50:
140:
394:
a decided influence upon the pride and conceit of the government, and cause a more favorable consideration of the
President’s letter." Perry's power front did not stop with refusing to land in Uraga, but he continued to push the boundaries of the Japanese. He ordered the squadron to survey Edo bay, which led to a stand-off between Japanese officers with swords and Americans with guns. By firing the guns into the water, Perry demonstrated their military might, which greatly affected Japanese perceptions of Perry and the United States. Namely, a perception of fear and disrespect.
128:
189:
643:
2136:
461:
1503:, which affected all realms of Japanese life. Following this period came an increase in foreign trade, the rise of Japanese military might, and the later rise of Japanese economic and technological advancement. Westernization at the time was a defense mechanism, but Japan has since found a balance between Western modernity and Japanese tradition.
433:
and savage qualities." The
Japanese side gave in to almost all of Perry's demands, with the exception of a commercial agreement modelled after previous American treaties with China, which Perry agreed to defer to a later time. The main controversy centered on the selection of the ports to open, with Perry adamantly rejecting Nagasaki.
3042:
1449:
policy and setting the grounds for protection of
American citizens and an eventual commercial agreement. On the other hand, the Japanese were forced into this trade, and many saw it as a sign of weakness. The Tokugawa shogunate could point out that the treaty was not actually signed by the shogun, or
432:
wrestling show. While the new technology awed the
Japanese people, Perry was unimpressed by the sumo wrestlers and perceived such performance as foolish and degrading: “This disgusting exhibition did not terminate until the whole twenty-five had, successively, in pairs, displayed their immense powers
393:
on July 14 and to deliver his letter. Such refusal was intentional, as Perry wrote in his journal: “To show these princes how little I regarded their order for me to depart, on getting on board I immediately ordered the whole squadron underway, not to leave the bay… but to go higher up… would produce
368:
and the desire to impose the perceived benefits of western civilization and
Christianity on what they perceived as backward Asian nations. From the Japanese perspective, increasing contacts with foreign warships and the increasing disparity between western military technology and the Japanese feudal
359:
if necessary. President
Fillmore's letter shows the U.S. sought trade with Japan to open export markets for American goods like gold from California, enable U.S. ships to refuel in Japanese ports, and secure protections and humane treatment for any American sailors shipwrecked on Japan's shores. The
1484:
Internally, the treaty had far-reaching consequences. Decisions to suspend previous restrictions on military activities led to re-armament by many domains and further weakened the position of the shogun. Debate over foreign policy and popular outrage over perceived appeasement to the foreign powers
423:
for their opinions. This was the first time that the
Tokugawa shogunate had allowed its decision-making to be a matter of public debate and had the unforeseen consequence of portraying the shogunate as weak and indecisive. The results of the poll also failed to provide Abe with an answer; of the 61
427:
Perry returned again on
February 11, 1854, with an even larger force of eight warships and made it clear that he would not be leaving until a treaty was signed. Perry continued his manipulation of the setting, such as keeping himself aloof from lower-ranking officials, implying the use of force,
2384:
424:
known responses, 19 were in favour of accepting the
American demands and 19 were equally opposed. Of the remainder, 14 gave vague responses expressing concern of possible war, 7 suggested making temporary concessions and 2 advised that they would simply go along with whatever was decided.
299:
To suppress the spread of
Christianity. By the early 17th century, Catholicism had spread throughout the world. Tokugawa feared that trade with western powers would cause further instability in the nation. Thus, the isolation policy expelled foreigners and did not allow international
428:
surveying the harbor, and refusing to meet in the designated negotiation sites. Negotiations began on March 8 and proceeded for around one month. Each party shared a performance when Perry arrived. The Americans had a technology demonstration, and the Japanese had a
2505:
419:. Abe felt that it was impossible for Japan to resist the American demands by military force and yet was reluctant to take any action on his own authority for such an unprecedented situation. Attempting to legitimize any decision taken, Abe polled all of the
2500:
2344:
2572:
2364:
373:
and had been forewarned by the Dutch of Perry's voyage. There was a considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty in light of events occurring in China with the Opium Wars.
2520:
2369:
2439:
2409:
2626:
2424:
2324:
2414:
2515:
2535:
2126:
2609:
2886:
2314:
2359:
2267:
2959:
2319:
2495:
2944:
2757:
2490:
2463:
2429:
2725:
2478:
2349:
294:
under a strict government monopoly. This "Pax Tokugawa" period is largely associated with domestic peace, social stability, commercial development, and expanded literacy. This policy had two main objectives:
2964:
2954:
2824:
3057:
2797:
2124:
2939:
2864:
2451:
3001:
2394:
2228:
3037:
2287:
2245:
2859:
2277:
1819:
156:
2819:
2125:
2981:
385:
on July 8, 1853. He blatantly refused Japanese demands that he proceed to Nagasaki, which was the designated port for foreign contact. After threatening to continue directly on to
2257:
2986:
2839:
2792:
2767:
2730:
282:
Since the beginning of the 17th century, the Tokugawa Shogunate pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the
3006:
2849:
2292:
325:
sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. In 1846, an official American expedition led by Commodore
2240:
2844:
1878:
2834:
2468:
1469:
system" which characterized Asian and western relations during this period. The Kanagawa treaty was also followed by similar agreements with the United Kingdom (
3016:
2262:
1458:
2540:
2444:
2282:
1478:
2919:
597:
to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question. Perry concluded the treaty with representatives of the shogun, led by plenipotentiary
360:
growing commerce between America and China, the presence of American whalers in waters offshore Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential
3062:
2631:
2419:
1512:
397:
Despite years of debate on the isolation policy, Perry's letter created great controversy within the highest levels of the Tokugawa shogunate. The
1673:
2949:
556:
Japan to give the United States any favourable advantages which might be negotiated by Japan with any other foreign government in the future
436:
The treaty, written in English, Dutch, Chinese and Japanese, was signed on March 31, 1854, at what is now Kaikō Hiroba (Port Opening Square)
2080:
2052:
3108:
2891:
2802:
2483:
2272:
2188:
1795:
856:
3011:
1432:
1372:
369:
armies fostered growing concern. The Japanese had been keeping abreast of world events via information gathered from Dutch traders in
3083:
2969:
2636:
2354:
1130:
2876:
2552:
2141:
2092:
2934:
2869:
2685:
274:
in Japan. The treaty precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other Western powers.
1445:
In the short term, the U.S. was content with the agreement since Perry had achieved his primary objective of breaking Japan's
2670:
1967:
1900:
1780:
1382:
1307:
1202:
2752:
1663:"Letters from U.S. President Millard Fillmore and U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the Emperor of Japan (1852–1853)"
49:
2881:
823:
2996:
3088:
2599:
2072:
1982:
1923:
980:
955:
17:
1559:
2680:
2577:
2456:
2374:
2250:
2233:
2064:
2040:
1947:
1207:
1533:
2991:
2898:
2584:
2218:
2097:
1470:
1330:
1038:
2181:
1272:
2621:
2594:
2589:
2567:
2547:
2473:
2399:
2389:
2379:
1796:"From Washington; The Japanese Treaty-Its Advantages and Disadvantages-The President and Col. Rinney, &c.,"
1425:
1085:
1005:
364:
by the British and French in Asia were all contributing factors. The Americans were also driven by concepts of
1043:
1297:
322:
2782:
2777:
1406:
1396:
1340:
1325:
1282:
441:
2690:
2665:
2604:
1235:
1165:
3113:
2814:
2562:
2174:
1939:
1377:
1230:
985:
844:
1874:
Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan
192:
3093:
2700:
2650:
2510:
2160:
1418:
1352:
1335:
1287:
1160:
1115:
1010:
790:
752:
626:
1662:
1454:, and that it had at least temporarily averted the possibility of immediate military confrontation.
1070:
389:, the nation's capital, and to burn it to the ground if necessary, he was allowed to land at nearby
321:
By the early 19th century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King
2646:
1892:
1538:
1192:
1110:
1075:
1033:
2924:
2762:
2737:
2614:
2530:
2307:
2031:
1317:
1135:
965:
950:
271:
3103:
3098:
2809:
2404:
2297:
1357:
1120:
3043:
South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
2747:
2434:
2000:
1772:
970:
2098:
Kitahara, Michio. Commodore Perry and the Japanese: A Study in the Dramaturgy of Power, 1986
1601:
J. Green, "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism: Crash Course World History #34.
303:
The Japanese feared that foreign trade and the wealth developed would lead to the rise of a
2675:
2557:
2156:
1660:
1465:
for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods. The Japanese chafed under the "
1240:
1095:
1000:
861:
757:
664:
449:
8:
2829:
2772:
2047:
New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1856. Digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries,
1888:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.
1669:
1462:
1145:
1100:
1065:
975:
2705:
564:
Forbidding the United States from using any other ports aside from Shimoda and Hakodate
3118:
2742:
2660:
2385:
US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
2302:
1461:, the "Harris Treaty" of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions,
1312:
1140:
995:
892:
887:
524:
Freedom of movement for temporary foreign residents in treaty ports (with limitations)
390:
344:
245:
132:
2037:
Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.
1769:
The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection
448:
play from the Japanese side and, from the American side, U.S. military band music and
2720:
2715:
2710:
2223:
2020:
1978:
1963:
1943:
1919:
1904:
1896:
1776:
1500:
1474:
1362:
1345:
1292:
1277:
960:
922:
800:
494:
356:
259:
252:, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (
249:
173:
31:
2965:
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
2976:
2929:
2012:
1401:
907:
816:
634:
594:
402:
365:
361:
352:
348:
338:
168:
611:
113:
2854:
2695:
2068:
2044:
1953:
1933:
1886:
1661:
Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America (November 13, 1852).
1302:
1105:
1090:
1080:
990:
778:
590:
406:
378:
109:
2506:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
676:
3047:
2525:
1882:
1491:
movement and a shift in political power from Edo back to the Imperial Court in
1487:
1466:
1367:
897:
828:
785:
405:, died days after Perry's departure and was succeeded by his sickly young son,
2350:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
1606:
1495:. The opposition of Emperor Kōmei to the treaties further lent support to the
3077:
2798:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
2057:
2024:
1155:
1150:
598:
355:
to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of
310:
241:
144:
2501:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
2345:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
1026:
329:
arrived in Japan asking for ports to be opened for trade but was sent away.
2787:
2573:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
2365:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
2144:
was created from a revision of this article dated 2 December 2017
2102:
2016:
1991:
Kitahara, M., "Popular Culture in Japan: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation,"
1187:
851:
745:
717:
703:
689:
416:
326:
287:
105:
2061:
2035:
1058:
795:
409:, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders (
1908:
1125:
731:
283:
2982:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
1197:
1180:
927:
876:
762:
314:
196:
54:
Japanese copy of the Convention of Kanagawa, ratified February 21, 1855
2001:"Commodore Perry and the Japanese: A Study in the Dramaturgy of Power"
2334:
2288:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
2278:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
2203:
1959:
1223:
943:
917:
540:
Currency exchange to facilitate any trade transactions to be allowed
411:
2166:
548:
Provisioning of American ships to be a Japanese government monopoly
305:
3027:
2909:
2410:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
1820:
Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
642:
498:
437:
291:
267:
263:
157:
Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
78:
2627:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
2425:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
2521:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
2415:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
2103:
Perry Visits Japan: A Visual History; Brown University collection
460:
382:
30:"Treaty of Kanagawa" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
2516:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
3052:
2536:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
902:
610:
and the text was endorsed subsequently, albeit reluctantly, by
485:
Mutual peace between the United States and the Empire of Japan
468:
The "Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity" has twelve articles:
445:
370:
254:
2610:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
2076:
2048:
3017:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
2887:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
2370:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
2315:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
2293:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
1560:"Despatchers from U.S. Consuls in Kanagawa, Japan, 1861–1897"
1492:
444:. The celebratory events for the signing ceremony included a
2440:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
2360:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
2283:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
2268:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
1935:
A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds.
313:, especially after seeing what happened to China during the
266:
to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American
2325:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
2320:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
1564:
Gale Primary Sources, Nineteenth Century Collections Online
429:
2920:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
2496:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1499:(overthrow the shogunate) movement, and eventually to the
508:
Assistance to be provided to shipwrecked American sailors
2263:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
386:
2758:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
2491:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2464:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2632:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
2430:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
2420:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
1632:
Asia in Western and World History: A guide for teaching
516:
Shipwrecked sailors not to be imprisoned or mistreated
1479:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan
2726:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
2479:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1871:
351:
was sent with a fleet of warships by U.S. President
2062:
A visit to India, China, and Japan in the year 1853
455:
2955:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
2273:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
580:Treaty to be ratified within 18 months of signing
3012:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
2071:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1855. Digitized by
1705:
1703:
3075:
2960:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
2355:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
1955:The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions.
1513:List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868
1459:United States-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce
614:. The treaty was ratified on February 21, 1855.
3063:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
2945:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
2940:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
2935:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
2865:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
2452:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
1700:
603:
230:
214:
2182:
1744:
1742:
1426:
617:
2671:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
2395:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
2229:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
2093:The Convention of Kanagawa, 1854 (full text)
572:Opening of an American consulate at Shimoda
270:and established the position of an American
3002:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
2825:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
1607:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M
3058:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
2600:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
2246:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
2189:
2175:
1739:
1534:"Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan"
1433:
1419:
48:
2950:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
2860:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
2637:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2214:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
593:was the de facto ruler of Japan; for the
2877:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
2681:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
2152:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2135:
1998:
1766:
1597:
1595:
459:
309:powerful enough to overthrow the ruling
2899:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
2820:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
2753:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
2219:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
1913:
1645:
1636:
1585:
1583:
1581:
14:
3076:
2882:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
2686:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
1975:Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times
1624:
1531:
2970:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
2258:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
2196:
2170:
1592:
277:
108:by US Congress, signing by President
3038:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
2987:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
2768:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
2553:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
1972:
1611:
1578:
377:Perry arrived with four warships at
27:1854 treaty between Japan and the US
2997:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
2778:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
532:Trade transactions to be permitted
464:English text of the Kanagawa Treaty
332:
240:), was a treaty signed between the
24:
3109:Treaties of the Tokugawa shogunate
3007:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
2992:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
2691:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
2122:
1760:
1457:Externally, the treaty led to the
226:Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
43:Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity
25:
3130:
2474:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
2375:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
2241:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
2086:
2073:University of Hong Kong Libraries
1477:, February 7, 1855), and France (
440:, a site adjacent to the current
290:and was conducted exclusively at
2845:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
2134:
1876:(Thesis). University of Arizona.
1471:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
641:
456:Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
187:
138:
126:
2783:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
1999:Kitahara, Michio (March 1986).
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1813:
1804:
1789:
1751:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1691:
1679:from the original on 2010-06-22
2925:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
2850:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
2835:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
2738:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
2666:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
2605:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
2590:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
2531:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
2469:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
1993:The Journal of Popular Culture
1727:Kitahara, M. (1986), pp. 53–65
1654:
1552:
1525:
13:
1:
2840:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
2815:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
2793:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
2585:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
2563:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
2405:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
2081:"China Through Western Eyes".
2053:"China Through Western Eyes."
1918:. Stanford University Press.
1872:Arnold, Bruce Makoto (2005).
1865:
1858:Kitahara (1983), pp. 103–110.
1630:A. T. Embree & C. Gluck,
323:William II of the Netherlands
3084:Japan–United States treaties
2511:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
2435:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
442:Yokohama Archives of History
250:Signed under threat of force
7:
2676:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
2558:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
1973:Hall, John Whitney (1991).
1914:Beasley, William G (1972).
1757:Kitahara (1986), pp. 53–65.
1506:
10:
3135:
2830:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
2773:London Naval Treaty (1930)
2763:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
2748:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
2661:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
2622:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2595:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
2568:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2548:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2400:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
2390:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2380:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
1977:. University of Michigan.
1940:Cambridge University Press
1767:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020).
1532:Miller, Bonnie M. (2021).
618:Consequences of the treaty
336:
258:) by opening the ports of
29:
3089:1854 in the United States
3053:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
3025:
2907:
2810:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
2743:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
2701:Gongota Agreement of 1920
2645:
2333:
2303:Agreement of Paris (1864)
2202:
1473:, October 1854), Russia (
981:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
956:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
604:
231:
215:
186:
181:
162:
152:
119:
101:
93:
85:
74:
59:
47:
42:
2721:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
2716:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
2711:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
2224:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
2032:Perry, Matthew Calbraith
1893:Harvard University Press
1539:Bill of Rights Institute
1518:
1193:Great Hanshin earthquake
1111:Second Sino-Japanese War
493:Opening of the ports of
2977:Tokyo Convention (1963)
2930:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
2706:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
1485:was a catalyst for the
1039:Intervention in Siberia
966:First Sino-Japanese War
63:31 March 1854
2855:Tripartite Pact (1940)
2696:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
2298:London Protocol (1862)
2130:
2110:Listen to this article
2017:10.1525/si.1986.9.1.53
1373:Science and technology
1121:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1044:Great Kantō earthquake
986:Colonization of Taiwan
913:Convention of Kanagawa
753:Former Nine Years' War
696:1000 BC – 300 AD
682:14,000 – 1000 BC
465:
238:Nichibei Washin Jōyaku
206:Convention of Kanagawa
3048:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
2526:Boxer Protocol (1901)
2129:
1916:The Meiji Restoration
1773:Duke University Press
1086:Invasion of Manchuria
1011:Colonization of Korea
971:Treaty of Shimonoseki
710:300 AD – 538 AD
463:
2161:More spoken articles
2005:Symbolic Interaction
1810:Cullen, pp. 173–185.
1481:, October 9, 1858).
1383:World Heritage Sites
1096:February 26 incident
1001:Treaty of Portsmouth
862:Battle of Sekigahara
758:Later Three-Year War
450:blackface minstrelsy
208:, also known as the
2788:Tanggu Truce (1933)
2077:Digital Initiatives
2049:Digital Initiatives
1748:Beasley, pp. 90–95.
1670:Columbia University
1566:. December 26, 1861
1463:extraterritoriality
1208:Imperial transition
1146:Occupation of Japan
1136:Soviet–Japanese War
1101:Anti-Comintern Pact
976:Triple Intervention
248:on March 31, 1854.
39:
2131:
2067:2016-03-11 at the
2043:2017-05-19 at the
1883:Auslin, Michael R.
1849:Hall, pp. 211–213.
1831:Beasley, pp. 96–97
1642:Beasley, pp. 74–77
1450:indeed any of his
1273:Capital punishment
1249:2019–present
1166:Asset price bubble
1141:Surrender of Japan
1006:Japan–Korea Treaty
996:Russo-Japanese War
951:Ryūkyū Disposition
893:Invasion of Ryukyu
888:Tokugawa shogunate
824:Nanboku-chō period
466:
381:, at the mouth of
345:United States Navy
278:Isolation of Japan
246:Tokugawa Shogunate
193:Treaty of Kanagawa
97:September 30, 1855
38:Treaty of Kanagawa
37:
18:Treaty of Kanagawa
3114:March 1854 events
3071:
3070:
2197:Treaties of Japan
2127:
1968:978-1-873410-86-8
1901:978-0-674-01521-0
1801:October 18, 1855.
1782:978-1-4780-1121-7
1501:Meiji Restoration
1475:Treaty of Shimoda
1443:
1442:
1308:Foreign relations
1253:
1252:
1236:Abe assassination
1231:COVID-19 pandemic
1203:Tōhoku earthquake
961:Satsuma Rebellion
923:Meiji Restoration
801:Kenmu Restoration
584:
583:
357:gunboat diplomacy
202:
201:
32:Treaty of Kanghwa
16:(Redirected from
3126:
3094:Unequal treaties
2895:
2873:
2806:
2734:
2618:
2581:
2544:
2487:
2460:
2448:
2311:
2254:
2237:
2204:Bakumatsu period
2191:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2028:
1988:
1929:
1877:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1529:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1265:
1161:Economic miracle
1076:Nanking incident
1071:Financial crisis
908:Perry Expedition
882:
791:Mongol invasions
670:before 14,000 BC
660:
659:
655:
645:
635:History of Japan
622:
621:
609:
607:
606:
595:Emperor of Japan
471:
470:
403:Tokugawa Ieyoshi
366:manifest destiny
362:coaling stations
353:Millard Fillmore
349:Matthew C. Perry
339:Perry Expedition
333:Perry expedition
235:
234:
233:
219:
218:
217:
191:
190:
143:
142:
141:
131:
130:
129:
70:
68:
52:
40:
36:
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3030:
3021:
2912:
2903:
2889:
2867:
2800:
2728:
2653:
2641:
2612:
2575:
2538:
2481:
2454:
2442:
2337:
2329:
2305:
2248:
2231:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2142:This audio file
2139:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2089:
2069:Wayback Machine
2045:Wayback Machine
1985:
1952:Edström, Bert,
1932:Cullen, L. M.,
1926:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:Edstrom p. 101.
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1799:New York Times.
1794:
1790:
1783:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:Beasley, p. 89.
1717:
1713:
1709:Beasley, p. 88.
1708:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1509:
1439:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1241:Noto earthquake
1216:1989–2019
1213:
1212:
1173:1926–1989
1170:
1131:Atomic bombings
1106:Tripartite Pact
1091:May 15 incident
1081:Mukden Incident
1052:1912–1926
1049:
1048:
1019:1868–1912
1016:
1015:
991:Boxer Rebellion
936:1603–1868
933:
932:
880:
870:1573–1603
867:
866:
845:Azuchi–Momoyama
837:1336–1573
834:
833:
809:1185–1333
806:
805:
768:
767:
738:710 – 794
735:
724:538 – 710
721:
707:
693:
657:
656:
653:
620:
601:
591:Tokugawa Iesada
458:
407:Tokugawa Iesada
341:
335:
280:
229:
222:Kanagawa Jōyaku
213:
210:Kanagawa Treaty
188:
139:
137:
127:
125:
112:and signing by
110:Franklin Pierce
66:
64:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2154:
2140:
2133:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2087:External links
2085:
2084:
2083:
2058:Taylor, Bayard
2055:
2029:
1996:
1989:
1984:978-0939512546
1983:
1970:
1950:
1930:
1925:978-0804708159
1924:
1911:
1880:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1812:
1803:
1788:
1781:
1759:
1750:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1699:
1690:
1653:
1651:Beasley, p. 78
1644:
1635:
1623:
1610:
1591:
1577:
1551:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1467:unequal treaty
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1318:Historiography
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
941:
938:
937:
934:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Siege of Osaka
895:
890:
884:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
848:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:Sengoku period
826:
820:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
776:
773:
772:
771:794–1185
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
749:
743:
740:
739:
736:
729:
726:
725:
722:
715:
712:
711:
708:
701:
698:
697:
694:
687:
684:
683:
680:
672:
671:
668:
658:
652:
651:
650:
647:
646:
638:
637:
631:
630:
619:
616:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
502:
501:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
457:
454:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
319:
318:
301:
279:
276:
200:
199:
184:
183:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
135:
121:
117:
116:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
89:March 31, 1854
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:1854 treaties
3102:
3100:
3099:1854 in Japan
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2143:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:, XVII, 1983.
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:0-521-52918-2
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1736:Hall, p. 211.
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1697:Hall, p. 207.
1694:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Anpo protests
1154:
1152:
1151:Postwar Japan
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
939:
935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
874:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
812:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
774:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
695:
692:
691:
686:
685:
681:
679:
678:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
661:
649:
648:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
624:
623:
615:
613:
612:Emperor Kōmei
600:
599:Hayashi Akira
596:
592:
589:
586:At the time,
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
503:
500:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
469:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
425:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
330:
328:
324:
316:
312:
311:Tokugawa clan
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
296:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
242:United States
239:
227:
223:
211:
207:
198:
194:
185:
180:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
146:
145:United States
136:
134:
124:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:Emperor Kōmei
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2213:
2036:
2011:(1): 53–65.
2008:
2004:
1992:
1974:
1954:
1934:
1915:
1887:
1873:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:Modern Japan
1618:
1613:
1602:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1331:Christianity
1222:
1188:Lost Decades
1179:
1116:World War II
1057:
1025:
942:
912:
877:
852:Nanban trade
843:
815:
777:
744:
730:
716:
702:
688:
675:
663:
587:
585:
467:
435:
426:
420:
417:Abe Masahiro
410:
398:
396:
376:
342:
327:James Biddle
320:
304:
281:
253:
237:
225:
221:
209:
205:
203:
106:Ratification
2913:(1945–1989)
2908:During the
2890: [
2868: [
2801: [
2729: [
2654:(1913–1945)
2647:World War I
2613: [
2576: [
2539: [
2482: [
2455: [
2443: [
2338:(1868–1912)
2306: [
2249: [
2232: [
2207:(1854–1868)
1938:Cambridge:
1891:Cambridge:
1683:November 7,
1603:CrashCourse
1283:Earthquakes
1126:Pacific War
1034:World War I
665:Paleolithic
120:Signatories
3078:Categories
2157:Audio help
2148:2017-12-02
1866:References
1771:. Durham:
1545:2022-07-06
1198:Cool Japan
1066:Militarism
928:Boshin War
881:(Tokugawa)
763:Genpei War
347:Commodore
315:Opium Wars
197:Wikisource
153:Depositary
67:1854-03-31
3119:Bakumatsu
2335:Meiji era
2025:0195-6086
1960:Routledge
1617:P. Duus,
1488:sonnō jōi
1322:Religion
1313:Geography
1298:Education
1293:Era names
918:Bakumatsu
857:Imjin War
817:Muromachi
796:Genkō War
786:Jōkyū War
415:) led by
401:himself,
343:In 1853,
268:castaways
224:) or the
182:Full text
163:Languages
102:Condition
94:Effective
3028:Cold War
2910:Cold War
2159: ·
2065:Archived
2041:Archived
1962:, 2000.
1958:London:
1942:, 2003.
1909:56493769
1895:, 2004.
1822:exhibit.
1674:Archived
1570:June 23,
1507:See also
1407:Timeline
1397:Glossary
1368:Post-war
1363:Politics
1353:Military
1326:Buddhism
1278:Currency
779:Kamakura
627:a series
625:Part of
499:Hakodate
477:Summary
474:Article
438:Yokohama
391:Kurihama
292:Nagasaki
286:and the
264:Hakodate
244:and the
174:Japanese
79:Yokohama
75:Location
3031:(1989–)
2146: (
2117:minutes
1621:, ch. 4
1402:History
1341:Judaism
1288:Economy
654:Periods
545:§ VIII
495:Shimoda
383:Edo Bay
300:travel.
288:Chinese
260:Shimoda
169:English
81:, Japan
65: (
2023:
1981:
1966:
1946:
1922:
1907:
1899:
1779:
1497:tōbaku
1447:sakoku
1378:Sports
1346:Shinto
1303:Empire
1264:Topics
1181:Heisei
1027:Taishō
903:Sakoku
629:on the
588:shōgun
577:§ XII
537:§ VII
505:§ III
497:&
446:Kabuki
421:daimyō
399:shōgun
371:Dejima
306:daimyō
272:consul
255:sakoku
232:日米和親条約
86:Sealed
60:Signed
3026:Post-
2894:]
2872:]
2805:]
2733:]
2617:]
2580:]
2543:]
2486:]
2459:]
2447:]
2310:]
2253:]
2236:]
1677:(PDF)
1666:(PDF)
1589:Perry
1519:Notes
1493:Kyoto
1358:Naval
1336:Islam
1224:Reiwa
1059:Shōwa
944:Meiji
746:Heian
718:Asuka
704:Kofun
690:Yayoi
677:Jōmon
569:§ XI
553:§ IX
529:§ VI
513:§ IV
490:§ II
379:Uraga
284:Dutch
216:神奈川条約
133:Japan
2021:ISSN
1979:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1905:OCLC
1897:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1685:2020
1572:2022
1452:rōjū
732:Nara
561:§ X
521:§ V
482:§ I
430:sumo
412:rōjū
262:and
204:The
2013:doi
878:Edo
387:Edo
195:at
3080::
2892:ja
2870:ja
2803:ja
2731:ja
2651:II
2615:ja
2578:ja
2541:ja
2484:ja
2457:ja
2445:ja
2308:ja
2251:ja
2234:ja
2079:,
2075:,
2060:,
2051:,
2034:,
2019:.
2007:.
2003:.
1903:;
1885:,
1775:.
1741:^
1702:^
1672:.
1668:.
1605:,
1594:^
1580:^
1562:.
1536:.
605:林韑
452:.
236:,
220:,
2649:–
2190:e
2183:t
2176:v
2163:)
2155:(
2150:)
2119:)
2115:9
2112:(
2027:.
2015::
2009:9
1987:.
1928:.
1785:.
1687:.
1574:.
1548:.
1434:e
1427:t
1420:v
608:)
602:(
317:.
228:(
212:(
69:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
