Tropical rainforest

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productivity or the uptake of carbon. The soil contains microbial organisms such as bacteria, which break down leaf litter and other organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon usable by plants through a process called decomposition. During the decomposition process the microbial community is respiring, taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. The decomposition rate can be evaluated by measuring the uptake of oxygen. High temperatures and precipitation increase decomposition rate, which allows plant litter to rapidly decay in tropical regions, releasing nutrients that are immediately taken up by plants through surface or ground waters. The seasonal patterns in respiration are controlled by leaf litter fall and precipitation, the driving force moving the decomposable carbon from the litter to the soil. Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil.

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of the eastern and central Amazon as well as the Southeast Asian Rainforest are old and mineral poor whereas the soils of the western Amazon (Ecuador and Peru) and volcanic areas of Costa Rica are young and mineral rich. Primary productivity or wood production is highest in western Amazon and lowest in eastern Amazon which contains heavily weathered soils classified as oxisols. Additionally, Amazonian soils are greatly weathered, making them devoid of minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, which come from rock sources. However, not all tropical rainforests occur on nutrient poor soils, but on nutrient rich floodplains and volcanic soils located in the Andean foothills, and volcanic areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America.

1463: 822: 847: 299: 1046:. Haffer proposed the explanation for speciation was the product of rainforest patches being separated by stretches of non-forest vegetation during the last glacial period. He called these patches of rainforest areas refuges and within these patches allopatric speciation occurred. With the end of the glacial period and increase in atmospheric humidity, rainforest began to expand and the refuges reconnected. This theory has been the subject of debate. Scientists are still skeptical of whether or not this theory is legitimate. Genetic evidence suggests speciation had occurred in certain taxa 1–2 million years ago, preceding the 697: 986:

volcanic eruptions, river movements or an event as small as a fallen tree that creates gaps in the forest. In tropical rainforests, these same natural disturbances have been well documented in the fossil record, and are credited with encouraging speciation and endemism. Human land use practices have led to large-scale deforestation. In many tropical countries such as Costa Rica these deforested lands have been abandoned and forests have been allowed to regenerate through ecological succession. These regenerating young successional forests are called secondary forests or second-growth forests.

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litter for added nutrition. Additionally, these roots reduce soil erosion and maximize nutrient acquisition during heavy rains by diverting nutrient rich water flowing down the trunk into several smaller flows while also acting as a barrier to ground flow. Also, the large surface areas these roots create provide support and stability to rainforests trees, which commonly grow to significant heights. This added stability allows these trees to withstand the impacts of severe storms, thus reducing the occurrence of fallen trees.

898:. Ultisols are known as well weathered, acidic red clay soils, deficient in major nutrients such as calcium and potassium. Similarly, oxisols are acidic, old, typically reddish, highly weathered and leached, however are well drained compared to ultisols. The clay content of ultisols is high, making it difficult for water to penetrate and flow through. The reddish color of both soils is the result of heavy heat and moisture forming oxides of iron and aluminium, which are insoluble in water and not taken up readily by plants. 365: 1121: 69: 951: 221: 573:. The vegetation at this layer generally consists of shade-tolerant shrubs, herbs, small trees, and large woody vines which climb into the trees to capture sunlight. Only about 5% of sunlight breaches the canopy to arrive at the understory causing true understory plants to seldom grow to 3 m (10 feet). As an adaptation to these low light levels, understory plants have often evolved much larger leaves. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are in the understory. 61: 1161: 344: 610:, including orchids, bromeliads, mosses and lichens. These epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. It is suggested that the total arthropod species richness of the tropical canopy might be as high as 20 million. Other species inhabiting this layer include many avian species such as the 322:. The separation of the landmass resulted in a great loss of amphibian diversity while at the same time the drier climate spurred the diversification of reptiles. The division left tropical rainforests located in five major regions of the world: tropical America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and New Guinea, with smaller outliers in Australia. However, the specifics of the origin of rainforests remain uncertain due to an incomplete fossil record. 1064: 810: 1391: 929: 467: 995: 836: 1137:

inhabited the rainforests for tens of thousands of years and have remained so elusive that only recently have some tribes been discovered. These indigenous peoples are greatly threatened by loggers in search for old-growth tropical hardwoods like Ipe, Cumaru and Wenge, and by farmers who are looking to expand their land, for cattle(meat), and soybeans, which are used to feed cattle in Europe and China. On 18 January 2007,

577: 1483: 1172: 1550:. Such people, however, obtain their food primarily from farm plots cleared from the forest and hunt and forage within the forest to supplement this. The issue arising is between the independent farmer providing for his family and the needs and wants of the globe as a whole. This issue has seen little improvement because no plan has been established for all parties to be aided. 1098:. Food resources within the forest are extremely dispersed due to the high biological diversity and what food does exist is largely restricted to the canopy and requires considerable energy to obtain. Some groups of hunter-gatherers have exploited rainforest on a seasonal basis but dwelt primarily in adjacent savanna and open 1026:

to extinction. Niche partitioning is the other option for a species. This is the separation and rationing of necessary resources by utilizing different habitats, food sources, cover or general behavioral differences. A species with similar food items but different feeding times is an example of niche partitioning.

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to the rainforests. Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. Two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests. A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect, up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of

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Tropical rainforests ecosystems are distinguished by their consistent, high temperatures, exceeding 18 °C (64 °F) monthly, and substantial annual rainfall. The abundant rainfall results in nutrient-poor, leached soils, which profoundly affect the flora and fauna adapted to these conditions.

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results from a high density of species with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available. Species which "lose" the competition may either become extinct or find a new niche. Direct competition will often lead to one species dominating another by some advantage, ultimately driving it

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Soil chemical and physical characteristics are strongly related to above ground productivity and forest structure and dynamics. The physical properties of soil control the tree turnover rates whereas chemical properties such as available nitrogen and phosphorus control forest growth rates. The soils

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Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring. The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the

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Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment. Such increased awareness can induce more environmentally conscious behavior. Tourism has had a positive

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For the last three decades, the amount of carbon absorbed by the world's intact tropical forests has fallen, according to a study published in 2020 in the journal Nature. In 2019 they took up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, due to higher temperatures, droughts and deforestation. The

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Tropical rainforests are located around and near the equator, therefore having what is called an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters: temperature, rainfall, and dry season intensity. Other parameters that affect tropical rainforests are carbon dioxide concentrations,

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agriculture to overcome these limitations and enable them to push deep into what were previously rainforest environments. However, these are not rainforest dwellers, rather they are dwellers in cleared farmland that make forays into the rainforest. Up to 90% of the typical Yanamomo diet comes from

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An increase in tourism has increased economic support, allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat. Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be utilised specifically to pay for the

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and decomposition of organisms and leaves. Because of this, the buttress roots occur at the surface so the trees can maximize uptake and actively compete with the rapid uptake of other trees. These roots also aid in water uptake and storage, increase surface area for gas exchange, and collect leaf

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to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. This more open quality permits the easy movement of larger animals such as: ungulates like

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Rainforests are divided into different strata, or layers, with vegetation organized into a vertical pattern from the top of the soil to the canopy. Each layer is a unique biotic community containing different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular strata. Only the emergent layer is

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Tropical rainforests are hot and wet. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year. Average annual rainfall is no less than 1,680 mm (66 in) and can exceed 10 m (390 in) although it typically lies between 1,750 mm (69 in) and

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all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, 40 million tons of bananas were consumed worldwide each year, along with 13 million tons of mango. Central American coffee exports were

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of trees. Instead of penetrating to deeper soil layers, buttress roots create a widespread root network at the surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment. Most of the nutrients within the soil of a tropical rainforest occur near the surface

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Many indigenous peoples around the world live within rainforests as hunter-gatherers, or subsist as part-time small scale farmers supplemented in large part by trading high-value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forests. Peoples have

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is an ecological process that changes the biotic community structure over time towards a more stable, diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community. The initial disturbance is often a natural phenomenon or human caused event. Natural disturbances include hurricanes,

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is not always clear. Rainforests are dynamic and many changes affect the structure of the forest. Emergent or canopy trees collapse, for example, causing gaps to form. Openings in the forest canopy are widely recognized as important for the establishment and growth of rainforest trees. It is

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in the tropics has increased. While rainforests are becoming increasingly rare, people are travelling to nations that still have this diverse habitat. Locals are benefiting from the additional income brought in by visitors, as well areas deemed interesting for visitors are often conserved.

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such as fungi and termites that aid in the process as well. Nutrient recycling is important because below ground resource availability controls the above ground biomass and community structure of tropical rainforests. These soils are typically phosphorus limited, which inhibits net primary

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are a particularly interesting group as they are noted for their traditional headhunting culture. Fresh human heads were required to perform certain rituals such as the Iban "kenyalang" and the Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as

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or shifting cultivation) and is considered a relatively benign disturbance. In fact, when looking at the level of individual swidden plots a number of traditional farming practices are considered beneficial. For example, the use of shade trees and fallowing all help preserve

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Some action has been taken by suggesting fallow periods of the land allowing secondary forest to grow and replenish the soil. Beneficial practices like soil restoration and conservation can benefit the small farmer and allow better production on smaller parcels of land.

1417:. Ecotourism can include a variety of activities including animal viewing, scenic jungle tours and even viewing cultural sights and native villages. If these practices are performed appropriately this can be beneficial for both locals and the present flora and fauna. 3044:

Foley, Jonathan A.; Asner, Gregory P.; Costa, Marcos Heil; Coe, Michael T.; Defries, Ruth; Gibbs, Holly K.; Howard, Erica A.; Olson, Sarah; et al. (2007). "Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin".

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solar radiation, and nitrogen availability. In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall. However, the abundance of rainfall changes throughout the year creating distinct moist and dry seasons. Tropical forests are

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where food is much more abundant. Other people described as rainforest dwellers are hunter-gatherers who subsist in large part by trading high value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest.

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population and variety of trees and higher plants are notable. Described as the "world's largest pharmacy", over a quarter of natural medicines have been discovered in them. However, tropical rainforests are threatened by human activities, such as

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This high rate of decomposition is the result of phosphorus levels in the soils, precipitation, high temperatures and the extensive microorganism communities. In addition to the bacteria and other microorganisms, there are an abundance of other

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Soil types are highly variable in the tropics and are the result of a combination of several variables such as climate, vegetation, topographic position, parent material, and soil age. Most tropical soils are characterized by significant

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Agriculture on formerly forested land is not without difficulties. Rainforest soils are often thin and leached of many minerals, and the heavy rainfall can quickly leach nutrients from area cleared for cultivation. People such as the

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can be classified as tropical moist or wet forests, which differ in regards to rainfall. Tropical forest ecology- dynamics, composition, and function- are sensitive to changes in climate especially changes in rainfall.

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The pygmy peoples are hunter-gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height (below one and a half meters, or 59 inches, on average). Amongst this group are the Efe, Aka,

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ranges from strict preservation of habitat to finding sustainable management techniques for people living in tropical rainforests. International policy has also introduced a market incentive program called

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at higher elevations. Depending on latitude, the lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between 1500 and 2500 m while the upper limit is usually from 2400 to 3300 m.

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climates. Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season, thus they are sometimes called "tropical mixed forest". They are found in parts of South America, in

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De Jong, Wil; Freitas, Luis; Baluarte, Juan; Van De Kop, Petra; Salazar, Angel; Inga, Erminio; Melendez, Walter; Germaná, Camila (2001). "Secondary forest dynamics in the Amazon floodplain in Peru".

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protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Revenue from taxation and tourism provides an additional incentive for governments to contribute revenue to the protection of the forest.

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estimated that perhaps 75% of the tree species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica are dependent on canopy opening for seed germination or for growth beyond sapling size, for example.

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The canopy is the primary layer of the forest, forming a roof over the two remaining layers. It contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30–45 m in height. Tall, broad-leaved

1648: 764:. These trees need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Several unique faunal species inhabit this layer such as the 2117: 537:

The understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. The understory is home to a number of birds, small mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators. Examples include

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caused by geological processes such as volcanism and climate change occurred in the past, and have been identified as important drivers of speciation. However, fast human driven

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Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric D.; Burgess, Neil D.; Powell, George V. N.; Underwood, Emma C.; d'Amico, Jennifer A.; Itoua, Illanga; et al. (2001).

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efforts are diverse, focusing on both preservation and sustainable management. International policies, such as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (

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Barton, Huw; Denham, Tim; Neumann, Katharina; Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel (2012). "Long-term perspectives on human occupation of tropical rainforests: An introductory overview".

1630: 2911: 1514:) occur underneath rainforests globally. These resources are important to developing nations and their extraction is often given priority to encourage economic growth. 890:

and poor nutrients, however there are some areas that contain fertile soils. Soils throughout the tropical rainforests fall into two classifications which include the

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Herrera, Rafael; Jordan, Carl F.; Medina, Ernesto & Klinge, Hans (1981). "How Human Activities Disturb the Nutrient Cycles of a Tropical Rainforest in Amazonia".

142:. They are home to 40–75% of all species globally, including half of the world's animal and plant species, and two-thirds of all flowering plant species. Their dense 4129: 742: 2761: 3287: 859:

by the amount of rainfall received each year, which has allowed ecologists to define differences in these forests that look so similar in structure. According to

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of tropical ecosystems, true tropical rainforests have an annual rainfall greater than 2 m and annual temperature greater than 24 degrees Celsius, with a

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around the world have inhabited rainforests for millennia, relying on them for sustenance and shelter, but face challenges from modern economic activities.

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species of reptiles that feed on these groups, particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.

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King, David A. & Clark, Deborah A. (2011). "Allometry of Emergent Tree Species from Saplings to Above-canopy Adults in a Costa Rican Rain Forest".

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Tropical rainforests exhibit a vast diversity in plant and animal species. The root for this remarkable speciation has been a query of scientists and

178:, which is sparse due to low light penetration. The soil is characteristically nutrient-poor and acidic. Tropical rainforests have a long history of 3718: 3450: 3360: 2731: 2571: 1939: 1673: 856: 2704:

Bailey, R.C., Head, G., Jenike, M., Owen, B., Rechtman, R., Zechenter, E. (1989). "Hunting and gathering in tropical rainforest: is it possible".

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Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica".

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Tropical rainforests have harboured human life for many millennia, with many Indigenous people in South and Central America, who belong to the

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Bruijnzeel, L. A. & Veneklaas, E. J. (1998). "Climatic Conditions and Tropical Montane Forest Productivity: The Fog Has Not Lifted Yet".

3526: 3467:(2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. 2628:

Moritz, C.; Patton, J. L.; Schneider, C. J.; Smith, T. B. (2000). "DIVERSIFICATION OF RAINFOREST FAUNAS: An Integrated Molecular Approach".

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effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts, notably in Africa but also in South America, Asia, Australia, and the South Pacific.

728:, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall. Some examples of emergents include: 1886: 3744: 3713: 1705: 1870: 1643: 274:

Tropical rainforests are among the most threatened ecosystems globally due to large-scale fragmentation as a result of human activity.

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Tropical rainforests have existed on earth for hundreds of millions of years. Most tropical rainforests today are on fragments of the

3153: 1855: 1354:. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests. The moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in 1586: 1534:, a West African nation, deforestation from decades of mining activity left about 12% of the country's original rainforest intact. 1633:(REDD) for companies and governments to outset their carbon emissions through financial investments into rainforest conservation. 3482:

Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead,

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and forest degradation. Despite these efforts, tropical rainforests continue to face significant threats from deforestation and

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receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season. These forests usually fall under

2351:"Soil Fertility, Mineral Nitrogen, and Microbial Biomass in Upland Soils of the Central Amazon under Different Plant Covers" 1195:

people of Central Africa. However, the term pygmy is considered pejorative so many tribes prefer not to be labeled as such.

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Tropical Rainforest: Our Most Valuable and Endangered Habitat With a Blueprint for Its Survival into the Third Millennium

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plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of

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Despite the negative effects of tourism in the tropical rainforests, there are also several important positive effects.

2744: 1218:. The traditional agricultural system practiced by tribes in the Amazon is based on swidden cultivation (also known as 1199: 1079: 581: 3130: 1825: 1320:

alone contain 251 tree species with edible fruits, of which only 43 had been established as cultivated crops by 1985.

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is suspected to be one of the major causes of species extinction. Tropical rain forests have been subjected to heavy

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In addition to extractive human uses, rain forests also have non-extractive uses that are frequently summarized as

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forest in the tropics has continued its upward trend, with fire-related losses contributing an increasing portion.

912:. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the 4036: 3770: 611: 267:

have been discovered within them. It is likely that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and

182:, influenced by natural events and human activities. They are crucial for global ecological functions, including 107: 3469: 2999: 2028: 1752: 1735: 4083: 3323: 1809: 4119: 2418:"Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere" 1980:

Corlett, R. & Primack, R. (2006). "Tropical Rainforests and the Need for Cross-continental Comparisons".

1603:. As major carbon reducers and carbon and soil methane storages, their destruction contributes to increasing 1035: 347: 3058: 2150: 3749: 864: 3612: 3305: 3990: 3675: 2703: 2524:"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land" 1678: 792: 307: 115: 1462: 821: 290:

throughout the 20th century, and the area covered by rainforests around the world is rapidly shrinking.

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Ecotourism can be an incentive for conservation, especially when it triggers positive economic change

1102: 1022: 705: 3265: 2482:"Buttress Trees Elevate Soil Heterogeneity and Regulate Seedling Diversity in a Tropical Rainforest" 2300:"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils" 4015: 2045:

Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). "Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure". In Frank B. Golley (ed.).

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is still derived from resistant wild stock. Tropical forests have supplied 250 cultivated kinds of

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for years. A number of theories have been developed for why and how the tropics can be so diverse.

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Location of tropical (dark green) and temperate/subtropical (light green) rainforests in the world.

4134: 4000: 3533: 2779:"Ontology of the self and material culture: Arrow-making among the Awá hunter–gatherers (Brazil)" 2070: 1721: 508: 2081:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570. 1157:

or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.

515:), as well as many species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects. The forest floor also contains 3213: 2481: 1851: 1543: 887: 244: 3245:

Fotiou, S. (October 2001). Environmental Impacts of Tourism. Retrieved 30 November 2007, from

1702: 920:). On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. 3985: 3444: 3350: 2817: 2725: 2565: 1933: 1867: 982: 825: 700: 275: 212:, highlighting the ongoing challenge of balancing conservation with human development needs. 179: 152: 916:

process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits (e.g.,

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Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic

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Efforts to protect and conserve tropical rainforest habitats are diverse and widespread.

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Oxisols, infertile, deeply weathered and severely leached, have developed on the ancient

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

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The structure of a tropical rainforest is stratified into layers, each hosting unique

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Tang, Yong; Yang, Xiaofei; Cao, Min; Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (2010).

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as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. The province of

3965: 3944: 3934: 2049:. Ecosystems of the World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29–47. 1993: 1592: 1580: 1563: 1394: 1228: 1219: 1207: 1068: 840: 754: 209: 68: 2794: 2500: 2188: 2073:(1 October 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests". 1892: 166:. These include the emergent layer with towering trees, the densely populated 4113: 3862: 3812: 3775: 3659: 3191: 2963:

Ewel, J J (1986). "Designing Agricultural Ecosystems for the Humid Tropics".

1663: 1527: 1366: 1083: 970: 965: 829: 765: 651: 643: 516: 287: 268: 236: 205: 123: 45: 2442: 2118:"Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species" 950: 3970: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3175: 3115: 3097: 2614: 2557: 2539: 2461: 2324: 2299: 2279: 2261: 2001: 1889:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 24 June 2016. 1829: 1487: 1215: 1160: 1129: 1091: 1087: 1003: 773: 603: 475: 423: 351: 224: 175: 139: 60: 49: 1712:. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov (5 December 2005). Retrieved on 28 March 2013. 220: 3827: 1600: 1511: 1351: 1047: 627: 401: 95: 2803: 2521: 1470: 343: 4056: 3832: 2984: 2949: 2907: 2867:

Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies

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González-Ruibal, Alfredo; Hernando, Almudena; Politis, Gustavo (2011).

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These are found in cooler-climate mountainous areas, becoming known as

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with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the

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are found in the forest canopy, as it often supports a rich flora of

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of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). Seasonal tropical forests with

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Tomich, P. T., Noordwijk, V. M., Vosti, A. S., Witcover, J (1998).

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List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions

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unique to tropical rainforests, while the others are also found in

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Terborgh, J., & Winter, B. (1980). Some causes of extinction.

3411:"A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa" 2745:'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help 1877:. Animalcorner.co.uk (1 January 2004). Retrieved on 28 March 2013. 1086:

in Central Africa, and several tribes in Southeast Asia, like the

835: 3780: 2014: 1736:"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth" 1724:. ScienceDaily.com (5 December 2005). Retrieved on 28 March 2013. 1382:

typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.

1374: 1347: 1292: 1248: 1141:

reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different

917: 895: 814: 538: 337: 283: 251: 187: 148: 84: 3373: 3288:

Canadian mining companies set to destroy Ghana's forest reserves

1231:

in the deeply weathered and leached soils common in the Amazon.

3754: 3644: 2661: 2174: 1953:

Brazil: Deforestation rises sharply as farmers push into Amazon

1515: 1503: 1499: 1378: 1355: 1284: 1276: 1268: 1243: 1211: 1146: 1125: 1099: 1095: 570: 520: 143: 41: 3304:

Walker, Philip L.; Sugiyama, Larry and Chacon, Richard (1998)

2776: 964:

A common feature of many tropical rainforests is the distinct

576: 3649: 3620: 2348: 2243: 1531: 1482: 1309: 1280: 1239: 1235: 1234:

There is a diversity of forest people in Asia, including the

1192: 717: 710: 492: 484: 91: 53: 2820:. Reuters.com (17 January 2007). Retrieved on 28 March 2013. 1631:

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

1171: 3807: 3154:"The science is clear: Forest loss behind Brazil's drought" 2585:

Haffer, J. (1969). "Speciation in Amazonian Forest Birds".

2398: 2029:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0003:CCATMF]2.0.CO;2

1753:

10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

1495: 240: 228: 134:

climates are sometimes included in the broader definition.

2627: 259:

higher plants. Tropical rainforests have been called the "

2997: 2349:

Moreira, A.; Fageria, N. K.; Garcia y Garcia, A. (2011).

1507: 1184: 716:

The emergent layer contains a small number of very large

3300: 3298: 3296: 1975: 1973: 1373:

region was one of the main reason that cause the severe

3463:

Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., &

3408: 3211: 3059:

10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[25:ARFDAL]2.0.CO;2

2047:

Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Structure and Function

441:, or "flooded forests", are found in Amazon basin (the 3560: 3072:

E. Lovejoy, Thomas; Nobre, Carlos (21 February 2018).

1979: 1591:

The tropics take a major role in reducing atmospheric

3312:. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 54 3293: 2239: 2237: 2212:"Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity" 1970: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1338:. Rain forests play an important role in maintaining 867:

ratio (PET) value of <0.25. However, most lowland

138:

These rainforests are renowned for their significant

94:

that occurs roughly within the 28° latitudes (in the

3214:"Community views of ecotourism: Redefining benefits" 3156:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 1768:

Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest.

523:

growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.

3527:"An Overview of REDD, REDD Plus and REDD Readiness" 3310:

Human Dental Development, Morphology, and Pathology

2416:Cleveland, Cory C. & Townsend, Alan R. (2006). 2297: 1227:, which is a critical factor in the maintenance of 1145:in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, 1124:Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in the 336:Several biomes may appear similar-to, or merge via 3611: 3043: 2234: 1780: 1537: 27:Forest in areas with heavy rainfall in the tropics 3266:"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests" 2881:"Use of tropical rainforest by native Amazonians" 2818:Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes 2522:Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010). 2479: 2358:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 325: 4130:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 4111: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1674:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 235:3,000 mm (120 in). This high level of 3071: 3027:, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, pp. 189–193, 1722:Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species 1703:Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species 1259: 989: 602:are the dominant plants. The densest areas of 3597: 2878: 2404: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2244:Malhi, Yadvinder & Wright, James (2004). 3449:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3258: 2730:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2475: 2473: 2471: 1938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1017: 271:still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. 3745:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 3359:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3355:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 2832:survivalinternational.org (25 January 2007) 2751:(22 April 2012). Retrieved on 24 June 2016. 2401:. mongabay.com. Retrieved on 28 March 2013. 2115: 1965:China is black hole of Asia's deforestation 850:Artificial tropical rainforest in Barcelona 3604: 3590: 2584: 2286: 2008: 1644:International Tropical Timber Organization 1397:for seeing the diverse tropical forest in 3434: 3105: 2998:Jessup, T. C. & Vayda, A. P. (1988). 2802: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2547: 2468: 2451: 2441: 2333: 2323: 2269: 2044: 2040: 2038: 1751: 1304:used in evading the damage caused by new 1300:worth US$ 3 billion in 1970. Much of the 3566:Rain Forest Info from Blue Planet Biomes 3524: 3272:. World Resources Institute. June 2023. 3047:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2965:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2830:BBC: First contact with isolated tribes? 2216:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1818: 1610: 1587:Effects of climate change on the tropics 1481: 1461: 1433: 1389: 1170: 1159: 1119: 1062: 993: 949: 927: 845: 834: 820: 808: 695: 575: 465: 363: 342: 297: 219: 67: 59: 31: 3402: 3212:Stronza, A. & Gordillo, J. (2008). 3205: 3151: 3000:"Dayaks and forests of interior Borneo" 2929: 2342: 2209: 2203: 932:Fungi play a part in nutrient recycling 263:", because over one quarter of natural 151:and agricultural expansion, leading to 72:Tropical rainforest climate zones (Af). 14: 4112: 3315: 3174: 2991: 2944:(2/3, MAB: A Special Issue): 109–114. 2872: 2783:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2690: 2621: 2578: 2035: 1826:"Rainforests.net – Variables and Math" 1797: 1477: 1467:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 1029: 106:). Tropical rainforests are a type of 3585: 3128: 3037: 2860: 2762:Brazil's Indigenous Awa Tribe At Risk 2109: 1323: 1109: 923: 3729:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 3691:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 3367: 3129:Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2017). 2962: 2956: 2168: 2069: 1727: 1044:Speciation of Amazonian Forest Birds 977: 650:) as well as other animals like the 247:of soluble nutrients in the ground. 114:. True rainforests usually occur in 2977:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001333 2228:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243 1238:peoples of the Philippines and the 1167:hunter-gatherers in the Congo Basin 1053: 526: 448: 122:occurs; all months have an average 110:, that includes the more extensive 24: 3276:from the original on 27 June 2023. 3152:VERCHOT, LOUIS (29 January 2015). 2399:Environmental news and information 1200:indigenous peoples of the Americas 1080:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 582:Forest Research Institute Malaysia 25: 4151: 3655:Montane grasslands and shrublands 3571:Passport to Knowledge Rainforests 3554: 3488:Herpetological Natural History, 8 1982:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1844: 1574: 945: 691: 658:sp.), African giant swallowtail ( 3409:Semazzi, F. H., Song, Y (2001). 2843:"People of the Congo Rainforest" 2642:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.533 1955:, The Guardian, 1 September 2008 1626:Tropical rainforest conservation 1595:. The tropics (most notably the 1490:in southwestern Papua New Guinea 1451: 1242:and Dayak people of Borneo. The 1149:has now overtaken the island of 174:layer rich in wildlife, and the 3771:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3518: 3499: 3486:, in central Amazonia, Brazil. 3476: 3457: 3280: 3239: 3168: 3145: 3122: 3065: 3017: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2770: 2754: 2738: 2515: 2392: 2143: 2063: 1958: 1946: 1538:Conversion to agricultural land 1458:Rainforest § Deforestation 1429: 1344:sequestering and storing carbon 724:, which grow above the general 612:yellow-casqued wattled hornbill 587: 461: 108:tropical moist broadleaf forest 4084:Ecological land classification 3613:Biogeographic regionalisations 3525:Varghese, Paul (August 2009). 1880: 1861: 1760: 1715: 1696: 1548:converting it to open farmland 1202:, or Amerindians, include the 358:Moist seasonal tropical forest 326:Other types of tropical forest 44:. The tropical rainforests of 13: 1: 3578:, Project Regeneration, 2021. 3396:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00687-3 3376:Forest Ecology and Management 3343:10.1016/S0169-5150(98)00032-2 2718:10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00040 1690: 1619: 1522:can require large amounts of 1494:Deposits of precious metals ( 1346:, global climate regulation, 1058: 1036:theory of Pleistocene refugia 880: 306:tree group has dominated the 3750:Deserts and xeric shrublands 3470:Revista de Biología Tropical 3233:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002 2760:Sibaja, Marco (6 June 2012) 2684:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.044 2607:10.1126/science.165.3889.131 2378:10.1080/00103624.2011.550376 2298:Aragao, L. E. O. C. (2009). 1254: 865:potential evapotranspiration 348:Hawaiian tropical rainforest 116:tropical rainforest climates 7: 3991:Temperate Northern Atlantic 3681:Broadleaf and mixed forests 3286:Ismi, A. (1 October 2003), 2177:Journal of Tropical Ecology 2155:Eastern Native Tree Society 1858:Retrieved on 14 March 2008. 1777:Retrieved on 14 March 2009. 1679:Tropical rainforest climate 1636: 1260:Cultivated foods and spices 990:Biodiversity and speciation 804: 749:Hymenolobium mesoamericanum 340:with, tropical rainforest: 308:Borneo lowland rain forests 215: 87:. They are a subset of the 10: 4156: 4094:Vegetation classifications 3996:Temperate Northern Pacific 3221:Annals of Tourism Research 2125:The Coleopterists Bulletin 1994:10.1016/j.tree.2005.12.002 1967:, Asia News, 24 March 2008 1584: 1578: 1455: 1446: 1385: 1327: 1312:, compared to only 20 for 1113: 861:Holdridge's classification 799: 591: 530: 329: 293: 4071: 4029: 4006:Temperate Southern Africa 3958: 3902: 3891: 3871: 3798: 3763: 3737: 3699: 3668: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3561:Rainforest Action Network 2795:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.10.001 2501:10.1007/s11104-010-0546-4 2189:10.1017/S0266467411000319 1856:The Tropical Rain Forest. 1804:(2 ed.). Checkmark. 1042:in 1969 with his article 1023:Interspecific competition 1018:Interspecific competition 706:Gilbertiodendron dewevrei 381:seasonal tropical forests 112:seasonal tropical forests 4016:Tropical Eastern Pacific 3966:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3252:28 December 2007 at the 2664:Quaternary International 1773:25 February 2008 at the 1708:25 February 2011 at the 1544:invention of agriculture 1067:Tree house built by the 875: 505:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 439:freshwater swamp forests 373:seasonal tropical forest 261:world's largest pharmacy 204:) programs, aim to curb 4037:Biogeographic provinces 4001:Temperate South America 3719:Moist broadleaf forests 3507:Conservation Biology, 2 3345:(inactive 10 May 2024). 2706:American Anthropologist 2443:10.1073/pnas.0600989103 1798:Newman, Arnold (2002). 839:Road on Swains Island, 770:Stephanoaetus coronatus 743:Hieronyma alchorneoides 569:), and many species of 509:western lowland gorilla 470:Western lowland gorilla 3331:Agricultural Economics 3098:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340 3074:"Amazon Tipping Point" 2879:Dufour, D. R. (1990). 2540:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 2325:10.5194/bg-6-2759-2009 2262:10.1098/rstb.2003.1433 1852:University of Michigan 1605:global energy trapping 1491: 1474: 1443: 1401: 1179: 1168: 1133: 1075: 1007: 961: 933: 851: 843: 832: 818: 713: 584: 471: 376: 354: 311: 288:agricultural clearance 239:often results in poor 231: 73: 65: 57: 4099:Zoogeographic regions 4057:Global 200 ecoregions 3986:Temperate Australasia 3724:Dry broadleaf forests 2630:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 2210:Denslow, J S (1987). 1611:Declining populations 1485: 1465: 1456:Further information: 1437: 1393: 1174: 1163: 1123: 1066: 997: 969:because of the rapid 953: 931: 849: 838: 826:Guiana Amazonian Park 824: 812: 699: 686:Tamandua tetradactyla 640:Ramphastos sulfuratus 579: 507:), and apes like the 469: 456:temperate rainforests 408:, and across much of 367: 346: 310:for millions of years 301: 276:Habitat fragmentation 223: 180:ecological succession 153:habitat fragmentation 71: 63: 35: 4120:Tropical rainforests 4079:Altitudinal zonation 4021:Western Indo-Pacific 3981:Eastern Indo-Pacific 3976:Central Indo-Pacific 2116:Erwin, T.L. (1982). 1506:) and fossil fuels ( 1440:primary (old-growth) 1340:biological diversity 701:Congolian rainforest 670:Bradypus tridactylus 184:carbon sequestration 77:Tropical rainforests 48:contain the largest 18:Tropical rain forest 4052:Lists of ecoregions 3709:Tropical rainforest 3427:2001ClRes..17..169S 3388:2001ForEM.150..135D 3090:2018SciA....4.2340L 2917:on 18 November 2017 2676:2012QuInt.249....1B 2599:1969Sci...165..131H 2434:2006PNAS..10310316C 2428:(27): 10316–10321. 2370:2011CSSPA..42..694M 2316:2009BGeo....6.2759A 2087:1959JEcol..47..551W 1918:2010Geo....38.1079S 1887:The bite that heals 1873:8 July 2012 at the 1850:The Regents of the 1684:Tropical vegetation 1526:, directly causing 1478:Mining and drilling 1225:soil organic matter 1030:Pleistocene refugia 737:Dipteryx panamensis 731:Hydrochorea elegans 624:Anthreptes collaris 501:Sumatran rhinoceros 431:Flooded rainforests 416:Montane rainforests 406:Indian subcontinent 371:in Queensland is a 369:Daintree rainforest 280:habitat destruction 104:Tropic of Capricorn 79:are dense and warm 4089:Floristic kingdoms 3853:Hydrothermal vents 3714:Coniferous forests 3676:Coniferous forests 3025:The primary source 3023:Myers, N. (1985). 2075:Journal of Ecology 1832:on 5 December 2008 1492: 1475: 1444: 1402: 1336:ecosystem services 1330:ecosystem services 1324:Ecosystem services 1180: 1178:hunters in Ecuador 1169: 1143:uncontacted tribes 1134: 1116:Indigenous peoples 1110:Indigenous peoples 1076: 1008: 962: 960:in eastern Ecuador 934: 924:Nutrient recycling 852: 844: 833: 819: 761:Terminalia oblonga 714: 661:Papilio antimachus 636:keel-billed toucan 632:Psitacus erithacus 585: 580:The canopy at the 472: 377: 355: 318:supercontinent of 312: 232: 192:indigenous peoples 74: 66: 58: 4107: 4106: 4067: 4066: 4011:Tropical Atlantic 3887: 3886: 3794: 3793: 3686:Deciduous forests 3473:, 68(1), 336-343. 3465:Monge- Nájera, J. 2310:(12): 2759–2778. 2256:(1443): 311–329. 1912:(12): 1079–1082. 1766:Woodward, Susan. 1597:Amazon rainforest 1371:Amazon rainforest 1314:temperate forests 1302:genetic variation 1038:was developed by 978:Forest succession 786:Pteropus vampyrus 778:Colobus polykomos 616:Ceratogymna elata 555:ring-tailed coati 547:poison dart frogs 445:) and elsewhere. 190:regulation. Many 38:Amazon rainforest 16:(Redirected from 4147: 3900: 3899: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3576:Tropical Forests 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3532:. Archived from 3531: 3522: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3438: 3436:10.3354/cr017169 3415:Climate Research 3406: 3400: 3399: 3382:(1–2): 135–146. 3371: 3365: 3364: 3354: 3346: 3337:(1–2): 159–174. 3328: 3319: 3313: 3302: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3178:(4 March 2020). 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3078:Science Advances 3069: 3063: 3062: 3041: 3035: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2910:. Archived from 2885: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2774: 2768: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2561: 2551: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2495:(1–2): 301–309. 2486: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2445: 2413: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2327: 2295: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2122: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1926:10.1130/G31182.1 1901: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1865: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1828:. Archived from 1822: 1816: 1815: 1795: 1778: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1700: 1524:land development 1408:In recent years 1377:of 2014–2015 in 1054:Human dimensions 869:tropical forests 782:large flying fox 666:three-toed sloth 620:collared sunbird 594:Canopy (ecology) 527:Understory layer 489:Okapia johnstoni 449:Forest structure 389:tropical savanna 385:tropical monsoon 128:tropical monsoon 100:Tropic of Cancer 21: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4063: 4025: 3954: 3894: 3883: 3879:Endolithic zone 3867: 3800: 3790: 3759: 3733: 3701: 3695: 3664: 3630: 3615: 3610: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3539:on 14 July 2010 3536: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3442: 3441: 3407: 3403: 3372: 3368: 3348: 3347: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254:Wayback Machine 3244: 3240: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3084:(2): eaat2340. 3070: 3066: 3042: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2961: 2957: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2900:10.2307/1311432 2883: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2775: 2771: 2766:Huffington Post 2759: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2723: 2722: 2702: 2691: 2660: 2649: 2626: 2622: 2583: 2579: 2563: 2562: 2528:Biology Letters 2520: 2516: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2414: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2296: 2287: 2242: 2235: 2208: 2204: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2095:10.2307/2257290 2068: 2064: 2057: 2043: 2036: 2013: 2009: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1931: 1930: 1902: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1875:Wayback Machine 1866: 1862: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1796: 1781: 1775:Wayback Machine 1765: 1761: 1746:(11): 933–938. 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1710:Wayback Machine 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1669:Tropical forest 1659:Tropical Africa 1654:Palaeogeography 1639: 1622: 1613: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1567:farmed plants. 1540: 1480: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1432: 1388: 1332: 1326: 1262: 1257: 1118: 1112: 1061: 1056: 1032: 1020: 992: 980: 957:Ceiba pentandra 948: 926: 883: 878: 807: 802: 694: 600:evergreen trees 596: 590: 567:Boa constrictor 563:boa constrictor 543:Panthera pardus 535: 529: 513:Gorilla gorilla 464: 451: 404:, parts of the 396:and around the 394:Central America 334: 332:Tropical forest 328: 296: 227:rain forest in 218: 89:tropical forest 36:An area of the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4135:Tropical flora 4132: 4127: 4122: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3893:Biogeographic 3889: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3555:External links 3553: 3551: 3550: 3517: 3498: 3484:Bothrops atrox 3475: 3456: 3401: 3366: 3314: 3292: 3279: 3257: 3238: 3204: 3167: 3144: 3133:. The Guardian 3121: 3064: 3036: 3016: 2990: 2955: 2928: 2894:(9): 652–659. 2871: 2859: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2769: 2753: 2737: 2689: 2647: 2620: 2593:(131): 131–7. 2577: 2534:(4): 544–547. 2514: 2489:Plant and Soil 2467: 2403: 2391: 2364:(6): 694–705. 2341: 2304:Biogeosciences 2285: 2233: 2202: 2167: 2142: 2108: 2062: 2055: 2034: 2007: 1988:(2): 104–110. 1969: 1957: 1945: 1891: 1879: 1860: 1843: 1817: 1810: 1779: 1759: 1726: 1714: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1593:carbon dioxide 1581:Climate change 1579:Main article: 1576: 1575:Climate change 1573: 1564:slash-and-burn 1539: 1536: 1479: 1476: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1395:Canopy walkway 1387: 1384: 1328:Main article: 1325: 1322: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1229:soil fertility 1220:slash-and-burn 1214:people of the 1114:Main article: 1111: 1108: 1069:Korowai people 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1031: 1028: 1019: 1016: 991: 988: 979: 976: 966:buttress roots 947: 946:Buttress roots 944: 925: 922: 882: 879: 877: 874: 841:American Samoa 813:Rainforest in 806: 803: 801: 798: 793:stratification 755:Lecythis ampla 693: 692:Emergent layer 690: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 531:Main article: 528: 525: 463: 460: 450: 447: 435: 434: 432: 420: 419: 417: 362: 361: 359: 350:seen from the 330:Main article: 327: 324: 295: 292: 269:microorganisms 217: 214: 210:climate change 202:REDD and REDD+ 52:of species on 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4152: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 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1664:Tropical Asia 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1599:) are called 1598: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528:deforestation 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1452:Deforestation 1441: 1436: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Deforestation 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350:control, and 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1316:. Forests in 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198:Some notable 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Congo Pygmies 1081: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Jürgen Haffer 1037: 1027: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1005: 1001: 996: 987: 984: 975: 972: 971:turnover time 967: 959: 958: 952: 943: 940: 930: 921: 919: 915: 911: 908: 903: 899: 897: 893: 889: 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 848: 842: 837: 831: 830:French Guiana 827: 823: 816: 811: 797: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766:crowned eagle 763: 762: 757: 756: 751: 750: 745: 744: 739: 738: 733: 732: 727: 723: 719: 712: 708: 707: 703:dominated by 702: 698: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 652:spider monkey 649: 645: 644:scarlet macaw 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 595: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 477: 468: 459: 457: 446: 444: 440: 433: 430: 429: 428: 425: 424:cloud forests 418: 415: 414: 413: 411: 407: 403: 400:, in coastal 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 374: 370: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 349: 345: 341: 339: 333: 323: 321: 317: 309: 305: 300: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 237:precipitation 230: 226: 222: 213: 211: 207: 206:deforestation 203: 199: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 145: 141: 135: 133: 129: 125: 124:precipitation 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 70: 62: 55: 51: 47: 46:South America 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4030:Subdivisions 3920:Australasian 3910:Afrotropical 3872:Other biomes 3848:Benthic zone 3843:Pelagic zone 3838:Neritic zone 3828:Kelp forests 3708: 3700:Tropical and 3541:. Retrieved 3534:the original 3520: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3468: 3459: 3445:cite journal 3418: 3414: 3404: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3351:cite journal 3334: 3330: 3317: 3309: 3308:, Ch. 17 in 3282: 3269: 3260: 3241: 3224: 3220: 3207: 3195:. Retrieved 3184:The Guardian 3183: 3170: 3158:. Retrieved 3147: 3135:. Retrieved 3124: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3053:(1): 25–32. 3050: 3046: 3039: 3024: 3019: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2919:. Retrieved 2912:the original 2891: 2887: 2874: 2862: 2850:. Retrieved 2847:Mongabay.com 2846: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2804:10261/137811 2786: 2782: 2772: 2765: 2756: 2749:The Guardian 2748: 2740: 2726:cite journal 2712:(1): 59–82. 2709: 2705: 2667: 2663: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2566:cite journal 2531: 2527: 2517: 2492: 2488: 2425: 2421: 2394: 2361: 2357: 2344: 2307: 2303: 2253: 2249: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2158:. 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