58:
52:
627:
533:
489:
739:
The modern historian
Michael Lynch called the treaty "an astonishing document which mentioned many things but not religion." Pamela Ritchie, historian and author of a political biography of Mary of Guise, sees the treaty as facilitating "the interference of a foreign monarch in what was essentially a
734:
And because we have heard the malicious tongues of wicked men make false report of this our fact, we have faithfully and truly inserted in this our history the said contract, ... that memory thereof may bide to our posterity; to the end that they may judge with indifference, whether that we have done
669:
On 24 March 1560 Elizabeth had a proclamation published and circulated in
English, French and Italian, which detailed her concerns over Mary's use of English heraldry and the ambitions of the Guise family. The proclamation stressed that England was not at war with France or Scotland, although
888:
These hostages were at
Newcastle by 10 April 1560, attended by Ninian Menville of Sledwick Hall. Châtellerault wrote to Elizabeth on 21 December 1561, asking for the return of these pledges, as they were meant to stay in England only until a year after the end of Mary's French
756:
we here doo trust well that the bravery of the French wilbe cooled; at home, they have ynough to doo with trooble partly for religion, partly for governance; God send his just wrath amomgst them to their amendment.
740:
domestic crisis." William
Ferguson argued that previous historians had overemphasised the significance of the treaty and the English military action. While the intervention was opportunistic, arranged following the
748:, the English army did not receive widespread welcome and support and failed to take Leith by storm. The English were aware of the probable impact of troubles in France; Cecil wrote to
57:
701:
commended it and the goodwill and favour of
Elizabeth in relieving the extreme necessity and "almost utter ruen of the whole countrie." According to the English observer
563:. The purpose was to agree the terms under which an English fleet and army would come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of
773:
It shall not be amiss to consider in what case the French be presently, their estate is not always so calm at home as everyman thinketh ... the demand by the
619:, encouraged Elizabeth to support the Scottish lords, arguing the benefits for her in Ireland and a stable alliance in future with Scotland severed from its
716:
thought the treaty so important in explaining the actions of the Lords of the
Congregation to posterity that he inserted the whole text into his
583:. He had formerly been Regent, but in this treaty was described as "second person", meaning that he was heir to the throne after the 17-year-old
1384:
400:
517:
813:
The belief of
Elizabeth that France intended to conquer Scotland, and offered her protection to its nobility during the marriage of Mary to
869:
596:
952:
894:
The treaty to be signed by the Duke after the hostages are delivered. There is no due obedience withdrawn from Mary or the French king.
435:
735:
anything prejudicial to our commonwealth or yet contrarious unto that debtful obedience which true subjects owe to their superiors
580:
1374:
643:
370:
360:
1364:
855:
839:
717:
365:
240:
823:
Any forts won by the
English force would be immediately destroyed by the Scots, or delivered to the Duke of Châtellerault.
693:
were demolished and the French and
English went home. The religious ambitions of the Scottish lords were realised in the
639:
425:
118:
1207:
The
Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland
612:
553:
395:
20:
883:
592:
510:
101:
848:
588:
270:
111:
106:
90:
77:
694:
447:
390:
290:
235:
185:
51:
698:
600:
355:
761:
The Scottish Lords had already seen the opportunity arising from pressures on France's borders. On 20 January
1359:
1349:
799:
470:
260:
215:
1354:
862:
549:
503:
280:
275:
265:
128:
31:
1394:
475:
295:
96:
670:
Elizabeth had been forced to "put in order, to her great charges, certain forces both by sea and land."
702:
285:
123:
1369:
1295:
560:
142:
898:
The treaty was signed and sealed by 30 of the Lords of the Congregation at the 'camp before Leith' (
604:
315:
83:
650:
on 27 March. The Scottish Lords arranged to rendezvous with the English army on 31 March 1560, at
745:
250:
220:
1389:
1379:
1324:
Foedera, conventiones, literae et cujuscunque generis acta publica inter reges Angliae et alios
803:
245:
230:
1322:
677:
until hostilities ended in July 1560, after the death of Mary of Guise and the signing of the
616:
452:
209:
1305:
814:
584:
568:
430:
418:
348:
225:
73:
8:
1013:(Richard Jugge & John Cawood, London, 1560): digitised by EEBO subscription required.
723:
678:
651:
557:
335:
330:
325:
308:
40:
1277:
1046:
741:
545:
440:
191:
879:
774:
383:
1036:
957:
Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury Preserved at Hatfield House
762:
405:
167:
161:
1299:
705:, there was common consent and some would have happily signed in their own blood.
1080:
655:
626:
493:
179:
845:
The Scots will offer hostages or 'pledges' – those sent in April 1560 included:
532:
674:
635:
608:
155:
149:
1343:
969:
V. Smith, 'Perspectives on Female Monarchy', in J. Daybell & S. Norrhem,
766:
686:
659:
620:
564:
255:
1041:
934:
749:
663:
647:
320:
951:
1050:
1024:
173:
832:
Scotland shall be no further united to France than by Mary's marriage.
634:
The treaty was effective: the English navy already had a fleet in the
1011:
A Proclamacion declayring the Quenes Maiesties Purpose, 24 March 1559
713:
574:
722:. Knox directly related the treaty to the thinking of his colleague
690:
567:. The Lords were trying both to expel the French and to effect the
536:
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, England's representative at Berwick
1321:
Rymer, Thomas (1713). "Official text of treaty 27 February 1560".
765:
wrote to his friend in London of their readiness to abandon the
899:
820:
Elizabeth would send an army with all speed to join with Scots.
798:
On the 27 March 1560, Mary of Guise wrote to her brothers, the
786:
681:. Under the terms of the treaty, the French fortifications at
682:
806:, that she never saw anything so shameful as the Articles.
782:
778:
646:
marched north from Berwick into Scotland, camping first at
630:
Duke of Châtellerault, Scotland's representative at Berwick
875:
Master George Graham, son of the Earl of Menteith, aged 5.
697:
of August 1560. This parliament also ratified the treaty;
1085:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. pp. 45–2
835:
Scotland will help repel French invasions of England.
19:
For other treaties signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed, see
1246:, vol. 1, (EDinburgh, 1898), nos. 1052–53, pp. 580–1
579:
The leader of the Lords of the Congregation was the
548:. It was an agreement made by the representative of
1188:, vol. 2 (Thomas Nelson, 1953), pp. 159–60, citing
1025:"Scotland's 'Auld Alliance' with France, 1295–1560"
971:
Gender and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe
575:England and the Scottish Lords of the Congregation
1258:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 403: George Ridpath,
1341:
1022:
556:, and the group of Scottish nobles known as the
1276:Calderwood, David (1842). "Treaty of Berwick".
854:Master Alexander Campbell, first cousin to the
842:will help English rule in the north of Ireland.
1301:A Collection of State Papers from 1542 to 1570
1209:(Cambridge, 2002), pp. 5–10; & pp. 96–101.
571:, and this led to rioting and armed conflict.
1067:Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland
933:
708:
511:
1069:, vol. 1 (London, 1898), 43, 27 August 1560.
918:
1163:, vol. 2 (London, 1865), pp. 300–1 no. 607.
983:HMC Manuscripts of Lord Montagu of Beaulieu
829:All enemies of England are enemies of both.
1275:
953:Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts
518:
504:
16:Treaty between Scottish nobles and England
1173:Calendar of State Papers Foreign, 1559–60
1040:
809:The articles signed at Berwick included:
793:
1327:. Vol. 15. London. pp. 569–571
1298:(1740). "articles of 27 February 1560".
625:
531:
997:, vol. 1 (London, 1883), pp. 190, 194:
1342:
1294:
1196:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1846), pp. 46–52.
861:Master Robert Douglas half-brother of
744:when France was first troubled by her
728:How Superior Powers Ought to be Obeyed
587:. His representatives at Berwick were
544:was negotiated on 27 February 1560 at
1385:Military alliances involving Scotland
1320:
1234:, vol. 5 (London, HMSO, 1980), p. 155
1078:
1232:HMC 58, Manuscripts Marquess of Bath
1079:Laing, David, ed. (1848). "Book 3".
826:The Scots will aid the English Army.
673:The English force assisted with the
615:. The English ambassador in France,
1279:The History of the Kirk of Scotland
1151:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 710.
1001:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 714.
182:(1371–1652) (1660–1707)
13:
1269:
1221:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 344–5.
14:
1406:
1186:A Source Book of Scottish History
1137:Scotland's Relations with England
973:(Abingdon, 2017), pp. 145–6, 147.
921:Calendar of State Papers Scotland
1192:, vol. 15, 569–70: David Laing,
868:Master James Cunningham, son of
849:Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley
642:, and now an English army under
609:Master Henry Balnaves of Halhill
589:James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
487:
56:
50:
1249:
1237:
1224:
1212:
1199:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1139:(John Donald, 1977), pp. 70–73.
1129:
1113:
1100:
1072:
959:. Vol. 1. pp. 187–88.
923:. Vol. 1. pp. 323–24.
851:, Châtellerault's son, aged 14.
611:. England's representative was
152:(843–878; 889–1040)
1282:. Vol. 1. pp. 573–78
1256:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1244:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1219:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1060:
1016:
1004:
988:
976:
963:
945:
927:
912:
1:
1365:History of Berwick-upon-Tweed
1125:(Tuckwell, 2002), pp. 238–40.
905:
597:Sir John Maxwell of Terregles
1175:(London, 1865), 481 no. 906.
941:. Vol. xv. p. 569.
550:Queen Elizabeth I of England
241:Colonization of the Americas
7:
1304:. London: Bowyer. pp.
1262:(Mercat 1848/1979), p. 412.
1194:Works of John Knox: History
10:
1411:
1375:England–Scotland relations
1095:History of the Reformation
919:Bain, Joseph, ed. (1898).
789:may grow to some business.
719:History of the Reformation
709:Context and the historians
18:
1121:Mary of Guise in Scotland
1056:Retrieved 2023-02-27.
1023:Elizabeth Bonner (1999).
561:Lords of the Congregation
436:Scottish Episcopal Church
1110:(Pimlico, 1992), p. 196.
985:(London, 1900), pp. 8-9.
605:John Wishart of Pitarrow
371:Scottish Socialist Party
1108:Scotland, A New History
1042:10.1111/1468-229X.00097
777:for the restitution of
752:on 22 March 1560 that:
613:Thomas, Duke of Norfolk
603:younger of Lethington,
366:Scottish National Party
91:During the Roman Empire
1082:The Works of John Knox
995:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
794:Articles of the treaty
791:
759:
737:
695:Reformation Parliament
631:
537:
401:National football team
1230:Dynfnallt Owen, ed.,
1161:CSP Foreign Elizabeth
771:
754:
732:
629:
617:Nicholas Throckmorton
593:Patrick, Lord Ruthven
581:Duke of Chatelherault
535:
210:Scandinavian Scotland
1360:Treaties of Scotland
1350:Scottish Reformation
1119:Ritchie, Pamela E.,
815:Francis II of France
644:Baron Grey de Wilton
585:Mary, Queen of Scots
569:Scottish Reformation
431:Scottish Reformation
216:Wars of independence
1355:Treaties of England
1205:Jane E. A. Dawson,
1149:Sadler State Papers
999:Sadler State Papers
724:Christopher Goodman
679:Treaty of Edinburgh
494:Scotland portal
236:Glorious Revolution
80:) 12,000 BC–700 BC
1395:Church of Scotland
1184:Gordon Donaldson,
1135:William Ferguson,
902:) on 10 May 1560.
632:
546:Berwick-upon-Tweed
538:
471:Edinburgh timeline
261:The Scots language
192:Acts of Union 1707
129:History (timeline)
880:Archibald Ruthven
870:Earl of Glencairn
742:tumult of Amboise
654:, the harbour of
652:Aitchison's Haven
542:Treaty of Berwick
528:
527:
476:Glasgow timeline
453:Islam and Muslims
188:(1652–1660)
176:(1306–1371)
170:(1292–1296)
164:(1058–1286)
158:(1040–1058)
21:Treaty of Berwick
1402:
1370:1560 in Scotland
1336:
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1111:
1106:Lynch, Michael,
1104:
1098:
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1070:
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1044:
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986:
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974:
967:
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960:
949:
943:
942:
931:
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924:
916:
763:Richard Maitland
746:wars of Religion
699:William Maitland
601:William Maitland
520:
513:
506:
492:
491:
490:
448:Jews and Judaism
441:Great Disruption
361:Local government
168:House of Balliol
162:House of Dunkeld
60:
54:
44:
26:
25:
1410:
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1283:
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1270:Further reading
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928:
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913:
908:
887:
796:
711:
703:Thomas Randolph
685:, new works at
656:Newbattle Abbey
577:
554:Duke of Norfolk
524:
488:
486:
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480:
466:
458:
457:
421:
411:
410:
386:
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375:
351:
341:
340:
311:
301:
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296:Natural history
205:
197:
196:
180:House of Stuart
145:
135:
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133:
68:
55:
42:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1408:
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1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1318:
1296:Haynes, Samuel
1292:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:Border History
1248:
1236:
1223:
1211:
1198:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1128:
1112:
1099:
1071:
1059:
1015:
1003:
987:
975:
962:
944:
937:, ed. (1713).
926:
910:
909:
907:
904:
896:
895:
892:
891:
890:
876:
873:
866:
859:
856:Earl of Argyll
852:
843:
840:Earl of Argyll
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
795:
792:
730:, by writing:
726:in his tract,
710:
707:
675:Siege of Leith
640:William Winter
636:Firth of Forth
576:
573:
526:
525:
523:
522:
515:
508:
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496:
483:
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286:Historiography
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174:House of Bruce
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156:House of Moray
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150:House of Alpin
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47:
46:
37:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Auld Alliance
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:1560 treaties
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
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1103:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1035:(273): 5–30.
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1019:
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1007:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
966:
958:
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948:
940:
936:
935:Rymer, Thomas
930:
922:
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822:
819:
816:
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811:
810:
807:
805:
804:Duke of Guise
801:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
770:
768:
767:Auld Alliance
764:
758:
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751:
747:
743:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
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706:
704:
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687:Dunbar Castle
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
665:
661:
660:Prestongrange
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:commanded by
637:
628:
624:
623:with France.
622:
621:auld alliance
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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586:
582:
572:
570:
566:
565:Mary of Guise
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534:
530:
521:
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246:Enlightenment
244:
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72:
71:
64:
63:
59:
53:
49:
48:
45:
39:
38:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1329:. Retrieved
1323:
1310:. Retrieved
1300:
1284:. Retrieved
1278:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
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1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1087:. Retrieved
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
914:
897:
884:Lord Ruthven
808:
797:
772:
760:
755:
750:Ralph Sadler
738:
733:
727:
718:
712:
672:
668:
664:East Lothian
648:Halidon Hill
633:
578:
541:
539:
529:
426:Christianity
316:Architecture
186:Commonwealth
119:Early Modern
396:Rugby union
251:Romanticism
231:Restoration
226:Reformation
221:Renaissance
97:Middle Ages
74:Prehistoric
41:History of
1344:Categories
1331:18 October
1312:18 October
1286:18 October
1089:18 October
906:References
886:, aged 14.
863:Lord James
356:Devolution
336:Philosophy
331:Literature
291:Demography
1123:1548–1560
889:marriage.
882:, son of
769:, noting;
714:John Knox
465:By region
271:Education
266:Economics
1051:24424506
955:(1883).
800:Cardinal
691:Eyemouth
558:Scottish
419:Religion
391:Football
349:Politics
326:The Kilt
281:Maritime
276:Military
212:793–1468
84:Iron Age
78:timeline
43:Scotland
32:a series
30:Part of
1190:Foedera
1029:History
939:Foedera
878:Master
689:and at
309:Culture
1049:
900:Pilrig
787:Verdun
785:, and
775:Empire
607:, and
552:, the
204:Topics
124:Modern
93:69–384
34:on the
1047:JSTOR
683:Leith
384:Sport
256:Clans
102:Early
1333:2013
1314:2013
1308:–257
1288:2013
1091:2013
838:The
802:and
783:Toul
779:Metz
540:The
406:Golf
143:Rule
112:Late
107:High
67:Eras
1306:253
1037:doi
662:in
658:at
321:Art
1346::
1093:.
1045:.
1033:84
1031:.
1027:.
781:,
666:.
599:,
595:,
591:,
1335:.
1316:.
1290:.
1053:.
1039::
872:.
865:.
858:.
817:.
519:e
512:t
505:v
76:(
23:.
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