261:
452:
troops that had initially controlled the industrial southern provinces and within some months, won the war. The border question between Russia and
Finland remained unsettled after the war. Around 1,400-1,650 people died in the ranks of the Red troops, while between 7,000 and 10,000 people died within the White ones. In total, 37,000-38,500 people died as a result of the Civil War, and 76,000 prisoners - of which 100 were executed - were captured by the Whites in cooperation with the German forces. Casualties of Finnish Civil War were according to a Finnish Government project: Died in battle: "whites" 3,414, "reds" 5,199; Missing: whites 46, reds 1,767; Executed: whites 1,424, reds 7,370; Died in prison camps: whites 4, reds 11,652 - total deaths 36,640.
36:
497:
274:
929:, though it was meant that Finland continued to be a Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. "The senate had suggested in 1863 that if the promise of handing over the weapons factory in question and its surrounding area to Russia could be realized, then the above mentioned coastal region could be given to Finland. In 1864 there were imperial statutes about that, but that never occurred." (translation from Finnish)
173:
471:, the voices questioning the legality and honor of dealing with the violently established Bolshevik government were also diminishing. Especially, the large, moderately socialist Social Democrat party was willing to finally normalize the relations with the greater neighboring state. Nevertheless, some nationalistic and rightist elements in
451:
began. In the war the revolutionary socialist militia known as the
Finnish Red Army clashed against the Finnish White forces, which were loyal to the legal (non-socialist) government. The government's forces, assisted by a division of regular German forces and Swedish volunteers, pushed back the Red
393:
This turbulent time in
Finnish and Russian politics influenced the events that led to the Treaty of Tartu. Prior to the Treaty of Tartu, Finnish political parties shifted their sovereign policies several times. In early 1917, the conservative party was split into two factions: The
484:. Some of those districts were annexed from Russia by Finnish military expeditions in 1918 shortly after Russian soviet government granted independence to Finland. In hindsight, the treaty was rather good to Finland, especially compared to the treaties made at the end of
475:
still considered the planned treaty as going too far, even shameful, by giving up some of the initial negotiation goals and shattering their ideals of a greater national state including also eastern territories settled from ancient times by Finnic
422:. The Bolsheviks became an ally to the Finnish social democrats as they shared common ideological ground. This changed the stance of the social democrats, leading them to become pro-Russian. Meanwhile, the Old Finns, in disagreement with the
696:
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
426:
policies became pro-independence. During the
November 1917 election the coalition representing the pro-independence parties won the cabinet election and immediately moved to make Finland an independent nation with the
446:
However, the move for independence, Soviet support and general uncertainty and unrest in the society encouraged the militant left to attempt to duplicate the success of Russia's recent revolution, and soon after, the
410:
differed in this regard as they promoted the idea of an independent
Finland. The third major Finnish party were the leftist social-democrats. These social democrats also wanted to see an independent Finland.
779:
Raun, Toivo (1990). "Reviewed work: The Road to St. Petersburg: The
Finnish Party and the Policy of Its Leaders from the February Manifesto to the Peace Treaty of Tartu, 1899-1920, Hannu Salokorpi".
467:, even though their recent support for Red revolutionaries in Finland made the government very wary of the Bolsheviks. As other countries were now making similar treaties with Russia, such as
455:
Following the civil war, the
Finnish government sought to seek additional security by forming ties with the Germans. This alliance was short lived with the defeat of the central powers during
997:
610:
463:’s demise, the Finnish government realized that it would have to accept the necessity of forming relations with the nascent Bolshevik Russian government, due to the developments of the
578:. The treaty also had some articles besides area and border issues, including Soviet guarantee of free navigation of merchant ships from the Finnish ports in
17:
691:
79:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
874:"Vuoden 1918 sodan sotasurmat kuolintavan ja osapuolen mukaan. Valtioneuvoston kanslia, Suomi Finland (Finnish Government was casualties project)"
992:
349:
266:
1007:
972:
443:
saw the opportunity to promote his public support for the
Finnish declaration as a showpiece of benevolence of the new Soviet system.
982:
109:
406:
close and argued against an independent
Finland, hoping not to agitate the Russian monarchy and further limit Finnish autonomy. The
725:
468:
352:
after negotiations that lasted nearly five months. The treaty confirmed the border between
Finland and Soviet Russia after the
987:
428:
957:
742:
87:
962:
100:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
747:
538:- the district that Finland had already annexed from Russia several years before. As far back as 1864, Tsar
381:
899:
379:. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on 31 December 1920. The treaty was registered in the
376:
1002:
967:
649:
177:
The Finland–Russia border as decided in the Treaty of Tartu. Petsamo (red) became part of Finland, while
518:
The treaty confirmed that the Finnish-Soviet border would follow the old border between the autonomous
977:
913:
720:
95:
814:
Brems, Hans (December 1971). "Great-Power Tension and Economic Evolution in Finland Since 1809".
595:
539:
519:
481:
873:
681:
472:
116:
669:
638:
419:
8:
730:
664:
547:
527:
399:
942:
796:
686:
506:
432:
831:
703:
659:
464:
448:
395:
353:
91:
849:
827:
823:
788:
736:
563:
555:
543:
403:
337:
329:
321:
305:
300:
295:
157:
148:
139:
583:
48:
708:
523:
440:
951:
835:
654:
613:
when the Finnish government allowed volunteers to take part in the conflict.
603:
460:
496:
644:
617:
575:
571:
567:
535:
531:
511:
485:
431:. As the Bolshevik ideology formally subscribed to each people's right for
361:
194:
510:
magazine September 30, 1920, shows the price of Finland's corridor to the
927:
579:
456:
436:
407:
570:. The treaty also included Finland handing over the contested region of
800:
621:
606:. The Finnish outer islands in the Gulf of Finland were demilitarized.
587:
559:
542:
had promised to join Petsamo to Finland in exchange for a piece of the
501:
423:
415:
357:
244:
182:
98:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
599:
477:
792:
172:
414:
All of this changed in the matter of a short few months when the
372:
345:
279:
223:
73:
591:
551:
178:
368:
219:
998:
Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
590:. Finland guaranteed land transit from the Soviet Union to
364:
that resulted in annexation of several Russian districts.
900:"The Republic made peace with Soviet Russia – Svinhuvfud"
594:
via the Petsamo area. Also, Finland agreed to disarm the
233:
31 December 1920 (according to article 39 of the treaty)
609:
The treaty was subject to controversy first during the
27:
1920 border treaty between Finland and Soviet Russia
69:
546:. Finland also agreed to leave the joined and then
949:
574:to Russia, thereby disbanding the short-lived
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
480:, which never belonged to the Autonomous
495:
344:) was signed on 14 October 1920 between
418:took control of the country during the
402:. The Old Finns wanted to keep ties to
388:
14:
950:
813:
616:The treaty was finally broken by the
778:
29:
993:Treaties entered into force in 1920
429:Finnish Declaration of Independence
185:(green) were handed back to Russia.
24:
1008:Peace treaties of the Soviet Union
914:"Tracing Finland's eastern border"
726:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)
469:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)
25:
1019:
936:
18:Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)
983:Finland in the Russian Civil War
611:East Karelian Uprising 1921–1922
554:(annexed by Finland during the
526:. Finland additionally received
272:
259:
171:
34:
767:League of Nations Treaty Series
562:(annexed by Finland during the
382:League of Nations Treaty Series
973:Finland–Soviet Union relations
920:
906:
892:
866:
842:
828:10.1080/00213624.1971.11502994
807:
781:The American Historical Review
772:
760:
743:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
627:
106:{{Translated|fi|Tarton rauha}}
104:You may also add the template
13:
1:
753:
620:in 1939, when it started the
582:(Laatokka in Finnish) to the
358:Finnish volunteer expeditions
7:
878:Suomen sotasurmat 1914-1922
748:Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty
714:
598:, opposite the Soviet city
491:
10:
1024:
988:Treaties concluded in 1920
854:Finland | Communist Crimes
816:Journal of Economic Issues
632:
435:and condemned any form of
377:Estonian Students' Society
68:Machine translation, like
958:Peace treaties of Finland
675:
602:located on the island of
375:, at the building of the
367:The treaty was signed in
325:
288:
251:
237:
229:
215:
204:14 October 1920
200:
190:
170:
143:
135:
49:the corresponding article
963:Peace treaties of Russia
721:List of Finnish treaties
576:Republic of North Ingria
326:Тартуский мирный договор
144:Тартуский мирный договор
596:coastal fortress in Ino
342:Fredsfördraget i Dorpat
162:Fredsfördraget i Dorpat
115:For more guidance, see
926:Pieni tietosanakirja,
520:Grand Duchy of Finland
515:
482:Grand Duchy of Finland
341:
333:
161:
152:
682:Jan Antonovich Berzin
499:
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
639:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
420:Bolshevik Revolution
389:Political background
1003:October 1920 events
968:Treaties of Finland
731:Moscow Peace Treaty
132:
943:Text of the treaty
769:, vol. 3, pp. 6–79
687:Platon Kerzhentsev
516:
473:Finnish Parliament
433:self-determination
243:(beginning of the
130:
96:interlanguage link
704:Alexander Samoylo
692:Nikolai Tikhmenev
624:against Finland.
465:Russian Civil War
449:Finnish Civil War
385:on 5 March 1921.
354:Finnish Civil War
314:
313:
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
1015:
930:
924:
918:
917:
916:. 22 March 2011.
910:
904:
903:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
846:
840:
839:
811:
805:
804:
776:
770:
764:
737:Moscow Armistice
700:
564:Aunus expedition
556:Viena expedition
544:Karelian Isthmus
532:ice-free harbour
486:Second World War
461:Imperial Germany
327:
278:
276:
275:
265:
263:
262:
211:
209:
175:
145:
133:
129:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
978:1920 in Finland
948:
947:
939:
934:
933:
925:
921:
912:
911:
907:
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
848:
847:
843:
812:
808:
793:10.2307/2163860
777:
773:
765:
761:
756:
717:
694:
678:
670:Väinö Kivilinna
635:
630:
584:Gulf of Finland
524:Imperial Russia
494:
478:Karelian people
391:
318:Treaty of Tartu
310:
284:
273:
271:
260:
258:
242:
207:
205:
186:
166:
131:Treaty of Tartu
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
946:
945:
938:
937:External links
935:
932:
931:
919:
905:
891:
865:
841:
806:
771:
758:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:
740:
734:
728:
723:
716:
713:
712:
711:
709:Yevgeny Berens
706:
701:
689:
684:
677:
674:
673:
672:
667:
665:Väinö Voionmaa
662:
657:
652:
650:Alexander Frey
647:
642:
634:
631:
629:
626:
493:
490:
404:St. Petersburg
390:
387:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
298:
292:
290:
286:
285:
283:
282:
269:
255:
253:
249:
248:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
176:
168:
167:
165:
164:
155:
146:
136:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
944:
941:
940:
928:
923:
915:
909:
901:
895:
880:. 19 May 2004
879:
875:
869:
855:
851:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
768:
763:
759:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
710:
707:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Rudolf Walden
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
640:
637:
636:
625:
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:) in Russian
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
386:
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Soviet Russia
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
287:
281:
270:
268:
257:
256:
254:
250:
246:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
184:
180:
174:
169:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
118:
114:
111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
922:
908:
894:
882:. Retrieved
877:
868:
857:. Retrieved
853:
844:
819:
815:
809:
784:
780:
774:
766:
762:
660:Väinö Tanner
645:Juho Vennola
618:Soviet Union
615:
608:
572:North Ingria
568:East Karelia
540:Alexander II
536:Arctic Ocean
517:
512:Arctic Ocean
505:
454:
445:
413:
392:
380:
366:
362:East Karelia
334:Tarton rauha
317:
315:
267:Russian SFSR
195:Peace treaty
153:Tarton rauha
92:edit summary
83:
54:
46:
822:(4): 1–19.
695: [
628:Delegations
580:Lake Ladoga
530:, with its
457:World War I
437:imperialism
408:Young Finns
400:Young Finns
360:in Russian
56:(June 2018)
952:Categories
859:2020-08-15
787:(2): 526.
754:References
622:Winter War
588:River Neva
502:caricature
416:Bolsheviks
245:Winter War
238:Expiration
208:1920-10-14
51:in Finnish
850:"Finland"
836:0021-3624
600:Kronstadt
560:Porajärvi
550:areas of
424:Bolshevik
396:Old Finns
289:Languages
230:Effective
183:Porajärvi
110:talk page
884:22 March
715:See also
641:, leader
586:via the
548:occupied
492:Contents
398:and the
216:Location
86:provide
801:2163860
739:of 1944
733:of 1940
633:Finnish
534:on the
528:Petsamo
507:Kurikka
459:. With
373:Estonia
346:Finland
338:Swedish
330:Finnish
322:Russian
306:Swedish
301:Finnish
296:Russian
280:Finland
252:Parties
224:Estonia
206: (
158:Swedish
149:Finnish
140:Russian
108:to the
90:in the
53:.
834:
799:
676:Soviet
604:Kotlin
592:Norway
558:) and
552:Repola
277:
264:
201:Signed
179:Repola
797:JSTOR
699:]
441:Lenin
369:Tartu
220:Tartu
70:DeepL
886:2021
832:ISSN
522:and
356:and
348:and
316:The
241:1939
191:Type
181:and
84:must
82:You
824:doi
789:doi
504:in
72:or
954::
876:.
852:.
830:.
818:.
795:.
785:95
783:.
697:ru
500:A
488:.
439:,
371:,
340::
336:;
332::
328:;
324::
222:,
160::
151::
142::
902:.
888:.
862:.
838:.
826::
820:5
803:.
791::
514:.
320:(
247:)
210:)
119:.
112:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
