250:
441:
troops that had initially controlled the industrial southern provinces and within some months, won the war. The border question between Russia and
Finland remained unsettled after the war. Around 1,400-1,650 people died in the ranks of the Red troops, while between 7,000 and 10,000 people died within the White ones. In total, 37,000-38,500 people died as a result of the Civil War, and 76,000 prisoners - of which 100 were executed - were captured by the Whites in cooperation with the German forces. Casualties of Finnish Civil War were according to a Finnish Government project: Died in battle: "whites" 3,414, "reds" 5,199; Missing: whites 46, reds 1,767; Executed: whites 1,424, reds 7,370; Died in prison camps: whites 4, reds 11,652 - total deaths 36,640.
25:
486:
263:
918:, though it was meant that Finland continued to be a Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. "The senate had suggested in 1863 that if the promise of handing over the weapons factory in question and its surrounding area to Russia could be realized, then the above mentioned coastal region could be given to Finland. In 1864 there were imperial statutes about that, but that never occurred." (translation from Finnish)
162:
460:, the voices questioning the legality and honor of dealing with the violently established Bolshevik government were also diminishing. Especially, the large, moderately socialist Social Democrat party was willing to finally normalize the relations with the greater neighboring state. Nevertheless, some nationalistic and rightist elements in
440:
began. In the war the revolutionary socialist militia known as the
Finnish Red Army clashed against the Finnish White forces, which were loyal to the legal (non-socialist) government. The government's forces, assisted by a division of regular German forces and Swedish volunteers, pushed back the Red
382:
This turbulent time in
Finnish and Russian politics influenced the events that led to the Treaty of Tartu. Prior to the Treaty of Tartu, Finnish political parties shifted their sovereign policies several times. In early 1917, the conservative party was split into two factions: The
473:. Some of those districts were annexed from Russia by Finnish military expeditions in 1918 shortly after Russian soviet government granted independence to Finland. In hindsight, the treaty was rather good to Finland, especially compared to the treaties made at the end of
464:
still considered the planned treaty as going too far, even shameful, by giving up some of the initial negotiation goals and shattering their ideals of a greater national state including also eastern territories settled from ancient times by Finnic
411:. The Bolsheviks became an ally to the Finnish social democrats as they shared common ideological ground. This changed the stance of the social democrats, leading them to become pro-Russian. Meanwhile, the Old Finns, in disagreement with the
685:
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
415:
policies became pro-independence. During the
November 1917 election the coalition representing the pro-independence parties won the cabinet election and immediately moved to make Finland an independent nation with the
435:
However, the move for independence, Soviet support and general uncertainty and unrest in the society encouraged the militant left to attempt to duplicate the success of Russia's recent revolution, and soon after, the
399:
differed in this regard as they promoted the idea of an independent
Finland. The third major Finnish party were the leftist social-democrats. These social democrats also wanted to see an independent Finland.
768:
Raun, Toivo (1990). "Reviewed work: The Road to St. Petersburg: The
Finnish Party and the Policy of Its Leaders from the February Manifesto to the Peace Treaty of Tartu, 1899-1920, Hannu Salokorpi".
456:, even though their recent support for Red revolutionaries in Finland made the government very wary of the Bolsheviks. As other countries were now making similar treaties with Russia, such as
444:
Following the civil war, the
Finnish government sought to seek additional security by forming ties with the Germans. This alliance was short lived with the defeat of the central powers during
986:
599:
452:’s demise, the Finnish government realized that it would have to accept the necessity of forming relations with the nascent Bolshevik Russian government, due to the developments of the
567:. The treaty also had some articles besides area and border issues, including Soviet guarantee of free navigation of merchant ships from the Finnish ports in
680:
68:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
863:"Vuoden 1918 sodan sotasurmat kuolintavan ja osapuolen mukaan. Valtioneuvoston kanslia, Suomi Finland (Finnish Government was casualties project)"
981:
338:
255:
996:
961:
432:
saw the opportunity to promote his public support for the
Finnish declaration as a showpiece of benevolence of the new Soviet system.
971:
98:
395:
close and argued against an independent
Finland, hoping not to agitate the Russian monarchy and further limit Finnish autonomy. The
714:
457:
341:
after negotiations that lasted nearly five months. The treaty confirmed the border between
Finland and Soviet Russia after the
976:
417:
946:
731:
76:
951:
89:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
736:
527:- the district that Finland had already annexed from Russia several years before. As far back as 1864, Tsar
370:
888:
368:. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on 31 December 1920. The treaty was registered in the
365:
991:
956:
638:
166:
The Finland–Russia border as decided in the Treaty of Tartu. Petsamo (red) became part of Finland, while
507:
The treaty confirmed that the Finnish-Soviet border would follow the old border between the autonomous
966:
902:
709:
84:
803:
Brems, Hans (December 1971). "Great-Power Tension and Economic Evolution in Finland Since 1809".
584:
528:
508:
470:
862:
670:
461:
105:
658:
627:
408:
8:
719:
653:
536:
516:
388:
931:
785:
675:
495:
421:
820:
692:
648:
453:
437:
384:
342:
80:
838:
816:
812:
777:
725:
552:
544:
532:
392:
326:
318:
310:
294:
289:
284:
146:
137:
128:
572:
37:
697:
512:
429:
940:
824:
643:
602:
when the Finnish government allowed volunteers to take part in the conflict.
592:
449:
485:
633:
606:
564:
560:
556:
524:
520:
500:
474:
420:. As the Bolshevik ideology formally subscribed to each people's right for
350:
183:
499:
magazine September 30, 1920, shows the price of Finland's corridor to the
916:
568:
445:
425:
396:
559:. The treaty also included Finland handing over the contested region of
789:
610:
595:. The Finnish outer islands in the Gulf of Finland were demilitarized.
576:
548:
531:
had promised to join Petsamo to Finland in exchange for a piece of the
490:
412:
404:
346:
233:
171:
87:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
588:
466:
781:
161:
403:
All of this changed in the matter of a short few months when the
361:
334:
268:
212:
62:
580:
540:
167:
357:
208:
987:
Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
579:. Finland guaranteed land transit from the Soviet Union to
353:
that resulted in annexation of several Russian districts.
889:"The Republic made peace with Soviet Russia – Svinhuvfud"
583:
via the Petsamo area. Also, Finland agreed to disarm the
222:
31 December 1920 (according to article 39 of the treaty)
598:
The treaty was subject to controversy first during the
16:
1920 border treaty between Finland and Soviet Russia
58:
535:. Finland also agreed to leave the joined and then
938:
563:to Russia, thereby disbanding the short-lived
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
469:, which never belonged to the Autonomous
484:
333:) was signed on 14 October 1920 between
407:took control of the country during the
391:. The Old Finns wanted to keep ties to
377:
939:
802:
605:The treaty was finally broken by the
767:
18:
982:Treaties entered into force in 1920
418:Finnish Declaration of Independence
174:(green) were handed back to Russia.
13:
997:Peace treaties of the Soviet Union
903:"Tracing Finland's eastern border"
715:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)
458:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)
14:
1008:
925:
972:Finland in the Russian Civil War
600:East Karelian Uprising 1921–1922
543:(annexed by Finland during the
515:. Finland additionally received
261:
248:
160:
23:
756:League of Nations Treaty Series
551:(annexed by Finland during the
371:League of Nations Treaty Series
962:Finland–Soviet Union relations
909:
895:
881:
855:
831:
817:10.1080/00213624.1971.11502994
796:
770:The American Historical Review
761:
749:
732:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
616:
95:{{Translated|fi|Tarton rauha}}
93:You may also add the template
1:
742:
609:in 1939, when it started the
571:(Laatokka in Finnish) to the
347:Finnish volunteer expeditions
7:
867:Suomen sotasurmat 1914-1922
737:Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty
703:
587:, opposite the Soviet city
480:
10:
1013:
977:Treaties concluded in 1920
843:Finland | Communist Crimes
805:Journal of Economic Issues
621:
424:and condemned any form of
366:Estonian Students' Society
57:Machine translation, like
947:Peace treaties of Finland
664:
591:located on the island of
364:, at the building of the
356:The treaty was signed in
314:
277:
240:
226:
218:
204:
193:14 October 1920
189:
179:
159:
132:
124:
38:the corresponding article
952:Peace treaties of Russia
710:List of Finnish treaties
565:Republic of North Ingria
315:Тартуский мирный договор
133:Тартуский мирный договор
585:coastal fortress in Ino
331:Fredsfördraget i Dorpat
151:Fredsfördraget i Dorpat
104:For more guidance, see
915:Pieni tietosanakirja,
509:Grand Duchy of Finland
504:
471:Grand Duchy of Finland
330:
322:
150:
141:
671:Jan Antonovich Berzin
488:
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
628:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
409:Bolshevik Revolution
378:Political background
992:October 1920 events
957:Treaties of Finland
720:Moscow Peace Treaty
121:
932:Text of the treaty
758:, vol. 3, pp. 6–79
676:Platon Kerzhentsev
505:
462:Finnish Parliament
422:self-determination
232:(beginning of the
119:
85:interlanguage link
693:Alexander Samoylo
681:Nikolai Tikhmenev
613:against Finland.
454:Russian Civil War
438:Finnish Civil War
374:on 5 March 1921.
343:Finnish Civil War
303:
302:
117:
116:
50:
46:
1004:
919:
913:
907:
906:
905:. 22 March 2011.
899:
893:
892:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
835:
829:
828:
800:
794:
793:
765:
759:
753:
726:Moscow Armistice
689:
553:Aunus expedition
545:Viena expedition
533:Karelian Isthmus
521:ice-free harbour
475:Second World War
450:Imperial Germany
316:
267:
265:
264:
254:
252:
251:
200:
198:
164:
134:
122:
118:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
967:1920 in Finland
937:
936:
928:
923:
922:
914:
910:
901:
900:
896:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
861:
860:
856:
847:
845:
837:
836:
832:
801:
797:
782:10.2307/2163860
766:
762:
754:
750:
745:
706:
683:
667:
659:Väinö Kivilinna
624:
619:
573:Gulf of Finland
513:Imperial Russia
483:
467:Karelian people
380:
307:Treaty of Tartu
299:
273:
262:
260:
249:
247:
231:
196:
194:
175:
155:
120:Treaty of Tartu
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
935:
934:
927:
926:External links
924:
921:
920:
908:
894:
880:
854:
830:
795:
760:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
723:
717:
712:
705:
702:
701:
700:
698:Yevgeny Berens
695:
690:
678:
673:
666:
663:
662:
661:
656:
654:Väinö Voionmaa
651:
646:
641:
639:Alexander Frey
636:
631:
623:
620:
618:
615:
482:
479:
393:St. Petersburg
379:
376:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
281:
279:
275:
274:
272:
271:
258:
244:
242:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
206:
202:
201:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
165:
157:
156:
154:
153:
144:
135:
125:
115:
114:
110:
109:
102:
91:
69:
66:
55:
52:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
933:
930:
929:
917:
912:
904:
898:
890:
884:
869:. 19 May 2004
868:
864:
858:
844:
840:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
757:
752:
748:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
699:
696:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Rudolf Walden
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
629:
626:
625:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:) in Russian
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Soviet Russia
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
308:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
280:
276:
270:
259:
257:
246:
245:
243:
239:
235:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
173:
169:
163:
158:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
130:
127:
126:
123:
107:
103:
100:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
911:
897:
883:
871:. Retrieved
866:
857:
846:. Retrieved
842:
833:
808:
804:
798:
773:
769:
763:
755:
751:
649:Väinö Tanner
634:Juho Vennola
607:Soviet Union
604:
597:
561:North Ingria
557:East Karelia
529:Alexander II
525:Arctic Ocean
506:
501:Arctic Ocean
494:
443:
434:
402:
381:
369:
355:
351:East Karelia
323:Tarton rauha
306:
304:
256:Russian SFSR
184:Peace treaty
142:Tarton rauha
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
811:(4): 1–19.
684: [
617:Delegations
569:Lake Ladoga
519:, with its
446:World War I
426:imperialism
397:Young Finns
389:Young Finns
349:in Russian
45:(June 2018)
941:Categories
848:2020-08-15
776:(2): 526.
743:References
611:Winter War
577:River Neva
491:caricature
405:Bolsheviks
234:Winter War
227:Expiration
197:1920-10-14
40:in Finnish
839:"Finland"
825:0021-3624
589:Kronstadt
549:Porajärvi
539:areas of
413:Bolshevik
385:Old Finns
278:Languages
219:Effective
172:Porajärvi
99:talk page
873:22 March
704:See also
630:, leader
575:via the
537:occupied
481:Contents
387:and the
205:Location
75:provide
790:2163860
728:of 1944
722:of 1940
622:Finnish
523:on the
517:Petsamo
496:Kurikka
448:. With
362:Estonia
335:Finland
327:Swedish
319:Finnish
311:Russian
295:Swedish
290:Finnish
285:Russian
269:Finland
241:Parties
213:Estonia
195: (
147:Swedish
138:Finnish
129:Russian
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
823:
788:
665:Soviet
593:Kotlin
581:Norway
547:) and
541:Repola
266:
253:
190:Signed
168:Repola
786:JSTOR
688:]
430:Lenin
358:Tartu
209:Tartu
59:DeepL
875:2021
821:ISSN
511:and
345:and
337:and
305:The
230:1939
180:Type
170:and
73:must
71:You
813:doi
778:doi
493:in
61:or
943::
865:.
841:.
819:.
807:.
784:.
774:95
772:.
686:ru
489:A
477:.
428:,
360:,
329::
325:;
321::
317:;
313::
211:,
149::
140::
131::
891:.
877:.
851:.
827:.
815::
809:5
792:.
780::
503:.
309:(
236:)
199:)
108:.
101:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.