-1-4262-0634-4 4979:978-0-412-74040-4 4879:on 17 April 2013. 4814:978-0-521-60443-7 4776:978-0-691-14267-8 4716:978-0-19-165240-0 3869:Product catalogue 3681:978-1-4051-5376-8 3538:Antarctica.gov.au 3116:(12): 8348–8365. 3057:on 6 October 2016 2712:978-0-8160-7229-3 2484:Clipperton Island 2480:French possession 2451:Galápagos Islands 2406:continental shelf 2382:Caribbean islands 2109:Alaskan Peninsula 1924:Council of Europe 1882:Kuma–Manych Canal 1616:Modern definition 1594:Baydaratskaya Bay 1546:published by the 1208:Ogasawara Village 1200:Minami-Tori-shima 1117:Malay Archipelago 1092:as a part of the 989:Antipodes Islands 942:Galápagos Islands 876:Kerguelen Plateau 872:Kerguelen Islands 870:) and the French 635:Africa and Europe 571:. This makes the 561:Mediterranean Sea 509:, "Africa" meant 390:Mediterranean Sea 375:Mediterranean Sea 343:Isthmus of Panama 294:between Asia and 244:convention (e.g. 198:continental shelf 7478: 7437: 7436: 7418:World portal 7416: 7415: 7353: 7302: 7259: 7187: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7037: 6975: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6933: 6918: 6903: 6888: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6850: 6835: 6820: 6805: 6790: 6775: 6760: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6647: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6595: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6319: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6241: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5713: 5707: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5657:. Archived from 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5622: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5384:. Unstats.un.org 5378: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5306:Rivers of Europe 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5184: 5178: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5114: 5108: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5007: 4998: 4988: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4765: 4764: 4748: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4567: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4368:. Archived from 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4306: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4028: 4026: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3913: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3623: 3622: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3341:(44): eabh3803. 3335:Science Advances 3326: 3320: 3319: 3304: 3302: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2972:Africa: Volume 2 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932:. Archived from 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2694: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2612:Geography portal 2609: 2608: 2607: 2574:Motu Motiro Hiva 2524:French Polynesia 2508: 2354:Darién Mountains 2249: 2111:toward Russia's 2105:Aleutian Islands 2049:Franz Josef Land 1965:and adjacent to 1695:, and along the 1689:Greater Caucasus 1177:Australian Plate 1165:Christmas Island 1098:expected to join 1070:Papua New Guinea 997:Campbell Islands 993:Auckland Islands 985:Macquarie Island 958:Tierra del Fuego 926:Falkland Islands 892:McDonald Islands 812:, which are two 697:Africa: Volume 2 684:Desertas Islands 544:under the title 505:Historically in 499: 493: 487: 481: 361:While today the 347:Darién Mountains 246:Ascension Island 162:island countries 149: 147: 139: 137: 129: 127: 118: 116: 107: 105: 101: 99: 90: 88: 79: 77: 73: 71: 67: 65: 57: 55: 46: 44: 35: 33: 29: 27: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7410: 7395: 7390: 7376:Eastern Siberia 7366:Central America 7354: 7347: 7341: 7336:Terra Australis 7303: 7287: 7281: 7277:Pangaea Proxima 7260: 7255: 7249: 7188: 7184:microcontinents 7173: 7149: 7144: 7090:East Antarctica 7038: 7033: 7027: 6976: 6972:supercontinents 6968: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6924: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6811: 6806: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6761: 6737: 6728: 6693: 6677: 6675:Further reading 6672: 6671: 6630:(1): e0145059. 6616: 6609: 6572: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6525: 6521: 6492: 6488: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6337: 6333: 6280: 6273: 6258: 6239:10.1.1.593.8988 6225: 6219: 6212: 6199: 6197: 6187:10.2307/1446114 6167: 6163: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5814: 5810: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5775: 5771: 5758: 5756: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5705:Atlas of Canada 5702:Wayback Machine 5695:"North America" 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5661:on 28 July 2011 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5602: 5598: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5360: 5356: 5349:Katjasdacha.com 5343: 5342: 5338: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5281:. 6 August 2020 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5254:Geography Realm 5246: 5242: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5169: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4989: 4985: 4968: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4914:(1854); review 4901: 4897: 4893:, vol. 3 (1773) 4888: 4884: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4852: 4848: 4828: 4824: 4803: 4799: 4790: 4786: 4749: 4745: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4689:Pierre Foncin. 4688: 4684: 4679:. 23 June 2022. 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4640: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4536: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4479: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4214:j.ctt1pwtd26.17 4206: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3986:Global Security 3976: 3975: 3968: 3963:. 21 July 2024. 3955: 3954: 3947: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3915: 3914: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3739:. 23 July 2006. 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3540:. 7 August 2018 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3392: 3388: 3327: 3323: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3280: 3276: 3269:"Bouvet Island" 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3232: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3159: 3155: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3047:"African Plate" 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2735: 2731: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2502: 2464:oceanic geology 2431: 2378: 2370:Central America 2350: 2345: 2339:Central America 2331: 2325: 2264:plate tectonics 2247:Grupo Ocidental 2234:oceanic islands 2168: 2085:Diomede Islands 2057: 1963:Anatolian Plate 1956: 1934:, Georgia, and 1804:West Kazakhstan 1735:, north of the 1677:Turkish Straits 1618: 1608:, and then the 1606:Mugodzhar Hills 1575:Volga–Don Canal 1528:drainage divide 1506:Volga–Don Canal 1482:Turkish Straits 1376: 1370: 1365: 1333: 1331:Asia and Europe 1218:located in the 1192:Volcano Islands 1181:oceanic geology 1135:, a scholar of 1074:Southeast Asian 1058:Maluku Province 1015: 853: 767: 724:Pelagie Islands 637: 573:Sinai Peninsula 557:Isthmus of Suez 501: 497: 495: 491: 489: 485: 483: 479: 472: 470:Africa and Asia 304:Turkish straits 289:Isthmus of Suez 258:Pacific Islands 240:) or by common 145: 144: 143: 135: 134: 133: 125: 124: 122: 114: 113: 111: 103: 102: 97: 96: 94: 86: 85: 83: 75: 74: 69: 68: 63: 62: 61: 53: 52: 50: 42: 41: 39: 31: 30: 25: 24: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7484: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Eastern Africa 7368: 7363: 7358: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7170: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6927: 6925: 6912: 6910: 6897: 6895: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6844: 6842: 6829: 6827: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6797: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6767: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6691: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6607: 6586:(2): 201–202. 6563: 6538: 6519: 6486: 6468: 6448: 6430: 6410: 6405:Britannica.com 6392: 6387:Britannica.com 6374: 6347:(2): 121–131. 6331: 6271: 6266:j.ctt24h8gp.20 6256: 6210: 6161: 6143: 6123: 6106: 6086: 6069: 6049: 6031: 6011: 5994: 5974: 5942: 5928: 5908: 5876: 5842: 5828: 5808: 5791: 5769: 5733: 5708: 5642: 5617: 5611:. "from Latin 5596: 5578: 5558: 5529: 5515: 5495: 5469: 5451: 5436: 5420: 5407: 5395: 5373: 5354: 5336: 5321: 5314: 5292: 5266: 5240: 5229:World Factbook 5216: 5199: 5179: 5163: 5160:. 4 July 2013. 5145: 5127: 5109: 5093: 5068: 5061:World Factbook 5051: 5041:World Factbook 5031: 5023: 4999: 4983: 4962: 4943: 4929: 4919: 4895: 4882: 4861: 4846: 4822: 4797: 4784: 4743: 4722: 4715: 4709:. OUP Oxford. 4695: 4682: 4668: 4654: 4631: 4613: 4608:Britannica.com 4595: 4550:(2): 179–210. 4530: 4511: 4493: 4470: 4445: 4431: 4411: 4383: 4357: 4327: 4296: 4267: 4253: 4239: 4219: 4204: 4179: 4154: 4133: 4097: 4043: 4018: 3998: 3966: 3961:Britannica.com 3945: 3927: 3903: 3874: 3856: 3849: 3826: 3799: 3774: 3760: 3742: 3724: 3710: 3687: 3680: 3654: 3624: 3587: 3580: 3551: 3525: 3497: 3475: 3456: 3431: 3386: 3321: 3294: 3274: 3260: 3246: 3213: 3194: 3180: 3153: 3096: 3068: 3038: 3013: 3006: 2986: 2961: 2921: 2893: 2874: 2860: 2846: 2832: 2813: 2780: 2766: 2749: 2729: 2711: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2615: 2599: 2596: 2430: 2427: 2377: 2374: 2349: 2346: 2343:Middle America 2324: 2321: 2309:Sint Eustatius 2230:North Atlantic 2167: 2164: 2097:Little Diomede 2056: 2053: 2033:Ural Mountains 2025:Vaygach Island 1955: 1952: 1946:, whereas the 1944:European Union 1930:, Azerbaijan, 1909:United Nations 1733:Eastern Europe 1701:Ural Mountains 1669:Sea of Marmara 1617: 1614: 1540:Ural Mountains 1502:Kalach-na-Donu 1445:and along the 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1332: 1329: 1249:Ryukyu Islands 1210:, which is an 1204:Okinotorishima 1148:, through the 1090:United Nations 1014: 1011: 938:United Kingdom 911:Île Saint-Paul 903:Crozet Islands 852: 849: 790:unincorporated 766: 763: 747:Eurasian Plate 739:Alboran Island 708:island country 688:Savage Islands 676:Canary Islands 636: 633: 496: 490: 484: 478: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 459:region of the 433: 430:Southern Ocean 414: 407: 404:Atlantic Ocean 400: 393: 359: 358: 337:(dividing the 327: 292: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7483: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7350:Subcontinents 7346: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Kumari Kandam 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6855: 6854: 6853:South America 6849: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838:North America 6834: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6471: 6469:9780824815585 6465: 6461: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6444:commonwealth. 6433: 6431:9780837189048 6427: 6423: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6215: 6207: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6146: 6144:9789820103580 6140: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6120: 6109: 6107:9781351561754 6103: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6072: 6070:9780207127618 6066: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6034: 6032:9780824845186 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6008: 5997: 5995:9789401774994 5991: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5873: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5847: 5831: 5829:9780918373298 5825: 5821: 5820: 5812: 5805: 5794: 5792:9781108049405 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5581: 5579:9780295800509 5575: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5518: 5516:9781317464006 5512: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5315:9780123694492 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5202: 5200:9781000038477 5196: 5193:. Routledge. 5192: 5191: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4940:(in Russian). 4939: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912:Transcaucasia 4909: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4850: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4657: 4655:9780313391828 4651: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4496: 4494:9780028810119 4490: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4475: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4434: 4432:9780761405511 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4388: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4240:9788179360149 4236: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205:9781760460945 4201: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4122:on 4 May 2022 4118: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4092: 4091:Intsia bijuga 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079:S. boninensis 4076: 4059: 4058: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4021: 4019:9780207127618 4015: 4011: 4010: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3930: 3928:9780557445059 3924: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3892:. August 2009 3891: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3852: 3850:9781760462895 3846: 3842: 3841: 3833: 3831: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3711:9789820203884 3707: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3581:9789814311175 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3485: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3297: 3295:9780292707566 3291: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3009: 3007:9781846238833 3003: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2950: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2752: 2750:9783030219949 2746: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2726: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2592:Insular Chile 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530:Easter Island 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2505:North America 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488:Pacific Plate 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2455:Pacific Ocean 2452: 2444: 2440: 2437:A map of the 2435: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2418:Nueva Esparta 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366:North America 2363: 2359: 2355: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:island states 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:Mediterranean 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:British Isles 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:North America 2074: 2070: 2067:separate the 2066: 2062: 2061:Bering Strait 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Novaya Zemlya 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973:), as in the 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1898:Rostov-on-Don 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Central Asian 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1267:mainlanders. 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:Kuril Islands 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:Pacific Ocean 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:Bonin Islands 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Epeli Hauʻofa 1130: 1129:eastern world 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1010: 1007: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 980: 975: 972: 971:a violent war 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916: 915:Bouvet Island 912: 908: 907:Île Amsterdam 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:African Plate 740: 735: 733: 732:African Plate 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 654: 649: 641: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 598:African Union 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532:. Similarly, 531: 527: 523: 521: 516: 512: 511:Ancient Libya 508: 476: 464: 462: 458: 454: 453:Halmahera Sea 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412: 411:Caribbean Sea 408: 405: 401: 398: 394: 391: 387: 386: 385: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:South America 332: 331:North America 328: 325: 322:or along the 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302:): along the 301: 297: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273: 272: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:British Isles 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 163: 158: 152: 142: 132: 121: 110: 93: 82: 60: 59:South America 49: 48:North America 38: 20: 16: 7409: 7348: 7334: 7298:hypothesised 7288: 7256: 7174: 7105:Kazakhstania 7080:Congo Craton 7034: 6970:Prehistoric 6969: 6928: 6913: 6898: 6891:Afro-Eurasia 6883: 6845: 6830: 6815: 6800: 6785: 6770: 6755: 6682: 6627: 6623: 6583: 6579: 6554:. Retrieved 6550: 6541: 6532: 6522: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6473:. 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Retrieved 2702: 2699:"continents" 2692: 2648: 2626:World portal 2585: 2573: 2557:Cook Islands 2536: 2528: 2520:Line Islands 2486:lies on the 2476:Cocos Island 2448: 2379: 2351: 2294: 2280: 2227: 2223:Arctic Ocean 2212: 2169: 2146: 2121:Near Islands 2058: 2037:Arctic Ocean 2022: 1998:Kastellorizo 1987: 1971:Western Asia 1957: 1938:as members. 1921: 1902: 1878:Manych River 1871: 1849:Because the 1848: 1828: 1816:Magnitogorsk 1786: 1778: 1770: 1683:, along the 1658: 1653:Magnitogorsk 1590:Soviet Union 1587: 1572: 1552:Serafimovich 1530:between the 1524:Obshchy Syrt 1510: 1490:Kerch Strait 1475: 1421:(the modern 1419:Phasis River 1416: 1397: 1359:of Eurasia. 1357:subcontinent 1350: 1334: 1319: 1313: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1232:Micronesians 1196:Nishinoshima 1185: 1161:Indian Ocean 1158: 1114: 1050:Weber's Line 1039: 983: 976: 920: 900: 862:Australia's 861: 854: 818: 783: 779:Indian Ocean 768: 736: 705: 696: 669: 658: 621:Indian Ocean 602: 565:Gulf of Suez 554: 549: 545: 537: 529: 518: 504: 397:Arctic Ocean 383: 371:Panama Canal 360: 270: 242:geopolitical 212:on the same 182:Afro-Eurasia 174:geographical 167: 81:Afro-Eurasia 15: 7272:Novopangaea 7140:South China 7120:North China 6505:1885/114682 6475:18 February 6341:Coral Reefs 6294:(1): 9354. 6113:18 February 5717:"Education" 5540:Australasia 5482:Le Monde.fr 5285:10 December 5259:10 December 5177:, June 2021 4838:, p. 178)) 4753:Geographica 3544:29 December 3518:29 December 3189:"Mauritius" 2869:"Mauritius" 2468:Cocos Plate 2439:Nazca Plate 2404:lie on the 2398:ABC islands 2268:geopolitics 2252:continental 2152:Rat Islands 2138:inhabitants 2089:Big Diomede 2045:archipelago 1693:Caspian Sea 1665:Dardanelles 1556:Arkhangelsk 1520:Samara Bend 1494:Sea of Azov 1443:Surami Pass 1408:Anaximander 1273:Australasia 1150:Philippines 1054:Aru Islands 1006:Polynesians 934:irredentist 901:The French 786:uninhabited 751:Alboran Sea 728:Pantelleria 586:Middle East 542:John Ogilby 534:James Bruce 445:Arafura Sea 208:) or being 7466:Continents 7460:Categories 7408:See also: 7310:Hyperborea 7300:continents 7235:Seychelles 7220:Madagascar 7200:Doggerland 7095:Euramerica 7050:Asiamerica 6778:Antarctica 6731:Continents 6556:17 January 6514:1088902109 6437:7 February 6248:1885/38139 6076:2 February 6038:4 February 5963:24 January 5935:18 January 5904:Galapagos. 5897:17 January 5865:17 January 5835:1 February 5687:"Americas" 5609:Wiktionary 5488:30 January 5279:WorldAtlas 4831:Geographia 4565:1885/52012 4463:2 February 4149:Iwojima.jp 4145:"小笠原諸島の歴史" 4067:24 January 4025:2 February 3819:1 February 3717:24 January 3619:1330888409 2940:15 October 2684:References 2472:Costa Rica 2380:Often the 2362:Darién Gap 2333:See also: 2317:Martinique 2313:Guadeloupe 2186:, and the 2184:Baltic Sea 2069:landmasses 2065:Bering Sea 1994:Dodecanese 1988:The Greek 1967:Asia Minor 1886:Kuma River 1884:, and the 1867:Ural River 1863:Kazakhstan 1832:Emba River 1800:Kazakhstan 1781:Aras River 1775:explains: 1741:Azerbaijan 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