Australia (continent)

4319: 7644: 2951: 2988: 2843: 1613: 9640: 55: 9557: 9602: 9572: 3657: 9527: 2935: 9655: 9685: 9670: 1821: 9512: 447: 431: 419: 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 3689: 3226: 9542: 202: 184: 139: 2153: 3638: 2892: 2916: 2808: 2526: 702: 10167: 2877: 2032: 475: 11741: 152: 2412: 3492: 9587: 5615: 1451: 1344: 2827: 10189: 463: 2859: 249: 1722: 2142: 3831: 232: 1356: 3250: 8469: 3845: 2082:, Papua and other Indonesian provinces received greater regional autonomy. In 2001, "Special Autonomy" status was granted to Papua province, although to date, implementation has been partial and often criticised. The region was administered as a single province until 2003, when it was split into the provinces of 3475:

is its sovereign and head of state. The constitutional convention, which prepared the draft constitution, and Australia, the outgoing metropolitan power, had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy. The founders, however, considered that imperial honours had a cachet. The monarch is

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Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, which account for two-thirds of their export earnings. Though PNG is filled with resources, the lack of country's development led foreign countries to take over few sites and continued foreign demand for PNG's resources and as a result, the United States

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Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however,

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commented that, "Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon" and that "Australia forms its central and most important feature." He did not explicitly label Oceania a continent in the book, but did note that it was one of

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people, are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands. They migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago and arrived in Australia at least 50,000 years ago, based on archaeological evidence. More recent research points to earlier arrival, possibly 65,000 years

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Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time. A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for "labour on rugged projects ...work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers".

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to the known landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere. The cartographic depictions of the southern continent in the 16th and early 17th centuries, as might be expected for a concept based on such abundant conjecture and minimal data, varied wildly from map to map; in general, the continent shrank as

2367:'s rainforests to colonise New Guinea, and some plants from Australia–New Guinea to move into Southeast Asia. The ocean straits between the islands were narrow enough to allow plant dispersal, but served as an effective barrier to exchange of land mammals between Australia–New Guinea and Asia. 3567:

It is estimated that more than 7000 different cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea, and most groups have their own language. Because of this diversity, in which they take pride, many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has created its own expressive forms in

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habitation is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago in New Guinea. Trade between New Guinea and neighboring Indonesian islands was documented as early as the seventh century, and archipelagic rule of New Guinea by the 13th. At the beginning of the seventh century, the

1713:(1293–1527) extended to the western fringes of New Guinea. Recent archaeological research suggests that 50,000 years ago people may have occupied sites in the highlands at New Guinean altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), rather than being restricted to warmer coastal areas. 2118:. Trade with Asia increased and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014. 2683:

as is witnessed in tropical, fertile ecosystems. In contrast, infertile soils tend to induce competition on an abiotic basis meaning individuals all face constant environmental pressures, leaving less scope for divergent evolution, a process instrumental in creating new

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attached to it. These divisions generally themselves spoken as continents, and to them has been added another, embracing the large island of Australia and numerous others in the Ocean, under the name of Oceania. There are thus six great divisions of the earth —

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that, "geographers have agreed to consider the island world of the Pacific Ocean as a third continent, under the name Oceania." In this book the other two continents were categorized as being the New World (consisting of North America and South America) and the

1242:(1945), author Eliot Grinnell Mears wrote that he categorized Australia, New Zealand and Pacific islands under the label of Oceania for "scientific reasons; Australia's fauna is largely continental in character, New Zealand's are clearly insular; and neither 2628:

While much of the rest of the world underwent significant cooling and thus loss of species diversity, Australia–New Guinea was drifting north at such a pace that the overall global cooling effect was roughly equalled by its gradual movement toward the

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very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.

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came into operation, entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government (the Commonwealth government) and an ongoing division of powers between that government and the States. With the encouragement of Queensland, in 1884, a

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Legends of Terra Australis Incognita—an "unknown land of the South"—date back to Roman times and before, and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Ancient Greek philosopher

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The continent primarily sits on the Indo-Australian Plate. Because of its central location on its tectonic plate, Australia does not have any active volcanic regions, the only continent with this distinction. The lands were joined with

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also categorize Oceania or the Pacific area as one of the world's major continental divisions, but use the term "Australia and Oceania" to refer to the area. Their definition does not include Australia's subantarctic external territory

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The continent of Australia is sometimes known by the names Sahul, Australinea, or Meganesia to differentiate it from the country of Australia, and consists of the landmasses which sit on Australia's continental plate. This includes

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in climate, the altitude of the New Guinea highlands is such that a great many animals and plants that were once common across Australia–New Guinea now survive only in the tropical highlands where they are severely threatened by

2351:. Even today, pockets of remnant vegetation remain in the cool uplands, some species not much changed from the Gondwanan forms of 60 or 90 million years ago. Eventually, the Australia–New Guinea tectonic plate collided with the 1738:

speculated of a large landmass in the southern hemisphere, saying, "Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole...". His ideas were later expanded by

829:, which are among the northernmost islands in the Pacific Ocean. However, definitions of Oceania varied during the 19th century. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions; 3540:

has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema. Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations. The

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was annexed outright in 1888. The possession was placed under the authority of the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and with passage of the Papua Act of 1905, British New Guinea became the Australian

2950: 2735:, which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland. Some areas in the island experience an extraordinary amount of precipitation, averaging roughly 4,500 millimetres (180 in) of rainfall annually. 2175:

changed weather patterns across the world. For Australia–New Guinea, it brought a marked intensification of the drying trend. The great inland seas and lakes dried out. Much of the long-established broad-leaf

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For about 40 million years Australia–New Guinea was almost completely isolated. During this time, the continent experienced numerous changes in climate, but the overall trend was towards greater aridity. When

4227: 2094:, who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. The country joined the 7046: 640:, which is a part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying 3144:

spoken in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, with over 820 indigenous languages, representing 12% of the world's total, but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers.

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have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral—the latter equal to 75 percent of the world's known total. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic.

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first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands, whose technologies included bone, wood, and stone tools, had a productive agricultural system. In 1660, the Dutch recognised the Sultan of

4530:, p. 32: "...the 1950s... was also the period when... Oceania as a "great division" was replaced by Australia as a continent along with a series of isolated and continentally attached islands. " 4107: 3159:

Since 1945, more than 7 million people have settled in Australia. From the late 1970s, there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries, making Australia a

687: 4725:...defined here as the continent nation of Australia, New Zealand, and twenty-two other island countries and territories sprinkled over more than 40 million square kilometres of the South Pacific. 6716: 6606: 2637:

in Australia–New Guinea, in other words, remained reasonably constant for a very long time, and a vast number of different animal, fungal and plant species were able to evolve to fit particular

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Interestingly enough, the answer conformed almost precisely to the conventional list: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania (Australia plus New Zealand), Africa, and Antarctica.

1278:, meaning "southern", although this word is most often used for a wider region that includes lands like New Zealand that are not on the same continental shelf. In the early 1970s, the term 4965: 3607:

in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years. Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be found throughout the continent – notably in national parks such as those of the

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at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of the government's ministers. There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the

1262:, in other 19th century definitions of Oceania, the term was only used to refer to Australia itself, with New Zealand being categorized with the islands of Polynesia in such definitions. 651:

With a total land area of 8.56 million square kilometres (3,310,000 sq mi), the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after

659:. As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans. 2355:

to the north. The collision caused the northern part of the continent to buckle upwards, forming the high and rugged mountains of New Guinea and, by reverse (downwards) buckling, the

1297:, meaning "great island" or "great island-group", for both the Pleistocene continent and the present-day lands, and this name has been widely accepted by biologists. Others have used 1586:

were points of early human migrations after leaving Africa. Recent research points to a planned migration of hundreds of people using bamboo rafts, which eventually landed on Sahul.

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over geological time. Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird; 45% of these are endemic to Australia. Predominant bird species in Australia include the

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Bowler J.M.; Johnston H.; Olley J.M.; Prescott J.R.; Roberts R.G.; Shawcross W.; Spooner N.A. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".

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contributing A$ 47.5 billion to the national economy. In 2015, there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals. Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of

9077: 2075:, which persisted into 1945. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. 7351: 4367: 4297: 2051:

on 19 February 1942 was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of

6443: 7112: 6868: 1091:, one of 50 states of United States. The original UN definition of Oceania from 1947 included these same countries and semi-independent territories, which were mostly still 1222:, Oceania is treated as a continent in the sense that it is "one of the parts of the world", and Australia is only seen as an island nation. In other countries, including 4908: 2647:

Finally, despite the fact that the continent was already very old and thus relatively infertile, there are dispersed areas of high fertility. Where other continents had

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connecting the islands, half of which is less than 50 metres (160 ft) deep, covers some 2.5 million square kilometres (970,000 sq mi), including the

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Bowler, J. M. (1971). "Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia". In Mulvaney, D. J.; Golson, J. (eds.).

2790:. Temperatures in Australia have ranged from above 50 °C (122 °F) to well below 0 °C (32 °F). Nonetheless, minimum temperatures are moderated. The 8081: 6339: 4398:

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2019). 'International Migration' in International migrant stock 2019. Accessed from

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influences. The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture. Since the mid-20th century,

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with slight seasonal temperature variation. In lower altitudes, the temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F) year round. But the higher altitudes, such as

1146:, areas which are biogeographically or geologically associated with the Australian landmass. This definition of Oceania is used in statistical reports, by the 7573: 825:

the six major divisions of the world. He considered it to encompass the insular Pacific area between Asia and the Americas, and claimed it extended up to the

11766: 7285: 9094: 4108:"A New Genus of Eastern Hemisphere Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with a Key to the Supraspecific Groups of Indomalayan and Australasian Meliponini" 6104:

John Noble Wilford: The Mapmakers, the Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age, p. 139, Vintage Books, Random House 1982,

4934: 347: 7454: 6727: 8141: 7255: 5670: 3656: 1946:, who he fired upon, injuring one. His expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered the eastern coastline of Australia. Captain 6652: 1981: 768:

were sometimes described as island continents, but none were usually taught as one of the world's continents in English-speaking countries. Scottish

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countries by the concept of Australia as one of the world's continents in the 1950s. Prior to the 1950s, before the popularization of the theory of

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Because the continent was more isolated than any other, very few outside species arrived to colonise, and unique native forms developed unimpeded.

1485:, separating Tasmania from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating the 8975: 7673: 3353: 2915: 6151:

Carlos Pedro Vairo, TERRA AUSTRALIS Historical Charts of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica. Ed. Zagier & Urruty Publicationa, 2010.

4590: 10231: 2675:. In general, fertile soils produce a profusion of life, and a relatively large number of species/level of biodiversity. This is because where 3376:

constructed an oil company and began to export in 2004 and this was the largest project in PNG's history. Papua New Guinea is classified as a

2934: 2723:, are constantly around 21 °C (70 °F) with cool lows nearing 11 °C (52 °F), with abundant rainfall and high humidity. The 9475: 8980: 6234: 666:

and linguistically diverse countries in the world. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres.

4541: 3488:) is unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors-general are elected by the legislature, rather than chosen by the executive branch. 9245: 5234:

Pain, C.F., Villans, B.J., Roach, I.C., Worrall, L. & Wilford, J.R. (2012): Old, flat and red – Australia's distinctive landscape. In:

3637: 683: 7796: 5333: 1650:. There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern-day 4615: 221: 4022:"Animal translocation: long-term human influences on the vertebrate zoogeography of Australasia (natural dispersal versus ethnophoresy)" 11505: 11364: 8501: 7414: 7355: 7315: 6619: 6454: 6447: 3792: 5130:

Wareham, Evelyn (September 2002). "From Explorers to Evangelists: Archivists, Recordkeeping, and Remembering in the Pacific Islands".

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is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world. Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences

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During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying

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are endemic to Australia. There were three main reasons for the enormous diversity that developed in animal, fungal and plant life.

1258:." Some 19th century definitions of Oceania grouped Australia, New Zealand and the islands of Melanesia together under the label of 11691: 4645: 7203: 6876: 6007: 5266: 4681: 7703: 5261: 4786: 3284:

is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world. Australia's per-capita GDP is

712:(light blue) extending to the islands of New Guinea in the north, the island of Timor in the northwest, and Tasmania in the south 8360: 6123:"The Armchair Discovery of the Unknown Southern Continent: Gerardus Mercator, Philosophical Pretensions and a Competitive Trade" 4245: 2807: 1443:

of mountain ranges or clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in Australia's early history, when it was still a part of

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Archaeological terminology for this region has changed repeatedly. Before the 1970s, the single Pleistocene landmass was called

11498: 11384: 9022: 8832: 8640: 8554: 8473: 7660: 7177: 7082: 6551:, and evolutionary relationship to the Boedijnpezizeae (Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae)". In Pirozynski, K. A.; Walker, J. (eds.). 6400: 4465: 4336: 1939: 1647: 5195: 4901: 2987: 11493: 11427: 8918: 8758: 8432: 8407: 7977: 7854: 7827: 6820: 6207: 5243: 5177: 5114: 5086: 5026: 4868: 4502: 4441: 4207: 2007: 1702: 1529: 7229: 6694: 5434: 3759:

is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea (especially in the highlands), which also unofficially holds the title as the

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is the most popular sport in terms of spectatorship and television ratings. Australia has hosted two Summer Olympic Games:

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Tropical Rainforest: Our Most Valuable and Endangered Habitat With a Blueprint for Its Survival into the Third Millennium

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Due to the spread of animals, fungi and plants across the single Pleistocene landmass the separate lands have a related

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Australia has a tradition of Aboriginal art which is thousands of years old, the best known forms being rock art and

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and come to dominate. New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals: monotremes, three orders of marsupials,

1938:. On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the 1612: 11447: 11437: 11379: 11357: 11340: 11335: 11254: 8698: 8635: 8620: 7570: 6998: 2833: 2427:, of which at least 20 are unique to the ecoregion, and some live only in very restricted areas. These include the 11457: 11286: 11152: 11066: 11016: 9139: 8938: 8928: 8864: 8605: 8579: 7293: 3624: 3057: 2679:

are plentiful, competition is largely a matter of outcompeting rival species, leaving great scope for innovative

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or she-oaks), which are typically found in the Australian mainland. The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many

1977: 1825: 1666:, a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales. Remains found at Mungo suggest one of the world's oldest known 1147: 295: 118: 6965: 6033: 3167:

city in Oceania, having more than 250 different languages spoken, with about 40 percent of residents speaking a

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The continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the

11805: 11401: 9225: 9124: 8844: 8822: 8728: 8534: 8494: 8348: 8332: 8313: 8287: 3361: 3345: 3309: 1370:, is the lowest, flattest, and oldest landmass on Earth and it has had a relatively stable geological history. 956: 2876: 2385:

is evidence of that drift: the only other places where this association is known are New Zealand and southern

1447:. Australia is situated in the middle of the tectonic plate, and therefore currently has no active volcanism. 11711: 11696: 10217: 10177: 9375: 9292: 9168: 9017: 9010: 8881: 8827: 8630: 8610: 7458: 3520: 3499: 3433: 3160: 3047: 2858: 2172: 2003: 1935: 1573: 1454: 1338: 1282:

was introduced for the Pleistocene continent. Then at a 1975 conference and consequent publication, the name

7763: 1872: 11744: 11396: 11026: 10753: 10458: 10083: 9461: 9360: 9154: 8891: 8854: 8733: 8723: 8595: 8149: 7263: 5289: 3812: 3546: 3537: 3405: 3320:. In 2012, Australia was the 12th largest national economy by nominal GDP and the 19th-largest measured by 3196: 3168: 2982: 2787: 1693:(7th century–13th century) engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like 1625: 590: 8059: 2458:

to Australia. This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation,

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in Papua New Guinea is the second highest mountain in the continent, and at 4,884 metres (16,024 ft)

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are thought of as continents, while Asia, Europe and Oceania are regarded as "parts of the world". In the

10883: 10043: 9129: 9087: 9082: 9029: 8776: 8743: 8671: 6050:

Albert-Marie-Ferdinand Anthiaume, "Un pilote et cartographe havrais au XVIe siècle: Guillaume Le Testu",

4323: 3550: 3516: 3453: 3381: 3220: 2716: 2059:. Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the 1607: 1577: 1130:, located in both mainland Asia and marginal seas of the Pacific, are also excluded, as is the nation of 582: 189: 5456:

Audley-Charles, M. G. (1986). "Timor–Tanimbar Trough: the foreland basin of the evolving Banda orogen".

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in Sydney. Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the

1994:

tried to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea, but the British government did not approve. The

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Although New Guinea is the most northerly part of the continent, and could be expected to be the most

11442: 11374: 11345: 11330: 11071: 10996: 9988: 9978: 9731: 9315: 9272: 9220: 9119: 8965: 8933: 8849: 8839: 8807: 8487: 7615: 7590: 3788: 3772: 3720: 3683: 1999: 1995: 1675: 439: 6842: 6796: 19:

This article is about the continent near Maritime Southeast Asia. For the continental mainland, see

11031: 10948: 10531: 10244: 10197: 9963: 9230: 9215: 9062: 8898: 8859: 8686: 6230: 3561: 3154: 3097: 1871:, Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator 1004: 804: 690: 10209: 7377: 4061:"Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): a review of recent research" 3988: 2998:

is the predominant religion in the continent, although large proportions of Australians belong to

11835: 11678: 11369: 11276: 10953: 10663: 10658: 10020: 10015: 9380: 9255: 9235: 9210: 9190: 8943: 8913: 8738: 8615: 8544: 8196: 7488: 7400: 7289: 6526: 3930: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3417: 3321: 3305: 2079: 2068: 2056: 2011: 1639: 1595: 1243: 98: 54: 6291: 4887: 1159:, but is otherwise the same as the UN definition, and it is also used for statistical purposes. 899:

as one of the world's five major continental divisions since its foundation in 1947, along with

11830: 11655: 11462: 11056: 10859: 9958: 9287: 9265: 9240: 9205: 9185: 9149: 8987: 8958: 8948: 8923: 8886: 8817: 8654: 8549: 8391: 7788: 5807: 5337: 4412: 3696: 3620: 3533: 3441: 3337: 3081: 3051: 3043: 2609:, before radiating into a great number of different forms and then spreading around the globe. 2146: 1927: 1807: 1635: 1631: 1477:

For most of the time since then, Australia–New Guinea remained a continuous landmass. When the

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as late as 1767 argued for its existence, with such arguments as that there should be a large

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included New Zealand in his definition and others have used it for Australia, New Zealand and

11820: 11810: 11748: 11612: 11532: 11076: 10685: 9843: 9751: 9556: 9350: 9282: 9180: 9134: 8997: 8903: 8790: 5522: 5391: 5209:. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 395–410. Archived from 5196:"Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea) and the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans" 4492: 4431: 3752: 3445: 3425: 3401: 3027: 2978: 2759: 2447: 2436: 2424: 2324:, together with typically Australasian flora. In the New Guinean highlands, conifers such as 2087: 2060: 1406: 915:. The UN's definition of Oceania utilizes four of the five subregions from the 19th century; 821: 625: 8171: 7515:. Tokyo, Japan: Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation. October 2010 7418: 6471: 6451: 6197: 5520: 4852: 4738: 4683:

Cornell's Primary Geography: Forming Part First of a Systematic Series of School Geographies

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also existed on other continents, but only in Australia–New Guinea did they out-compete the

1896: 11622: 10598: 10316: 10182: 9937: 9828: 9414: 9385: 9307: 9144: 9114: 9050: 9005: 8718: 8713: 8681: 8666: 8522: 8269: 7969: 6898: 6317: 5943: 5830: 5701: 5627: 5568: 4072: 3868: 3780: 3776: 3616: 3512: 3414: 3325: 3281: 3216: 3073: 3031: 2902: 2795: 2775: 2771: 2724: 2706: 2443: 2348: 2160: 2016: 1849: 1655: 1569: 1533: 1497: 1458: 1410: 1330: 629: 7959: 7551: 7338: 6625:, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. 6277: 6256: 6064: 5967: 2071:, between November 1942 and January 1943, set the tone for the bitter final stages of the 1751:. The theory of balancing land has been documented as early as the 5th century on maps by 8: 11815: 11271: 10936: 10873: 10849: 10680: 10541: 10487: 10428: 10399: 10339: 10334: 10192: 10139: 9929: 9888: 9335: 9277: 9109: 9072: 8802: 7741: 6422: 3909: 3816: 3245:

measurements, Sydney is consistently selected as one of the world's most liveable cities.

3128:, among others. Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in 3121: 3093: 3077: 2519: 2483: 2406: 2301: 2072: 1837: 1820: 1782: 1774: 1766: 1748: 1744: 1486: 1478: 671: 598: 578: 550: 275: 236: 173: 66: 9848: 8023:

The Australian people : an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins

7432: 5947: 5834: 5705: 5631: 5572: 4228:"Seven decades after Independence, many small languages in India face extinction threat" 4076: 2359:

that now separates the two main landmasses. The collision also pushed up the islands of

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Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (21 June 2012).

6946: 6830: 6581: 6011: 5959: 5854: 5722: 5689: 5651: 5591: 5556: 5147: 5016: 4990:

Ballard, Chris (1993). "Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul".

4833: 3913: 3784: 3688: 3679: 3468: 3429: 3377: 3265: 3230: 2906: 2868: 2463: 2432: 2402: 2136: 2132: 2025: 2020: 1663: 1501: 1374:

is not part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate, submerged continent of

1151: 1143: 1056: 734: 718: 705: 667: 663: 574: 558: 554: 283: 271: 253: 20: 8364: 5493: 5078: 5072: 4992:

Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia

4366:

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (19 May 2023).

4197: 3588:. Papua New Guinea is one of the few cultures in Oceania to practice the tradition of 2152: 1960:

on 26 January 1788. This was to be the location for the new colony. Phillip described

1942:. It is here that James Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as the 1836:

made the first documented European sight and landing on the continent of Australia in

11640: 11259: 11086: 11051: 10912: 10907: 10888: 10697: 10524: 10284: 10114: 9968: 9933: 9325: 9067: 8447: 8428: 8403: 8344: 8328: 8309: 8037: 8027: 7973: 7916: 7906: 7850: 7823: 7090: 7062: 6977: 6950: 6816: 6756: 6661: 6626: 6587: 6560: 6203: 6181: 6105: 5963: 5877: 5846: 5783: 5727: 5655: 5643: 5596: 5528: 5473: 5424: 5290:"Island-hopping study shows the most likely route the first people took to Australia" 5239: 5173: 5151: 5110: 5082: 5047: 5022: 4995: 4864: 4853: 4739: 4714: 4498: 4471: 4437: 4379: 4253: 4203: 4123: 4088: 4060: 4041: 3542: 3341: 3204: 3117: 3113: 3015: 2755: 2743: 2694: 2467: 2428: 2090:. Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister 2048: 1912: 1770: 1698: 1425: 1421: 1052: 1008: 968: 836: 645: 605: 586: 207: 7181: 4837: 4344: 3328:

is an important component of the Australian economy. In the financial year 2014/15,

2593:, suborder Passeri) are thought to have evolved 50 million years ago in the part of 2019:

had been proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands.

11825: 11721: 11716: 11706: 11635: 11312: 11266: 11209: 11138: 11001: 10895: 10844: 10822: 10675: 10622: 10561: 10129: 10103: 9793: 9442: 8876: 8395: 8343:

Australia (Cultures of the World), Vijeya Rajendra, Sundran Rajendra, 2002, p. 101

7965: 6936: 6378: 6134: 6087: 5951: 5858: 5838: 5717: 5709: 5635: 5586: 5576: 5465: 5210: 5139: 4823: 4142: 4115: 4080: 4033: 3946: 3938: 3926: 3897: 3873: 3858: 3850: 3836: 3365: 3225: 3125: 3101: 3085: 3065: 3061: 2763: 2689: 2638: 2503: 2471: 2462:

stability, and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and

2083: 2040: 1876: 1791: 1583: 1557: 1516:

was accreted along the northwestern edge the continent; it includes the islands of

1367: 1360: 1024: 1020: 984: 960: 826: 772: 753: 730: 570: 507: 474: 321: 287: 157: 5238:. Blewitt, R.S. (Ed.) Geoscience Australia and ANU E Press, Canberra. Pp. 227–275 4711:

Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues

3080:" are generic terms for the native languages of the continent other than those of 2572:; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. New Guinea has a rich diversity of 11607: 11108: 11096: 11081: 11036: 10986: 10926: 10868: 10829: 10817: 10810: 10719: 10536: 10519: 10494: 10119: 10089: 10030: 9853: 8422: 7577: 7558: 7322: 7233: 6458: 6401:"Bombing of Darwin: 70 years on – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" 5418: 5202: 5165: 5018:

Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia

4959: 4828: 4811: 4275: 4143:"Neuroptera of Wallacea: a transitional fauna between major geographical regions" 3942: 3573: 3529: 3485: 3242: 3141: 3133: 3109: 2926: 2779: 2751: 2538: 2525: 2507: 2459: 2242:. These adaptations are common in species from the large and well-known families 1868: 1833: 1758: 1726: 1549: 1513: 1440: 1310: 1032: 884: 757: 701: 10166: 6091: 5360: 2529:

Natural history illustrator John Gould popularised the koala with his 1863 work

2031: 1790:

potential locations were reinterpreted. At its largest, the continent included

11752: 11701: 11600: 11564: 11544: 11527: 11467: 11231: 11123: 11101: 11091: 10943: 10921: 10805: 10800: 10785: 10780: 10707: 10653: 10605: 10576: 10482: 10472: 10051: 9771: 9725: 9320: 8361:"FIFA world cup 2010 – qualifying rounds and places available by confederation" 7648: 5581: 4760: 3992: 3984: 3967: 3954: 3901: 3604: 3289: 3129: 3105: 3032:

combine their Christian faith with traditional indigenous beliefs and practices

2864: 2656: 2542: 2479: 2475: 2364: 2352: 2317: 2181: 2111: 2095: 2091: 1947: 1919:

navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century.

1916: 1681: 1251: 1068: 932: 896: 872: 632:

about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land into the combined landmass of

8418: 7920: 7480: 5955: 5639: 5469: 4084: 2347:

For many species, the primary refuge was the relatively cool and well-watered

1378:. New Zealand and Australia are both part of the Oceanian sub-region known as 11799: 11781: 11768: 11726: 11595: 11587: 11554: 11291: 11241: 11133: 11128: 11118: 10968: 10931: 10839: 10834: 10736: 10641: 10068: 9606: 9601: 9591: 9586: 8041: 7138: 7003: 6941: 6924: 6476: 6138: 5820: 5802: 5690:"An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia" 5074:

The future eaters: An ecological history of the Australasian lands and people

4127: 4092: 4045: 3744: 3644: 3600: 3257: 3164: 2747: 2411: 2356: 2291: 2168: 2156: 1884: 1786: 1621: 1545: 1509: 1394: 1080: 1072: 992: 948: 888: 784: 780: 613: 6856:

Christianity in its Global Context, 1970–2020 Society, Religion, and Mission

5713: 5254: 4788:

Status of the 1950 Census Program in the United States: A Preliminary Report

3491: 1769:, appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries. Scientists, such as 11630: 11569: 11549: 11539: 11249: 11221: 10976: 10714: 10648: 10617: 10566: 10438: 10367: 10304: 10294: 10171: 10124: 9858: 9833: 9644: 9639: 6504: 5850: 5731: 5647: 5600: 5102: 5068: 4546:. Norfolk Naturalists' Trust and Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society 3756: 3708: 3666: 3585: 3526: 3457: 3369: 3172: 2995: 2680: 2613: 2115: 2052: 1931: 1525: 1508:

was uplifted by the northward migration of Australia and subduction of the

1302: 1119: 1076: 1064: 944: 769: 752:, originally a "great division" of the world in the 1810s, was replaced in 675: 479: 8119: 6163:

cited by A. Lodewyckx, "The Name of Australia: Its Origin and Early Use",

5042:

Filewood, W. (1984). "The Torres connection: Zoogeography of New Guinea".

4106:

Rasmussen, Claus; Thomas, Jennifer C.; Engel, Michael S. (December 2017).

1864:

islands. He was the first known European explorer to reach these islands.

879:

is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent,

11686: 11645: 11576: 11281: 11170: 11113: 11041: 10991: 10878: 10854: 10743: 10581: 10499: 10477: 10453: 10299: 10289: 10025: 9993: 9983: 9390: 9250: 8416: 5521:

Mascie-Taylor, D.B.A.C.G.N.; Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N.; Lasker, G.W. (1988).

4812:"Preliminary checklist of the naturalised and pest plants of Timor-Leste" 4527: 3996: 3712: 3589: 3472: 3461: 3421: 3277: 2817: 2634: 2558: 2334: 2326: 2312: 2276: 2235: 1985: 1961: 1952: 1857: 1841: 1553: 1482: 1450: 1433: 1429: 1424:

mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. The

1398: 1390: 1379: 1371: 1348: 1343: 1287: 1215: 1203: 1107: 1084: 996: 831: 742: 709: 637: 617: 609: 114: 35: 7958:

Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (1 January 2001).

7037:

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of.

6423:"Wartime Issue 23 – New Guinea Offensive | Australian War Memorial" 5842: 4198:

Löffler, Ernst; A.J. Rose, Anneliese Löffler & Denis Warner (1983).

4037: 3171:

at home. Furthermore, 36 percent of the population reported having been

2415:

The king bird-of-paradise is one of over 300 bird species in West Papua.

11216: 11185: 11011: 11006: 10670: 10631: 10593: 10511: 10384: 10269: 10264: 10063: 9973: 9953: 9803: 9531: 9526: 8244: 8060:

http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum

7024: 5143: 4433:

Anthropology and Global History: From Tribes to the Modern World-System

3740: 3728: 3662: 3648: 3411: 3349: 3069: 2999: 2941: 2909:. The monsoon climate of northern Australia is hot and humid in summer. 2849: 2672: 2617: 2606: 2602: 2381: 2340: 2264: 2243: 2219: 2204: 2192: 2064: 1991: 1923: 1908: 1892: 1795: 1694: 1651: 1537: 1490: 1467: 1223: 1179: 1139: 854: 761: 726: 652: 566: 455: 313: 309: 305: 9453: 7900: 4543:

Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society: Volume 4

2667:

of Australia–New Guinea were left largely untouched except by gradual

745:, which is part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. 11663: 11322: 11296: 11226: 11204: 11197: 10981: 10758: 10692: 10588: 10411: 10394: 10279: 10274: 10248: 10134: 9998: 9948: 9868: 9863: 9808: 9741: 9484: 8510: 8479: 8021: 7131: 6873:

2071.0 – Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013

3980: 3905: 3893: 3628: 3593: 3525:

Since 1788, the primary influence behind Australian culture has been

3481: 3357: 3333: 3253: 3192: 3137: 3089: 2898: 2712: 2648: 2621: 2598: 2590: 2554: 2550: 2515: 2451: 2386: 2379:(one of the "golf-ball" fungi) and its associated trees in the genus 2330: 2321: 2296: 2270: 2259: 2254: 2223: 2198: 2177: 2141: 2103: 1888: 1845: 1762: 1752: 1735: 1721: 1710: 1690: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1505: 1402: 1383: 1375: 1219: 1163: 1123: 1111: 1099: 936: 892: 880: 860: 848: 813: 776: 765: 738: 662:

Papua New Guinea, a country within the continent, is one of the most

648:

mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania.

621: 608:

overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the

546: 493: 462: 446: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 375: 370: 358: 279: 257: 240: 211: 193: 144: 31: 7822:. London, United Kingdom: Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 139. 3592:. In particular, Papua New Guinea is world-famous for carved wooden 3428:, a role that is distinct from his position as monarch of the other 2363:, which served as island 'stepping-stones' that allowed plants from 1670:, thus indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans. 11190: 10795: 10731: 10702: 10612: 10571: 10379: 10359: 10239: 10058: 9943: 9823: 9813: 9776: 9761: 9746: 9736: 9659: 9654: 6660:(2nd ed.). Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 14. 6122: 5334:"Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea: An environmental resource atlas" 4119: 3950: 3808: 3732: 3704: 3456:. Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered 3268:

for several years running and designated a "City of Literature" by

3234: 3011: 3007: 2957: 2783: 2732: 2676: 2594: 2586: 2499: 2495: 2372: 2360: 2281: 2239: 2209: 1853: 1778: 1617: 1521: 1471: 1444: 1127: 980: 912: 722: 562: 467: 451: 411: 387: 6774:

Where Song Began: Australia's Birds and How They Changed the World

5876:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. pp. 47–65. 5255:

Keith Lewis; Scott D. Nodder and Lionel Carter (11 January 2007).

2171:

eventually separated from Antarctica, the development of the cold

1911:. The first known Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the 1355: 11162: 10900: 10790: 10748: 10636: 10448: 10443: 10372: 10078: 10073: 9838: 9818: 9798: 9766: 9756: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9669: 7651:. Database updated on 6 October 2015. Accessed on 6 October 2015. 3768: 3764: 3736: 3724: 3581: 3557: 3329: 3297: 3264:

as one of the world's great street art spots, ranked the world's

3184: 3180: 3019: 2813: 2728: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2630: 2561: 2455: 2248: 2231: 2214: 2188: 1943: 1880: 1740: 1686: 1541: 1474:

until the plate began to drift north about 96 million years ago.

1235: 1183: 1048: 1036: 972: 876: 749: 594: 109: 39: 7433:"2014 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings – Mercer Survey" 6008:"Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History" 5671:"The epic ocean journey that took Stone Age people to Australia" 3249: 2230:. Prominent features of the Australian flora are adaptations to 1654:

and the islands, but this may be the result of recent trade and

11668: 10772: 10726: 10433: 10420: 10109: 9878: 9576: 9571: 9516: 9511: 8468: 7398: 7326: 6875:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Archived from 6527:"Australia Burning: Fire Ecology, Policy and Management Issues" 6065:"The Internet Classics Archive | Meteorology by Aristotle" 3748: 3716: 3608: 3577: 3553: 3313: 3301: 3293: 3269: 3261: 3238: 3200: 2739: 2565: 2511: 2286: 1957: 1904: 1900: 1306: 1231: 1227: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1167: 1135: 1131: 1115: 1092: 1088: 1044: 908: 900: 797: 789: 363: 7661:

Asian Development Outlook 2015: Financing Asia’s Future Growth

7623: 5920: 5336:. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 2001. Archived from 4809: 1964:

as being "without exception the finest harbour in the world".

1705:, but later making slaves out of the natives. The rule of the 674:. Australia, the largest landmass in the continent, is highly 11519: 11414: 10958: 10256: 10240: 9883: 9488: 7485:

Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network

4413:"What Did Australia Look Like When the First People Arrived?" 3631:. Reverence for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. 3612: 3176: 3023: 3003: 2720: 2715:(December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October), and 2573: 2546: 2487: 2420: 2390: 2196:(eastern Australia and New Guinea), the rainforest emergents 2107: 2036: 1517: 1270: 1211: 1195: 1175: 1171: 1118:, all located within the bounds of the Pacific or associated 1103: 1040: 1028: 1016: 1012: 988: 952: 656: 633: 522: 399: 24: 6621:

Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001

4994:. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 19–20. 3703:

Popular sports in Papua New Guinea include various codes of

3280:

country on the Australia-New Guinea continent, although the

1536:. Volcanic eruptions are not rare, and the area is prone to 1246:

has close ties with Asia." He further added that, "the term

10553: 9546: 9541: 8292:

the only country to have Rugby League as its national Sport

8219:"Aboriginal Heritage walk: Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park" 3188: 2767: 2664: 2582: 2577: 2028:, with formal Australian administration beginning in 1906. 1861: 1706: 1417: 1207: 1000: 976: 964: 904: 793: 641: 513: 8070:

National Gallery of Victoria – Victorian Heritage Register

6199:

Primary Australian History: Book F [B6] Ages 10–11

5687: 5170:

The ancestor's tale: A pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution

2510:

is also one of the well-known animals in the country. The

2184:

plants that characterise the modern Australian landscape.

816:(consisting of Africa, Asia and Europe). In his 1879 book 6332: 3569: 2569: 2537:

As the continent drifted north from Antarctica, a unique

2491: 1899:, who was the first European to explore the Strait. When 334: 330: 326: 8148:. Australia Government. 21 December 2007. Archived from 6849: 4567:

The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society: Volume 36

2180:

forest began to give way to the distinctive hard-leaved

6607:

WWF: Bird wonders of New Guinea's western-most province

5046:. Carlisle, W.A.: Hesperian Press. pp. 1124–1125. 4810:

Westaway, J.; Quintao, V.; de Jesus Marcal, S. (2018).

4490: 2991:

Migrants to Australia disembarking from a ship, c. 1885

1678:, the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. 1366:

The Australian continent, as a whole being part of the

7552:

The Global Financial Centres Index 14 (September 2013)

6034:"Early humans lived in PNG highlands 50,000 years ago" 2762:

in the west. The northern parts of the country have a

8389: 7957: 7933: 7724: 6342:. Parliament of New South Wales. 2014. Archived from 5557:"Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident" 4494:

The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia

2442:

Australia has a huge variety of animals; some 83% of

1743:(2nd century AD), who believed that the lands of the 1122:, are excluded from the UN definition. The states of 510: 500:, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names 7571:

2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook

7417:. Tourism Australia. 10 January 2019. Archived from 7399:

Australian Bureau of Statistics (14 December 2017).

6999:"Papua New Guinea's incredible linguistic diversity" 6654:

Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World

6559:

Supplementary Series. Vol. 10. pp. 77–87.

6490:

cited in Michael Dugan and Josef Swarc (1984) p. 139

6310: 4859:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4741:

American Pacificism: Oceania in the U.S. Imagination

4709:

Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (2003).

4464:

Cochrane, Ethan E.; Hunt, Terry L. (8 August 2018).

4202:. Richmond, Victoria: Hutchinson Group. p. 17. 4105: 3826: 3318:

stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific

2370:

Among the fungi, the remarkable association between

2035:

An Australian light machine gun team in action near

670:, a region in Indonesia, is home to an estimated 44 525: 8424:

The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography

8286:But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in 7817: 7113:"Census 2016: Migrants make a cosmopolitan country" 5420:

Australian Environments: Place, Pattern and Process

4855:

The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography

4850: 3767:, the most popular sport among Australian women is 2102:Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two 1481:ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed 1413:about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land. 519: 516: 7818:Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John (2013). 7678:Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 7535:"Happy birthday Melbourne: 181 and still kicking!" 7308: 5926: 5193: 4708: 4058: 1794:, separated from South America by a small strait; 1138:with Indonesia and Malaysia. Further excluded are 6966:"Main Features – Cultural Diversity in Australia" 6082:Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (1000). 6052:Bulletin de Géographie Historique et Descriptive, 5688:Rasmussen, Morten; et al. (7 October 2011). 3783:. Australia has also hosted five editions of the 3195:is also fairly multicultural, having the largest 2010:, on 1 January 1901. From that point a system of 1982:Military history of Australia during World War II 11797: 8308:, Tracey Boraas, Capstone Press (2002), Page 54 7718: 7580:. A.T. Kearney. p 2. Retrieved 29 December 2013. 5780:Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia 5613: 5107:The happy isles of Oceania: Paddling the Pacific 4528:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 1286:was extended from its previous use for just the 8082:"Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve" 7927: 7740:. Governor-General of Australia. Archived from 7561:. Y/Zen Group. p 15. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 7401:"Tourism Satellite Account 2014–15:Key Figures" 6054:Paris, Nos 1–2, 1911, pp. 135–202, n.b. p. 176. 5994:Papua: Geopolitics and the Quest for Nationhood 4150:Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 3564:celebrations are the largest in the continent. 1397:between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and 616:between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and 65:8,600,000 km (3,300,000 sq mi) ( 7378:"Statement on Monetary Policy (November 2013)" 7161:"Regional, rural and urban development - OECD" 6257:"Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770" 5904:. National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from 5455: 5358: 5352: 5015:Allen, J. (1977). J. Golson; R. Jones (eds.). 4491:O'Connor, S.; Veth, P.M.; Spriggs, M. (2007). 4221: 4219: 3432:. The King is represented in Australia by the 3241:, and the continent itself. Ranking highly in 3072:and neighbouring islands, including the large 3018:in Australia. Traditional religions are often 2187:Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the 1926:made his first recorded direct observation of 1798:; and what would come to be called Australia. 1401:between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When 620:between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When 10225: 9469: 8495: 7645:World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015 6858:, Center for the Study of Global Christianity 6650: 6553:Pacific Mycogeography: a Preliminary Approach 6233:. Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009. 5668: 5307: 4844: 3386:Papua New Guinea's mining and resource sector 2746:, with the southern coastal corners having a 800:, North America, South America and Oceania." 8427:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7339:Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate) 7067:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6982:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6755:, Reader's Digest, Sydney, New South Wales, 6503:. DFAT.gov.au. 19 April 1984. Archived from 5747:"Sequencing Uncovers a 9,000 Mile Walkabout" 5738: 5554: 4888:"Australia and Oceania - the World Factbook" 4497:. Terra Australis. ANU e Press. p. 10. 4463: 4384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4368:"Main Features – Cultural Diversity Article" 2738:The Australian landmass's climate is mostly 741:). The name "Sahul" takes its name from the 599:smallest of the seven traditional continents 8245:"Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art" 7425: 6901:International Religious Freedom Report 2003 5874:Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia 5416: 5385: 4791:. United States. Bureau of the Census. 1951 4761:"Countries or areas / geographical regions" 4588: 4523: 4521: 4329: 4298:"Geographic Distribution of the Population" 4225: 4216: 3619:in the Northern Territory, but also within 2145:Australian eucalyptus forest in a state of 1844:circumnavigated and landed on parts of the 1755:, who uses the term Australis on his maps. 1725:Terra Australis, as it appears on a map by 1273: 16:One of Earth's seven main divisions of land 10232: 10218: 9476: 9462: 8502: 8488: 8400:The Oxford Companion to Australian History 7961:The Oxford Companion to Australian History 6963: 5527:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 5205:, K.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Stringer, C. (eds.). 4985: 4983: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4592:Zell's Descriptive Hand Atlas of the World 4467:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania 4365: 4337:"Australia: World Audit Democracy Profile" 4320:World Economic Outlook Database-April 2015 4276:"BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?" 7846:Elizabeth: A Biography of Britain's Queen 7674:"Raising the profile of PNG in Australia" 6940: 6697:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 6687: 6612: 6167:Vol. XIII, No. 3, June 1929, pp. 100–191. 6081: 5777: 5721: 5590: 5580: 5172:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 224. 4961:Linguistic and Oriental Essays: 1847-1887 4851:Lewis, Martin W.; Kären E. Wigen (1997). 4827: 4650:. The University of Michigan. p. 2. 4539: 4059:O'Connell, J. F; Allen, J (1 June 2004). 3763:. The most popular sport in Australia is 1254:and this name is too often confused with 686:globally. Australia also has the world's 593:. Situated in the geographical region of 348:10 largest cities in Australia-New Guinea 8363:. Fifa.com. 3 April 2009. Archived from 8146:Australian Culture and Recreation Portal 8056:A Short History of the Australian Museum 7898: 7842: 7392: 7316:Melbourne, Australia: City of Literature 7039:"Main Features – Net Overseas Migration" 6202:. R.I.C. Publications. 2008. p. 6. 6176:J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979) 5890: 5744: 5236:Shaping a Nation: A Geology of Australia 5194:O'Connell, James F.; Allen, Jim (2007). 5067: 5041: 4613: 4518: 4019: 3699:(Australian rules football) in Melbourne 3687: 3665:player Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with 3490: 3248: 3224: 3100:have brought overseas languages such as 3002:. Other religions in the region include 2986: 2727:are one of the few regions close to the 2585:life also flourished—in particular, the 2524: 2410: 2151: 2140: 2030: 1956:of 11 ships and about 850 convicts into 1819: 1720: 1611: 1449: 1354: 1342: 1324: 700: 9483: 7706:. Australian Geographic. 11 August 2010 7204:"Vicnet Directory Sri Lankan Community" 7105: 6098: 5752:. iCommunity Newsletter. Archived from 5555:Michael Bird; et al. (June 2019). 5494:"Statistical Yearbook of Croatia, 2007" 5313: 5262:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 5164: 5129: 5101: 4989: 4980: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4643: 4632: 4429: 1801: 1716: 1648:earliest human migrations out of Africa 1470:as part of the southern supercontinent 1301:with different meanings: travel writer 1293:In 1984 W. Filewood suggested the name 11798: 8509: 8402:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 8242: 8019: 7991: 7989: 7899:Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard (2003). 7894: 7892: 7890: 7139:"Population, dwellings, and ethnicity" 7036: 6726:. June 2008. p. 1. Archived from 6579: 5871: 5514: 5287: 5281: 5257:"Zealandia: the New Zealand continent" 5248: 5044:Vertebrate zoogeography in Australasia 4964:. Trübner & Company. p. 518. 4400:International migrant stock 2015: maps 3388:led to the country becoming the sixth 3207:population in Australia after Sydney. 3084:family. Predominant languages include 2774:near the east coast, in the states of 2304:species with origins in Asia, such as 10213: 9457: 8483: 8444:Handbook of Australasian Biogeography 8441: 7663:. Asian Development Bank (March 2015) 7248: 6922: 6237:from the original on 10 November 2010 6120: 5996:. Transaction Publishers. p. 15. 5991: 5778:Griffiths, Billy (26 February 2018). 5524:Biological Aspects of Human Migration 5423:. Macmillan Education AU. p. 4. 5410: 5014: 4932: 4753: 4736: 4713:. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. p. 25. 3747:are also gaining popularity, such as 2711:In New Guinea, the climate is mostly 2655:events to turn over fresh, unleached 2450:, 24% of fish and insects and 93% of 2423:. There are over 300 bird species in 1600:Aboriginal Australians § Origins 1589: 895:model. It has been recognized by the 8306:Australia (Countries & Cultures) 8134: 8079: 8064: 7970:10.1093/acref/9780195515039.001.0001 6996: 6765: 6542: 6161:Spieghel der Australische Navigatie; 5902:The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia 5388:"Land of earthquakes and volcanoes?" 5367:from the original on 18 October 2006 5326: 4957: 4670: 4318:Data refer mostly to the year 2014. 3892:Most recent estimated population of 3864:List of islands in the Pacific Ocean 3478:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea 2798:alongside considerable wet periods. 2202:(eastern Australia and New Guinea), 1061:United States Minor Outlying Islands 737:(Papua and West Papua, provinces of 636:. The name "Sahul" derives from the 557:hemispheres. The continent includes 23:. For the prehistoric landmass, see 8262: 7986: 7934:Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998 7887: 7793:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7768:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7725:Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998 7178:"Vicnet Directory Indian Community" 6771: 6682:Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife 6600: 6231:"European discovery of New Zealand" 5771: 4951: 4914:from the original on 13 August 2021 4767:from the original on 30 August 2017 4140: 2078:Following the 1998 commencement of 13: 7799:from the original on 18 April 2010 7704:"How Australia's Parliament works" 7481:"The World According to GaWC 2010" 7083:"Sydney's melting pot of language" 6786: 6165:The Victorian Historical Magazine, 5811:. Random House. London. pp 314–316 5379: 4614:Goodrich, Samuel Griswold (1854). 4570:. Royal Aeronautical Society. 1932 4252:. World Bank. 2005. Archived from 4226:Seetharaman, G. (13 August 2017). 4166: 3460:and the Labor Party is considered 3448:which is a formal grouping of the 3096:(Malay) in Indonesian New Guinea. 1922:On 23 April 1770 British explorer 1747:should be balanced by land in the 1646:They are believed to be among the 1144:Indonesian (or Western) New Guinea 14: 11847: 8461: 8294:– were to qualify for the last 4. 8270:"PNG vow to upset World Cup odds" 7232:. yarranet.net.au. Archived from 6869:"Cultural diversity in Australia" 6366:Short History of Papua New Guinea 6292:"Once were warriors – smh.com.au" 6180:.Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19–30 5669:Graham Lawton (25 January 2020). 5359:Wirantaprawira, Dr Willy (2003). 5269:from the original on 25 July 2013 5077:. Chatswood, NSW: Reed. pp. 4968:from the original on 30 July 2022 4690:from the original on 30 July 2022 4654:from the original on 30 July 2022 4246:"World Bank data on urbanisation" 4200:Australia:Portrait of a Continent 4065:Journal of Archaeological Science 3935:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 3498:is the official residence of the 1967: 1848:continental coast and discovered 1812:European exploration of Australia 1604:History of Indigenous Australians 1496:A northern arc consisting of the 1359:Australia as a whole part of the 1157:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 11740: 11739: 11072:West South Central United States 10188: 10187: 10165: 9683: 9668: 9653: 9638: 9600: 9585: 9570: 9555: 9540: 9525: 9510: 8467: 8353: 8337: 8318: 8299: 8236: 8211: 8189: 8164: 8104: 8073: 8048: 8013: 8001: 7951: 7939: 7875: 7863: 7836: 7820:Government Politics in Australia 7811: 7781: 7756: 7730: 7696: 7666: 7654: 7638: 7608: 7583: 7564: 7545: 7527: 7502: 7473: 7447: 7407: 7370: 7344: 7332: 7292:. 14 August 2008. Archived from 7278: 7230:"Vietnamese Community Directory" 7222: 7196: 7170: 7153: 7075: 7030: 7018: 6990: 6957: 6916: 6891: 6861: 6815:. Routledge. 1997. p. 376. 6803: 6780: 6745: 6709: 6674: 6644: 6635: 6547:(Cyttariales): coevolution with 5437:from the original on 29 May 2016 5386:Kevin Mccue (26 February 2010). 4167:Agency, Digital Transformation. 3843: 3829: 3819:World Cups as an Asian entrant. 3693:Papua New Guinea's national team 3655: 3636: 3556:in the continent, as well as in 3549:in Melbourne are the oldest and 3436:at the federal level and by the 3348:. It is classified as an Alpha+ 2956:Spring in the apple orchards of 2949: 2933: 2914: 2890: 2875: 2857: 2841: 2825: 2806: 1974:History of Australia (1901–1945) 1816:History of Australia (1788–1850) 1616:Aboriginal pictographs known as 1563: 871:is typically considered part of 506: 473: 461: 445: 429: 417: 405: 393: 381: 369: 357: 247: 230: 200: 182: 150: 137: 53: 11287:Latin America and the Caribbean 11153:Latin America and the Caribbean 10011:Possible future supercontinents 8383: 6753:Australia's Dangerous Creatures 6573: 6536: 6519: 6493: 6484: 6464: 6437: 6415: 6393: 6371: 6358: 6284: 6270: 6249: 6223: 6190: 6170: 6154: 6145: 6114: 6075: 6057: 6044: 6026: 6000: 5985: 5865: 5814: 5796: 5681: 5662: 5607: 5548: 5486: 5449: 5228: 5207:Rethinking the Human Revolution 5186: 5158: 5123: 5095: 5060: 5035: 5008: 4926: 4894: 4880: 4803: 4779: 4730: 4702: 4644:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). 4607: 4582: 4558: 4533: 4484: 4457: 4423: 4405: 4392: 4359: 4312: 4290: 4268: 4238: 4191: 3815:and qualified for the 2010 and 3625:Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park 3596:: masks, canoes, story-boards. 3484:. Papua New Guinea (along with 3272:in its Creative Cities Network. 3058:Aboriginal Australian languages 2454:that inhabit the continent are 1978:History of Australia since 1945 1826:Golden Age of Dutch cartography 1674:remains a prominent feature of 1148:International Olympic Committee 296:Indigenous Australian languages 8243:Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). 8026:. Cambridge University Press. 7680:. 9 March 2012. Archived from 7510:"Global Power City Index 2010" 7457:. Mercer. 2014. Archived from 7455:"2014 Quality of Living Index" 7435:. mercer.com. 19 February 2014 6695:"Australia's National Symbols" 6403:. Abc.net.au. 17 February 2012 6278:"Cook's Journal 29 April 1770" 6178:Dutch Discoveries of Australia 5929:"Dating the First Australians" 5614:Michael Westaway (July 2019). 5458:Spec. Publs Int. Ass. Sediment 5288:Norman, Kasih (2 April 2018). 4933:Mears, Eliot Grinnell (1945). 4436:. AltaMira Press. p. 33. 4160: 4134: 4099: 4052: 4020:Heinsohn, Tom (October 2003). 4013: 3995:, and some small reefs on the 3973: 3960: 3919: 3886: 3621:protected parks in urban areas 3392:economy in the world in 2011. 3310:Australian Securities Exchange 3148: 2758:climate in the east coast and 1532:, as it is situated along the 957:Federated States of Micronesia 696: 1: 8442:Ebach, Malte C., ed. (2021). 7902:Cultural history in Australia 5314:Johnson, David Peter (2004). 4958:Cust, Robert Needham (1887). 4006: 3521:Australian Aboriginal culture 3048:Languages of Papua New Guinea 2967: 2173:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 1883:archipelagos, and sailed the 1582:The Australian continent and 1574:History of Western New Guinea 1339:Geography of Papua New Guinea 1134:, which shares the island of 891:that are not included in the 10754:Middle East and North Africa 10459:Middle East and North Africa 9789:Other prehistoric continents 8327:, Kath Woodward, 2012 p. 85 8197:"Uluru-Kata Tjuta: Rock art" 8112:"Papua New Guinea – culture" 8086:International Business Times 7764:"Glossary of Election Terms" 7325:", Creative Cities Network, 6925:"Language policy in Oceania" 6789:"BOM – Climate of Australia" 6557:Australian Journal of Botany 5620:Nature Ecology and Evolution 5318:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: 4829:10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.13 4620:. Miller, Orton and Mulligan 4326:. Accessed on 25 April 2015. 4250:World Development Indicators 3813:Asian Football Confederation 3643:Kurulu Village War Chief at 3547:National Gallery of Victoria 3406:Politics of Papua New Guinea 3037: 2983:Religion in Papua New Guinea 2944:with mountains in background 2792:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 2788:Australian Capital Territory 2222:and New Guinea), as well as 1660:earliest known human remains 1626:Kimberley, Western Australia 7: 8446:(1st ed.). CRC Press. 8142:"Australian Indigenous art" 7649:International Monetary Fund 7329:, retrieved: 10 August 2011 6381:. State.gov. 8 October 2010 6340:"Early European settlement" 6092:10.7891/e-manuscripta-16478 5927:Gillespie, Richard (2002). 5898:"The Indigenous Collection" 5363:. Dr Willy Wirantaprawira. 4680:Cornell, Sophia S. (1857). 4470:. Oxford University Press. 4324:International Monetary Fund 3822: 3517:Culture of Papua New Guinea 3452:and its minor partner, the 3395: 3382:International Monetary Fund 3221:Economy of Papua New Guinea 3175:, with top countries being 3169:language other than English 2972: 2106:and became a long-standing 1608:History of Papua New Guinea 1578:History of Papua New Guinea 1382:, with New Guinea being in 583:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 545:to distinguish it from the 190:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 10: 11852: 11047:Northeastern United States 6812:Precipitation in Australia 6787:Centre, National Climate. 6618:Williams, J. et al. 2001. 6461:. Archived 19 August 2014. 6452:International Crisis Group 6448:International Crisis Group 6127:Early Science and Medicine 5582:10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9 5320:Cambridge University Press 5069:Flannery, Timothy Fridtjof 5021:. London: Academic Press. 4939:. J. L. Delkin. p. 45 4902:"Divisões dos continentes" 4589:Bartholomew, John (1873). 4540:Southwell, Thomas (1889). 4169:"The Australian continent" 3677: 3510: 3506: 3496:Government House, Canberra 3399: 3362:world's most liveable city 3360:also ranked highly in the 3256:has been placed alongside 3214: 3210: 3152: 3041: 2976: 2923:Jindabyne, New South Wales 2704: 2700: 2576:life and 1,200 species of 2400: 2307:Castanopsis acuminatissima 2130: 2121: 1971: 1873:Pedro Fernandes de Queirós 1805: 1593: 1567: 1439:Geological forces such as 1328: 29: 18: 11735: 11677: 11654: 11621: 11585: 11518: 11412: 11320: 11311: 11240: 11161: 10967: 10771: 10552: 10510: 10419: 10410: 10358: 10315: 10255: 10157: 9915: 9911: 9710: 9706: 9627: 9623: 9499: 9495: 9408: 9306: 9176: 9167: 9058: 9049: 8996: 8872:Intelligence and security 8798: 8789: 8757: 8662: 8653: 8588: 8530: 8521: 8007: 7869: 7738:"Governor-General's Role" 7087:The Sydney Morning Herald 6776:, Tyre: Penguin Australia 6586:(2 ed.). Checkmark. 6296:The Sydney Morning Herald 5956:10.1017/S0033822200031830 5640:10.1038/s41559-019-0928-9 5616:"The first hominin fleet" 5470:10.1002/9781444303810.ch5 4514:– via Google Books. 4480:– via Google Books. 4112:American Museum Novitates 4085:10.1016/j.jas.2003.11.005 3773:Australian rules football 3721:Australian rules football 3684:Sport in Papua New Guinea 3203:, and the second largest 3092:in Papua New Guinea, and 2108:ally of the United States 2098:(UN) on 10 October 1975. 1998:came into being when the 1996:Commonwealth of Australia 1676:Australian Aboriginal art 1620:in the Wunnumurra Gorge, 775:wrote in 1873 that, "the 672:uncontacted tribal groups 604:The continent includes a 340: 319: 301: 267: 166: 124: 108: 93: 85: 73: 61: 52: 11528:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 10532:Transantarctic Mountains 10198:Chronology of continents 8223:nationalparks.nsw.gov.au 7995: 7945: 7881: 7843:Bradford, Sarah (1997). 7576:30 December 2013 at the 7557:4 September 2015 at the 7321:4 September 2011 at the 7206:. Vicnet. Archived from 7180:. Vicnet. Archived from 6942:10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4 6923:Silva, Diego B. (2019). 6899:"US Department of State 6724:Save the Tasmanian Devil 6139:10.1163/157338211X607772 5316:The Geology of Australia 4278:. Survival International 3879: 3673: 3538:American popular culture 3155:Immigration to Australia 3098:Immigration to Australia 2770:falls frequently on the 2651:activity and/or massive 2531:The Mammals of Australia 2396: 2126: 2080:reforms across Indonesia 1895:, named after navigator 1832:In 1606 Dutch navigator 1828:, printed in Paris, 1663 1290:to cover the continent. 1005:Northern Mariana Islands 805:Samuel Griswold Goodrich 708:showing the continental 682:with the second-highest 549:, is located within the 30:Not to be confused with 11277:Caribbean South America 8199:. parksaustralia.gov.au 8080:Kaur, Jaskiran (2013). 7489:Loughborough University 7415:"Visitor Arrivals Data" 7286:"Sydney Harbour Bridge" 6609:, retrieved 11 May 2010 6580:Newman, Arnold (2002). 6121:Zuber, Mike A. (2011). 5992:Singh, Bilveer (2008). 5745:Illumina (April 2012). 5714:10.1126/science.1211177 3931:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3418:constitutional monarchy 3364:list, and is a leading 3344:, making it one of the 3306:purchasing power parity 3060:", including the large 3022:, found in New Guinea. 2234:and fire which include 2226:and several species of 2057:Territory of New Guinea 2012:federalism in Australia 1824:A typical map from the 1640:Torres Strait Islanders 1596:Prehistory of Australia 1528:. Papua New Guinea has 1150:, and by many atlases. 807:wrote in his 1854 book 783:, and the peninsula of 684:human development index 11057:Southern United States 10860:Scandinavian Peninsula 9959:Great Australian Bight 9266:Indigenous Australians 8767:States and territories 8290:if Papua New Guinea – 8276:. BBC. 15 October 2008 7789:"State of the Parties" 7089:. 2014. Archived from 6680:Egerton, L. ed. 2005. 6651:Chapman, A.D. (2009). 6320:. City of Sydney. 2013 5808:Guns, Germs, and Steel 5417:Barrett; Dent (1996). 4936:Pacific Ocean Handbook 4686:. Harvard University. 4617:History of All Nations 4595:. T.E. Zell. p. 7 4430:Carmack, R.M. (2013). 3939:Lord Howe Island Group 3700: 3697:2008 International Cup 3503: 3467:Papua New Guinea is a 3442:Australian Labor Party 3276:Australia is the only 3273: 3246: 3199:population outside of 3052:Languages of Indonesia 3044:Languages of Australia 3014:, which are prominent 2992: 2612:Animal groups such as 2534: 2506:of Australia, and the 2416: 2163: 2149: 2063:, in the highlands of 2044: 2002:was proclaimed by the 1928:indigenous Australians 1829: 1808:Netherlands New Guinea 1730: 1636:Aboriginal Australians 1632:Indigenous Australians 1628: 1489:, mainland Australia, 1462: 1405:were lower during the 1363: 1352: 1335:Geography of Australia 1274: 1240:Pacific Ocean Handbook 1152:The CIA World Factbook 809:History of All Nations 713: 678:, and has the world's 624:were lower during the 292:Austronesian languages 89:4.2/km (11/sq mi) 48:Continent of Australia 11806:Australia (continent) 11533:Antarctic Convergence 11077:Western United States 8560:Territorial evolution 8474:Australia (continent) 8176:parksaustralia.gov.au 8020:James., Jupp (2001). 7290:Australian Government 7256:"7BridgesWalk.com.au" 6997:A.V. (24 July 2017). 6793:webarchive.nla.gov.au 6543:Korf, R. P. (1983). " 6457:8 August 2009 at the 6444:U.S. Dept. of Defence 5392:Australian Geographic 4173:info.australia.gov.au 3691: 3494: 3402:Politics of Australia 3252: 3228: 3163:. Sydney is the most 3161:multicultural country 3028:Indonesian New Guinea 3026:is widespread in the 2990: 2979:Religion in Australia 2760:Mediterranean climate 2528: 2518:lizard native to the 2437:king bird-of-paradise 2414: 2155: 2144: 2034: 1823: 1724: 1615: 1594:Further information: 1453: 1358: 1346: 1325:Geology and geography 1309:. Another biologist, 1162:In countries such as 1098:The island states of 822:Alfred Russel Wallace 820:, British naturalist 704: 10599:Greater Central Asia 10183:Continental fragment 10178:Regions of the world 9006:Cabinet of Australia 8981:Government ministers 8749:World Heritage Sites 8555:European exploration 8476:at Wikimedia Commons 8010:, pp. 808–12, 74–77. 7591:"The World Factbook" 7421:on 5 September 2015. 7341:, CIA World Factbook 7184:on 28 September 2008 7093:on 23 September 2014 6040:. 30 September 2010. 5361:"Republik Indonesia" 4737:Lyons, Paul (2006). 4026:Australian Zoologist 3869:Outline of Australia 3617:Kakadu National Park 3513:Culture of Australia 3332:represented 3.0% of 3326:Tourism in Australia 3282:economy of Australia 3217:Economy of Australia 2903:Kakadu National Park 2882:Monsoonal squall in 2725:New Guinea Highlands 2707:Climate of Australia 2349:Great Dividing Range 2161:New Guinea Highlands 2055:, in the Australian 2017:British protectorate 2000:Federal Constitution 1992:Colony of Queensland 1907:'s sovereignty over 1842:Abel Janszoon Tasman 1802:European exploration 1717:Pre-colonial history 1570:History of Australia 1534:Pacific Ring of Fire 1498:New Guinea Highlands 1459:Last Glacial Maximum 1411:Last Glacial Maximum 1331:Geology of Australia 1321:has also been used. 1319:Australia–New Guinea 941:external territories 803:The American author 725:, and the island of 691:immigrant population 680:14th-largest economy 630:Last Glacial Maximum 547:country of Australia 535:Australia-New Guinea 11778: / 11745:Continents of Earth 11272:Brazilian Highlands 10681:Indian subcontinent 10542:Antarctic Peninsula 10340:Southern Hemisphere 10335:Northern Hemisphere 10140:Indian Subcontinent 9930:Submerged continent 9078:Gross state product 8367:on 28 February 2009 8122:on 10 February 1999 8054:Australian Museum, 7849:. Riverhead Books. 7620:www.apecpng2018.org 7358:on 4 September 2015 7352:"2012 Report (PDF)" 6751:Underhill D (1993) 6733:on 17 February 2011 6532:. CSIRO Publishing. 6507:on 16 February 2011 5948:2002Radcb..44..455G 5843:10.1038/nature01383 5835:2003Natur.421..837B 5759:on 21 November 2018 5706:2011Sci...334...94R 5632:2019NatEE...3..999W 5573:2019NatSR...9.8220B 5340:on 8 September 2006 5109:. London: Penguin. 4347:on 13 December 2007 4077:2004JArSc..31..835O 4038:10.7882/AZ.2002.014 3910:Aru Islands Regency 3476:represented by the 3430:Commonwealth realms 3424:at its apex as the 3384:. Strong growth in 3346:most livable cities 3078:Tasmanian languages 2852:in Papua New Guinea 2717:tropical rainforest 2520:Australian mainland 2484:laughing kookaburra 2407:Fauna of New Guinea 2302:tropical rainforest 2290:s or wattles), and 2110:when threatened by 2073:New Guinea campaign 2069:Battle of Buna–Gona 1838:Cape York Peninsula 1775:Alexander Dalrymple 1745:Northern Hemisphere 1479:last glacial period 1407:Pleistocene ice age 1269:, derived from the 1250:is not relished by 626:Pleistocene ice age 597:, Australia is the 49: 32:Australia (country) 11560:Great Barrier Reef 11181:Mainland Australia 10889:Apennine Peninsula 10350:Western Hemisphere 10325:Eastern Hemisphere 9921: 9716: 9633: 9505: 9396:Australian studies 9331:Australian English 9140:Telecommunications 8976:Government leaders 8919:Political ideology 8417:Lewis, Martin W.; 8172:"Kakadu: Rock art" 7210:on 16 October 2008 7049:on 10 October 2017 6379:"Papua New Guinea" 6318:"Sydney's history" 6298:. 11 November 2002 5561:Scientific Reports 5216:on 3 November 2013 5201:. In Mellars, P.; 5144:10.1007/BF02435621 4763:. United Nations. 4256:on 3 February 2009 4232:The Economic Times 4141:New, T.R. (2002). 3914:Western New Guinea 3785:Commonwealth Games 3701: 3680:Sport in Australia 3545:in Sydney and the 3504: 3469:Commonwealth realm 3378:developing economy 3274: 3266:most liveable city 3247: 3231:Sydney Opera House 3016:minority religions 2993: 2907:Northern Territory 2869:Northern Territory 2796:extensive droughts 2597:that later became 2535: 2433:Vogelkop bowerbird 2417: 2403:Fauna of Australia 2164: 2150: 2137:Fungi of Australia 2133:Flora of Australia 2045: 2026:Territory of Papua 2021:British New Guinea 1897:Luís Vaz de Torres 1830: 1731: 1629: 1590:Indigenous peoples 1502:Raja Ampat Islands 1463: 1364: 1353: 1313:, coined the name 1244:Commonwealth realm 1057:Western New Guinea 735:Western New Guinea 729:, which comprises 719:mainland Australia 714: 706:Mainland Australia 575:Western New Guinea 559:mainland Australia 254:Western New Guinea 86:Population density 47: 21:mainland Australia 11761: 11760: 11641:Mediterranean Rim 11514: 11513: 11453:Mediterranean Sea 11307: 11306: 11260:Amazon Rainforest 11087:Canadian Prairies 11052:Pacific Northwest 10913:Iberian Peninsula 10698:Arabian Peninsula 10525:Antarctic Plateau 10285:Three/Four Worlds 10207: 10206: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10147: 9969:Kerguelen Plateau 9907: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9451: 9450: 9404: 9403: 9226:Human trafficking 9163: 9162: 9045: 9044: 8845:Foreign relations 8785: 8784: 8649: 8648: 8596:Asian Australians 8472:Media related to 8434:978-0-520-20743-1 8409:978-0-19-553597-6 8396:Macintyre, Stuart 8390:Davison, Graeme; 8288:World Cup history 7979:978-0-19-551503-9 7856:978-1-57322-600-4 7829:978-1-4860-0138-5 7616:"APECPNG2018.ORG" 7461:on 21 August 2014 7380:. 8 November 2013 7266:on 29 August 2007 6822:978-0-415-12519-2 6799:on 17 March 2009. 6684:. Reader's Digest 6480:. 25 August 2005. 6472:"Thirty Years On" 6209:978-1-74126-688-7 5908:on 7 October 2010 5244:978-1-922103-43-7 5179:978-0-618-00583-3 5116:978-0-14-015976-9 5088:978-0-7301-0422-3 5028:978-0-12-051250-8 4870:978-0-520-20742-4 4504:978-1-921313-04-2 4443:978-0-7591-2390-8 4417:www.thoughtco.com 4209:978-0-09-130460-7 3543:Australian Museum 3426:King of Australia 3342:quality of living 3288:than that of the 2836:, New South Wales 2756:humid subtropical 2750:climate, such as 2695:population growth 2639:ecological niches 2468:Australian magpie 2429:grey-banded munia 2049:Bombing of Darwin 1940:Kurnell Peninsula 1875:, discovered the 1867:In the quest for 1850:Van Diemen's Land 1840:. Dutch explorer 1771:Gerardus Mercator 1765:first posited in 1761:, a hypothetical 1709:-based empire of 1699:birds-of-paradise 1689:-based empire of 1544:because of this. 1530:several volcanoes 1426:continental shelf 1280:Greater Australia 1053:Wallis and Futuna 969:Galapagos Islands 869:Malay Archipelago 842:Malay Archipelago 606:continental shelf 589:, and some other 587:Coral Sea Islands 490: 489: 286:, 269 indigenous 208:Coral Sea Islands 11843: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11743: 11742: 11722:Global Southwest 11717:Global Southeast 11707:Global Northwest 11702:Global Northeast 11692:Global Heartland 11636:Indian Ocean Rim 11318: 11317: 11210:Island Melanesia 10901:Balkan Peninsula 10676:Himalayan states 10623:Russian Far East 10417: 10416: 10345:Water Hemisphere 10234: 10227: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10191: 10190: 10172:World portal 10170: 10169: 10107: 10056: 10013: 9941: 9918: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9791: 9729: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9707: 9687: 9672: 9657: 9642: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9604: 9589: 9574: 9559: 9544: 9529: 9514: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9293:Waste management 9174: 9173: 9095:Household income 9056: 9055: 9018:Governor-General 8828:Electoral system 8796: 8795: 8660: 8659: 8528: 8527: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8471: 8457: 8438: 8413: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8357: 8351: 8341: 8335: 8322: 8316: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8283: 8281: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8152:on 16 April 2010 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8118:. Archived from 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8088:. Archived from 8077: 8071: 8068: 8062: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7896: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7744:on 4 August 2008 7734: 7728: 7727:, pp. 287–8 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7622:. Archived from 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7587: 7581: 7568: 7562: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7354:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7262:. Archived from 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7066: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7045:. Archived from 7034: 7028: 7025:Papua New Guinea 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6973: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6944: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6879:on 25 April 2016 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6826: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6795:. Archived from 6784: 6778: 6777: 6772:Low, T. (2014), 6769: 6763: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6659: 6648: 6642: 6641:Egerton, p. 122. 6639: 6633: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6468: 6462: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6346:on 20 April 2016 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6194: 6188: 6174: 6168: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6118: 6112: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6069:classics.mit.edu 6061: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6010:. Archived from 6004: 5998: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5966:. Archived from 5933: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5829:(6925): 837–40. 5818: 5812: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5394:. Archived from 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5252: 5246: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5215: 5200: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5166:Dawkins, Richard 5162: 5156: 5155: 5138:(3–4): 187–207. 5132:Archival Science 5127: 5121: 5120: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4858: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4343:. Archived from 4333: 4327: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4175:. Archived from 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4017: 4000: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3947:Macquarie Island 3927:Christmas Island 3923: 3917: 3898:Papua New Guinea 3890: 3874:Paleoclimatology 3859:Australian Plate 3853: 3851:Geography portal 3848: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3837:Australia portal 3834: 3833: 3832: 3659: 3640: 3611:listed sites at 3500:Governor-General 3471:. As such, King 3434:Governor-General 3366:financial centre 3191:, among others. 3074:Trans–New Guinea 3066:Papuan languages 2953: 2937: 2925:, a town in the 2918: 2894: 2879: 2861: 2845: 2829: 2810: 2764:tropical climate 2731:that experience 2663:, the rocks and 2504:national animals 2472:Australian raven 2208:(New Guinea and 2041:Papua New Guinea 2004:Governor-General 1792:Tierra del Fuego 1703:tribute to China 1558:highest mountain 1493:, and Tasmania. 1409:, including the 1368:Australian Plate 1361:Australian Plate 1351:of the continent 1277: 1234:, Australia and 1025:Pitcairn Islands 1021:Papua New Guinea 985:Marshall Islands 961:French Polynesia 827:Aleutian Islands 773:John Bartholomew 764:, Australia and 754:English language 731:Papua New Guinea 628:, including the 571:Papua New Guinea 565:, the island of 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 478: 477: 466: 465: 450: 449: 434: 433: 422: 421: 410: 409: 398: 397: 386: 385: 374: 373: 362: 361: 252: 251: 250: 235: 234: 233: 206: 204: 203: 188: 186: 185: 158:Papua New Guinea 156: 154: 153: 143: 141: 140: 57: 50: 46: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11796: 11795: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11757: 11731: 11673: 11650: 11617: 11581: 11510: 11499:South China Sea 11408: 11351:Central America 11303: 11236: 11157: 11109:Northern Mexico 11097:Northern Canada 11082:Atlantic Canada 11037:Mountain states 10963: 10818:European Russia 10811:Southern Russia 10767: 10720:Iranian Plateau 10548: 10537:West Antarctica 10520:East Antarctica 10506: 10406: 10354: 10330:Land Hemisphere 10311: 10251: 10238: 10208: 10203: 10202: 10164: 10149: 10144: 10130:Eastern Siberia 10120:Central America 10108: 10101: 10095: 10090:Terra Australis 10057: 10041: 10035: 10031:Pangaea Proxima 10014: 10009: 10003: 9942: 9938:microcontinents 9927: 9903: 9898: 9844:East Antarctica 9792: 9787: 9781: 9730: 9726:supercontinents 9722: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9678: 9673: 9663: 9658: 9648: 9643: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9595: 9590: 9580: 9575: 9565: 9560: 9550: 9545: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9515: 9491: 9482: 9452: 9447: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9400: 9361:Public holidays 9302: 9246:Life expectancy 9159: 9041: 8992: 8781: 8753: 8739:Protected areas 8645: 8584: 8517: 8508: 8464: 8454: 8435: 8419:Wigen, Kären E. 8410: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8342: 8338: 8323: 8319: 8304: 8300: 8279: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8251: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8078: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8053: 8049: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7936:, pp. 98–9 7932: 7928: 7913: 7897: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7578:Wayback Machine 7569: 7565: 7559:Wayback Machine 7550: 7546: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7323:Wayback Machine 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7236:on 24 July 2008 7228: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6995: 6991: 6975: 6974: 6962: 6958: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6838: 6837: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6785: 6781: 6770: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6459:Wayback Machine 6442: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6119: 6115: 6103: 6099: 6080: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6045: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5973:on 18 July 2003 5970: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5870: 5866: 5819: 5815: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5700:(6052): 94–98. 5686: 5682: 5667: 5663: 5626:(7): 999–1000. 5612: 5608: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5398:on 6 March 2010 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5253: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5163: 5159: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4988: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4849: 4845: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4678: 4671: 4657: 4655: 4642: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4402:on 24 May 2017. 4397: 4393: 4377: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4161: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4104: 4100: 4057: 4053: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4003: 3978: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3943:New South Wales 3924: 3920: 3900:(excluding the 3891: 3887: 3882: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3805:Gold Coast 2018 3686: 3678:Main articles: 3676: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3641: 3574:performance art 3530:Western culture 3523: 3511:Main articles: 3509: 3486:Solomon Islands 3410:Australia is a 3408: 3400:Main articles: 3398: 3390:fastest-growing 3316:is the largest 3243:quality of life 3223: 3215:Main articles: 3213: 3157: 3151: 3142:creole language 3130:mixed languages 3054: 3042:Main articles: 3040: 3030:. Many Papuans 2985: 2977:Main articles: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2929: 2927:Snowy Mountains 2919: 2910: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2846: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2820:in Papua (1972) 2811: 2780:New South Wales 2709: 2703: 2601:, New Zealand, 2508:Tasmanian devil 2480:crested pigeons 2409: 2399: 2139: 2129: 2124: 1988: 1972:Main articles: 1970: 1869:Terra Australis 1834:Willem Janszoon 1818: 1806:Main articles: 1804: 1759:Terra Australis 1727:Rumold Mercator 1719: 1610: 1592: 1580: 1568:Main articles: 1566: 1550:above sea level 1514:Outer Banda Arc 1441:tectonic uplift 1341: 1329:Main articles: 1327: 1311:Richard Dawkins 1095:at that point. 1033:Solomon Islands 931:. They include 893:seven-continent 885:various islands 875:, and the term 758:plate tectonics 699: 509: 505: 486: 472: 460: 444: 428: 416: 404: 392: 380: 368: 356: 351: 350: 294:, and about 70 263: 248: 246: 231: 229: 226: 225: 217: 201: 199: 183: 181: 178: 177: 162: 151: 149: 138: 136: 133: 132: 43: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11849: 11839: 11838: 11836:Southern Ocean 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11753:Physical Earth 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11683: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11627: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11592: 11590: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11565:Mariana Trench 11562: 11552: 11547: 11545:Atlantic Ocean 11542: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11524: 11522: 11516: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11508: 11506:Southern Ocean 11503: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11494:East China Sea 11486: 11485: 11484: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11428:Atlantic Ocean 11425: 11419: 11417: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11246: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11232:Remote Oceania 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11167: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11102:Western Canada 11099: 11094: 11092:Eastern Canada 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10876: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10806:South Caucasus 10803: 10801:North Caucasus 10793: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10708:South Caucasus 10700: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10577:Aralkum Desert 10574: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10475: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10368:Africa-Eurasia 10364: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10237: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10214: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10125:Eastern Africa 10122: 10117: 10112: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9681: 9679: 9666: 9664: 9651: 9649: 9636: 9634: 9628: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9598: 9596: 9583: 9581: 9568: 9566: 9553: 9551: 9538: 9536: 9523: 9521: 9508: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9492: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9433: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9155:Welfare system 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9130:Superannuation 9127: 9125:Stock exchange 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9088:Public housing 9083:Home ownership 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9030:Prime Minister 9027: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8988:Shadow Cabinet 8985: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8968: 8966:Public Service 8963: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8847: 8842: 8840:Federal budget 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8672:Climate change 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8601:Constitutional 8598: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8507: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8463: 8462:External links 8460: 8459: 8458: 8452: 8439: 8433: 8414: 8408: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8352: 8336: 8317: 8298: 8261: 8249:Yidaki History 8235: 8210: 8188: 8163: 8133: 8103: 8092:on 8 July 2014 8072: 8063: 8047: 8032: 8012: 8000: 7985: 7978: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7911: 7905:. UNSW Press. 7886: 7874: 7872:, pp. 796–802. 7862: 7855: 7835: 7828: 7810: 7780: 7755: 7729: 7717: 7695: 7684:on 13 May 2012 7665: 7653: 7637: 7626:on 9 July 2016 7607: 7582: 7563: 7544: 7539:www.sbs.com.au 7526: 7501: 7472: 7446: 7424: 7406: 7391: 7369: 7343: 7331: 7307: 7296:on 12 May 2012 7277: 7260:Bridge History 7247: 7221: 7195: 7169: 7152: 7130: 7119:. 15 July 2017 7117:The Australian 7104: 7074: 7043:www.abs.gov.au 7029: 7017: 6989: 6970:www.abs.gov.au 6956: 6915: 6890: 6860: 6848: 6821: 6802: 6779: 6764: 6744: 6708: 6686: 6673: 6666: 6643: 6634: 6623:(Theme Report) 6611: 6599: 6593:978-0816039739 6592: 6572: 6565: 6535: 6518: 6492: 6483: 6463: 6436: 6414: 6392: 6370: 6357: 6331: 6309: 6283: 6269: 6248: 6222: 6208: 6189: 6169: 6153: 6144: 6133:(6): 505–541. 6113: 6097: 6074: 6056: 6043: 6025: 6014:on 8 July 2011 5999: 5984: 5919: 5889: 5882: 5864: 5813: 5795: 5788: 5770: 5737: 5680: 5661: 5606: 5547: 5533: 5513: 5485: 5478: 5448: 5430:978-0732931209 5429: 5409: 5378: 5351: 5325: 5306: 5280: 5247: 5227: 5185: 5178: 5157: 5122: 5115: 5094: 5087: 5059: 5052: 5034: 5027: 5007: 5000: 4979: 4950: 4925: 4893: 4879: 4869: 4843: 4822:(2): 157–166. 4802: 4778: 4752: 4729: 4719: 4701: 4669: 4631: 4606: 4581: 4557: 4532: 4517: 4503: 4483: 4476: 4456: 4442: 4422: 4404: 4391: 4372:www.abs.gov.au 4358: 4341:WorldAudit.org 4328: 4311: 4289: 4267: 4237: 4215: 4208: 4190: 4159: 4133: 4120:10.1206/3888.1 4114:(3888): 1–33. 4098: 4071:(6): 835–853. 4051: 4032:(3): 351–376. 4011: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3993:Middleton Reef 3985:Elizabeth Reef 3972: 3968:Islands Region 3966:Excluding the 3959: 3955:Norfolk Island 3918: 3902:Islands Region 3884: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3824: 3821: 3801:Melbourne 2006 3777:Melbourne 1956 3761:national sport 3745:Olympic sports 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3642: 3635: 3605:Aboriginal art 3603:. Evidence of 3562:New Year's Eve 3508: 3505: 3454:National Party 3397: 3394: 3290:United Kingdom 3212: 3209: 3197:Greek-speaking 3153:Main article: 3150: 3147: 3140:is an English 3088:in Australia, 3039: 3036: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2865:Simpson desert 2863: 2856: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2834:Blue Mountains 2832:Autumn in the 2831: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2645: 2642: 2476:pied currawong 2398: 2395: 2365:Southeast Asia 2353:Eurasian plate 2268:or gum trees, 2182:sclerophyllous 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2112:Imperial Japan 2096:United Nations 2092:Michael Somare 2043:, in June 1945 1969: 1968:Modern history 1966: 1948:Arthur Phillip 1803: 1800: 1718: 1715: 1662:were found at 1591: 1588: 1565: 1562: 1455:Sea level rise 1326: 1323: 1252:New Zealanders 1069:Howland Island 933:American Samoa 897:United Nations 873:Southeast Asia 840:(encompassing 698: 695: 591:nearby islands 585:, most of the 488: 487: 485: 484: 483: 482: 470: 458: 442: 426: 414: 402: 390: 378: 366: 346: 345: 344: 342: 341:Largest cities 338: 337: 324: 317: 316: 303: 299: 298: 269: 265: 264: 262: 261: 244: 220: 219: 218: 216: 215: 197: 172: 171: 170: 168: 164: 163: 161: 160: 147: 130: 129: 128: 126: 122: 121: 112: 106: 105: 102: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 75: 71: 70: 63: 59: 58: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11848: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11831:Pacific Ocean 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11794: 11791: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11578: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11555:Pacific Ocean 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11489:Pacific Ocean 11487: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11443:Caribbean Sea 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11411: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11385:by population 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11358:South America 11356: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11341:North America 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11292:Southern Cone 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:Andean States 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11242:South America 11239: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10969:North America 10966: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10932:Low Countries 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10908:South-western 10906: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10896:South-eastern 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10884:South-central 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10874:Mediterranean 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840:British Isles 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10737:Levantine Sea 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10429:Mediterranean 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10223: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10104:Subcontinents 10100: 10099: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10069:Kumari Kandam 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9705: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9622: 9609: 9608: 9607:South America 9603: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592:North America 9588: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9261:Ethnic groups 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9100:Manufacturing 9098: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8954:Republicanism 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8909:National debt 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8500: 8498: 8493: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8455: 8453:9780367658168 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8387: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8198: 8192: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8116:Datec Pty Ltd 8113: 8107: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8033:0-521-80789-1 8029: 8025: 8024: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7998:, pp. 121–23. 7997: 7996:Teo and White 7992: 7990: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7948:, pp. 125–27. 7947: 7946:Teo and White 7942: 7935: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7912:0-86840-589-2 7908: 7904: 7903: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7884:, pp. 118–20. 7883: 7882:Teo and White 7878: 7871: 7866: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7705: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7511: 7505: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7434: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7402: 7395: 7379: 7373: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7162: 7156: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7006: 7005: 7004:The Economist 7000: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6904: 6902: 6894: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6844: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6761:0-86438-018-6 6758: 6754: 6748: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6669: 6667:9780642568618 6663: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6638: 6632: 6631:0-643-06749-3 6628: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6566:0-643-03548-6 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6528: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6501:"DFAT.gov.au" 6496: 6487: 6479: 6478: 6477:The Economist 6473: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6424: 6418: 6402: 6396: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6319: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6273: 6258: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6187: 6186:0-7270-0800-5 6183: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6110:0-394-75303-8 6107: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5942:(2): 455–72. 5941: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5883:0-7081-0452-5 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5803:Jared Diamond 5799: 5791: 5789:9781760640446 5785: 5782:. Black Inc. 5781: 5774: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5675:New Scientist 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5536: 5534:9780521331098 5530: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5481: 5479:9781444303810 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5322:. p. 12. 5321: 5317: 5310: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5103:Theroux, Paul 5098: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5053:0-85905-036-X 5049: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5011: 5003: 5001:0-7315-1540-4 4997: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4910: 4903: 4897: 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3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3838: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Brisbane 1982 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753:weightlifting 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645:Baliem Valley 3639: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:bark painting 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Liberal Party 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415:parliamentary 3413: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:New York City 3255: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173:born overseas 3170: 3166: 3165:multicultural 3162: 3156: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076:family, and " 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2940:Grassland in 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:Passeriformes 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Torres Strait 2354: 2350: 2345: 2344:are present. 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292:Casuarinaceae 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169:South America 2162: 2158: 2157:Baliem Valley 2154: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2008:Lord Hopetoun 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990:In 1883, the 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:Torres Strait 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1860:in 1642, and 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1787:counterweight 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:intermarriage 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1622:Barnett River 1619: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1564:Human history 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:Mount Wilhelm 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Pacific Plate 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Torres Strait 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:marginal seas 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1087:) as well as 1086: 1082: 1081:Palmyra Atoll 1078: 1074: 1073:Jarvis Island 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:New Caledonia 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Easter Island 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:Pacific Ocean 886: 882: 878: 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56: 51: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 11821:Indian Ocean 11811:Asia-Pacific 11763: 11751: / 11749:List of seas 11747: / 11712:Global South 11697:Global North 11631:Atlantic Rim 11570:Ring of Fire 11550:Indian Ocean 11540:Arctic Ocean 11482:Persian Gulf 11477:Indian Ocean 11458:Adriatic Sea 11423:Arctic Ocean 11255:Amazon Basin 11250:Amazon Plain 11222:Near Oceania 11175: 11027:Mid-Atlantic 10977:Aridoamerica 10937:Northwestern 10850:Northwestern 10823:Southeastern 10715:Greater Iran 10654:Southeastern 10649:Pacific Asia 10618:Pacific Asia 10606:Northeastern 10562:Asia–Pacific 10305:Fourth World 10295:Second World 10163: 10102: 10088: 10052:hypothesised 10042: 10010: 9928: 9859:Kazakhstania 9834:Congo Craton 9788: 9724:Prehistoric 9723: 9682: 9667: 9652: 9645:Afro-Eurasia 9637: 9599: 9584: 9569: 9561: 9554: 9539: 9524: 9509: 9429:Bibliography 9316:Architecture 9273:Prostitution 9256:Demographics 9221:Homelessness 9120:Reserve Bank 8934:Conservatism 8882:Constitution 8850:Human rights 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Retrieved 8365:the original 8355: 8339: 8325:Planet Sport 8324: 8320: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8278:. Retrieved 8274:Rugby League 8273: 8264: 8252:. Retrieved 8248: 8238: 8226:. Retrieved 8222: 8213: 8201:. Retrieved 8191: 8179:. Retrieved 8175: 8166: 8156:26 September 8154:. Retrieved 8150:the original 8145: 8136: 8124:. Retrieved 8120:the original 8115: 8106: 8094:. Retrieved 8090:the original 8085: 8075: 8066: 8055: 8050: 8022: 8015: 8003: 7960: 7953: 7941: 7929: 7901: 7877: 7865: 7845: 7838: 7819: 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7758: 7746:. Retrieved 7742:the original 7732: 7720: 7708:. Retrieved 7698: 7686:. Retrieved 7682:the original 7677: 7668: 7656: 7640: 7628:. Retrieved 7624:the original 7619: 7610: 7598:. Retrieved 7594: 7585: 7566: 7547: 7538: 7529: 7517:. Retrieved 7504: 7492:. Retrieved 7484: 7475: 7463:. Retrieved 7459:the original 7449: 7437:. Retrieved 7427: 7419:the original 7409: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7372: 7360:. 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(1997). 5506:23 October 5464:: 91–102. 4918:12 January 4745:. p. 4304:1 December 4183:1 November 4007:References 3979:Excluding 3925:Excluding 3793:Perth 1962 3741:basketball 3729:volleyball 3663:Didgeridoo 3649:New Guinea 3534:Indigenous 3350:World City 3122:Vietnamese 3094:Indonesian 3070:New Guinea 2968:Demography 2942:Queensland 2850:rainforest 2816:at top of 2673:weathering 2653:glaciation 2618:monotremes 2607:Antarctica 2603:New Guinea 2555:monotremes 2551:Marsupials 2452:amphibians 2435:, and the 2425:West Papua 2401:See also: 2382:Nothofagus 2341:Libocedrus 2318:elaeocarps 2297:Casuarinas 2271:Melaleucas 2265:Eucalyptus 2255:Grevilleas 2244:Proteaceae 2228:Eucalyptus 2224:tree ferns 2220:Queensland 2218:(northern 2205:Nothofagus 2193:Podocarpus 2131:See also: 2104:world wars 2088:West Papua 2065:New Guinea 1924:James Cook 1913:Portuguese 1909:New Guinea 1893:New Guinea 1846:Australian 1796:New Guinea 1695:sandalwood 1668:cremations 1664:Lake Mungo 1652:New Guinea 1634:, that is 1491:New Guinea 1468:Antarctica 1457:since the 1403:sea levels 1224:Kazakhstan 1180:Costa Rica 1140:East Timor 1059:, and the 939:and their 925:Micronesia 855:Micronesia 762:Antarctica 727:New Guinea 668:West Papua 664:culturally 653:Antarctica 622:sea levels 567:New Guinea 456:Queanbeyan 424:Gold Coast 302:Time zones 276:Indonesian 115:Australian 74:Population 11664:Antarctic 11448:Irish Sea 11438:Black Sea 11397:Australia 11346:Caribbean 11323:continent 11297:Patagonia 11227:Polynesia 11205:Melanesia 11198:Zealandia 11176:Australia 11062:Southwest 10982:Caribbean 10759:Near East 10400:submerged 10395:Zealandia 10390:Australia 10280:Old World 10275:New World 10135:Greenland 9999:Zealandia 9964:Jan Mayen 9949:Cathaysia 9869:Laurentia 9864:Laramidia 9854:Kalaharia 9809:Atlantica 9742:Kenorland 9562:Australia 9288:Squatting 9241:Languages 9206:Education 9186:Aged care 9150:Transport 8959:Socialism 8939:Far-right 8929:Christian 8924:Anarchism 8887:Judiciary 8823:Donations 8818:Elections 8729:Mountains 8677:Continent 8655:Geography 8575:1901–1945 8570:1851–1900 8565:1788–1850 8511:Australia 8254:30 August 8042:760277445 7630:29 August 7519:10 August 7240:2 October 7214:2 October 7188:2 October 6951:204627919 6841:ignored ( 6831:cite book 6737:6 October 6717:"Welcome" 6350:17 August 5964:129843692 5656:189927142 5371:28 August 5344:28 August 5152:150250671 4599:20 August 4351:5 January 4128:0003-0082 4093:0305-4403 4046:0067-2238 3981:Cato Reef 3906:Indonesia 3894:Australia 3809:Australia 3629:Dreamtime 3594:sculpture 3482:Bob Dadae 3446:Coalition 3438:Governors 3358:Melbourne 3334:Australia 3254:Melbourne 3193:Melbourne 3138:Tok Pisin 3090:Tok Pisin 3064:family, " 3038:Languages 2899:billabong 2772:highlands 2748:temperate 2744:semi-arid 2713:monsoonal 2677:nutrients 2671:and deep 2614:macropods 2599:Australia 2587:songbirds 2559:placental 2547:mycobiota 2516:predatory 2446:, 89% of 2387:Argentina 2331:Dacrydium 2260:Myrtaceae 2199:Araucaria 2178:deciduous 1901:Europeans 1889:Australia 1767:antiquity 1763:continent 1753:Macrobius 1736:Aristotle 1711:Majapahit 1691:Srivijaya 1672:Dreamtime 1506:Halmahera 1422:semi-arid 1384:Melanesia 1376:Zealandia 1317:in 2004. 1299:Meganesia 1295:Meganesia 1275:australis 1256:Australia 1220:Venezuela 1164:Argentina 1124:Hong Kong 1112:Singapore 1100:Indonesia 1009:Ogasawara 937:Australia 929:Polynesia 921:Melanesia 881:Zealandia 861:Polynesia 849:Melanesia 814:Old World 777:New World 766:Greenland 748:The term 739:Indonesia 676:urbanised 646:semi-arid 543:Meganesia 498:Australia 494:continent 436:Newcastle 376:Melbourne 320:Internet 284:Hiri Motu 280:Tok Pisin 268:Languages 258:Indonesia 241:Indonesia 212:Australia 194:Australia 145:Australia 125:Countries 11787:-26; 141 11191:Tasmania 11139:Hispanic 11002:Northern 10949:Germanic 10927:Atlantic 10869:Southern 10830:Northern 10796:Caucasus 10732:Dead Sea 10703:Caucasus 10671:Southern 10664:Maritime 10659:Mainland 10632:Northern 10613:Far East 10572:Aral Sea 10495:Southern 10439:Northern 10193:Category 10059:Atlantis 10044:Mythical 9979:Mauritia 9944:Beringia 9829:Cimmeria 9824:Chilenia 9814:Avalonia 9794:Amazonia 9777:Vaalbara 9762:Pannotia 9747:Laurasia 9737:Gondwana 9732:Columbia 9660:Americas 9438:Category 9283:Religion 9181:Abortion 9135:Taxation 8904:Monarchy 8899:Military 8855:Intersex 8791:Politics 8772:Capitals 8636:Monarchy 8631:Military 8611:Economic 8589:By topic 8535:Timeline 8515:articles 8421:(1997). 8398:(1998). 8371:17 April 7803:23 April 7797:Archived 7773:23 April 7748:23 April 7600:14 March 7574:Archived 7555:Archived 7494:22 April 7319:Archived 7063:cite web 6978:cite web 6908:23 March 6545:Cyttaria 6455:Archived 6235:Archived 5851:12594511 5732:21940856 5648:31209288 5601:31209234 5540:9 August 5435:Archived 5402:25 April 5365:Archived 5299:6 August 5294:Phys.org 5267:Archived 5168:(2004). 5105:(1992). 5071:(1994). 4972:27 March 4966:Archived 4909:Archived 4907:. 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