30:
475:
309:
When it was time for business, all of the joking stopped, and then activity, policy, hard work and calculations were the order of the day from early in the morning to late in the evening." One of his biographers (J. P. Wiersma) described
Tsjalling Halbertsma as "a talented, conspicuous person, full of drollery, not without vanity, but original in thought and word, distinctive in all his doings, a trendsetter." A different biographer (
582:, when he was almost 61 years old. When he was still alive, he had been the steadfast centre of the Halbertsmas of Grou, where his brothers Binnert and Eeltsje especially were often visiting and always welcome. According to his brother Justus, the family became "a scattered herd" after his death, and Eeltsje wrote to Justus: "I feel like a soldier who has seen his best comrade sink down next to him on the field of battle."
281:(1797–1858). Two children who were born later died in early childhood, the little boy in 1803, and the little girl in 1805. The brothers were very close, possibly as a consequence of the fact that both their parents died at a relatively young age in 1809, when Tsjalling was only seventeen years of age. Justus, Tsjalling and Eeltsje, who, as authors, became known as the
364:, selling their products to merchants who traded it away, not seldom to foreign markets. In time, Halbertsma took over his uncle's company, which he expanded steadily over the course of many years. At first he worked on commission for the Amsterdam trading house of Pijnakker, but later on, he went into business for himself, buying up
308:
Tsjalling
Halbertsma was, according to his brother Justus, an imitator of great skill, a trait he had inherited from their father. Justus also wrote about him, "There was no greater lover of silliness and jokes in all of Friesland than my brother Tsjalling; but, mark this, always in the wasted hours.
417:
In 1813, Halbertsma married Tetsje
Sjollema (1793–1836). She was from Grou, and he had known her for all of his life. A year after she died, he remarried, to Reinskje van der Goot (1807–1862), who was also from Grou. When this second marriage was contracted, he ordered fifty flags to be hung out in
647:
played a role of crucial importance in the development of a new literary tradition after
Western Frisian had been used almost exclusively as a spoken language for three centuries. In 1949, author and literary critic Anne Wadman wrote that the Halbertsmas gave "the Western Frisian people a literary
438:
Tsjalling
Halbertsma began his career as a writer in 1817, on occasion of his brother Binnert's wedding. Afterwards, he wrote fairly regularly until 1835, with a clear peak around 1830, later followed by incidental writings until 1841. The last eleven years of his live he did not produce any new
296:, he converted after marrying her. From the letters of Tsjalling's brother Justus, Ruerdtsje emerges as a smart businesswoman, a loving mother, and a deeply religious person. About Hidde Halbertsma, the father, much less is known. It is thought that he might have been a
396:
In 1837, Halbertsma had himself a large new house built in Grou, something his brothers were rather boastful of in their letters. He also dressed himself according to the latest fashion, leading to
Eeltsje complaining, in 1841, that his brother had become a
234:. During his life he won a certain amount of fame in and around Grou, for the poems and short stories he wrote, and also because of his success as a businessman. After his death some of his literary works were collected with those of his brothers
368:
in
Friesland and selling them with considerable profit in London. Halbertsma became a wealthy man, who, with his brother Binnert (who had sold the bakery and had become a wood merchant) and only ten others, such as Freerk Dirks Fontein of
514:
in 1822, Tsjalling
Halbertsma also wrote small tales and poems for a society in Grou. It is unclear what sort of society this was, but it seems very likely it was a remnant of a so-called 'people's society' from the
594:, their short fiction and poetry was gathered under the supervision of librarian and archivist Gerben Colmjon and bookseller and historian Wopke Eekhoff. In 1871, it was published by the firm of J. de Lange in
345:. In consequence, it fell to Tsjalling to keep their father's bakery running with the help of their father's baker's mates, until the third brother, Binnert, was old enough to take over the business.
401:. But in the end Halbertsma miscalculated badly: when the shares in other businesses he had invested in dropped sharply in value in 1848, he panicked, sold out, and put all his money in
443:
of 'Tsjalling
Tsysker' ("Tsjalling Cheese-maker"). Halbertsma's literary works were always overshadowed to a large degree by those of his brothers Justus and Eeltsje; they consist of
422:. One of Halbertsma's sons from his first marriage, Johannes Tsjallings Halbertsma (1827–1884), took over the dairy trade after his father's death, and moved it to the city of
526:, although this was limited, insofar as it can still be determined, to the period from 1829 to 1833. The first of his works he had printed in an almanac must have been
542:") was the first piece by Halbertsma which he had published, but he must have been mistaken, as it can be clearly shown from Justus Hiddes Halbertsma's letters that
321:
When Hidde
Halbertsma died, in January 1809, and was followed in death by his wife Ruerdtsje Binnerts in December of that same year, the Brothers Halbertsma became
405:. When subsequently the rye market also collapsed, he suffered heavy losses amounting to about half of his fortune. This was a severe blow, especially to his
620:, that the composition of the work was thoroughly adjusted. At that time Tsjalling's contribution took a more visible form through the absorption of
930:
300:
before his marriage. He is described as a gentle soul, who was, however, apt to take offence, and could be quite sharp-tongued in such cases.
1812:
1684:
1622:
1550:
1772:
608:("Boss Joute's Barbershop"), Tsjalling Halbertsma works, however, remained outside of that collection. It was not until the fourth
273:
Hidde Joasts Halbertsma (1756–1809) and his wife Ruerdtsje (or Riurtk) Tsjallings Binnerts (1767–1809). He had one elder brother,
261:
Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma was born on 21 January 1792 in his parents' house on Kowemerk ("Cow Market") street in the village of
1792:
1797:
1666:
1648:
1596:
1568:
1524:
570:
subjects, but also some of his own tales and poems. Of this publication only a few volumes were published in 1832 and 1833.
1782:
1802:
1787:
248:. It was only from 1918 onwards that more of Tsjalling Halbertsma's works were added to this collection.
1807:
862:
278:
239:
1777:
858:
274:
235:
29:
790:("To Mr. Frisius Stripsma"; short story in the form of a letter and an answering letter, both in
474:
330:
426:. There Halbertsma's grandsons Hylke (1857–1932) and Herrius (1864–1920) established the dairy
370:
701:
510:. Furthermore, it is known that, even before his brothers Justus and Eeltsje published their
503:
205:
75:
288:
This mother, Ruerdtsje Binnerts, was a scion of a prominent family in Grou. Her people were
1767:
1762:
563:
348:
After that, Tsjalling Halbertsma started to work for one of his uncles in Grou, who was a
8:
791:
591:
534:
for the year 1829. Gerard Tjaard Nicolaas Suringar himself would assert years later that
486:
was fairly limited, and consisted for a large part of rhymes written for the occasion of
390:
386:
310:
282:
231:
616:, which was published in 1918 by publisher and bookshop owner Rinse van der Velde from
452:
285:
later in life, were much like their father, while Binnert more resembled their mother.
1680:
1662:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1564:
1546:
1520:
600:
491:
353:
244:
142:
624:("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles") and a number of shorter texts and poems.
652:
still occupies the first slot in the ranking of Western Frisian literary classics.
636:
499:
444:
1581:, Bolsward/Leeuwarden (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij/R. van der Velde), 1958, no ISBN.
507:
487:
334:
218:
210:
79:
1697:, Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij M.Th. van Seyen), no year, no ISBN, pp. 312–323.
1756:
631:
is seen as the national book of Western Frisian literature, and although the
516:
365:
357:
223:
89:
648:
monument, in which it saw its own life as a nation reflected." As of today
562:; "The Bouquet") a magazine which was edited by himself, and which included
440:
406:
342:
578:
Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma died on 12 December 1852 in his birthplace of
439:
works. He ofted used the pseudonyms 'Master Jouke' and T.T., which was an
854:
661:
495:
483:
313:) wrote about him: "Here the pen is wielded by a man of high character."
123:
920:("The Weigh-house Masters of Grou to the Visitors of the Fair"; speech)
724:
632:
617:
539:
382:
338:
289:
361:
326:
293:
266:
604:("Rhymes and Tales"). Apart from a few of his poems and his part in
595:
555:
468:
374:
349:
270:
227:
506:, but to a considerable degree, especially in the early years, in
943:
933:", name of the historical municipality which included Grou; poem)
794:
609:
567:
550:
of 1830. Completely apart from the rest of Halbertsma's works is
523:
419:
277:(1789–1869), and two younger brothers, Binnert (1795–1847), and
1707:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1968, no ISBN, pp. 296–299.
1659:
Spiegel van de Friese Poëzie: Van de Zeventiende Eeuw tot Heden
1643:, Amsterdam/Leeuwarden (Uitgeverij Boom/Fryske Akademy), 1998,
448:
322:
297:
687:
460:
423:
398:
378:
1679:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
1545:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utjouwerij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
519:, such as were established all over Friesland from 1795 on.
455:, which, however, was very popular with the common man. His
389:. Furthermore, from 1850 to his death, he had a seat in the
579:
262:
42:
699:("A Taste from Reintsje the Fox"; translated passage from
352:
trading in butter and cheese. At that time farmer's wives
402:
875:("The Fortune-telling of Maaike Jakkeles"; short story)
833:("In the Year When the Cow Was Called Barthold"; tale)
772:("A Talk in the Evening with Oark and Sint; dialogue)
677:("Wedding Poem" or "Silliness at the Wedding"; poem)
660:(of Tsjalling Halbertsma's Western Frisian-language
635:
value of this collection was later disputed by some
1739:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1958, pp. 5–14.
754:("My Journey to Town with Pear Juice"; short story)
325:at a young age. Justus, the eldest brother, was in
222:; 21 January 1792 – 12 December 1852) was a Dutch
1633:Cultuur in Friesland en Friese Cultuur, 1795–1917
1754:
745:("Song for the Frisian Citizen Soldiery"; poem)
463:") was almost a match for the more famous poem
418:the village, and he gave away a fat cow to the
265:, in the central part of the Dutch province of
522:Halbertsma published a number of his works in
1749:, Bolsward (A.J. Osinga N.V.), 1926, no ISBN.
292:, and although her husband had been raised a
269:. He was the son of the baker and small-time
1695:Tweeduizend Jaar Geschiedenis van Friesland
1617:, Leeuwarden (Frisian Council/Afûk), 2008,
1591:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
1519:, Drachten (A.J. Osinga Utjouwerij), 1993,
917:De Grouster Weachmasters oan de Merkegasten
857:with several short stories and poems; with
1661:, Amsterdam (J.M. Meulenhoff B.V.), 1994,
781:("The Path to the Money Pit"; short story)
498:notes, accompanying texts for prints, and
1461:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1371:
1369:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1034:
1032:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
736:("The Brown and the Blaze"; short story)
473:
230:, and the least well-known of the three
1287:
1285:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
409:, which he never truly recovered from.
256:
168: 1813; died 1836)
1755:
1454:
1442:
1378:
1344:
1303:
1266:
1250:
1183:
1159:
884:("In the Weigh-house of Grou"; speech)
806:("Voluptuary and Leo Simpleton"; tale)
242:to be published in 1871 as the famous
1717:, Leiden (L. Stafleu), 1949, no ISBN.
1561:Lyts Hânboek fan de Fryske Literatuer
1421:
1409:
1366:
1227:
1207:
1145:
1050:
957:
830:Yn 't Jier Doe't de Ko Bartele Hjitte
217:
204:
1641:Geschiedenis van Friesland 1750–1995
1282:
1124:
1102:
1066:
1009:
872:De Wiersizzerije fan Maaike Jakkeles
622:De Wiersizzerij fan Maaike Jakkeles
333:, while Eeltsje, the youngest, was
329:at that time, studying to become a
219:[ˈtɕɑlɪŋˈɦɪdəsˈɦɑlbǝrtsmaː]
13:
1557:Dykstra, Klaes, and Bouke Oldenhof
385:, was a member of the new Frisian
206:[ˈtsjɔlɪŋˈhɪdəsˈhɔlbǝtsma]
14:
1824:
1813:19th-century Dutch businesspeople
723:("The Best Friday on the Fair in
686:("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
538:("The Best Friday of the Fair in
459:("Sets and Tsjerk at the Fair yn
1655:Oppewal, Teake, and Pier Boorsma
939:Master Doede fan Terbant Is Komd
720:De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke
536:De Bêste Freed yn Ljou'ter Merke
471:Fair"), by his brother Eeltsje.
391:provincial assembly of Friesland
28:
1773:19th-century Dutch male writers
1677:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
1543:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
1509:Oer Skriuwers, Boek en Utjeften
1486:
1477:
1468:
1433:
1400:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1294:
1241:
769:In Jûnpraatsje fan Oark en Sint
751:Myn Reis mei Parsop nei de Stêd
655:
185:
165:
1793:19th-century Dutch politicians
1637:Frieswijk, Johan, et al., red.
1136:
1041:
696:In Priuwke út Reintsje de Foks
683:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
528:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
457:Sets en Tsjerk yn Snitser Merk
1:
1798:West Frisian-language writers
1607:Fryslân: Fêstens en Feroaring
951:
763:("The Citizen Soldier"; poem)
742:Liet foar de Fryske Sjitterij
590:After the death of all three
433:
337:in the provincial capital of
1535:Halbertsma, Tsjalling Hiddes
1465:Dykstra and Oldenhof, p. 37.
848:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
606:De Skearwinkel fan Joutebaas
478:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma.
7:
1747:Bodders yn de Fryske Striid
1563:, Leeuwarden (Afûk), 1997,
1397:Dykstra en Oldenhof, p. 42.
1224:Oppewal and Boorsma, p. 16.
1142:Dykstra en Oldenhof, p. 37.
787:An Menhear Frisius Stripsma
645:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
512:De Lapekoer fan Gabe Skroar
198:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
22:Tsjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
10:
1829:
1498:
1483:Breuker 1993, pp. 594–596.
1133:Breuker 1993, pp. 603–606.
1047:Breuker 1993, pp. 591–592.
674:Mallichheid by de Brulloft
373:, Michiel Hylkes Tromp of
215:Tjalling Hiddes Halbertsma
1783:Dutch short story writers
902:("Fair in Grou"'; speech)
863:Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma
851:("Boss Joute's Barbershop
815:("The Wedding"; dialogue)
585:
412:
303:
149:
137:
129:
119:
111:
103:
95:
85:
71:
63:
49:
36:
27:
20:
1803:People from Boarnsterhim
1788:19th-century Dutch poets
911:("Fair in Grou"; speech)
893:("Fair in Grou"; speech)
859:Justus Hiddes Halbertsma
778:It Paad nei de Jilddobbe
714:("Sjirk and Tryn"; poem)
639:, it is undeniable that
573:
381:and Dirk Piers Zeper of
341:, where he attended the
316:
881:Yn de Grouster Weagerij
842:("Of an Evening"; tale)
482:Tsjalling Halbertsma's
377:, Hans Klazes Wouda of
251:
1729:De Bruorren Halbertsma
1673:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
1539:Schroor, Meindert, ed.
1038:Breuker 2016, p. 1128.
803:Punthûn en Liuwe Lijer
479:
214:
67:Merchant, poet, writer
1531:Breuker, Philippus H.
1505:Breuker, Philippus H.
1439:Breuker 1993, p. 604.
1263:Breuker 1993, p. 588.
1204:Breuker 1993, p. 592.
1156:Breuker 1993, p. 609.
1099:Breuker 1993, p. 587.
1006:Breuker 1993, p. 591.
702:Van den vos Reynaerde
598:, under the title of
477:
175:Reinskje van der Goot
115:Poetry, short stories
1743:Wumkes, Geart Aeilco
1733:Halbertsma, Brothers
1705:Fan Fryslâns Forline
1585:Halbertsma, Brothers
1575:Halbertsma, Brothers
1513:Halbertsma, Brothers
643:and its predecessor
530:, which appeared in
257:Youth and background
1715:Frieslands Dichters
1651:, pp. 172–212.
1527:, pp. 587–613.
824:("The Devil"; tale)
733:De Brune en de Bles
592:Brothers Halbertsma
387:Chamber of Commerce
283:Brothers Halbertsma
232:Brothers Halbertsma
1685:978-9 05 61 53 755
1623:978-9 06 27 37 734
1611:Hiemstra, Sytze T.
1551:978-9 05 61 53 755
942:("Master Doede of
548:Suringar's Almanak
532:Suringar's Almanak
480:
465:De Boalserter Merk
1737:Rimen en Teltsjes
1589:Rimen en Teltsjes
1579:Rimen en Teltsjes
1571:, pp. 37–42.
1517:Rimen en Teltsjes
1474:Terpstra, p. 313.
1418:Terpstra, p. 321.
1406:Terpstra, o. 320.
1375:Schroor, p. 1125.
1363:Terpstra, p. 320.
1291:Wiersma, pp. 8–9.
1279:Terpstra, p. 316.
1247:Wiersma, pp. 7–8.
1238:Terpstra, p. 317.
947:
934:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
715:
706:
691:
678:
650:Rimen en Teltsjes
641:Rimen en Teltsjes
629:Rimen en Teltsjes
614:Rimen en Teltsjes
601:Rimen en Teltsjes
502:notes, partly in
245:Rimen en Teltsjes
226:writer, poet and
195:
194:
143:Rimen en Teltsjes
130:Years active
120:Literary movement
59:Grou, Netherlands
1820:
1808:Dutch male poets
1744:
1734:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1691:Terpstra, Pieter
1674:
1656:
1638:
1630:
1612:
1604:
1586:
1576:
1558:
1540:
1532:
1514:
1506:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1300:Hemminga, p. 56.
1298:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1181:
1178:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1100:
1097:
1064:
1061:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1007:
1004:
941:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
722:
713:
698:
685:
676:
221:
208:
203:
189:
187:
169:
167:
56:
53:12 December 1852
32:
18:
17:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1778:Dutch merchants
1753:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1720:
1710:
1701:Twerda, Hendrik
1700:
1690:
1672:
1654:
1636:
1628:
1610:
1602:
1584:
1574:
1556:
1553:, p. 1128.
1538:
1530:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:Wiersma, p. 12.
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1345:
1341:Twerda, p. 296.
1340:
1336:
1332:Wumkes, p. 485.
1331:
1327:
1323:Wiersma, p. 13.
1322:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1267:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1203:
1184:
1179:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1103:
1098:
1067:
1063:Jensma, p. 197.
1062:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1010:
1005:
958:
954:
946:Is Come"; tale)
658:
588:
576:
500:fortune-telling
447:, often with a
445:folk literature
436:
415:
319:
306:
259:
254:
201:
191:
188: 1837)
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:
163:
159:
156:
90:Western Frisian
58:
54:
41:
40:21 January 1792
23:
12:
11:
5:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1670:
1667:9 02 90 47 569
1652:
1649:9 05 35 23 685
1626:
1603:Hemminga, Piet
1600:
1597:9 06 06 64 892
1582:
1572:
1569:9 07 00 10 526
1554:
1528:
1525:9 06 06 64 892
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1492:Wadman, p. 14.
1485:
1476:
1467:
1453:
1451:Wiersma, p. 5.
1441:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1399:
1377:
1365:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1314:Wiersma, p. 8.
1302:
1293:
1281:
1265:
1249:
1240:
1226:
1206:
1182:
1180:Wiersma, p. 7.
1158:
1144:
1135:
1123:
1121:Wiersma, p. 9.
1101:
1065:
1049:
1040:
1008:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
935:
922:
913:
908:Grouster Merke
904:
899:Grouster Merke
895:
886:
877:
868:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
716:
707:
692:
679:
657:
654:
587:
584:
575:
572:
544:De Bêste Freed
488:Shrove Tuesday
435:
432:
414:
411:
366:dairy products
318:
315:
305:
302:
258:
255:
253:
250:
193:
192:
181:
177:
174:
173:
161:
157:
155:Tetsje Sollema
154:
153:
151:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:(aged 60)
51:
47:
46:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:Wiersma, J.P.
1719:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1629:Jensma, Goffe
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:De Fryslannen
1608:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
956:
945:
940:
936:
932:
931:Idaarderadeel
927:
926:Idaarder'diel
923:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
896:
891:
890:Grouster Merk
887:
882:
878:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
711:Sjirk en Tryn
708:
704:
703:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
675:
671:
670:Brulloftsfers
667:
666:
665:
663:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
583:
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
517:French period
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
431:
429:
425:
421:
410:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
249:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
207:
202:West Frisian:
199:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
138:Notable works
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
52:
48:
45:, Netherlands
44:
39:
35:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1746:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1711:Wadman, Anne
1704:
1694:
1676:
1658:
1640:
1632:
1614:
1606:
1588:
1578:
1560:
1542:
1534:
1516:
1508:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1435:
1402:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1296:
1243:
1138:
1043:
938:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
852:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
792:City Frisian
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
719:
710:
700:
695:
682:
673:
669:
659:
656:Bibliography
649:
644:
640:
628:
626:
621:
613:
605:
599:
589:
577:
559:
551:
547:
546:appeared in
543:
535:
531:
527:
521:
511:
504:West Frisian
481:
464:
456:
441:abbreviation
437:
427:
416:
395:
347:
343:Latin school
320:
311:G. A. Wumkes
307:
287:
260:
243:
197:
196:
141:
107:19th century
76:West Frisian
55:(1852-12-12)
15:
1768:1852 deaths
1763:1792 births
855:frame-story
812:De Brulloft
566:concerning
496:weigh-house
451:or playful
358:made cheese
124:Romanticism
96:Citizenship
86:Nationality
1757:Categories
952:References
760:De Skutter
725:Leeuwarden
618:Leeuwarden
540:Leeuwarden
434:Authorship
383:Leeuwarden
339:Leeuwarden
290:Mennonites
64:Occupation
839:Op in Jûn
552:De Roeker
449:satirical
430:in 1888.
428:Normandia
371:Harlingen
362:farmstead
327:Amsterdam
294:Calvinist
267:Friesland
1725:Foarwurd
821:De Divel
633:literary
596:Deventer
564:articles
560:De Rûker
556:spelling
554:(modern
524:almanacs
492:New Year
469:Bolsward
375:Woudsend
350:merchant
335:boarding
331:minister
271:merchant
228:merchant
72:Language
1499:Sources
944:Terband
937:18?? –
924:1841 –
915:1841 –
906:1840 –
897:1839 –
888:1838 –
879:1837 –
870:1835 –
846:1835 –
837:1834 –
828:1834 –
819:1834 –
810:1834 –
801:1833 –
795:dialect
785:1833 –
776:1832 –
767:1832 –
758:1830 –
749:1830 –
740:1830 –
731:1830 –
727:; poem)
718:1830 –
709:1829 –
694:1829 –
690:; poem)
681:1829 –
668:1817 –
637:critics
627:Today,
610:reprint
568:topical
360:at the
354:churned
323:orphans
298:mariner
279:Eeltsje
240:Eeltsje
224:Frisian
190:
182:
178:
170:
162:
158:
133:1817–41
1731:, in:
1683:
1665:
1647:
1635:, in:
1621:
1609:, in:
1595:
1567:
1549:
1537:, in:
1523:
1511:, in:
662:oeuvre
586:Legacy
484:oeuvre
467:("The
413:Family
304:Nature
275:Justus
236:Justus
150:Spouse
104:Period
688:Sneek
574:Death
508:Dutch
461:Sneek
453:motif
424:Sneek
399:dandy
379:Sneek
317:Trade
211:Dutch
184:(
180:
164:(
160:
112:Genre
99:Dutch
80:Dutch
1727:and
1681:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1521:ISBN
861:and
580:Grou
490:and
420:poor
356:and
263:Grou
252:Life
238:and
50:Died
43:Grou
37:Born
672:of
612:of
494:'s
407:ego
403:rye
1759::
1745:,
1735:,
1723:,
1713:,
1703:,
1693:,
1675:,
1657:,
1639:,
1631:,
1613:,
1605:,
1587:,
1577:,
1559:,
1541:,
1533:,
1515:,
1507:,
1456:^
1444:^
1423:^
1411:^
1380:^
1368:^
1346:^
1305:^
1284:^
1268:^
1252:^
1229:^
1209:^
1185:^
1161:^
1147:^
1126:^
1104:^
1068:^
1052:^
1011:^
959:^
929:("
853:;
664:)
558::
393:.
213::
209:;
186:m.
166:m.
78:,
1687:.
1669:.
1625:.
1599:.
865:)
797:)
705:)
200:(
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