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292:, an American Mafiosi who began co-operating with the government in 1962. As a low-level mobster, Valachi was not at the Grand Hotel Des Palmes meeting, but he was aware of the growing heroin trade and the Sicilian Mafia's involvement in it. The police had also put those at the meeting under surveillance at the time and for months afterwards in the hope of collecting evidence that they were dealing in narcotics.
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the decision the two organisations came to (which was for the
Sicilians to import and distribute heroin into the US, with their American counterparts taking a slice of the profits), but they were aware it concerned trafficking heroin. (The meeting also concluded that, following the American model, the Sicilians should start up
262:. They were mostly charged with Organized Delinquency, an old law that was the nearest prosecutors had to a charge of being a Mafiosi (many in authority—whether out of naivety or otherwise—denied the existence of the Mafia in the 1960s, and in fact it was not until 1982 that being a member of the Mafia became a formal crime.)
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On 10 December 1969, once all the trials were over, Michele
Cavataio and three of his men were shot to death in a gun battle that left one of the attackers dead as well. Having drastically reduced its activities during the crackdown following the Ciaculli Massacre, the Mafia was back in business and
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to prosecute the Mafia that followed the after the
Ciaculli Massacre had evaporated by the end of the 1960s, leaving prosecutors on their own. Whilst there was undoubtedly witness intimidation and evidence tampering, a lot of the evidence was fairly thin. There were almost no pentiti at the time and
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and
Sicilian Mafiosi at the Grand Hotel Des Palmes in Palermo. The meeting was about heroin, with the Americans apparently not keen on getting too involved in drugs due to the lengthy sentences for trafficking, whilst the Sicilians were apparently all for it. At the time, authorities did not know of
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was gunned down by Leggio and his men and lasted five-years, resulting in over fifty murders, as Leggio and his faction battled it out with
Navarra's supporters. Leggio, who was victorious and now the new Corleonesi Boss, was the key defendant, charged with murdering nine people, including Navarra.
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The longest sentence was handed to Angelo La
Barbera, who was given twenty-two-years for ordering the kidnap and murder of two rival mobsters who had vanished in 1963 after they were seen being bundled off the streets; someone who witnessed the kidnapping testified for the prosecution despite death
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A crackdown – albeit not quite as disregarding of civil liberties as
General Aldo De Marco initially requested – did indeed follow, and during the mid-1960s, 1,995 suspected Mafiosi were arrested and charged with hundreds of crimes. It took many trials to process the accused, including
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As was the case in all three trials, the defendants pleaded innocent and insisted they were not members of any Mafia, and that they had never heard of such an organization. When Leggio took the stand he made the rather strange claim that he was being framed by a police officer who had "begged me
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The trial opened in
December 1967 and lasted until 22 December 1968. It resulted in ten convictions, with several of those being just for Organized Delinquency. This only carried a sentence of a few years, and most of those convicted of it were released instantly thanks to time already served.
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Many of those in the above trials were convicted at a later date. For example, Gaetano
Badalamenti would end his days in a US prison after being convicted of doing in the 1970s and 1980s exactly what he had been accused of planning in the 1960s, namely trafficking heroin into America. Tommaso
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Buscetta would eventually become one of the first Mafia pentiti and revealed a great deal about the Mafia, although he was a little reluctant to implicate himself or his friends too much, his revelations concentrating on his enemies such as Leggio, Riina and
Giuseppe Calo.
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Amongst the 104 defendants acquitted was Luciano Leggio. It is not known for certain what role – if any – he played in the First Mafia War, although he spent a lot of time in Palermo in the early 1960s and was apparently friends with Salvatore Greco.
197:, when seven police officers were killed on 30 June 1963, whilst trying to defuse a car bomb left by one group of mobsters who had actually intended it to kill some rival mobsters. The death of the policemen caused an outcry. In
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Leggio would play a significant role in the third trial which began in February 1969, just two-months after the end of the Trial of the 114. This trial, which took place once again on the Italian mainland, in the town of
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to combat the Mafia, although Mori's crude method of imprisoning thousands of men – many of them innocent – without trial meant the Mafia were able to swiftly reestablish themselves as before once Mori had departed.
432:
repeatedly to pleasure his wife; and I, for moral reasons, refused...Please don't ask me for names, I am a gentleman." He and some other defendants did, however, admit to the minor crime of dealing on the
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Cesare Terranova successfully appealed the acquittal of the "gentlemen from Corleone" so many, including Leggio and Riina, had to go into hiding almost as soon as they were released. Leggio was retried
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We simply want to warn you that if a single gentleman from Corleone is convicted, you will be blown sky high, you will be wiped out, you will be butchered and so will every member of your family.
207:"Get everybody with a criminal record and throw them into jail, on my orders. Torture them and see what they let out, or shoot them on sight. I'll go to prison. But we can't go on like this."
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There was significant evidence tampering during the trial. For example, fragments of a broken car light found at the Navarra murder scene which had been identified as belonging to an
157:
in 1893. A number of suspected Mafiosi were rounded up and tried in 1900 of the murder, and though convicted they were acquitted on appeal due to a minor technicality. In the 1920s,
461:
You people in Bari have not understood, or rather, you don't want to understand, what Corleone means. You are judging honest gentlemen of Corleone, denounced through caprice by the
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on trial for dozens of crimes. From the authority's point of view, they were a failure; very few defendants were convicted, although later trials as well as information from
323:
signed the order to send the men to trial in 1965, ruling that the crimes and those accused of carrying them out were all linked and should be tried as an organized body.
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should have stood trial too, having been indicted for triple murder in 1963, but he had somehow escaped the police dragnet, something he managed to do until 2006.
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Cesare Terranova was gunned down in 1979. Leggio was accused of ordering the killing from his prison cell, but acquitted due to insufficient evidence.
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because he was not present at the trial. He had fled Sicily after the Ciaculli Massacre to avoid the inevitable crackdown. Buscetta was captured in
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violence around the late 1950s and early 1960s. There were three major trials, each featuring multiple defendants, that saw hundreds of alleged
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threats, one of the few witnesses to do so. Tommaso Buscetta was given a thirteen-year sentence for kidnapping the men but his conviction was
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few non-Mafiosi willing to risk death by testifying for the prosecution. The trial against the Corleonesi did however have one pentito,
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for the Navarra murder in 1970, and this time found guilty, but it was four years before he could be captured and sent off to serve his
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confirmed most of those acquitted were Mafiosi members, and were guilty of many crimes including some of those they were acquitted of.
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car owned by Leggio had, by the time of the trial, been replaced by bits of a broken light from a completely different make of car.
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The evidence was still thin on the ground and at the conclusion of the trial in August 1968 every single defendant was acquitted.
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549:) Bernardo Provenzano and Salvatore Riina. Tommaso Buscetta was also present, both as a defendant and also a prosecution witness.
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Overlapping the above trial was the Trial of the 114, so-called because it featured 114 defendants. This trial took place in
83:
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The prosecutor was once again Cesare Terranova, who had made it clear that he was intent on putting Leggio away for good.
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Many of the prosecutors and judges involved in the trials, including Terranova, complained that the political will from
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We think we've been clear. Nobody must be convicted. Otherwise you will be condemned to death – you and your families.
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The first trial opened in 1967 and concentrated on the growing involvement of the Sicilian Mafia in the international
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The prosecutors did not have a great deal of evidence at the trial, principally relying on information from
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its first job was to dispose of Cavataio, who they had finally realised had triggered the First Mafia War.
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The defendants were accused of crimes relating to the First Mafia War, the charges including multiple
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The charges related to a Mafia War in Corleone that started in 1958 when the local Mafia boss
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quotes the regional army commander for Sicily, General Aldo De Marco as ordering his men to:
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that started in 1962. The event that triggered a major crackdown against the Mafia was the
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in 1973 and sent back to Sicily to serve his sentence. Salvatore Greco was also convicted
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Octopus: How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade
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Amongst those on trial were the heads of the opposing factions in the Mafia War,
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mainland, partly due to there being no facilities for such a large trial in
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To the President of the Court of Assizes of Bari and members of the Jury:
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retired in July, they and the judge received an anonymous note that read:
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at a second trial for murdering Navarra, remained a fugitive until 1993.
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In the late 1950s, there was an increase in violence around the town of
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because the US had no such criminal charge of Organized Delinquency.
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trade. Specifically, the defendants were all those who had been at a
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Mafioso: A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day
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took place at the end of that decade in response to a rise in
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says: "A man warned is a man saved". It's up to you. Be wise.
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as rival factions in the local Mafia clan, the group around
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Amongst his co-defendants was his eventual successor,
390:. No-one was found guilty of the Ciaculli Massacre.
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1346:Sicilian brigandage and rebels (20th century)
620:
591:Cosa Nostra: A history of the Sicilian Mafia
265:All the Americans at the meeting, including
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482:All sixty-four defendants were acquitted.
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1081:Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting
14:
1412:
1065:List of Sicilian Mafia members by city
1240:List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia
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419:, also accused of Navarra's slaying.
55:adding citations to reliable sources
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315:and also in the hope of minimizing
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1341:Italian brigandage (19th century)
1220:Direzione Investigativa Antimafia
1122:Portella della Ginestra massacre
497:Salvatore Riina, also convicted
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1440:Organized crime events in Italy
319:of witnesses. Anti-Mafia judge
42:needs additional citations for
1152:Via Federico Pipitone massacre
1060:List of Sicilian Mafia members
578:(Simon & Schuster, 1990),
563:(Secker & Warburg, 1976),
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1:
1435:History of the Sicilian Mafia
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189:in and around Palermo in the
66:"1960s Sicilian Mafia trials"
1294:Article 41-bis prison regime
1210:Italian Antimafia Commission
1205:Sangiorgi report (1898-1900)
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250:Amongst the defendants were
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131:1960s Sicilian Mafia trials
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1182:Via dei Georgofili bombing
656:Interprovincial Commission
153:was stabbed to death on a
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201:(see References), author
1394:Organized crime in Italy
238:in October 1957 between
283:Charles "Lucky" Luciano
1430:20th century in Sicily
1267:Pizza Connection Trial
886:Caltanissetta Province
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1188:Via Palestro massacre
985:San Mauro Castelverde
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151:Emanuele Notarbartolo
1389:American Cosa Nostra
1304:Banda della Magliana
1299:Banda della Comasina
1284:American Cosa Nostra
1176:Via D'Amelio bombing
1134:Viale Lazio massacre
899:Vallelunga Pratameno
876:Campobello di Licata
871:Palma di Montechiaro
260:Giuseppe Genco Russo
245:their own commission
225:Giuseppe Genco Russo
51:improve this article
1146:Via Carini massacre
423:Bernardo Provenzano
252:Gaetano Badalamenti
1399:Mafia bibliography
1361:Sacra Corona Unita
1164:Pizzolungo bombing
861:Sambuca di Sicilia
823:Agrigento Province
360:. Also there were
236:series of meetings
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212:three major ones.
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1158:Train 904 bombing
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980:Belmonte Mezzagno
593:(Coronet, 2004),
574:Claire Sterling,
354:Angelo La Barbera
195:Ciaculli massacre
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16:(Redirected from
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1103:Second Mafia War
1013:Mazara del Vallo
995:Trapani Province
947:Palermo Province
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643:Chain of command
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398:Corleonesi trial
358:Michele Cavataio
321:Cesare Terranova
299:Trial of the 114
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256:Tommaso Buscetta
167:Benito Mussolini
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40:This article
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1420:Mafia trials
1329:Unione Corse
1255:
1115:and bombings
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516:Luciano Raia
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465:and police.
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438:World War II
434:black market
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317:intimidation
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187:car bombings
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161:was sent to
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107:January 2020
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1376:Vendicatori
1356:'Ndrangheta
1314:Beati Paoli
1269:(1985–1986)
1263:(1986–1992)
1105:(1981–1984)
1099:(1962–1963)
937:Pagliarelli
927:Porta Nuova
692:Consigliere
688:(Sottocapo)
547:in absentia
499:in absentia
488:in absentia
474:A Sicilian
463:Carabinieri
388:in absentia
379:in absentia
216:First trial
159:Cesare Mori
1414:Categories
1309:Basilischi
1261:Maxi Trial
1230:Addiopizzo
955:Camporeale
932:Brancaccio
814:Mandamenti
769:Corleonesi
731:Mandamento
701:Caporegime
697:Capodecina
650:Commission
554:References
539:Maxi Trial
445:Alfa Romeo
332:kidnapping
279:extradited
183:Corleonesi
77:newspapers
1425:Antimafia
1198:Antimafia
1113:Massacres
1034:Mistretta
909:Mussomeli
851:Cianciana
846:Canicattì
831:Agrigento
794:Inzerillo
709:(Soldier)
686:Underboss
505:Aftermath
339:smuggling
305:Catanzaro
1074:Meetings
1040:Siracusa
970:Bagheria
960:Corleone
804:Graviano
774:Galatolo
726:Made man
652:(Cupola)
533:See also
275:indicted
240:American
181:and the
175:Corleone
1336:Garduña
1319:Camorra
1277:Related
1235:Pentito
1214:members
1053:Members
1008:Trapani
919:Palermo
751:Pizzino
707:Soldato
476:proverb
450:As the
436:during
336:tobacco
309:Italian
307:on the
273:, were
199:Octopus
144:pentiti
139:Mafiosi
91:scholar
1366:Stidda
1249:Trials
1190:(1993)
1184:(1993)
1178:(1992)
1172:(1992)
1166:(1985)
1160:(1984)
1154:(1983)
1148:(1982)
1142:(1982)
1136:(1969)
1130:(1963)
1124:(1947)
1018:Alcamo
975:Trabia
965:Cinisi
856:Ribera
789:Motisi
784:Minore
736:OmertĂ
666:Family
597:
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567:
384:Brazil
328:murder
313:Sicily
232:heroin
163:Sicily
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1027:Other
904:Riesi
779:Greco
761:Clans
746:Pizzo
741:Faida
670:Cosca
343:theft
155:train
98:JSTOR
84:books
1090:Wars
1038:Sud
894:Gela
676:Boss
595:ISBN
580:ISBN
565:ISBN
511:Rome
452:jury
405:Bari
364:and
352:and
269:and
258:and
129:The
70:news
247:.)
165:by
53:by
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