715:
998:, and murdered him as he knelt naked, pleading for his life. Navarre then boasted of it and made tentative approaches to the English regarding an alliance. Navarre and John formally reconciled in March 1354 and a new balance within the French government was reached; this was more in favour of peace with England, in some quarters at almost any price. Informal talks started again at Guînes in mid-March. The principle whereby Edward abandoned his claim to the French throne in exchange for French territory was agreed; Edward gave his assent to this on 30 March. Formal negotiations recommenced in early April. Discussions were rapidly concluded. The truce was extended for another year and the broad outline of a permanent peace was agreed. On 6 April 1354 these
1054:. The French ambassadors arrived in Avignon in mid-January 1355, repudiated the previous agreement and attempted to reopen negotiations. The English and the Cardinal of Boulogne pressed them to adhere to the existing treaty. The impasse continued for a month. Simultaneously the English delegation plotted an anti-French alliance with Navarre. By the end of February, the futility of their official missions was obvious to all and the delegations departed with much acrimony. Their one achievement was a formal extension of the ill-observed truce to 24 June. It was clear that from then both sides would be committed to full-scale war. In April 1355 two papal emissaries appealed to Edward and his
818:
616:
839:) of supplies were run into Calais without opposition. Philip attempted to take the field in late April, but the French ability to assemble their army in a timely fashion had not improved since the autumn and by July it had still not fully mustered. Taxes proved ever more difficult to collect. Several French nobles sounded out the idea of switching their allegiance to Edward. Inconclusive fighting occurred in April and May: the French tried and failed to cut the English supply route to Flanders, and the English tried and failed to capture
900:
855:
the
English steadily reinforced their army through 1347, reaching a peak strength of 32,000. More than 20,000 Flemings were gathered less than a day's march from Calais. 24,000 sailors, in a total of 853 ships, supported this force. On 17 July Philip led the French army north. On 27 July the French came within view of the town, 6 miles (10 km) away. Their army was between 15,000 and 20,000 strong; a third of the size of the combined English and Flemings, who had prepared
1032:, the French commander in the south west, ignored his orders to observe the peace, but his offensive was ineffective. Details of how much of the treaty was known to the French ruling elite and their debates regarding it are lacking, but sentiment was against its terms. In August it was revealed that several of the men who had negotiated and signed the treaty had been deeply involved in the plot to murder Charles of Spain. At least three of John's closest councillors fled his
944:
935:
kings met in
Boulogne and began negotiations for an extension of the truce. On 13 November it was extended until 1 September 1349. The following year it was extended to May 1350 and in June 1350 once again extended to August 1351. In practice, while the truce was in effect neither country campaigned with a full field army, but it did not stop the ongoing naval clashes between the two countries nor the fighting in Gascony and Brittany.
961:, 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Calais, on 7 July, but made slow progress. Eventually, a modification of the original treaty was agreed upon, but the French delayed signing it. Once their campaign in the south west was successfully completed John authorised the new truce, which was formally agreed on 11 September to last one year. As ever, the truce was patchily observed, with the fighting in the south west hardly abating.
1078:, which largely replicated the Treaty of Guînes, with slightly less generous terms for the English. By this treaty large areas of France were ceded to England. In 1369 large-scale fighting broke out again and the Hundred Years' War did not end until 1453, by which time England had lost all its territory in France other than Calais. Calais was finally lost following a
878:
to confiscate the estates of nobles who refused to muster. He set back the date for his army to assemble by a month. Edward also had difficulties in raising money, partly because of the unexpected timing of the need; he employed draconian measures, which were extremely unpopular. The
English also suffered two military setbacks: a large raid was
806:(the French treasury) were dismissed and all financial affairs were put into the hands of a committee of three senior abbots. The King's council bent their efforts to blaming each other for the kingdom's misfortunes. Philip's heir, Duke John, fell out with his father and refused to attend court for several months.
921:
independence from France; and Philip was prevented from punishing those French nobles who had conspired, or even fought, against him. The truce was to run to 7 July 1348. On 28 September the truce was formally signed. It was named after the place it had been agreed and signed at: the Truce of Calais.
877:
September, but experienced serious difficulties. His treasury was exhausted and taxes for the war had to be collected in many places at sword point. Despite these exigencies, ready cash was not forthcoming. The French army had little stomach for further conflict and Philip was reduced to threatening
797:
October, an impossibly short interval, and then march to the relief of Calais. Even though only 3,000 men-at-arms had assembled at Compiègne by 1 October the French treasurer was unable to pay them. Philip cancelled all offensive arrangements on 27 October and dispersed his army. Recriminations were
854:
In late April the
English established a fortification on the end of a spit of sand to the north of Calais, which enabled them to command the entrance to the harbour. In May, June and July the French unsuccessfully attempted to force supply convoys through. Despite increasing financial difficulties,
1049:
those places which did not surrender. Planned negotiations in
Avignon to finalise the details of the treaty did not take place in the absence of French ambassadors. John decided another round of warfare might leave him in a better negotiating position and the French planned an ambitious series of
934:
spread north across France, reaching Paris in August and becoming widespread in London by
November. The plague was to eventually cause the death of approximately 45 per cent of the population of each country and it brought military preparations to a halt. In late August representatives of the two
911:
The two cardinals acting as papal emissaries from Pope
Clement had been attempting to negotiate a halt to hostilities since July 1346, with no success. Given the military misfortunes and financial exhaustion of both sides, they found willing listeners in early September 1347. The principle of a
868:
August the garrison of Calais, having observed the French army seemingly within reach for a week, signalled they were on the verge of surrender. That night the French army withdrew. On 3 August 1347 Calais surrendered. The entire French population was expelled. Edward repopulated the town with
872:
As soon as Calais capitulated, Edward paid off a large part of his army and released his
Flemish allies. Philip in turn stood down the French army. Edward promptly launched strong raids up to 30 miles (48 km) into French territory. Philip attempted to recall his army, setting a date of
784:
representing Pope
Clement travelled between the armies, but neither king would speak to them. Philip vacillated: on the day the siege of Calais began he disbanded most of his army to save money, convinced Edward had finished his raid and would proceed to Flanders and ship his army home. On
591:
and repudiated the Treaty of Guînes early in the year. Yet another extension to the Truce of Calais was agreed, until 24 June, when it finally expired. The war resumed in force in
October 1355. In September 1356 the French royal army was defeated by a smaller Anglo-Gascon force at the
964:
When English adventurers seized the strategically located town of Guînes in January 1352, full-scale fighting broke out again. This did not go well for the French; money and enthusiasm for the war ran out and state institutions ceased to function. Encouraged by the new pope,
957:, declined to clarify the situation while taking to the field with a large army. A French offensive in Gascony in south-west France made good progress in 1351 and the English response was ineffectual. While this was happening negotiations to renew the truce opened at
703:, sent envoys offering peace backed by a marriage alliance; Edward replied that he was not prepared to lose marching time to futile discussion and dismissed them. The English then left a swath of destruction, rapine and slaughter along the left bank of the Seine to
683:. The English army is estimated by modern historians to have been some 10,000 strong; it achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south. Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace.
572:, took to the field with a large army in south-west France. Once this campaign was successfully completed John authorised the renewal of the truce for one year to 10 September 1352. English adventurers seized the strategically located town of
1014:. In the same ceremony English representatives would repudiate the English claim to John's throne and the French would formally relinquish sovereignty over several provinces in south-west France to the English. Edward was overjoyed, the
560:, which spread to both kingdoms in 1348, caused the truce to be renewed in 1348, 1349 and 1350. While the truce was in effect neither country campaigned with a full field army, but it did not stop repeated naval clashes nor fighting in
600:
under which large areas of France were ceded to England. In 1369 large-scale fighting broke out again and the Hundred Years' War did not end until 1453, by which time England had lost all its territory in France other than Calais.
863:
across every approach. The English position clearly being unassailable, Philip finally admitted the Pope's representatives to an audience. They, in turn, arranged talks, but after four days of wrangling, these came to nothing. On
977:
for Normandy, a formal call to arms for all able-bodied males. The negotiators met briefly in Paris on 26 July and extended the truce until November, although all concerned understood that much fighting would continue.
916:
was agreed and the cardinals drew up its detailed terms. These strongly favoured the English and confirmed their possession of all their territorial conquests in France and Scotland; the Flemish were confirmed in their
659:
of the French crown to lawfully wage war on it, although Edward was not fully committed to this claim. In 1340 Edward campaigned against an army led by Philip in northern France. This ended with the agreement of the
1006:. The prolongation of the truce was to be immediately publicised, while the fact that the outline of a peace treaty had been agreed was to be kept secret until 1 October, when Innocent would announce it at the
929:
met and railed against the truce. In May 1348 Edward suggested extending the arrangement, but Philip refused; he was already raising an army in anticipation of the agreement's expiration. However, during 1348 the
1036:
or were expelled. By early September the French court had turned against the treaty. The date of the formal ceremony in Avignon was cancelled, with uncertainty as to when, or if, it would be rescheduled.
587:. But John subsequently turned against it, deciding another round of warfare might leave him in a better negotiating position. The French planned an ambitious series of offensives for the 1355
664:
in September by which the two kings agreed to cease hostilities for five years. The truce broke down within a year, although for several years subsequent fighting was largely limited to
969:, negotiations for a permanent peace treaty opened at Guînes in early March 1353. These broke down and on 8 May the French cancelled the truce and announcing an
742:, the normal port of disembarkation for English shipping to north-west France. Outside the burning town Edward held a council, which decided to capture Calais; an ideal
734:
against a French blocking force. Two days later, on 26 August 1346, fighting on ground of their own choosing, the English inflicted a heavy defeat on the French at the
2371:
568:. Philip died on 22 August 1350 and it was unclear whether the truce then lapsed, as it had been signed on his personal authority. His son and successor,
537:
had broken out in 1337 and in 1346 Edward had landed with an army in northern France. After inflicting a heavy defeat on Philip and a French army at the
210:
953:
Philip died on 22 August 1350 and it was unclear whether the truce then lapsed, as it had been signed on his personal authority. His son and successor,
780:
and other artillery capable of breaching its walls. Calais was adequately garrisoned and provisioned, and could be reinforced and supplied by sea. Two
746:
into France from an English point of view, possessing a secure harbour and established port facilities and being in the part of France closest to the
776:
Calais was strongly fortified. It was also surrounded by extensive marshes, some of them tidal, which made it difficult to find stable platforms for
671:
In 1346 Edward raised an army in England and the largest fleet ever assembled by the English to that date, 747 ships. The fleet landed on 12 July at
2605:
2655:
251:
417:
1070:, fighting in separate campaigns in France. In September 1356 the French royal army was defeated by a smaller Anglo-Gascon force at the
2202:
986:
French central and local governments collapsed. French nobles took to violently settling old scores rather than fighting the English.
380:
847:. In June the French attempted to secure their flank by launching a major offensive against the Flemings; this was defeated at the
2365:
635:. A series of disagreements between France and England regarding the status of these lands culminated on 24 May 1337 in the
203:
579:
Intermittent peace negotiations continued but were fruitless until 6 April 1354 when a new truce and an outline permanent peace
432:
407:
2280:(June 2016). "Disaster Recovery: New Archaeological Evidence for the Long-Term Impact of the 'Calamitous' Fourteenth Century".
427:
412:
297:
222:
353:
2585:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2425:
2388:
2353:
2331:
2230:
2196:
2164:
2143:
2119:
2097:
2072:
2048:
2029:
268:
196:
2516:
2442:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society. pp. 83–102.
882:
by the French garrison of Saint-Omer; and a supply convoy en route to Calais was captured by French raiders from
771:
759:
542:
346:
2660:
726:
The English turned north and became trapped in territory which the French had denuded of food. They escaped by
556:
Edward suggested extending the truce in May 1348, but Philip was keen to campaign. However, the effects of the
714:
631:, which extended across a large part of south-west France. By the 1330s these holdings had been reduced to
831:
or cannon and to take the town by assault; all were unsuccessful. During March and April, more than 1,000
814:), and previously a partisan of Philip, declared neutrality and signed a private truce with the English.
278:
188:
2665:
856:
827:
Between mid-November and late February Edward made several attempts to breach the walls of Calais with
801:
781:
546:
123:
2640:
2630:
1029:
991:
2491:
1112:
This figure is separate from the 747 vessels involved in shipping the army to Normandy in July 1346.
395:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2039:
Ayton, Andrew (2007) . "The English Army at Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
1058:
to extend the Truce of Calais once again, but they were rebuffed and the agreement finally lapsed.
926:
576:
in January 1352, causing full-scale fighting to break out again, which went badly for the French.
2650:
2645:
2620:
2341:
1067:
848:
496:
491:
304:
288:
261:
1079:
727:
545:, which fell after 11 months. Both countries were financially and militarily exhausted and two
336:
2413:
1015:
987:
688:
648:
644:
620:
534:
522:
331:
142:
38:
2183:
1075:
1051:
597:
588:
501:
471:
256:
652:
375:
283:
246:
8:
2610:
2089:
Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: the Case of Black Death
2015:
995:
904:
640:
526:
476:
459:
365:
314:
147:
1003:
584:
549:
acting for Pope Clement were able to broker a truce in a series of negotiations outside
486:
2479:
2467:
2451:
2305:
2265:
1071:
807:
751:
738:. The English continued to devastate the land and set several towns on fire, including
672:
661:
628:
593:
437:
321:
309:
173:
817:
735:
687:, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north-west Normandy, was
655:, laid formal claim to the Kingdom of France. This permitted his allies who were also
538:
341:
2581:
2562:
2543:
2524:
2504:
2471:
2459:
2435:
2421:
2384:
2349:
2327:
2309:
2297:
2269:
2257:
2226:
2192:
2170:
2160:
2139:
2135:
Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology
2115:
2093:
2068:
2044:
2025:
954:
811:
676:
665:
569:
422:
385:
241:
178:
160:
1025:. John also endorsed the treaty, but members of his council were less enthusiastic.
1022:
610:
326:
2443:
2376:
2289:
2253:
2249:
1074:
and John was captured. In 1360 the fighting was brought to a temporary halt by the
1055:
1007:
966:
883:
596:
and John was captured. In 1360 the fighting was brought to a temporary halt by the
390:
370:
2405:
2321:
2154:
2133:
2087:
2083:
2062:
2019:
700:
530:
273:
127:
999:
699:, and raided up to its suburbs. Philip, under pressure from representatives of
636:
454:
2380:
1476:
972:
2599:
2508:
2463:
2301:
2277:
2261:
2174:
2129:
731:
2156:
The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
990:, one of the most powerful figures in France, broke into the bedroom of the
719:
615:
2317:
2058:
1756:
1018:
747:
790:
2293:
1033:
931:
557:
218:
1672:
1066:
The war resumed in force in October 1355, with both Edward and his son,
743:
2455:
2107:
2024:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
840:
777:
2240:
Lambert, Craig (2011). "Edward III's Siege of Calais: A Reappraisal".
754:
and Edward's Flemish allies. The English arrived outside the town on 4
1002:
were formally signed by the representatives of both countries as the
913:
828:
680:
449:
2447:
958:
573:
860:
832:
565:
2021:
The Hundred Years' War: England and France at War, c. 1300–c. 1450
2542:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber.
2501:
War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360
1011:
739:
632:
561:
2523:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber.
2438:(1994). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360".
1968:
1527:
1464:
1452:
943:
704:
656:
580:
550:
71:
899:
2323:
A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D
1835:
1833:
1831:
1046:
844:
836:
789:
September Philip announced that the army would reassemble at
708:
696:
692:
1515:
1428:
1392:
553:. This was signed on 28 September to run until 7 July 1348.
2138:. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, New York: Boydell Press.
1893:
1869:
1804:
1768:
1575:
1551:
1308:
1161:
879:
684:
1944:
1828:
1621:
1619:
1493:
1491:
1356:
529:
on 28 September 1347, which was mediated by emissaries of
2557:
Wagner, John A. (2006). "Hundred Years' War, Phases of".
1881:
1816:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1587:
647:, which was to last 116 years. In 1340 the English king,
2043:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 159–251.
1910:
1908:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1344:
1202:
1200:
1173:
1125:
1103:
The largest English army to travel overseas before 1600.
1980:
1857:
1845:
1792:
1616:
1539:
1488:
1368:
1284:
1045:
In November 1354 John seized all Navarre's lands,
651:, as the closest male relative of Philip's predecessor
643:, declaring them forfeit. This marked the start of the
2086:; Serre, Marc L.; Yu, Hwa-Lung; Wang, Lin-Lin (2005).
1932:
1332:
1320:
2081:
1992:
1920:
1905:
1780:
1744:
1696:
1678:
1643:
1599:
1440:
1272:
1248:
1236:
1197:
2576:
Wagner, John A. (2006b). "Calais, Truce of (1347)".
2561:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 160–164.
2440:
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 4
1684:
1660:
1631:
1563:
1503:
1416:
1404:
1296:
1185:
1149:
1380:
1224:
2580:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 74–75.
2364:
2114:. Essential Histories. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1956:
1260:
1212:
2348:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1137:
2597:
627:Since 1153 the English Crown had controlled the
2225:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing.
1085:
2503:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
204:
2375:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2067:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
970:
799:
2092:. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer.
211:
197:
2537:
2515:
1974:
1899:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1810:
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1774:
1762:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1625:
1581:
1557:
1533:
1497:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1434:
1398:
1374:
1314:
1290:
1040:
942:
898:
816:
713:
614:
2575:
2372:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2239:
2191:. Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing.
2128:
2014:
1839:
1654:
1521:
1362:
1242:
1206:
691:. On 7 August, the English reached the
2598:
2556:
2498:
2434:
2412:
2362:
2340:
2220:
2185:Longbow: a Social and Military History
2152:
1998:
1950:
1926:
1914:
1887:
1822:
1786:
1750:
1702:
1690:
1637:
1610:
1593:
1509:
1485:, pp. 558–562, 565, 567, 570–571.
1446:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1131:
2578:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
2559:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
2276:
2181:
2106:
2057:
2038:
1986:
1962:
1938:
1666:
1569:
1422:
1410:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1302:
1230:
1143:
798:rife: officials at all levels of the
750:. It was also close to the border of
192:
16:1347 truce between England and France
2316:
2208:from the original on 6 December 2018
1545:
1386:
1218:
1765:, pp. 102, 111, 115, 117, 122.
981:
13:
2606:Treaties of the Hundred Years' War
1028:The English adhered to the truce.
765:
14:
2677:
718:Map of the route of Edward III's
695:, 12 miles (19 km) south of
2223:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges
2159:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
2112:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453
810:, daughter of a king of France (
433:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
408:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
1106:
1097:
2254:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.05.002
413:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
2656:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360
2499:Rogers, Clifford J. (2014) .
2366:"Crécy and Calais, 1346–1347"
2153:Fowler, Kenneth Alan (1969).
2007:
707:, 20 miles (32 km) from
679:, 20 miles (32 km) from
604:
521:) was a truce agreed by King
354:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
103:Repeatedly renewed until 1355
2406:UK public library membership
1119:
1086:Notes, citations and sources
1061:
925:In November 1347 the French
894:
869:English and a few Flemings.
7:
2538:Sumption, Jonathan (1999).
2326:. London: Greenhill Books.
2242:Journal of Medieval History
822:A medieval town under siege
772:Siege of Calais (1346–1347)
748:ports of south-east England
56:28 September 1347
10:
2682:
938:
769:
608:
418:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
2363:Ormrod, W. Mark (2008) .
2041:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
808:Joan II, Queen of Navarre
232:
166:
156:
133:
126:acting as emissaries for
118:
110:
86:
78:
67:
52:
44:
34:
26:
2418:The Safeguard of the Sea
1977:, pp. 135–136, 447.
1536:, pp. 568, 576–580.
1473:, pp. 539, 554–556.
1461:, pp. 537–538, 557.
1090:
1050:offensives for the 1355
889:
2182:Hardy, Robert (2010) .
1068:Edward the Black Prince
1679:Christakos et al. 2005
1170:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
971:
950:
908:
824:
800:
723:
624:
518:
2661:Edward III of England
2381:10.1093/ref:odnb/8519
2221:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1041:Collapse of the truce
946:
902:
820:
717:
621:Edward III of England
618:
609:Further information:
523:Edward III of England
428:Loire campaign (1356)
143:Edward III of England
93:7 July 1348
2294:10.15184/aqy.2016.69
2082:Christakos, George;
2016:Allmand, Christopher
1953:, pp. 297, 304.
1524:, p. 247 n. 11.
1437:, pp. 535, 557.
1401:, pp. 532, 534.
673:St. Vaast la Hoguein
639:of the French king,
2436:Rogers, Clifford J.
2420:. London: Penguin.
1902:, pp. 139–142.
1890:, pp. 291–292.
1878:, pp. 136–137.
1842:, pp. 142–143.
1825:, pp. 290–291.
1813:, pp. 131–133.
1777:, pp. 121–126.
1681:, pp. 110–114.
1596:, pp. 21, 189.
1584:, pp. 583–584.
1560:, pp. 580–583.
1548:, pp. 153–154.
1365:, pp. 166–175.
1353:, pp. 156–160.
1317:, pp. 514–515.
1182:, pp. 214–216.
1134:, pp. 157–158.
992:Constable of France
905:Philip VI of France
802:Chambre des Comptes
583:were agreed as the
527:Philip VI of France
466:Treaties and truces
381:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
279:Tournaisis campaign
148:Philip VI of France
23:
2517:Sumption, Jonathan
1989:, pp. 46, 91.
1076:Treaty of Brétigny
1072:Battle of Poitiers
1052:campaigning season
1016:English parliament
988:Charles of Navarre
951:
909:
825:
728:fighting their way
724:
689:stormed and sacked
662:Truce of Esplechin
645:Hundred Years' War
629:Duchy of Aquitaine
625:
598:Treaty of Brétigny
594:Battle of Poitiers
589:campaigning season
535:Hundred Years' War
347:Calais (1346–1347)
257:Thiérache campaign
220:Hundred Years' War
174:Kingdom of England
39:Hundred Years' War
30:Time-limited truce
21:
2666:History of Calais
2404:(Subscription or
1941:, pp. 42–43.
1741:, pp. 89–90.
1729:, pp. 88–89.
1717:, pp. 80–83.
1341:, pp. 64–65.
1329:, pp. 31–39.
510:
509:
269:Scheldt campaigns
187:
186:
179:Kingdom of France
161:John II of France
82:28 September 1347
2673:
2641:1350s in England
2631:1340s in England
2591:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2512:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2431:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2368:
2359:
2337:
2313:
2288:(351): 777–797.
2273:
2236:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2178:
2149:
2125:
2103:
2084:Olea, Ricardo A.
2078:
2054:
2035:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1030:John of Armagnac
1004:Treaty of Guînes
996:Charles of Spain
982:Treaty of Guînes
976:
967:Innocent VI
876:
867:
849:Battle of Cassel
805:
796:
788:
757:
585:Treaty of Guînes
227:
213:
206:
199:
190:
189:
100:
98:
63:
61:
24:
20:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2636:1347 in England
2626:1350s in France
2616:1340s in France
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2550:
2531:
2521:Trial by Battle
2487:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2448:10.2307/3679216
2428:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2356:
2342:Ormrod, W. Mark
2334:
2233:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2188:
2167:
2146:
2122:
2100:
2075:
2051:
2032:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1064:
1043:
984:
949:
941:
927:Estates General
907:
897:
892:
874:
865:
823:
794:
786:
774:
768:
766:Siege of Calais
755:
736:Battle of Crécy
701:Pope Clement VI
653:Charles IV
649:Edward III
623:
613:
607:
543:besieged Calais
539:Battle of Crécy
531:Pope Clement VI
519:TrĂŞve de Calais
515:Truce of Calais
511:
506:
252:English Channel
228:
224:
223:Edwardian phase
221:
219:
217:
183:
152:
135:
128:Pope Clement VI
106:
96:
94:
59:
57:
22:Truce of Calais
17:
12:
11:
5:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:1340s treaties
2648:
2646:1347 in Europe
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:1347 in France
2618:
2613:
2608:
2593:
2592:
2587:978-0313327360
2586:
2573:
2568:978-0313327360
2567:
2554:
2549:978-0571138968
2548:
2535:
2530:978-0571200955
2529:
2513:
2496:
2432:
2427:978-0140297249
2426:
2414:Rodger, N.A.M.
2410:
2390:978-0198614128
2389:
2360:
2355:978-0300055061
2354:
2338:
2333:978-1853673320
2332:
2314:
2278:Lewis, Carenza
2274:
2248:(3): 245–256.
2237:
2232:978-0313335372
2231:
2218:
2198:978-1852606206
2197:
2179:
2166:978-0389010036
2165:
2150:
2145:978-0851155715
2144:
2130:DeVries, Kelly
2126:
2121:978-1841762692
2120:
2104:
2099:978-3540257943
2098:
2079:
2074:978-1840222104
2073:
2055:
2050:978-1843831150
2049:
2036:
2031:978-0521319232
2030:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2001:, p. 184.
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1929:, p. 294.
1919:
1917:, p. 292.
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1866:, p. 136.
1856:
1854:, p. 133.
1844:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 132.
1791:
1789:, p. 122.
1779:
1767:
1755:
1753:, p. 290.
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1705:, p. 102.
1695:
1683:
1671:
1669:, p. 793.
1659:
1642:
1630:
1628:, p. 585.
1615:
1613:, p. 283.
1598:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 195.
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1500:, p. 578.
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1449:, p. 249.
1439:
1427:
1425:, p. 208.
1415:
1413:, p. 207.
1403:
1391:
1389:, p. 148.
1379:
1377:, p. 532.
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 150.
1295:
1293:, p. 514.
1283:
1281:, p. 275.
1271:
1259:
1257:, p. 103.
1247:
1235:
1233:, p. 138.
1223:
1221:, p. 131.
1211:
1209:, p. 247.
1196:
1194:, p. 102.
1184:
1172:
1160:
1158:, p. 158.
1148:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1063:
1060:
1042:
1039:
1000:heads of terms
983:
980:
947:
940:
937:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
821:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
758:September and
641:Philip VI
619:
611:Crécy campaign
606:
603:
508:
507:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
463:
462:
457:
455:Reims campaign
452:
446:
445:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
403:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
361:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
327:Crécy campaign
324:
319:
318:
317:
312:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
291:
286:
276:
271:
266:
265:
264:
254:
249:
244:
238:
237:
233:
230:
229:
216:
215:
208:
201:
193:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
139:
137:
131:
130:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
101:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
48:September 1347
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:Trial by Fire
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:Oman, Charles
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:The Crécy War
2060:
2059:Burne, Alfred
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1975:Sumption 1999
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:Sumption 1999
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1876:Sumption 1999
1872:
1865:
1864:Sumption 1999
1860:
1853:
1852:Sumption 1999
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1811:Sumption 1999
1807:
1800:
1799:Sumption 1999
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1775:Sumption 1999
1771:
1764:
1763:Sumption 1999
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1739:Sumption 1999
1735:
1728:
1727:Sumption 1999
1723:
1716:
1715:Sumption 1999
1711:
1704:
1699:
1693:, p. 80.
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1657:, p. 74.
1656:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1640:, p. 77.
1639:
1634:
1627:
1626:Sumption 1990
1622:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1582:Sumption 1990
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1558:Sumption 1990
1554:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1534:Sumption 1990
1530:
1523:
1518:
1512:, p. 17.
1511:
1506:
1499:
1498:Sumption 1990
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:Sumption 1990
1479:
1472:
1471:Sumption 1990
1467:
1460:
1459:Sumption 1990
1455:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1435:Sumption 1990
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1399:Sumption 1990
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1375:Sumption 1990
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1315:Sumption 1990
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1291:Sumption 1990
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1245:, p. 15.
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1081:
1080:siege in 1558
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
979:
975:
974:
968:
962:
960:
956:
945:
936:
933:
928:
923:
920:
915:
906:
901:
887:
885:
881:
870:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
819:
815:
813:
809:
804:
803:
792:
783:
779:
773:
763:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:and Gascony.
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
617:
612:
602:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
503:
500:
498:
497:Second London
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Calais (1350)
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:
323:
320:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
295:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
231:
226:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:
191:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
37:
33:
29:
25:
19:
2577:
2558:
2539:
2520:
2500:
2439:
2417:
2394:. Retrieved
2370:
2345:
2322:
2285:
2281:
2245:
2241:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2184:
2155:
2134:
2111:
2088:
2063:
2040:
2020:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1965:, p. 9.
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1840:Wagner 2006b
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1655:Wagner 2006b
1633:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1522:Lambert 2011
1517:
1505:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1363:DeVries 1998
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
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337:Blanchetaque
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2108:Curry, Anne
1999:Jaques 2007
1951:Rogers 2014
1927:Rogers 2014
1915:Rogers 2014
1888:Rogers 2014
1823:Rogers 2014
1787:Fowler 1969
1751:Rogers 2014
1703:Rogers 1994
1691:Fowler 1969
1638:Fowler 1969
1611:Rogers 2014
1594:Ormrod 1990
1510:Ormrod 1990
1447:Rogers 2014
1279:Ormrod 1990
1267:Ormrod 2008
1255:Rodger 2004
1192:Rodger 2004
1180:Rogers 2014
1168:Wagner 2006
1156:Wagner 2006
1132:Wagner 2006
1021:the treaty
973:arrière-ban
932:Black Death
760:besieged it
730:across the
558:Black Death
225:(1337–1360)
157:Signatories
136:signatories
2611:Ceasefires
2600:Categories
2408:required.)
2396:6 December
2346:Edward III
2008:References
1987:Curry 2002
1963:Curry 2002
1939:Curry 2002
1667:Lewis 2016
1570:Ayton 2007
1423:Burne 1999
1411:Burne 1999
1351:Burne 1999
1339:Hardy 2010
1327:Curry 2002
1303:Burne 1999
1231:Burne 1999
1144:Curry 2002
912:temporary
857:earthworks
841:Saint-Omer
829:trebuchets
778:trebuchets
720:chevauchée
605:Background
477:Malestroit
376:Winchelsea
284:Saint-Omer
247:Arnemuiden
97:1348-07-07
87:Expiration
60:1347-09-28
2509:804338875
2490:ignored (
2480:cite book
2472:163041276
2464:931311378
2320:(1998) .
2310:164178697
2302:0003-598X
2282:Antiquity
2270:159935247
2262:0304-4181
2175:164491035
2132:(1998) .
2061:(1999) .
1546:Oman 1998
1387:Oman 1998
1219:Oman 1998
1120:Citations
1062:Aftermath
1047:besieging
914:ceasefire
895:Philip VI
861:palisades
833:long tons
791:Compiègne
782:cardinals
681:Cherbourg
675:northern
547:cardinals
525:and King
517:(French:
472:Espléchin
450:Jacquerie
444:1358–1360
402:1355–1356
366:Lunalonge
360:1349–1352
322:Aiguillon
315:Auberoche
298:1345–1347
236:1337–1340
124:cardinals
119:Mediators
79:Effective
2519:(1990).
2416:(2004).
2344:(1990).
2203:Archived
2110:(2002).
2018:(1989).
1019:ratified
919:de facto
884:Boulogne
752:Flanders
744:entrepĂ´t
677:Normandy
666:Brittany
566:Brittany
502:Brétigny
460:Chartres
438:Poitiers
423:Breteuil
310:Bergerac
134:Original
74:, France
68:Location
2456:3679216
2212:7 March
1056:council
1012:Avignon
955:John II
948:John II
939:John II
812:Louis X
740:Wissant
722:of 1346
657:vassals
637:council
633:Gascony
570:John II
562:Gascony
386:Saintes
305:Gascony
289:Tournai
262:Cambrai
242:Cadzand
167:Parties
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574:Guînes
551:Calais
533:. The
487:Guînes
482:Calais
396:Guînes
391:Ardres
111:Expiry
72:Calais
53:Signed
2468:S2CID
2452:JSTOR
2306:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2206:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
1091:Notes
1034:court
890:Truce
845:Lille
732:Somme
709:Paris
697:Rouen
693:Seine
342:Crécy
274:Sluys
2582:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2505:OCLC
2492:help
2460:OCLC
2422:ISBN
2398:2018
2385:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2298:ISSN
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2227:ISBN
2214:2019
2193:ISBN
2171:OCLC
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859:and
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