339:
46:
33:
697:
414:
computational models. The treponemal outer membrane proteins are key factors for the bacterium's pathogenesis, persistence, and immune evasion strategies. The relatively low protein content prevents antigen recognition by the immune system and the proteins that do exist protrude out of the OM, enabling its interaction with the host.
625:. The latent stage that results can last a lifetime in many cases. In a few cases, the disease exits latency and enters a tertiary phase, in which destructive lesions of skin, bone, and cartilage ensue. Unlike yaws and bejels, syphilis in its tertiary stage often affects the heart, eyes, and nervous system, as well.
450:. TP0965 causes endothelial barrier dysfunction, a hallmark of late-stage pathogenesis of syphilis. It does this by reducing the expression of tight junction proteins, which in turn increases the expression of adhesion molecules and endothelial cell permeability, which eventually leads to disruption of the
658:
allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through mucous membranes or enter minuscule breaks in the skin. In women, the initial lesion is usually on the labia, the walls of the vagina, or the cervix; in men, it is on the shaft or glans of the penis. It gains access to the host's blood and lymph systems
620:
The clinical features of syphilis, yaws, and bejel occur in multiple stages that affect the skin. The skin lesions observed in the early stage last for weeks or months. The skin lesions are highly infectious, and the spirochetes in the lesions are transmitted by direct contact. The lesions regress as
538:
in vitro was reported in 2017. This was achieved using Sf1Ep epithelial cells from rabbits, which were a necessary condition for the continued multiplication and survival of the system. The medium TpCM-2 was used, an alteration of more simple media which previously only yielded a few weeks of culture
839:
outer membrane proteins have not been unambiguously identified. In contrast, some of the known antigens are intracellular, and antibodies are ineffective against them to clear the infection. In the last century, several prototypes have been developed, and while none of them provided protection from
498:
repeat family of proteins (Tpr) are proteins expressed during the infection process. Tprs are formed by a conserved N-terminal domain, an amino-terminal stretch of about 50 amino acids, a central variable region, and a conserved C-terminal domain. The many different types of Tpr include TprA, TprB,
474:
Outer
Membrane Protein A (OmpA) domain-containing proteins are necessary for maintaining structural integrity in Gram-negative bacteria. These domains contain peptidoglycan binding sites which creates a "structural bridge between the peptidoglycan layer and the outer memebrane." The protein TP0624
604:
is characterized by its helical, corkscrew-like shape. To avoid antibodies attacking it, the cell has few proteins exposed on the outer membrane sheath. Its chromosome is about 1000 kilobase pairs and is circular with a 52.8% G + C average. Sequencing has revealed a bundle of 12 proteins and some
595:
group and its reduced genome is likely the result of various adaptations, such that it no longer contains the ability to synthesize fatty acids, nucleic acids, and amino acids, instead relying on its mammalian hosts for these materials. The recent sequencing of the genomes of several spirochetes
413:
has several features that have made it historically difficult to research. These include details such as its low protein content, its fragility, and that it contains fewer gene sequences related to other gram negative outer membranes. Progress has been made using genomic sequencing and advanced
518:. This process mainly happens in TprF, TprI, TprG, TprJ, and TprL, and it consists of a reversible expansion or contraction of polymeric repeats. These size variations can help the bacterium to quickly adapt to its microenvironment, dodge immune response, or even increase affinity to its host.
502:
Antigen variation in TprK is regulated by gene conversion. In this way, fragments of the seven variable regions (V1–V7) present in TprK and the 53 donor sites of TprD can be combined to produce new structured sequences. TprK antigen variation can help
590:
was found to rely on its host for many molecules typically provided by biosynthetic pathways, and it is missing genes responsible for encoding key enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The
526:
In the past century since its initial discovery, culturing the bacteria in vitro has been difficult. Without the ability to grow and maintain the bacteria in a laboratory setting, discoveries regarding its metabolism and
397:, while its cytoplasmic membrane is covered in lipoproteins. The outer membrane's treponemal ligands' main function is attachment to host cells, with functional and antigenic relatedness between ligands. The genus
2774:
834:
to be effective. Efforts to develop a safe and effective syphilis vaccine have been hindered by uncertainty about the relative importance of humoral and cellular mechanisms to protective immunity, and because
562:. The challenge likely stems from the organism's strong adaptation to residing in mammalian tissue, resulting in a reduced genome and significant impairments in metabolic and biosynthetic functions.
550:'s requirements for growth and gene expression may occur and in turn, yield research beneficial for the treatment and prevention of syphilis, outside of a host. However, continuous efforts to grow
466:
structure that is characteristic of other membrane proteins, and does not traverse the outer membrane. This protein's function has been hypothesized to be involved with control of nutrient uptake.
3294:
507:
to evade a strong host immune reaction and can also allow the reinfection of individuals. This is possible because the newly structured proteins can avoid antibody-specific recognition.
810:
effects. Penicillin overall is the most recommended antibiotic by the
Centers for Disease Control, as it shows the best results with prolonged use. It can inhibit and may even kill
600:
has one of the smallest bacterial genomes and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.
293:
indistinguishable. These bacteria were originally classified as members of separate species, but DNA hybridization analysis indicates they are members of the same species.
913:
Harper KN, Fyumagwa RD, Hoare R, Wambura PN, Coppenhaver DH, Sapolsky RM, Alberts SC, Tung J, Rogers J, Kilewo M, Batamuzi EK, Leendertz FH, Armelagos GJ, Knauf S (2012).
1177:
3287:
659:
through tissue and mucous membranes. In more severe cases, it may gain access to the host by infecting the skeletal bones and central nervous system of the body.
3850:
586:
is not obtainable in a pure culture, meaning that this sequencing played an important role in filling gaps of understanding regarding the microbes' functions.
802:
strain 14 is believed to derive from a single-point mutation that increased the organism's livability. Many of the syphilis treatment therapies only lead to
770:
allowed for a long-term drug treatment. These experiments established the groundwork that modern scientists use for syphilis therapy. Penicillin can inhibit
1952:
Tang Y, Zhou Y, He B, Cao T, Zhou X, Ning L, Chen E, Li Y, Xie X, Peng B, Hu Y, Liu S (19 October 2022). "Investigation of the immune escape mechanism of
191:. It is known to be transmitted only among humans and baboons. It is a helically coiled microorganism usually 6–15 μm long and 0.1–0.2 μm wide.
3280:
1711:
Hazlett KR, Cox DL, Decaffmeyer M, Bennett MP, Desrosiers DC, La Vake CJ, La Vake ME, Bourell KW, Robinson EJ, Brasseur R, Radolf JD (September 2005).
1764:
Luthra A, Zhu G, Desrosiers DC, Eggers CH, Mulay V, Anand A, McArthur FA, Romano FB, Caimano MJ, Heuck AP, Malkowski MG, Radolf JD (2 December 2011).
482:
has been proposed to facilitate this structural link, as well as interactions between outer membrane proteins and corresponding domains on the thin
3824:
2653:
381:, which is found in the outer membrane of other Gram-negative bacteria. It has an endoflagellum (periplasmic flagellum) consisting of four main
3863:
3315:
462:
TP0453 is a 287 amino acid protein associated with the inner membrane of the microbe's outer membrane. This protein lacks the extensive
774:
in 6–8 hours, though the cells still remain in lymph nodes and regenerate. Penicillin is not the only drug that can be used to inhibit
739:
385:, a core structure, and a sheath. The flagellum is located within the periplasmic space and wraps around the protoplasmic cylinder.
3811:
3105:: progress toward understanding their structural, functional, and immunologic roles. Treponema Pallidum Polypeptide Research Group"
1494:
Hawley KL, Montezuma-Rusca JM, Delgado KN, Singh N, Uversky VN, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD, Luthra A (8 July 2021). Galperin MY (ed.).
3837:
1500:
Outer
Membrane Protein Repertoire: a Road Map for Deconvolution of Syphilis Pathogenesis and Development of a Syphilis Vaccine"
574:
species are small, about 1.14 Mbp. Their DNA sequences are more than 99.7% identical. About 92.9% of DNA was determined to be
2802:
2338:
1449:
881:
3842:
401:
has ribbons of cytoskeletal cytoplasmic filaments that run the length of the cell just underneath the cytoplasmic membrane.
609:
These virulence factors are thought to contribute to the bacterium's ability to evade the immune system and cause disease.
3901:
540:
418:
reputation as a "stealth pathogen" is primarily due to this unique OM structure, which serves to evade immune detection.
2274:
Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM, White O, Sutton GG, Dodson R, et al. (July 1998). "Complete genome sequence of
2706:"Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue Displays Pathogenic Properties Different from Those of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum"
499:
TprC, TprD, and TprE, but variability of TprK is the most relevant due to the immune escape characteristics it allows.
596:
permits a thorough analysis of the similarities and differences within this bacterial phylum and within the species.
2354:
Zobaníková M, Mikolka P, Cejková D, Pospíšilová P, Chen L, Strouhal M, Qin X, Weinstock GM, Smajs D (October 2012).
3272:
919:
Infection in the Wild
Baboons of East Africa: Distribution and Genetic Characterization of the Strains Responsible"
301:, remains a separate species because no isolate is available for DNA analysis. Disease transmittance in subspecies
2770:"Vorläufiger Bericht über das Vorkommen von Spirochaeten in syphilitischen Krankheitsprodukten und bei Papillomen"
1770:
outer membrane-associated lipoprotein TP0453 involves membrane sensing and integration by two amphipathic helices"
2907:"Humoral immunity in experimental syphilis. I. The demonstration of resistance conferred by passive immunization"
3868:
1896:
Centurion-Lara A, Castro C, Barrett L, Cameron C, Mostowfi M, Van
Voorhis WC, Lukehart SA (15 February 1999).
3447:
840:
the infection, some prevented bacteria from disseminating to distal organs and promoted accelerated healing.
3471:
2220:Šmajs D, Strouhal M, Knauf S (July 2018). "Genetics of human and animal uncultivable treponemal pathogens".
1595:
McKevitt M, Brinkman MB, McLoughlin M, Perez C, Howell JK, Weinstock GM, Norris SJ, Palzkill T (July 2005).
3906:
3753:
3688:
3363:
654:
passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise to congenital syphilis. The helical structure of
643:
278:
2173:"Amending Koch's postulates for viral disease: When "growth in pure culture" leads to a loss of virulence"
434:. BamA apparatus inserts newly synthetized and exported outer membrane proteins into the outer membrane
1902:
major sheath protein homologue Tpr K is a target of opsonic antibody and the protective immune response"
1654:
Protein Tp0965 Activates
Endothelial Cells and Increases the Permeability of Endothelial Cell Monolayer"
1836:
Tp0624 Reveals a
Modular Assembly of Divergently Functionalized and Previously Uncharacterized Domains"
2772:[Preliminary report on the occurrence of Spirochaetes in syphilitic chancres and papillomas].
45:
3679:
3660:
3626:
203:
2769:
3633:
3582:
684:, which is transmissible by direct physical contact between people. Unlike syphilis, one strain of
211:
3672:
2761:
2472:"Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes"
219:
2470:
Seshadri R, Myers GS, Tettelin H, Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, Dodson RJ, et al. (April 2004).
3829:
3715:
3665:
3506:
3307:
543:(MEM) with CMRL 1066, a complex tissue culture medium. With development, new discoveries about
374:
2797:. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1319:: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryoelectron tomography"
779:
3640:
3571:
390:
130:
3785:
3619:
3612:
3562:
3442:
3410:
2483:
2424:
2287:
2229:
1847:
1665:
930:
803:
559:
8:
3388:
3303:
2407:
Tong ML, Zhao Q, Liu LL, Zhu XZ, Gao K, Zhang HL, Lin LR, Niu JJ, Ji ZL, Yang TC (2017).
982:
743:
483:
338:
286:
3265:
3188:
3153:
2679:
2487:
2428:
2291:
2233:
1851:
1669:
934:
3891:
3550:
3376:
3241:
3216:
3076:
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3031:
3006:
2982:
2953:
2934:
2882:
2853:
2630:
2605:
2581:
2560:
2447:
2408:
2384:
2355:
2311:
2253:
2197:
2172:
2148:
2119:
2092:
2063:
2034:
2005:
1981:
1926:
1897:
1870:
1831:
1804:
1765:
1741:
1712:
1688:
1649:
1625:
1596:
1524:
1495:
1468:
1343:
1314:
1295:
1233:
1208:
1154:
1129:
1102:
1077:
1053:
1024:
953:
914:
755:
575:
378:
40:
3129:
3100:
2506:
2471:
1398:
1367:
3896:
3772:
3540:
3246:
3193:
3175:
3134:
3081:
3036:
2987:
2938:
2926:
2887:
2798:
2743:
2738:
2725:
2705:
2635:
2586:
2511:
2452:
2389:
2334:
2303:
2245:
2202:
2153:
2097:
2039:
1985:
1973:
1931:
1875:
1809:
1791:
1746:
1732:
1693:
1630:
1577:
1529:
1473:
1455:
1445:
1403:
1348:
1299:
1287:
1279:
1238:
1159:
1107:
1058:
1001:
958:
887:
877:
427:
199:
3302:
2721:
2188:
1616:
3777:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3432:
3427:
3416:
3236:
3228:
3183:
3165:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3071:
3026:
3018:
2977:
2969:
2918:
2877:
2869:
2733:
2717:
2625:
2617:
2576:
2501:
2491:
2442:
2432:
2379:
2371:
2315:
2295:
2257:
2237:
2192:
2184:
2143:
2135:
2087:
2079:
2029:
2021:
1965:
1921:
1913:
1865:
1855:
1799:
1781:
1736:
1728:
1683:
1673:
1620:
1612:
1567:
1519:
1511:
1463:
1437:
1393:
1383:
1338:
1330:
1269:
1228:
1220:
1149:
1141:
1097:
1089:
1048:
1040:
948:
938:
723:
in Berlin in 1905. This bacterium can be detected with special stains, such as the
362:
215:
3855:
3022:
1388:
3697:
3381:
3333:
2973:
2437:
2299:
2241:
1860:
1678:
1020:
943:
876:(4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
712:
531:
sensitivity were greatly impaired.{ However, successful long-term cultivation of
515:
298:
146:
97:
3152:Ávila-Nieto C, Pedreño-López N, Mitjà O, Clotet B, Blanco J, Carrillo J (2023).
1830:
Parker ML, Houston S, Wetherell C, Cameron CE, Boulanger MJ (10 November 2016).
814:
at low to high doses, with each increase in concentration being more effective.
3693:
3651:
3486:
3311:
3170:
2922:
2765:
2621:
2559:
Weinstock GM, Hardham JM, McLeod MP, Sodergren EJ, Norris SJ (1 October 1998).
2476:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1969:
1436:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 415. pp. 1–38.
724:
716:
170:
150:
87:
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1257:
1207:
Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen XS, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS (October 2017).
871:
3885:
3738:
3511:
3324:
3179:
3007:"Current status of syphilis vaccine development: need, challenges, prospects"
2729:
1795:
1572:
1551:
1459:
1283:
736:
528:
358:
207:
2906:
2704:
Wicher K, Wicher V, Abbruscato F, Baughn RE (June 2000). Barbieri JT (ed.).
2496:
1786:
1093:
3603:
3422:
3250:
3232:
3197:
3040:
2991:
2891:
2747:
2639:
2515:
2456:
2393:
2249:
2206:
2157:
2101:
2043:
1977:
1879:
1813:
1750:
1697:
1634:
1581:
1533:
1477:
1352:
1313:
Liu J, Howell JK, Bradley SD, Zheng Y, Zhou ZH, Norris SJ (November 2010).
1291:
1242:
1163:
1111:
1062:
1005:
962:
891:
795:
791:
394:
3764:
3138:
3085:
2590:
2307:
2083:
2025:
1935:
1917:
1407:
1256:
San Martin F, Fule L, Iraola G, Buschiazzo A, Picardeau M (1 March 2023).
3747:
3555:
3530:
2930:
2873:
2375:
1224:
1145:
1044:
807:
451:
382:
173:
77:
67:
1515:
389:'s outer membrane has the most contact with host cells and contains few
3816:
3496:
3268:(CDC Fact Sheet). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 2004.
1441:
767:
666:
infection is usually around 21 days, but can range from 10 to 90 days.
647:
463:
366:
243:
2822:
1019:
Centurion-Lara A, Molini BJ, Godornes C, Sun E, Hevner K, Voorhis WC,
720:
3798:
3577:
3343:
2413:
subsp. pallidum strain Amoy: An Asian isolate highly similar to SS14"
783:
447:
370:
176:
107:
32:
3709:
2954:"Assessment of cell-surface exposure and vaccinogenic potentials of
2139:
696:
558:
culture have been unsuccessful, indicating that it does not satisfy
3803:
3732:
3587:
3400:
3359:
3151:
2353:
831:
766:
During the early 1940s, rabbit models in combination with the drug
732:
688:
researched was not vertically transmissible in a guinea pig model.
651:
634:
354:
290:
282:
180:
57:
1895:
1082:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1493:
987:: Correlation of Functional Activities With Genome Sequence Data"
823:
806:
results, unless larger concentrations of penicillin are used for
747:
578:, 55% of which had predicted biological functions. The genome of
2062:
Edmondson DG, DeLay BD, Kowis LE, Norris SJ (23 February 2021).
790:
strain 14 has built-in resistance to some macrolides, including
3790:
3154:"Syphilis vaccine: challenges, controversies and opportunities"
2558:
1594:
1018:
711:
was first microscopically identified in syphilitic chancres by
555:
2952:
Tomson FL, Conley PG, Norgard MV, Hagman KE (September 2007).
1255:
1188:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 February 2019
1829:
1258:"Diving into the complexity of the spirochetal endoflagellum"
431:
184:
2703:
1710:
826:
for syphilis is available as of 2024. The outer membrane of
442:
TP0965 is a protein that is critical for membrane fusion in
3368:
675:
642:
is a motile spirochete that is generally acquired by close
274:
206:
results in minimal metabolic activity. The treponemes have
188:
2528:
2469:
2273:
912:
2951:
2603:
2170:
2061:
1763:
646:, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar
2606:"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy"
3214:
2006:"Long-Term in Vitro Culture of the Syphilis Spirochete
605:
putative hemolysins are potential virulence factors of
2604:
Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, Coyne CB (May 2017).
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1889:
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outer membrane proteins: current status and prospects"
489:
2529:
Clark DP, Dunlap PV, Madigan JT, Martinko JM (2009).
2333:(11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 436.
2064:"Parameters Affecting Continuous In Vitro Culture of
1312:
650:. The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by
539:
growth. This success was the result of switching out
2171:
Prescott J, Feldmann H, Safronetz D (January 2017).
1766:"The transition from closed to open conformation of
1206:
704:
cultured on epithelial cells of cotton-tail rabbits.
1886:
1550:Chen J, Huang J, Liu Z, Xie Y (27 September 2022).
3053:
2792:
2219:
980:
313:is the most invasive pathogenic subspecies, while
2760:
2120:"In Vitro Cultivation of the Syphilis Spirochete
2057:
2055:
2053:
2003:
1075:
234:each of which has a distinct associated disease.
3883:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1648:Zhang RL, Zhang JP, Wang QQ (16 December 2014).
3215:Althouse BM, Hébert-Dufresne L (October 2014).
3004:
2117:
1713:"TP0453, a concealed outer membrane protein of
1549:
1365:
1127:
2795:Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology
2554:
2552:
2406:
2050:
1825:
1823:
1647:
1489:
1487:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1076:Marks M, Solomon AW, Mabey DC (October 2014).
3288:
3054:Penn CW, Bailey MJ, Cockayne A (April 1985).
2847:
2845:
2843:
2775:Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte
2754:
2113:
2111:
1992:
1951:
1123:
1121:
976:
974:
972:
2998:
2945:
2904:
2786:
1947:
1945:
691:
2827:Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents
2549:
2269:
2267:
2004:Edmondson DG, Hu B, Norris SJ (June 2018).
1820:
1484:
1427:
1414:
3295:
3281:
3217:"Epidemic cycles driven by host behaviour"
2854:"Global Challenge of Antibiotic-Resistant
2840:
2108:
1200:
1118:
969:
906:
353:is a helically shaped bacterium with high
31:
3494:
3240:
3187:
3169:
3128:
3075:
3030:
2981:
2881:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2737:
2629:
2580:
2505:
2495:
2446:
2436:
2383:
2213:
2196:
2147:
2118:Edmondson DG, Norris SJ (February 2021).
2091:
2033:
1942:
1925:
1869:
1859:
1803:
1785:
1740:
1687:
1677:
1624:
1571:
1545:
1543:
1523:
1467:
1397:
1387:
1366:Alderete JF, Baseman JB (December 1980).
1342:
1273:
1232:
1153:
1101:
1052:
952:
942:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
3538:
2264:
1434:Spirochete Biology: The Post Genomic Era
1069:
981:Norris SJ, Cox DL, Weinstock GM (2001).
695:
615:
510:To introduce more phenotypic diversity,
337:
263:, which causes bejel or endemic syphilis
179:with subspecies that cause the diseases
3221:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
2793:Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007).
1306:
1128:Giacani L, Lukehart SA (January 2014).
680:The causative agent of yaws disease is
218:, treponemes are visible only by using
3884:
3098:
3005:Cameron CE, Lukehart SA (March 2014).
2811:
2543:
2328:
1540:
1368:"Surface Characterization of Virulent
869:
850:
317:is the least invasive of the species.
187:(also known as endemic syphilis), and
3714:
3713:
3276:
2862:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2851:
2565:: new light on the agent of syphilis"
2533:. San Francisco: Pearson. p. 79.
621:the immune response develops against
1906:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
830:has too few surface proteins for an
1774:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
490:Treponema repeat family of proteins
13:
3208:
2958:candidate outer membrane proteins"
2905:Bishop NH, Miller JN (July 1976).
2582:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00373.x
14:
3918:
3258:
2222:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1717:, enhances membrane permeability"
870:Radolf JD (1996). Baron S (ed.).
430:of the β-barrel assembly machine
404:
357:consisting of an outer membrane,
2836:– via www.antimicrobe.org.
1733:10.1128/JB.187.18.6499-6508.2005
1597:"Genome Scale Identification of
1428:Radolf JD, Kumar S (2018). "The
1033:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
228:T. p. pallidum, T. p. endemicum,
44:
3145:
3092:
3056:"The axial filament antigen of
3047:
2898:
2823:"Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)"
2722:10.1128/IAI.68.6.3219-3225.2000
2697:
2672:
2646:
2597:
2537:
2531:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
2522:
2463:
2400:
2347:
2322:
2189:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.002
2164:
1757:
1704:
1641:
1617:10.1128/iai.73.7.4445-4450.2005
1588:
1359:
1213:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
377:, but its outer membrane lacks
328:
3121:10.1128/MMBR.57.3.750-779.1993
2409:"Whole genome sequence of the
1249:
1170:
1025:"Molecular Differentiation of
1012:
798:. Resistance to macrolides in
226:consists of three subspecies,
1:
3023:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.053
2364:Standards in Genomic Sciences
2356:"Complete genome sequence of
1389:10.1128/iai.30.3.814-823.1980
1134:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1078:"Endemic treponemal diseases"
843:
754:immobilization reaction, and
746:, treponemal antibody tests (
700:Electron micrograph image of
582:was first sequenced in 1998.
342:Electron micrograph image of
333:
325:are intermediately invasive.
273:The three subspecies causing
237:
3689:Streptobacillus moniliformis
3099:Norris SJ (September 1993).
2974:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.018
2852:Stamm LV (1 February 2010).
2438:10.1371/journal.pone.0182768
2300:10.1126/science.281.5375.375
2278:, the syphilis spirochete".
2242:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.015
2078:(1): 10.1128/mbio.03536–20.
1861:10.1371/journal.pone.0166274
1679:10.1371/journal.pone.0115134
1496:"Structural Modeling of the
1323:Journal of Molecular Biology
1186:Immigrant and Refugee Health
1130:"The endemic treponematoses"
944:10.1371/journal.pone.0050882
761:
662:The incubation period for a
309:is considered non-venereal.
7:
3448:Louse borne relapsing fever
682:Treponema pallidum pertenue
640:Treponema pallidum pallidum
628:
409:The outer membrane (OM) of
373:. It is often described as
255:Treponema pallidum pallidum
10:
3923:
3902:Bacteria described in 1905
3472:Tick borne relapsing fever
3171:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126170
2923:10.4049/jimmunol.117.1.191
2622:10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007
1970:10.1007/s15010-022-01939-z
1315:"Cellular architecture of
817:
673:
632:
521:
3722:
3680:Fusobacterium polymorphum
3661:Fusobacterium necrophorum
3650:
3627:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
3602:
3529:
3485:
3398:
3341:
3332:
3323:
2569:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1335:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.020
1275:10.1016/j.tim.2022.09.010
692:Laboratory identification
565:
469:
457:
437:
421:
204:oxidative phosphorylation
136:
129:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
3634:Porphyromonas gingivalis
3583:Lymphogranuloma venereum
541:minimal essential medium
446:, and is located in the
200:tricarboxylic acid cycle
3673:Fusobacterium nucleatum
3158:Frontiers in Immunology
3109:Microbiological Reviews
2821:Fantry LE, Tramont EC.
2497:10.1073/pnas.0307639101
2331:Prescott's Microbiology
1787:10.1074/jbc.M111.305284
1721:Journal of Bacteriology
1504:Journal of Bacteriology
669:
570:The chromosomes of the
257:, which causes syphilis
220:dark-field illumination
3507:Leptospira interrogans
3233:10.1098/rsif.2014.0575
2962:Microbes and Infection
2710:Infection and Immunity
1605:Infection and Immunity
1573:10.1093/femspd/ftac023
1376:Infection and Immunity
1262:Trends in Microbiology
705:
391:transmembrane proteins
347:
346:, highlighted in gold.
3641:Prevotella intermedia
3572:Chlamydia trachomatis
2911:Journal of Immunology
2084:10.1128/mbio.03536-20
2026:10.1128/mBio.01153-18
1918:10.1084/jem.189.4.647
1560:Pathogens and Disease
1094:10.1093/trstmh/tru128
699:
616:Clinical significance
341:
3620:Tannerella forsythia
3613:Bacteroides fragilis
3563:Chlamydia pneumoniae
3443:Borrelia recurrentis
3411:Borrelia burgdorferi
2874:10.1128/AAC.01095-09
2658:www.pennmedicine.org
2376:10.4056/sigs.2615838
1225:10.1038/nrdp.2017.73
1146:10.1128/CMR.00070-13
1045:10.1128/JCM.00784-06
1023:(1 September 2006).
731:is also detected by
165:, formerly known as
16:Species of bacterium
3907:Pathogenic bacteria
3666:Lemierre's syndrome
3389:Treponema denticola
2660:. 10 September 2022
2488:2004PNAS..101.5646S
2429:2017PLoSO..1282768T
2292:1998Sci...281..375F
2234:2018InfGE..61...92S
1852:2016PLoSO..1166274P
1670:2014PLoSO...9k5134Z
1516:10.1128/JB.00082-21
935:2012PLoSO...750882H
744:rapid plasma reagin
576:open reading frames
484:peptidoglycan layer
359:peptidoglycan layer
269:, which causes yaws
167:Spirochaeta pallida
3856:treponema-pallidum
3754:Treponema pallidum
3724:Treponema pallidum
3551:Chlamydia psittaci
3377:Treponema carateum
3354:Treponema pallidum
3304:Bacterial diseases
3103:Treponema pallidum
3058:Treponema pallidum
2956:Treponema pallidum
2856:Treponema pallidum
2563:Treponema pallidum
2411:Treponema pallidum
2358:Treponema pallidum
2329:Willey JM (2020).
2276:Treponema pallidum
2177:Antiviral Research
2122:Treponema pallidum
2066:Treponema pallidum
2008:Treponema pallidum
1954:Treponema pallidum
1900:Treponema pallidum
1834:Treponema pallidum
1832:"The Structure of
1768:Treponema pallidum
1715:Treponema pallidum
1652:Treponema pallidum
1599:Treponema pallidum
1554:Treponema pallidum
1498:Treponema pallidum
1442:10.1007/82_2017_44
1430:Treponema pallidum
1370:Treponema pallidum
1317:Treponema pallidum
1180:Treponema pallidum
1027:Treponema pallidum
985:Treponema pallidum
917:Treponema pallidum
756:syphilis TPHA test
709:Treponema pallidum
706:
379:lipopolysaccharide
351:Treponema pallidum
348:
295:Treponema carateum
202:and processes for
162:Treponema pallidum
140:Treponema pallidum
25:Treponema pallidum
3879:
3878:
3716:Taxon identifiers
3707:
3706:
3598:
3597:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3481:
3480:
3101:"Polypeptides of
2804:978-0-7817-8215-9
2610:Cell Host Microbe
2340:978-1-260-21188-7
2128:Current Protocols
1727:(18): 6499–6508.
1451:978-3-319-89637-3
1432:Outer Membrane".
883:978-0-9631172-1-2
786:can be used. The
560:Koch's postulates
371:periplasmic space
198:s lack of both a
158:
157:
3914:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3711:
3710:
3536:
3535:
3492:
3491:
3467:Borrelia parkeri
3461:Borrelia duttoni
3455:Borrelia hermsii
3433:Neuroborreliosis
3428:Erythema migrans
3417:Borrelia afzelii
3339:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3254:
3244:
3227:(99): 20140575.
3202:
3201:
3191:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2716:(6): 3219–3225.
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2286:(5375): 375–88.
2271:
2262:
2261:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2010:subsp. pallidum"
2001:
1990:
1989:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1846:(11): e0166274.
1827:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1780:(48): 41656–68.
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1510:(15): e0008221.
1491:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1277:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1016:
1010:
1009:
991:
978:
967:
966:
956:
946:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
867:
216:light microscopy
197:
142:
122:T. pallidum
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:Haverhill fever
3646:
3594:
3517:
3477:
3394:
3334:Spirochaetaceae
3319:
3301:
3264:
3261:
3211:
3209:Further reading
3206:
3205:
3150:
3146:
3097:
3093:
3052:
3048:
3003:
2999:
2968:(11): 1267–75.
2950:
2946:
2903:
2899:
2850:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2791:
2787:
2759:
2755:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2602:
2598:
2561:"The genome of
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2482:(15): 5646–51.
2468:
2464:
2423:(8): e0182768.
2405:
2401:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2272:
2265:
2218:
2214:
2169:
2165:
2140:10.1002/cpz1.44
2116:
2109:
2060:
2051:
2002:
1993:
1950:
1943:
1894:
1887:
1828:
1821:
1762:
1758:
1709:
1705:
1664:(12): e115134.
1646:
1642:
1593:
1589:
1548:
1541:
1492:
1485:
1452:
1426:
1415:
1364:
1360:
1311:
1307:
1254:
1250:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1126:
1119:
1074:
1070:
1017:
1013:
989:
979:
970:
911:
907:
897:
895:
884:
868:
851:
846:
820:
782:antibiotics or
764:
713:Fritz Schaudinn
694:
678:
672:
637:
631:
618:
612:
568:
524:
516:phase variation
492:
472:
460:
440:
424:
407:
336:
331:
319:T. p. endemicum
303:T. p. endemicum
297:, the cause of
287:morphologically
261:T. p. endemicum
240:
232:T. p. pertenue,
212:outer membranes
195:
171:microaerophilic
154:
144:
138:
125:
98:Treponemataceae
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3782:
3769:
3759:
3744:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:Rat-bite fever
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3656:
3654:
3652:Fusobacteriota
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3487:Leptospiraceae
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3312:proteobacteria
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3259:External links
3257:
3256:
3255:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3144:
3091:
3046:
3017:(14): 1602–9.
2997:
2944:
2897:
2839:
2810:
2803:
2785:
2753:
2696:
2671:
2645:
2596:
2575:(4): 323–332.
2548:
2536:
2521:
2462:
2399:
2346:
2339:
2321:
2263:
2212:
2163:
2107:
2049:
1991:
1964:(2): 305–321.
1941:
1912:(4): 647–656.
1885:
1819:
1756:
1703:
1640:
1611:(7): 4445–50.
1587:
1539:
1483:
1450:
1413:
1382:(3): 814–823.
1358:
1305:
1268:(3): 294–307.
1248:
1199:
1169:
1117:
1068:
1039:(9): 3377–80.
1011:
968:
929:(12): e50882.
905:
882:
848:
847:
845:
842:
819:
816:
804:bacteriostatic
763:
760:
725:Dieterle stain
717:Erich Hoffmann
693:
690:
686:T. p. pertenue
674:Main article:
671:
668:
664:T. p. pallidum
656:T. p. pallidum
652:transplacental
644:sexual contact
633:Main article:
630:
627:
617:
614:
567:
564:
523:
520:
491:
488:
471:
468:
459:
456:
439:
436:
423:
420:
406:
405:Outer membrane
403:
369:cylinder, and
363:inner membrane
335:
332:
330:
327:
323:T. p. pertenue
311:T. p. pallidum
307:T. p. pertenue
271:
270:
267:T. p. pertenue
264:
258:
239:
236:
156:
155:
145:
134:
133:
127:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Spirochaetales
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3513:
3512:Leptospirosis
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Spirochaetota
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:gram negative
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:(3): 750–79.
3114:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3070:(4): 635–41.
3069:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2546:, p. 499
2545:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:strain DAL-1"
2359:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:"Recombinant
1644:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:(4): 546–61.
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:(1): 89–115.
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:(10): 601–7.
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
977:
975:
973:
964:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
909:
893:
889:
885:
879:
875:
874:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
849:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
737:nontreponemal
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
689:
687:
683:
677:
667:
665:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
626:
624:
613:
610:
608:
603:
599:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
529:antimicrobial
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
500:
497:
487:
485:
481:
478:
467:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
426:TP0326 is an
419:
417:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Gram negative
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
340:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:serologically
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
251:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
164:
163:
152:
148:
143:
141:
135:
132:
131:Binomial name
128:
124:
123:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:Spirochaetota
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3723:
3687:
3678:
3671:
3659:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:Bacteroidota
3570:
3561:
3549:
3539:
3505:
3495:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3441:
3423:Lyme disease
3415:
3409:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3224:
3220:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2917:(1): 191–6.
2914:
2910:
2900:
2868:(2): 583–9.
2865:
2861:
2855:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2762:Schaudinn FR
2756:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2689:19 September
2687:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2664:11 September
2662:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2616:(5): 561–7.
2613:
2609:
2599:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2370:(1): 12–21.
2367:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2330:
2324:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1433:
1429:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1179:
1172:
1137:
1133:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1014:
1000:(1): 37–62.
997:
993:
984:
983:"Biology of
926:
922:
916:
908:
896:. Retrieved
872:
836:
827:
821:
811:
808:bactericidal
799:
796:azithromycin
792:erythromycin
787:
775:
771:
765:
751:
735:, including
728:
708:
707:
701:
685:
681:
679:
663:
661:
655:
639:
638:
622:
619:
611:
607:T. pallidum.
606:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
551:
547:
544:
535:
532:
525:
514:may undergo
511:
509:
504:
501:
495:
493:
479:
476:
473:
461:
443:
441:
425:
415:
410:
408:
398:
395:antigenicity
386:
383:polypeptides
367:protoplasmic
350:
349:
343:
329:Microbiology
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
272:
266:
260:
254:
247:
241:
231:
227:
223:
192:
166:
161:
160:
159:
139:
137:
121:
120:
108:
78:Spirochaetia
24:
18:
3748:Wikispecies
3556:Psittacosis
3531:Chlamydiota
3164:: 1126170.
2832:12 November
2684:www.who.int
2544:Willey 2020
1192:12 November
1182:infections"
1029:Subspecies"
1021:Lukehart SA
994:JMMB Review
898:13 February
837:T. pallidum
828:T. pallidum
812:T. pallidum
800:T. pallidum
788:T. pallidum
776:T. pallidum
772:T. pallidum
752:T. pallidum
729:T. pallidum
702:T. pallidum
623:T. pallidum
602:T. pallidum
598:T. pallidum
593:T. pallidum
588:T. pallidum
584:T. pallidum
580:T. pallidum
572:T. pallidum
552:T. pallidum
512:T. pallidum
505:T. pallidum
452:endothelial
444:T. pallidum
416:Treponema's
411:T. pallidum
393:, limiting
387:T. pallidum
344:T. pallidum
315:T. carateum
250:are known:
248:T. pallidum
224:T. pallidum
208:cytoplasmic
193:T. pallidum
174:spirochaete
3886:Categories
3497:Leptospira
3266:"Syphilis"
3064:Immunology
2782:: 527–534.
2766:Hoffmann E
2654:"Syphilis"
2228:: 92–107.
2134:(2): e44.
1209:"Syphilis"
844:References
784:macrolides
768:penicillin
648:epithelium
464:beta sheet
334:Physiology
244:subspecies
238:Subspecies
3892:Treponema
3578:Chlamydia
3541:Chlamydia
3344:Treponema
3180:1664-3224
2939:255333392
2730:0019-9567
1986:252994863
1958:Infection
1796:1083-351X
1601:Antigens"
1460:0070-217X
1300:252916923
1284:0966-842X
1219:: 17073.
894:. NBK7716
873:Treponema
762:Treatment
496:Treponema
475:found in
448:periplasm
399:Treponema
177:bacterium
147:Schaudinn
116:Species:
109:Treponema
3897:Syphilis
3830:11334176
3762:BioLib:
3733:Wikidata
3588:Trachoma
3401:Borrelia
3360:Syphilis
3251:25100316
3198:37090699
3189:10118025
3041:24135571
2992:17890130
2892:19805553
2768:(1905).
2748:10816466
2640:28494237
2516:15064399
2457:28787460
2417:PLOS ONE
2394:23449808
2250:29578082
2207:27832942
2158:33599121
2102:33622721
2068:Strains"
2044:29946052
1978:36260281
1880:27832149
1840:PLOS ONE
1814:21965687
1751:16159783
1698:25514584
1658:PLOS ONE
1635:15972547
1582:35869970
1534:33972353
1478:28849315
1353:20850455
1292:36244923
1243:29022569
1164:24396138
1112:25157125
1063:16954278
1006:11200228
963:23284649
923:PLOS ONE
892:21413263
832:antibody
780:β-lactam
733:serology
635:Syphilis
629:Syphilis
548:pallidum
536:pallidum
480:pallidum
428:ortholog
355:motility
283:syphilis
214:. Using
181:syphilis
151:Hoffmann
94:Family:
64:Phylum:
58:Bacteria
54:Domain:
3817:3228214
3739:Q156007
3306:due to
3242:4235258
3139:8246847
3086:3884491
3077:1453562
3032:3951677
3011:Vaccine
2983:2112743
2883:2812177
2631:6148370
2591:9862125
2484:Bibcode
2448:5546693
2425:Bibcode
2385:3570794
2316:8641048
2308:9665876
2288:Bibcode
2280:Science
2258:4826749
2230:Bibcode
2198:5182102
2183:: 1–5.
2149:7986111
2093:8545124
2035:6020297
1936:9989979
1927:2192927
1871:5104382
1848:Bibcode
1805:3308875
1742:1236642
1689:4267829
1666:Bibcode
1626:1168556
1525:8407342
1469:5924592
1408:7014451
1344:2957517
1234:5809176
1178:"Other
1155:3910905
1103:4162659
1054:1594706
954:3527465
931:Bibcode
824:vaccine
818:Vaccine
748:FTA-ABS
721:Charité
719:at the
522:Culture
454:layer.
169:, is a
104:Genus:
84:Order:
74:Class:
3843:967471
3804:TREPPA
3791:973504
3765:284906
3249:
3239:
3196:
3186:
3178:
3137:
3130:372934
3127:
3084:
3074:
3039:
3029:
2990:
2980:
2937:
2931:778261
2929:
2890:
2880:
2801:
2746:
2736:
2728:
2680:"Yaws"
2638:
2628:
2589:
2514:
2507:397461
2504:
2455:
2445:
2392:
2382:
2337:
2314:
2306:
2256:
2248:
2205:
2195:
2156:
2146:
2100:
2090:
2042:
2032:
1984:
1976:
1934:
1924:
1878:
1868:
1812:
1802:
1794:
1749:
1739:
1696:
1686:
1633:
1623:
1580:
1532:
1522:
1476:
1466:
1458:
1448:
1406:
1399:551388
1396:
1351:
1341:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1241:
1231:
1162:
1152:
1110:
1100:
1061:
1051:
1004:
961:
951:
890:
880:
778:; any
566:Genome
556:axenic
470:TP0624
458:TP0453
438:TP0965
422:TP0326
281:, and
242:Three
153:, 1905
149:&
3825:IRMNG
3778:7CPFH
3382:Pinta
3364:bejel
2935:S2CID
2739:97566
2312:S2CID
2254:S2CID
2020:(3).
1982:S2CID
1566:(1).
1296:S2CID
990:(PDF)
432:Bam A
299:pinta
279:bejel
196:'
185:bejel
3864:NCBI
3851:LPSN
3838:ITIS
3812:GBIF
3799:EPPO
3369:Yaws
3310:non-
3247:PMID
3194:PMID
3176:ISSN
3135:PMID
3082:PMID
3037:PMID
2988:PMID
2927:PMID
2888:PMID
2834:2019
2799:ISBN
2744:PMID
2726:ISSN
2691:2024
2666:2024
2636:PMID
2587:PMID
2512:PMID
2453:PMID
2390:PMID
2335:ISBN
2304:PMID
2246:PMID
2203:PMID
2154:PMID
2098:PMID
2072:mBio
2040:PMID
2014:mBio
1974:PMID
1932:PMID
1876:PMID
1810:PMID
1792:ISSN
1747:PMID
1694:PMID
1631:PMID
1578:PMID
1530:PMID
1474:PMID
1456:ISSN
1446:ISBN
1404:PMID
1349:PMID
1288:PMID
1280:ISSN
1239:PMID
1194:2019
1160:PMID
1108:PMID
1059:PMID
1002:PMID
959:PMID
900:2019
888:PMID
878:ISBN
794:and
740:VDRL
715:and
676:Yaws
670:Yaws
494:The
321:and
305:and
289:and
285:are
275:yaws
230:and
210:and
189:yaws
3869:160
3786:EoL
3773:CoL
3316:BV4
3237:PMC
3229:doi
3184:PMC
3166:doi
3125:PMC
3117:doi
3072:PMC
3027:PMC
3019:doi
2978:PMC
2970:doi
2919:doi
2915:117
2878:PMC
2870:doi
2734:PMC
2718:doi
2626:PMC
2618:doi
2577:doi
2502:PMC
2492:doi
2480:101
2443:PMC
2433:doi
2380:PMC
2372:doi
2296:doi
2284:281
2238:doi
2193:PMC
2185:doi
2181:137
2144:PMC
2136:doi
2088:PMC
2080:doi
2030:PMC
2022:doi
1966:doi
1956:".
1922:PMC
1914:doi
1910:189
1866:PMC
1856:doi
1800:PMC
1782:doi
1778:286
1737:PMC
1729:doi
1725:187
1684:PMC
1674:doi
1621:PMC
1613:doi
1568:doi
1520:PMC
1512:doi
1508:203
1464:PMC
1438:doi
1394:PMC
1384:doi
1339:PMC
1331:doi
1327:403
1270:doi
1229:PMC
1221:doi
1150:PMC
1142:doi
1098:PMC
1090:doi
1086:108
1049:PMC
1041:doi
949:PMC
939:doi
822:No
750:),
727:.
554:in
246:of
3888::
3866::
3853::
3840::
3827::
3814::
3801::
3788::
3775::
3750::
3735::
3245:.
3235:.
3225:11
3223:.
3219:.
3192:.
3182:.
3174:.
3162:14
3160:.
3156:.
3133:.
3123:.
3113:57
3111:.
3107:.
3080:.
3068:54
3066:.
3062:.
3035:.
3025:.
3015:32
3013:.
3009:.
2986:.
2976:.
2964:.
2960:.
2933:.
2925:.
2913:.
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