205:, they relied on their sacrosanctity to obstruct actions unfavourable to the plebeians. Being sacrosanct, no person could harm the tribunes or interfere with their activities. To do so, or to disregard the veto of a tribune, was punishable by death, and the tribunes could order the death of persons who violated their sacrosanctity. This could be used as a protection when a tribune needed to arrest someone. This sacrosanctity also made the tribunes independent of all magistrates; no magistrate could veto the action of a tribune. If a magistrate, the senate, or any other assembly disregarded the orders of a tribune, he could "interpose the sacrosanctity of his person" to prevent such action. Even a
334:, who might be elected from either order. Initially this compromise satisfied the plebeians, but in practice only patricians were elected. The regular election of military tribunes in the place of consuls prevented any plebeians from assuming the highest offices of state until the year 400, when four of the six military tribunes were plebeians. Plebeian military tribunes served in 399, 396, 383, and 379, but in all other years between 444 and 376 BC, every consul or military tribune with consular powers was a patrician.
245:("I appeal to the people"). Once invoked, this right required one of the tribunes to assess the situation, and determine the lawfulness of the magistrate's action. Any action taken in defiance of this right was illegal on its face. In effect, this gave the tribunes of the people unprecedented power to protect individuals from the arbitrary exercise of state power, and afforded Roman citizens a degree of liberty unequalled in the ancient world. If the tribune decided to act, he would impose his
371:, who considered the tribunate a threat to his power, deprived the tribunes of their powers to initiate legislation, and to veto acts of the senate. He also prohibited former tribunes from holding any other office, effectively preventing the use of the tribunate as a stepping stone to higher office. Although the tribunes retained the power to intercede on behalf of individual citizens, most of their authority was lost under Sulla's reforms. Former tribunes were once again
302:, or decemvirs, to serve for one year in place of the annual magistrates, and codify Roman law. The tribunate itself was suspended during this time. But when a second college of decemvirs appointed for the year 450 illegally continued their office into the following year, and the abuses of their authority became clear to the people, the decemvirate was abolished and the tribunate restored, together with the annual magistrates.
390:, who aspired to hold the tribunician power, had himself adopted by a plebeian youth, and renounced his patrician status, in order to be elected tribune for the following year. Although considered outrageous at the time, Clodius' scheme was allowed to proceed, and he embarked on a program of legislation designed to outlaw his political opponents and confiscate their property, while realizing a substantial gain from his actions.
1282:
349:. Under this law, military tribunes with consular power were abolished, and one of the consuls elected each year was to be a plebeian. Although this law was occasionally violated by the election of two patrician consuls, Sextius himself was elected consul for 366, and Licinius in 364. At last, the plebeian tribunes had broken the patrician monopoly on the highest magistracies of the state.
101:
190:), and beginning in 493 BC to elect the plebeian tribunes and aediles. From the institution of the tribunate, any one of the tribunes of the plebs was entitled to preside over this assembly. The tribunes were entitled to propose legislation before the assembly. By the third century BC, the tribunes also had the right to call the senate to order, and lay proposals before it.
137:, a former consul who was well liked by the plebeians, as an envoy. Menenius was well received, and told the fable of the belly and the limbs, likening the people to the limbs who chose not to support the belly, and thus starved themselves; just as the belly and the limbs, the city, he explained, could not survive without both the patricians and plebeians working in concert.
401:, who, as a patrician, was ineligible to be elected one of the tribunes. When two of the elected tribunes attempted to obstruct his actions, Caesar had them impeached, and taken before the senate, where they were deprived of their powers. Never again did Caesar face opposition from the tribunes; he held the tribunician power until his death in 44.
141:
meant that only plebeians were eligible for the tribunate), and the tribunes should be sacrosanct; any person who laid hands on one of the tribunes would be outlawed, and the whole body of the plebeians entitled to kill such person without fear of penalty. The senate agreeing to these terms, the people returned to the city.
448:, its independence and most of its practical functions were lost. Together with the aedileship, it remained a step in the political career of many plebeians who aspired to sit in the senate, at least until the third century. There is evidence that the tribunate continued to exist as late as the fifth century AD.
260:
Because the sacrosanctity of the tribunes depended on the oath of the plebeians to defend them, their powers were limited to the boundaries of the city of Rome. A tribune traveling abroad could not rely on his authority to intervene on behalf of the plebeians. For this reason, the activities of the
159:
The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two
297:
However, the new tribunes continued to press for the adoption of
Terentillus' law, until in 454 the senate agreed to appoint three commissioners to study Greek laws and institutions, and on their return help to resolve the strife between the orders. On the return of the envoys, the senate and the
293:
alleged that the consular government had become even more oppressive than the monarchy that it had replaced. He urged the passage of a law appointing five commissioners to define and limit the powers of the consuls. By threat of war and plague, the issue was postponed for five contentious years,
416:
became a pre-requisite for the emperors, most of whom received it from the senate upon claiming the throne, though some had already received this power during the reigns of their predecessors; the granting of this authority was a means of designating a favoured member of the imperial court as the
140:
The plebeians agreed to negotiate for their return to the city; and their condition was that special tribunes should be appointed to represent the plebeians, and to protect them from the power of the consuls. No member of the senatorial class would be eligible for this office (in practice, this
309:
of Roman law also codified that the consulate itself was closed to the plebeians. Worse still, in 448, two patricians were co-opted to fill vacant positions in the tribunate, although they proved to be of moderate views, and their year of office was peaceful. To prevent future attempts by the
345:, tribunes of the plebs, used the veto power to prevent the election of any annual magistrates. Continuing in office each year, they frustrated the patricians, who, despite electing patrician military tribunes from 371 to 367, finally conceded the consulship, agreeing to the
294:
with the same college of tribunes elected each year. In 457, hoping to deprive the law's supporters of their impetus, the senate agreed to increase the number of tribunes to ten, provided that none of the tribunes from the preceding years should be re-elected.
638:
seems that the dictator's supreme power did not necessarily extend into the city... that the power of a dictator did not override that of the tribunes—a point attested also by the tradition about appeals against the dictator
318:
forbidding the tribunes to co-opt their colleagues, and requiring their election to continue until all of the seats were filled. But relations between the orders deteriorated, until in 445, the tribunes, led by
200:
the power of the tribunes to intercede on behalf of the plebeians and veto the actions of the magistrates, was unique in Roman history. Because they were not technically magistrates, and thus possessed no
441:
each received the tribunician power in this way. With the regular assumption of the tribunician power by the emperors and their heirs, the ancient authority of the tribunes dwindled away.
352:
Following their victory in 367, the tribunes remained an important check on the power of the senate and the annual magistrates. In 287 BC, the senate formally recognized the
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881:
311:
64:(people's assembly); to summon the senate; to propose legislation; and to intervene on behalf of plebeians in legal matters; but the most significant power was to
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imposed his veto on all government functions in 133 BC, when the senate attempted to block his agrarian reforms by imposing the veto of another tribune.
457:
696:
112:
and establishment of the Roman
Republic, the plebeians were burdened by crushing debt. A series of clashes between the people and the ruling
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257:
Although a tribune could veto any action of the magistrates, senate, or other assemblies, he had to be physically present in order to do so.
116:
in 495 and 494 BC brought the plebeians to the brink of revolt, and there was talk of assassinating the consuls. Instead, on the advice of
72:
and other magistrates, thus protecting the interests of the plebeians as a class. The tribunes of the plebs were typically found seated on
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156:, appointed for the year 493 BC. Soon afterward, the tribunes themselves appointed Sicinius and two others as their colleagues.
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Among the laws codified by the decemvirs was one forbidding intermarriage between the patricians and the plebeians; the
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166:, or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.
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permitting the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and allowing one of the consuls to be a plebeian.
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alone. However, they functioned very much like magistrates of the Roman state. They could convene the
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2016:
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as laws with binding force. In 149 BC, men elected to the tribunate automatically entered the Senate.
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178:, who were created at the same time, were technically not magistrates, as they were elected by the
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46:, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the
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Rather than permit the election of a plebeian consul, the senate resolved upon the election of
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as a matter of course, and the office itself lost its independence and most of its functions.
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Although sometimes referred to as plebeian magistrates, the tribunes of the people, like the
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213:) was not exempted from the veto power, although some sources may suggest the contrary.
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1270:"How to Roman Republic 101, Part IIIc: Ten Tribunes, Two Censors and Twenty-Six Guys"
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beginning in 75 BC, and the tribunician authority was fully restored by the consuls
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tribunes were normally confined to the city itself, and a one-mile radius beyond.
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The
Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer, engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849.
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Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"".
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846:
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342:
206:
39:
31:
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Drogula, Fred K (2017). "Plebeian tribunes and the government of early Rome".
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The dignity of the office was further impaired when, in 59 BC, the patrician
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tribunes agreed to the appointment of a committee of ten men, known as the
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643:, and by the threat of a tribune to veto an election held by a dictator.
404:
In 23 BC, the senate bestowed the tribunician power on Caesar's nephew,
186:, which was entitled to pass legislation affecting the plebeians alone (
84:, meaning that any assault on their person was punishable by death. In
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1151:. History of the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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286:, thus removing the influence of the patricians on their election.
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133:(the Sacred Mount), a hill outside of Rome. The senate dispatched
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Tribunes also possessed the authority to enforce the right of
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The tribunes could veto acts of the Roman senate. The tribune
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368:
269:
43:
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Brennan, T Corey (26 October 2017). "tribunicia potestas".
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Erosion of the tribunician power at the end of the
Republic
65:
1638:
927:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
861:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
592:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
1013:
Derow, Peter Sidney (31 August 2016). "tribuni plebis".
646:
On the threatened veto of elections, see Livy 27.6.2–11.
673:
See the use of both forms by Volero in Livy's account.
310:patricians to influence the selection of tribunes,
444:Although the office of tribune endured throughout
237:to appeal the actions of a magistrate by shouting
88:, the powers of the tribunate were granted to the
95:
3251:
278:transferred the election of the tribunes from
58:had the power to convene and preside over the
1308:
546:
544:
1073:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1229:"The origins of the tribunate of the plebs"
1095:
1315:
1301:
541:
270:The tribunes in the conflict of the orders
1267:
1184:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
695:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
169:
108:Fifteen years after the expulsion of the
1068:
1015:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
961:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
610:. Oxford University Press. p. 111.
99:
1322:
1126:
1039:
1023:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6554
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969:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8196
958:
603:
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607:The constitution of the Roman Republic
465:, primary author of a newspaper named
1296:
1226:
1181:
1146:
1110:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20131.pub2
1012:
594:, Ginn & Co., 1901, pp. 196, 261.
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
332:military tribunes with consular power
227:, a precursor of the modern right of
1274:A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry
900:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
847:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
674:
661:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
397:(tribunician power) on the dictator
502:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Tribuni Plebis."
373:admitted to the annual magistracies
13:
1268:Devereaux, Bret (25 August 2023).
1129:Constitution of the Roman republic
478:
393:In 48 BC, the senate bestowed the
14:
3286:
1261:
1280:
1071:A critical history of early Rome
241:("I call upon the tribunes") or
3275:1st-millennium BC introductions
1102:Encyclopedia of Ancient History
951:
932:
919:
906:
888:
866:
853:
835:
819:
801:
775:
757:
739:
721:
703:
417:emperor's intended successor.
929:, Ginn & Co., 1901, p. 135
863:, Ginn & Co., 1901, p. 105
816:vi. 35, 36, 38, 42, vii. 1, 2.
667:
649:
597:
584:
562:
523:
505:
252:
96:Establishment of the tribunate
38:) was the first office of the
16:Ancient Roman political office
1:
472:
458:List of tribunes of the plebs
1887:Frontiers and fortifications
323:, were able to push through
218:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
7:
1946:Decorations and punishments
1227:Smith, Christopher (2012).
1196:10.25162/historia-2014-0018
1131:. Oxford University Press.
636:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
499:Oxford Classical Dictionary
451:
339:Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo
249:("right of intercession").
10:
3291:
2853:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1428:historiography of the fall
826:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
264:
150:Lucius Albinius Paterculus
3234:External wars and battles
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2007:
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1471:
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1358:
1349:
1331:
1245:10.1017/S0066477400000162
1122:– via ResearchGate.
1096:Kondratieff, E J (2018).
467:The Tribune of the People
1127:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
691:: CS1 maint: location (
634:and his master of horse
604:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
412:. From this point, the
343:Lucius Sextius Lateranus
135:Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
118:Lucius Sicinius Vellutus
3229:Roman–Iranian relations
1704:Optimates and populares
1147:Lomas, Kathryn (2018).
1104:. Wiley. pp. 1–5.
1069:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
945:(1985), pp. 13, 20, 56.
882:De Haruspicum Responsis
388:Publius Clodius Pulcher
381:Marcus Licinius Crassus
364:However, in 81 BC, the
291:Gaius Terentillius Arsa
76:set up for them in the
3239:Civil wars and revolts
2505:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2152:Conflict of the Orders
1511:Legislative assemblies
988:The beginnings of Rome
377:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
312:Lucius Trebonius Asper
170:Powers of the tribunes
105:
35:
3260:Tribunes of the plebs
2948:Simplicius of Cilicia
2700:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1929:Siege in Ancient Rome
1538:Executive magistrates
1157:10.4159/9780674919938
990:. London: Routledge.
986:Cornell, Tim (1995).
873:Marcus Tullius Cicero
577:, ii. 33, 58 (citing
225:provocatio ad populum
103:
80:. The tribunes were
42:that was open to the
24:tribune of the people
3270:Ancient Roman titles
2958:Stephanus Byzantinus
2863:Eusebius of Caesaria
2725:Sidonius Apollinaris
2415:Ammianus Marcellinus
1754:Tribune of the plebs
1289:at Wikimedia Commons
1287:Tribune of the plebs
925:Frank Frost Abbott,
916:(1924), pp. 200–201.
859:Frank Frost Abbott,
830:Romaike Archaiologia
630:The quarrel between
590:Frank Frost Abbott,
289:In 462, the tribune
20:Tribune of the plebs
3134:Distinguished women
2785:Velleius Paterculus
2625:Nicolaus Damascenus
2605:Marcellus Empiricus
1994:Republican currency
850:"Life of Camillus."
414:tribunicia potestas
399:Gaius Julius Caesar
395:tribunicia potestas
243:provoco ad populum!
233:. This entitled a
209:(and presumably an
68:the actions of the
2908:Phlegon of Tralles
2715:Seneca the Younger
2189:Naming conventions
1919:Personal equipment
1452:Later Roman Empire
1054:10.1017/ann.2017.8
943:The Roman Emperors
664:Tiberius Gracchus.
632:L. Papirius Cursor
423:Drusus the Younger
347:Licinian Rogations
337:Beginning in 376,
247:ius intercessionis
194:Ius intercessionis
106:
3247:
3246:
3209:Pontifices maximi
2991:
2990:
2848:Diogenes Laërtius
2670:Pliny the Younger
2425:Asconius Pedianus
2385:Romance languages
2257:Civil engineering
1999:Imperial currency
1872:Political control
1833:
1832:
1467:
1466:
1285:Media related to
1166:978-0-674-65965-0
1138:978-0-19-926108-6
1119:978-1-4051-7935-5
1080:978-0-520-94029-1
1032:978-0-19-938113-5
978:978-0-19-938113-5
903:"Life of Cicero."
239:appello tribunos!
180:plebeian assembly
3282:
3199:Magistri equitum
3114:Cities and towns
3107:
3033:Constantinopolis
2843:Diodorus Siculus
2775:Valerius Maximus
2710:Seneca the Elder
2630:Nonius Marcellus
2398:
2397:
1951:Hippika gymnasia
1914:Infantry tactics
1820:Consular tribune
1810:Magister equitum
1759:Military tribune
1724:
1723:
1684:Pontifex maximus
1679:Princeps senatus
1669:Magister militum
1435:Byzantine Empire
1356:
1355:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1256:
1223:
1178:
1149:The rise of Rome
1142:
1123:
1098:"Tribuni plebis"
1092:
1065:
1036:
1009:
982:
946:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
904:
892:
886:
870:
864:
857:
851:
839:
833:
823:
817:
805:
799:
779:
773:
761:
755:
743:
737:
725:
719:
707:
701:
700:
690:
682:
671:
665:
653:
647:
645:
601:
595:
588:
582:
566:
560:
548:
539:
527:
521:
509:
503:
495:
184:concilium plebis
176:plebeian aediles
120:, the plebeians
61:Concilium Plebis
28:plebeian tribune
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3105:
3103:
3097:
2987:
2823:AĂ«tius of Amida
2804:
2790:Verrius Flaccus
2770:Valerius Antias
2730:Silius Italicus
2665:Pliny the Elder
2610:Marcus Aurelius
2485:Cornelius Nepos
2435:Aurelius Victor
2389:
2311:
2223:
2157:Secessio plebis
2128:
2003:
1955:
1829:
1783:
1713:
1595:
1547:
1463:
1384:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1264:
1259:
1167:
1143:Reprinted 2009.
1139:
1120:
1081:
1033:
998:
979:
954:
949:
937:
933:
924:
920:
914:This was Cicero
911:
907:
893:
889:
871:
867:
858:
854:
840:
836:
824:
820:
813:Ab Urbe Condita
806:
802:
787:Ab Urbe Condita
780:
776:
769:Ab Urbe Condita
762:
758:
751:Ab Urbe Condita
744:
740:
733:Ab Urbe Condita
726:
722:
715:Ab urbe condita
708:
704:
684:
683:
678:Ab urbe condita
672:
668:
654:
650:
618:
602:
598:
589:
585:
574:Ab urbe condita
567:
563:
556:Ab Urbe Condita
549:
542:
535:Ab Urbe Condita
528:
524:
517:Ab Urbe Condita
510:
506:
496:
479:
475:
463:Gracchus Babeuf
454:
439:Marcus Aurelius
362:
321:Gaius Canuleius
284:comitia tributa
280:comitia curiata
272:
267:
255:
172:
98:
74:special benches
36:tribunus plebis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Cursus honorum
3262:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
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2985:
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2975:
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2965:
2960:
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2945:
2940:
2935:
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2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Pomponius Mela
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
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2477:
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2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Aelius Donatus
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:Ecclesiastical
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
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2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:Toys and games
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
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1659:Vigintisexviri
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1621:
1619:Cursus honorum
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1262:External links
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1190:(3): 323–339.
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469:
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446:imperial times
361:
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274:In 471 BC the
271:
268:
266:
263:
254:
251:
203:maior potestas
196:, also called
171:
168:
163:aediles plebis
154:Gaius Licinius
146:tribuni plebis
97:
94:
86:imperial times
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9:
6:
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2:
3287:
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2678:
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2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
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2648:
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2638:
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2633:
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2565:Julius Paulus
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2500:Fabius Pictor
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2314:
2308:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
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2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
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2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Amphitheatres
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
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2220:
2217:
2215:
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2207:
2205:
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2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
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2095:
2092:
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2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
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2075:
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2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Deforestation
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Siege engines
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Establishment
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:Extraordinary
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Promagistrate
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Twelve Tables
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:0-415-01596-0
993:
989:
984:
980:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
956:
944:
940:
939:Michael Grant
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928:
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915:
909:
902:
901:
896:
891:
884:
883:
878:
874:
869:
862:
856:
849:
848:
843:
838:
831:
827:
822:
815:
814:
809:
804:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
778:
771:
770:
765:
760:
753:
752:
747:
742:
735:
734:
729:
724:
717:
716:
711:
706:
698:
694:
688:
680:
679:
675:Livy (1880).
670:
663:
662:
657:
652:
644:
642:
637:
633:
627:
623:
619:
617:0-19-815068-7
613:
609:
608:
600:
593:
587:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
558:
557:
552:
547:
545:
537:
536:
531:
526:
519:
518:
513:
508:
501:
500:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
477:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
408:, now styled
407:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
317:
313:
308:
307:Twelve Tables
303:
301:
295:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
262:
258:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:
230:habeas corpus
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
102:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3179:Institutions
3043:Leptis Magna
2996:Major cities
2903:Philostratus
2690:Quadrigarius
2510:Rufus Festus
2373:Contemporary
2094:Romanization
2017:Architecture
1753:
1624:Collegiality
1473:Constitution
1324:Ancient Rome
1273:
1236:
1232:
1187:
1183:
1148:
1128:
1101:
1070:
1045:
1041:
1014:
987:
960:
952:Bibliography
942:
934:
926:
921:
913:
908:
898:
890:
880:
877:Pro Domo Sua
876:
868:
860:
855:
845:
837:
829:
821:
811:
808:Titus Livius
803:
795:
791:
785:
782:Titus Livius
777:
767:
764:Titus Livius
759:
749:
746:Titus Livius
741:
731:
728:Titus Livius
723:
713:
705:
677:
669:
659:
651:
629:
606:
599:
591:
586:
572:
564:
554:
551:Titus Livius
533:
530:Titus Livius
525:
515:
512:Titus Livius
507:
497:
466:
443:
413:
409:
403:
394:
392:
385:
363:
353:
351:
336:
329:
314:promulgated
304:
296:
288:
276:Lex Publilia
273:
259:
256:
246:
242:
238:
228:
224:
222:
215:
202:
198:intercessio,
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
173:
161:
158:
145:
143:
139:
128:
124:
107:
59:
48:Roman Senate
27:
23:
19:
18:
3174:Geographers
2858:Dioscorides
2838:Cassius Dio
2460:Cassiodorus
2363:Renaissance
1969:Agriculture
1941:Auxiliaries
1882:Engineering
1719:Magistrates
1571:Citizenship
1566:Mos maiorum
1501:Late Empire
1239:: 101–125.
1048:: 101–123.
754:iii. 32–55.
253:Limitations
78:Roman Forum
52:magistrates
40:Roman state
3254:Categories
3063:Mediolanum
3003:Alexandria
2968:Themistius
2933:Porphyrius
2760:Tertullian
2695:Quintilian
2685:Propertius
2580:Lactantius
2530:Fulgentius
2465:Censorinus
2287:Sanitation
2272:Metallurgy
2229:Technology
2194:Demography
2142:Patricians
2109:Spectacles
2067:Literature
2062:Hairstyles
1899:Technology
1649:Praefectus
1601:Government
1591:Litigation
1576:Auctoritas
1521:Centuriate
1408:Principate
1403:Pax Romana
1363:Foundation
1233:Antichthon
1042:Antichthon
895:Plutarchus
842:Plutarchus
736:iii. 8–31.
656:Plutarchus
641:C. Maenius
581:, iii. 31.
520:ii. 23–32.
473:References
354:plebiscita
188:plebiscita
144:The first
130:Mons Sacer
114:patricians
82:sacrosanct
3219:Quaestors
3149:Empresses
3139:Dynasties
3129:Dictators
3104:and other
3093:Volubilis
3088:Vindobona
3048:Londinium
2973:Theodoret
2943:Procopius
2923:Polyaenus
2898:Pausanias
2800:Vitruvius
2745:Symmachus
2740:Suetonius
2650:Petronius
2635:Obsequens
2600:Macrobius
2595:Lucretius
2520:Frontinus
2495:Eutropius
2480:Columella
2430:Augustine
2420:Appuleius
2368:Neo-Latin
2343:Classical
2334:Versions
2242:Aqueducts
2184:Patronage
2104:Sexuality
2077:Mythology
2052:Education
2042:Cosmetics
1867:Campaigns
1862:Structure
1815:Decemviri
1674:Imperator
1373:overthrow
1253:0066-4774
1220:151289863
1204:0018-2311
1175:239349186
1062:0066-4774
794:, v. 12.
718:, ii. 58.
687:cite book
681:. 2.55.5.
300:decemviri
54:. These
44:plebeians
3224:Tribunes
3214:Praetors
3164:Generals
3144:Emperors
3053:Lugdunum
3038:Eboracum
3028:Carthage
3013:Aquileia
2928:Polybius
2918:Plutarch
2888:Libanius
2878:Josephus
2873:Herodian
2765:Tibullus
2680:Priscian
2655:Phaedrus
2615:Manilius
2560:Jordanes
2545:Hydatius
2475:Claudian
2455:Catullus
2445:Boëthius
2440:Ausonius
2358:Medieval
2330:Alphabet
2302:Theatres
2277:Numerals
2262:Concrete
2252:Circuses
2219:Bagaudae
2209:Adoption
2204:Marriage
2177:Assembly
2082:Religion
2057:Folklore
2037:Clothing
2032:Calendar
1989:Currency
1979:Commerce
1877:Strategy
1839:Military
1825:Triumvir
1805:Dictator
1800:Interrex
1779:Governor
1764:Quaestor
1727:Ordinary
1709:Province
1699:Tetrarch
1689:Augustus
1654:Vicarius
1644:Officium
1581:Imperium
1531:Plebeian
1491:Republic
1413:Dominate
1380:Republic
1341:Timeline
1212:24432812
1089:70728478
1006:31515793
832:xiv. 12.
772:iv. 1–6.
626:39706770
452:See also
427:Tiberius
410:Augustus
406:Octavian
383:in 70.
366:dictator
211:interrex
207:dictator
125:en masse
56:tribunes
3194:Legions
3154:Fiction
3124:Consuls
3119:Climate
3073:Ravenna
3068:Pompeii
3058:Lutetia
3023:Bononia
3018:Berytus
3008:Antioch
2983:Zosimus
2978:Zonaras
2953:Sozomen
2938:Priscus
2913:Photius
2755:Terence
2750:Tacitus
2735:Statius
2720:Servius
2705:Sallust
2660:Plautus
2640:Orosius
2620:Martial
2575:Juvenal
2550:Hyginus
2535:Gellius
2394:Writers
2325:History
2307:Thermae
2297:Temples
2247:Bridges
2214:Slavery
2162:Equites
2134:Society
2114:Theatre
2087:Deities
2047:Cuisine
2027:Bathing
2009:Culture
1984:Finance
1961:Economy
1852:Borders
1847:History
1749:Tribune
1744:Praetor
1634:Legatus
1629:Emperor
1516:Curiate
1486:Kingdom
1481:History
1457:History
1440:decline
1398:History
1368:Kingdom
1351:History
1336:Outline
790:iv. 6.
559:ii. 33.
538:ii. 32.
419:Agrippa
282:to the
265:History
235:citizen
127:to the
122:seceded
90:emperor
70:consuls
3204:Nomina
3189:Legacy
3169:Gentes
3106:topics
3102:Lists
3083:Smyrna
2963:Strabo
2893:Lucian
2883:Julian
2833:Arrian
2828:Appian
2818:Aelian
2795:Vergil
2570:Justin
2555:Jerome
2540:Horace
2525:Fronto
2515:Florus
2490:Ennius
2470:Cicero
2450:Caesar
2348:Vulgar
2172:Tribes
2099:Romans
1909:Legion
1892:castra
1769:Aedile
1739:Censor
1734:Consul
1694:Caesar
1664:Lictor
1586:Status
1526:Tribal
1506:Senate
1496:Empire
1390:Empire
1326:topics
1251:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1173:
1163:
1135:
1116:
1087:
1077:
1060:
1029:
1004:
994:
975:
624:
614:
437:, and
435:Trajan
2868:Galen
2810:Greek
2780:Varro
2590:Lucan
2402:Latin
2317:Latin
2292:Ships
2282:Roads
2267:Domes
2199:Women
2147:Plebs
2072:Music
1614:Forum
1609:Curia
1216:S2CID
1208:JSTOR
1171:S2CID
431:Titus
369:Sulla
325:a law
316:a law
148:were
110:kings
32:Latin
3184:Laws
3159:Film
3078:Roma
2645:Ovid
2585:Livy
2353:Late
2167:Gens
2124:Wine
1936:Navy
1904:Army
1543:SPQR
1445:fall
1423:fall
1249:ISSN
1200:ISSN
1161:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1085:OCLC
1075:ISBN
1058:ISSN
1027:ISBN
1002:OCLC
992:ISBN
973:ISBN
879:13;
710:Livy
697:link
693:link
622:OCLC
612:ISBN
579:Piso
569:Livy
379:and
341:and
152:and
66:veto
50:and
2338:Old
2022:Art
1795:Rex
1639:Dux
1553:Law
1241:doi
1192:doi
1153:doi
1106:doi
1050:doi
1019:doi
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