369:. This new dynasty was to deal with the everyday decisions of the empire, while the position of Tuʻi Tonga was to be the nation's spiritual leader, though he still controlled the final say in the life or death of his people. The Tuʻi Tonga Empire at this period becomes Samoan in orientation as the Tuʻi Tonga kings themselves became ethnic Samoans who married Samoan women and resided in Samoa. Kauʻulufonua's mother was a Samoan from Manu'a, Tuʻi Tonga Kauʻulufonua II and Tuʻi Tonga Puipuifatu had Samoan mothers and as they married Samoan women the succeeding Tuʻi Tonga – Vakafuhu, Tapu'osi, and 'Uluakimata – were allegedly more "Samoan" than "Tongan".
230:. As the ancestral homeland of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty and the abode of deities such as Tagaloa ʻEitumatupuʻa, Tonga Fusifonua, and Tavatavaimanuka, the Manuʻa islands of Samoa were considered sacred by the early Tongan kings. By the time of the 10th Tuʻi Tonga Momo, and his successor, Tuʻitātui, the Tuʻi Tonga Empire had grown to include much of the former domains of the Tui Fiti and Tui Manuʻa, with the Manuʻa group being the only exception, remaining under Tui Manuʻa rule. To better govern the large territory, the Tuʻi Tonga had their throne moved by the lagoon at
38:
270:
Samoan noblewomen, such as Tohuʻia, the mother of the first Tuʻi
Kanokupolu, Ngata, who came from Safata, ʻUpolu, Samoa. These mats, including the Maneafaingaa and Tasiaeafe, are considered the crown jewels of the current Tupou line (which is derived matrilineally from Samoa). The success of the Empire was largely based upon the Imperial Navy. The most common vessels were long-distance double-canoes fitted with triangular sails. The largest canoes of the Tongan
386:
of Upolu"), a direct homage to his mother's heritage. The Tuʻi
Kanokupolu dynasty oversaw the importation and institution of many Samoan policies and titles and according to Tongan scholars, this "Samoanized" form of government and custom continues today in the modern Kingdom of Tonga. Things continued in this manner afterward. The first Europeans arrived in 1616, when the Dutch explorers
52:
425:
Modern archeology, anthropology, and linguistic studies confirm widespread Tongan cultural influence ranging widely through East ʻUvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa, and Niue, parts of
Micronesia (Kiribati and Pohnpei), Vanuatu, and New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, and while some academics prefer the
385:
for the half-Samoan Ngata which divided regional rule between them, though as time went on the Tu’i
Kanokupolu's power became more and more dominant over Tonga. This title granted Ngata considerable power and provided a strong foundation for his new title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu (translated as the "Heart
294:
was actually a Samoan kalia; according to Queen Sālote and the Palace
Records this was the Samoan double-hulled canoe that brought Tohuʻia Limapō from Samoa to wed the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua. The large navy allowed for Tonga to become wealthy with large amounts of trade and tribute flowing into the royal
377:
In Samoa, the high chief of Safata, Ama Lele married Soliʻai, a daughter of the Tui Manuʻa. They produced a son Peseta, who was to become the next Ama, and a daughter, Tohuʻia Limapo. Herewith contains the connection to the Tongan royal lineage through Tohuʻia Limapo. Limapo travelled to Tonga with
269:
The finest mats of Samoa (ʻie tōga) are incorrectly translated as "Tongan mats;" the correct meaning is "treasured cloth" ("ie" = cloth, "tōga" = female goods, in opposition to "oloa" = male goods). Many fine mats came into the possession of the Tongan royal families through chiefly marriages with
343:
family. In response, the falefā was created as political advisors to the Empire. The falefā officials were initially successful in maintaining some hegemony over other subjected islands but increased dissatisfaction led to the assassination of several rulers in succession. The most notable were,
310:
recalls that in the 15th century Tongan warriors were defeated in a battle on the reef of Niutao. Tongan warriors also invaded Niutao later in the 15th century and again were repelled. A third and fourth invasion of Tongan occurred in the late 16th century, again with the
Tongans being defeated.
338:
The Tuʻi Tonga decline began due to numerous wars and internal pressure. In the 13th or 14th centuries, the
Samoans had expelled the Tongans from their lands after Tuʻi Tonga Talakaifaiki was defeated in battle by the brothers Tuna, Fata, and Savea, progenitors of the
378:
her father Ama Lele, at the express request of the 6th Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua of Tonga, to marry Ama Lele's daughter Limapo. Limapo travelled with a large wedding party, which consisted of the Ama family and the Safata warriors under the charge of Ama Lele.
417:(low road people). Concerning the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua supporters: when this division arose, in the 15th century, they were of course the Kauhalalalo. But when the Tuʻi Kanokupolu had overtaken them they shifted their allegiance to the Kauhalaʻuta.
562:
see writings of Ata of
Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimalealiʻifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p.
258:
and was conducted annually at Mu'a following the harvest season when all countries that were subject to the Tuʻi Tonga must bring a gift for the gods, who was recognized as the Tuʻi Tonga. Captain
254:(11th Tuʻi Tonga) the empire was at its height of expansion, tributes for the Tuʻi Tonga were said to be exacted from all tributary chiefdoms of the empire. This tribute was known as the
186:. Modern researchers and cultural experts attest to widespread Tongan influence, evidence of transoceanic trade and exchange of material and non-material cultural artefacts.
238:. The influence of the Tuʻi Tonga was renowned throughout the Pacific, and many of the neighbouring islands participated in the widespread trade of resources and new ideas.
636:
Kie Hingoa, 'Named Mats,' 'le Tôga 'Fine. Mats' and Other
Treasured Textiles of Samoa and Tonga. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Special Issue 108(2), June 1999
934:
2537:
2542:
226:. According to leading Tongan scholar Dr. 'Okusitino Mahina, the Tongan and Samoan oral traditions indicate that the first Tuʻi Tonga was the son of their god
318:
islands in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands defended themselves with varying levels of resistance, but also accepted varying degrees of assimilation.
986:, NEICH, R. 2006 in K.R. Howe (ed.) Vaka Moana, voyages of the ancestors: the discovery and settlement of the Pacific: 198-245. Auckland: David Bateman. p230
845:
625:
542:
2527:
1376:
426:
term "maritime chiefdom", others argue that, while very different from examples elsewhere, "empire" is probably the most convenient term."
51:
917:
2532:
701:
Sand, Christophe (2006). "A View from the West: Samoa in the
Culture History of 'Uvea (Wallis) and Futuna (Western Polynesia)".
402:
who passed by the islands on 20 January 1643. These visits were brief, however, and did not significantly change the islands.
2512:
2329:
1711:
609:
2235:
2381:
1381:
931:
834:; "Tongan Society," Edward Gifford; "Tongan Society at the Time of Captain Cook's Visits," Queen Salote, Bott and Tavi
778:; "Tongan Society," Edward Gifford; "Tongan Society at the Time of Captain Cook's Visits," Queen Salote, Bott and Tavi
1025:
998:
685:
381:
The product of this marriage was Ngata. In 1610, the 6th Tuʻi Haʻa Takalaua, Moʻungatonga, created the position of
319:
506:"Eighteenth Century Tonga: New Interpretations of Tongan Society and Material Culture at the Time of Captain Cook"
2007:
626:
http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=535267&coltype=pacific%20cultures®no=fe011574
1169:
2552:
883:
359:
Because of so many assassination attempts on the Tuʻi Tonga, Kauʻulufonua established a new dynasty called the
2445:
849:
2440:
2324:
587:
Tongan society at the time of Captain Cook's visits : discussions with Her Majesty Queen Salote Tupou
218:
maritime empire began to decline, a new empire rose from the South. In about 950 AD, the first Tuʻi Tonga
2450:
1487:
227:
37:
2547:
2522:
2517:
2408:
1556:
1120:
907:
2366:
2341:
2191:
1850:
1845:
353:
409:(dry land road). Modern chiefs who derive their authority from the Tuʻi Tonga are still named the
2507:
2433:
2314:
1855:
1808:
1751:
1450:
1394:
1142:
2455:
2356:
2351:
2039:
1987:
1907:
1840:
1744:
1729:
1622:
1389:
1343:
1184:
1071:
440:
365:
962:
816:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
788:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
760:
Gunson, Niel (1997). "Great Families of Polynesia: Inter-island Links and Marriage Patterns".
348:
rule. In AD 1535, Takalaua was assassinated by two foreigners while swimming in the lagoon of
2386:
2346:
2159:
2034:
1098:
1088:
1047:
1018:
950:
2274:
344:
Havea I (19th TT), Havea II (22nd TT), and Takalaua (23rd TT), who were all known for their
2479:
2309:
2279:
2154:
2085:
2056:
1975:
1309:
1147:
1137:
649:
965:, Geraghty, P., 1994 in "Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World: pp.236-39.
8:
2171:
2051:
2017:
1919:
1739:
1734:
1546:
1265:
1201:
1076:
1061:
665:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu.
1887:
1877:
349:
231:
183:
65:
2284:
2264:
2247:
2198:
2063:
1872:
1823:
1756:
1674:
1615:
1610:
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1531:
1423:
1321:
1189:
1164:
741:
521:
382:
2393:
2289:
2225:
2220:
2149:
2046:
1761:
1689:
1684:
1526:
1455:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1228:
1179:
974:
879:
681:
605:
315:
2242:
2029:
2024:
1980:
1967:
1897:
1865:
1860:
1724:
1719:
1701:
1662:
1595:
1578:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1445:
1401:
1371:
1331:
1314:
1297:
1260:
1011:
825:
797:
769:
733:
513:
435:
251:
543:"An Account of Eighteenth Century Tonga – Chapter 1: Captain Cook's view of Tonga"
2460:
2428:
2301:
2269:
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2208:
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2127:
2102:
1962:
1957:
1798:
1679:
1573:
1568:
1536:
1361:
1351:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1218:
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1056:
1042:
938:
902:
387:
327:
1882:
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2398:
2361:
2336:
2319:
2230:
2215:
2186:
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1992:
1952:
1947:
1902:
1828:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1583:
1462:
1356:
1223:
1105:
391:
330:) underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture.
323:
219:
99:
829:
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773:
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1514:
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876:
Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands
445:
1912:
1892:
921:, vol. 26 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 437–438
906:
413:(inland road people), while those from the Tuʻi Kanokupolu are known as the
215:
194:
80:
2376:
2117:
2107:
2073:
2002:
1997:
1924:
1714:
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1657:
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1366:
1304:
1285:
1270:
1206:
758:"The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p. 133;
465:
395:
247:
111:
584:
405:
The dividing line between the two moieties was the old coastal road named
363:
in honour of his father and gave his brother, Moʻungamotuʻa, the title of
306:
describes the founding ancestor as being from Tonga. The oral history of
175:
which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200–1500.
2095:
2080:
1929:
1642:
1551:
1541:
1467:
1115:
1110:
977:, Clark, G., Burley, D. and Murray, T. 2008. Antiquity 82(318): 994-1004"
726:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
572:"The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, p. 133
399:
806:; also "Deconstructing the Island Group," Australian National University
2122:
1939:
1813:
1773:
1706:
941:
2008: Vol 21. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology.]
745:
525:
505:
372:
298:
The voyaging under during the Tuʻi Tonga Empire extended as far as the
259:
190:
483:
2012:
1783:
1667:
1637:
1418:
1292:
1083:
932:
Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region"
235:
179:
737:
721:
517:
1413:
1196:
1154:
1093:
951:"Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology"
352:. His successor, Kauʻulufonua I pursued the killers all the way to
340:
274:
type could carry up to 100 men. The most notable of these were the
975:"Monumentality in the development of the Tongan maritime chiefdom"
510:
Man - Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1326:
1255:
1211:
1066:
680:. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
303:
172:
1127:
1159:
1034:
963:"Geraghty, P., 1994. Linguistic evidence for the Tongan empire"
345:
307:
299:
861:
History of Tonga; 'Okusitino Mahina 2004; and journal articles
604:. Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 39.
333:
1793:
223:
211:
168:
56:
Islands within the sphere of influence of the Tongan Empire
1003:
566:
197:
kings during his visits to the Friendly Isles of Tonga.
675:
503:
373:
Samoan influence and the rise of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu
585:Elizabeth Bott with the assistance of Tavi (1982).
205:
722:"Note Upon the Natives of Savage Island, or Niue"
660:
624:the Tongan linguistic analogue is "toʻonga", see
2499:
16:Empire based in Oceania during around 950s-1865
2538:States and territories established in the 950s
648:see Songs and Poems of Queen Salote edited by
589:. Wellington, New Zealand: Polynesian Society.
135:• ʻAhoʻeitu brought his faction to Samoa
2543:States and territories disestablished in 1865
1019:
953:, Patrick Vinton Kirch; Roger C. Green (2001)
644:
642:
2476:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
654:
599:
394:spotted Tongans in a canoe off the coast of
593:
334:Decline of Tuʻi Tonga and two new dynasties
1026:
1012:
639:
193:observed and recorded his accounts of the
145:• the title Tuʻi Tonga was abolished
50:
484:"Tonga Pule'anga Tonga, Kingdom of Tonga"
178:It was centred in Tonga on the island of
241:
2300:
999:Government site on the history of Tonga
901:
873:
719:
171:expansionism and projected hegemony in
2528:10th-century establishments in Oceania
2500:
897:
895:
869:
867:
815:
787:
759:
466:"Bandiere: passato e presente – Tonga"
222:started to expand his rule outside of
167:, are descriptions sometimes given to
1007:
663:Tuvalu: A History, Chapter 1, Genesis
580:
578:
537:
535:
499:
497:
420:
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558:
556:
892:
864:
669:
463:
314:During the Tongan invasions of the
13:
694:
575:
532:
504:Adrienne L. Kaeppler (June 1971).
494:
290:. It should be mentioned that the
14:
2564:
2533:1865 disestablishments in Oceania
992:
553:
547:Journal of the Polynesian Society
302:archipelago. The oral history of
206:Beginning of Tongan expansionism
36:
980:
968:
956:
944:
925:
837:
809:
781:
752:
720:Thomson, Basil (January 1901).
713:
630:
618:
476:
457:
1:
908:"Tasman, Abel Janszoon"
676:Sogivalu, Pulekau A. (1992).
451:
2513:Former monarchies of Oceania
703:The Journal of Sāmoa Studies
600:St. Cartmail, Keith (1997).
7:
1033:
429:
246:Under the 10th Tuʻi Tonga,
10:
2569:
818:Journal of Pacific History
790:Journal of Pacific History
762:Journal of Pacific History
661:Talakatoa O’Brien (1983).
200:
2469:
2421:
1938:
1342:
1041:
830:10.1080/00223349708572835
802:10.1080/00223349708572835
774:10.1080/00223349708572835
678:A Brief History of Niutao
322:retained more of its pre-
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61:
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33:
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903:Beazley, Charles Raymond
356:, where he killed them.
324:Tongan cultural features
918:Encyclopædia Britannica
878:. The Scarecrow Press.
549:: 11–55. 15 March 2014.
512:. 6 (2) (1): 204–220.
441:Early history of Tonga
182:, with its capital at
2553:Monarchies of Oceania
2446:Medieval great powers
874:Quanchi, Max (2005).
242:Expansion (1200–1600)
2456:European colonialism
2441:Ancient great powers
650:Elizabeth Wood-Ellem
2451:Modern great powers
937:2009-09-18 at the
464:Breschi, Roberto.
421:Modern scholarship
266:ceremony in 1777.
2495:
2494:
2417:
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2382:Polish–Lithuanian
1557:Gurjara-Pratihara
611:978-0-8248-1972-9
366:Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua
316:Wallis and Futuna
161:Tuʻi Tonga Empire
157:
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107:• 1827–1865
23:Tuʻi Tonga Empire
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2548:Overseas empires
2523:Island countries
2518:History of Tonga
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1963:Austro-Hungarian
1663:Chagatai Khanate
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848:. Archived from
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1752:Romano-Germanic
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1072:Middle Assyrian
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913:Chisholm, Hugh
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846:"Planet Tonga"
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852:on 2006-03-05
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687:982-02-0058-X
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446:Thalassocracy
444:
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427:
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416:
415:Kau Hala Lalo
412:
411:Kau Hala ʻUta
408:
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397:
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361:Ha'a Takalaua
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262:witnessed an
261:
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165:Tongan Empire
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39:
32:
27:
20:
2259:
2236:Contemporary
2086:Indo-Persian
2074:Nazi Germany
2018:Contemporary
1920:Vijayanagara
1819:Great Seljuk
1730:Thessalonica
1658:Golden Horde
1298:Carthaginian
1077:Neo-Assyrian
1062:Neo-Sumerian
982:
970:
958:
946:
927:
916:
875:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
839:
821:
817:
811:
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396:Niuatoputapu
380:
376:
364:
360:
358:
337:
313:
297:
292:Takaʻipōmana
291:
288:Takaʻipōmana
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
263:
255:
250:and his son
245:
209:
188:
177:
164:
160:
158:
112:Laufilitonga
1824:Khwarezmian
1757:Carolingian
1562:Rashtrakuta
1266:Shaishunaga
1165:Hellenistic
1148:New Kingdom
1138:Old Kingdom
732:: 137–145.
400:Abel Tasman
276:Tongafuesia
252:Tuʻi-tā-tui
2502:Categories
2394:Portuguese
2275:Revival Le
2265:Vietnamese
1908:Later Tran
1878:Vietnamese
1774:Singhasari
1762:Holy Roman
1386:Bulgarian
1322:Satavahana
1293:Phoenician
1229:Achaemenid
1190:Indo-Greek
1170:Macedonian
1084:Babylonian
885:0810853957
856:2006-03-05
452:References
346:tyrannical
295:treasury.
286:, and the
260:James Cook
216:Tui Manuʻa
195:Tuʻi Tonga
191:James Cook
81:Tuʻi Tonga
72:Government
2387:Couronian
2025:Ethiopian
2013:Manchukuo
1968:Brazilian
1814:Ghaznavid
1784:Srivijaya
1735:Trebizond
1720:Byzantine
1702:North Sea
1697:Norwegian
1685:Almoravid
1668:Ilkhanate
1638:Majapahit
1611:Muromachi
1520:Solomonic
1505:Ethiopian
1419:Caliphate
1352:Aragonese
1180:Ptolemaic
488:fotw.info
280:ʻĀkiheuho
236:Tongatapu
220:ʻAhoʻeitu
180:Tongatapu
100:ʻAhoʻeitu
29:950s–1865
2367:Japanese
2330:Scottish
2310:American
2302:Colonial
2231:Imperial
2199:Moroccan
2135:Japanese
2113:Afsharid
1972:Burmese
1958:Austrian
1913:Later Le
1888:Early Le
1873:Venetian
1799:Tiwanaku
1712:Hellenic
1675:Moroccan
1606:Kamakura
1596:Japanese
1579:Saffarid
1532:Georgian
1446:Chalukya
1424:Rashidun
1414:Calakmul
1382:Bruneian
1261:Haryanka
1239:Sasanian
1234:Parthian
1185:Bactrian
1175:Seleucid
1155:Goguryeo
1133:Egyptian
1067:Assyrian
1057:Akkadian
1048:Colonies
935:Archived
905:(1911),
470:rbvex.it
430:See also
341:Malietoa
300:Tuvaluan
284:Lomipeau
228:Tangaloa
189:Captain
75:Monarchy
2434:largest
2429:Empires
2409:Swedish
2404:Spanish
2399:Russian
2362:Italian
2337:Chinese
2325:English
2320:British
2315:Belgian
2290:Vietnam
2280:Tay son
2226:Tsarist
2221:Russian
2216:Ottoman
2182:Dzungar
2177:Khoshut
2150:Mexican
2145:Maratha
2128:Pahlavi
2108:Safavid
2103:Iranian
2030:Haitian
1993:Chinese
1953:Ashanti
1925:Wagadou
1851:Eastern
1846:Western
1829:Timurid
1789:Tibetan
1779:Songhai
1769:Serbian
1690:Almohad
1680:Idrisid
1584:Samanid
1574:Tahirid
1569:Iranian
1547:Kannauj
1527:Genoese
1463:Chinese
1456:Eastern
1451:Western
1439:Fatimid
1434:Abbasid
1429:Umayyad
1402:Burmese
1362:Ayyubid
1357:Angevin
1327:Xianbei
1315:Eastern
1310:Western
1256:Magadha
1219:Iranian
1212:Xiongnu
1197:Hittite
1106:Chinese
1094:Kassite
1043:Ancient
1035:Empires
915:(ed.),
746:2842790
709:: 5–15.
563:133etc.
526:2798262
304:Nanumea
201:History
173:Oceania
122:History
62:Capital
2372:Mongol
2357:German
2352:French
2342:Danish
2285:Dainam
2260:Tongan
2248:Somali
2243:Sokoto
2209:'Alawi
2187:Kalmyk
2167:Mongol
2160:Second
2140:Korean
2091:Mughal
2081:Indian
2064:German
2057:Second
2047:French
2040:Second
1976:Second
1948:Afghan
1940:Modern
1866:Kyrgyz
1861:Uighur
1856:Second
1836:Turkic
1804:Toltec
1740:Epirus
1725:Nicaea
1648:Mongol
1601:Yamato
1537:Huetar
1395:Second
1332:Rouran
1281:Shunga
1276:Maurya
1251:Kushan
1224:Median
1202:Hunnic
1160:Harsha
882:
744:
684:
608:
524:
320:Futuna
308:Niutao
282:, the
256:ʻInasi
232:Lapaha
169:Tongan
125:
85:
2422:Lists
2377:Omani
2347:Dutch
2253:Isaaq
2204:Saadi
2172:Oirat
2155:First
2123:Qajar
2052:First
2035:First
2008:China
1981:Third
1841:First
1794:Tikal
1745:Morea
1715:Roman
1633:Latin
1628:Khmer
1623:Kanem
1589:Buyid
1515:Zagwe
1510:Aksum
1500:Chola
1407:First
1390:First
1377:Bornu
1372:Benin
1367:Aztec
1305:Roman
1286:Gupta
1271:Nanda
1207:White
911:, in
742:JSTOR
522:JSTOR
354:ʻUvea
272:kalia
264:Inasi
224:Tonga
212:Samoa
163:, or
2192:Bogd
2118:Zand
2096:Sikh
2003:Qing
1998:Ming
1930:Wari
1898:Tran
1883:Dinh
1653:Yuan
1643:Mali
1552:Pala
1542:Inca
1493:Yuan
1483:Song
1478:Liao
1473:Tang
1246:Kush
1128:Dʿmt
880:ISBN
843:see
682:ISBN
606:ISBN
390:and
350:Muʻa
328:Uvea
248:Momo
184:Muʻa
159:The
149:1865
139:950s
66:Muʻa
2270:Mac
1707:Oyo
1616:Edo
1488:Jīn
1468:Sui
1121:Jin
1116:Han
1111:Qin
826:doi
798:doi
770:doi
734:doi
514:doi
214:'s
210:As
2504::
1903:Ho
1893:Ly
894:^
866:^
822:32
820:.
794:32
792:.
766:32
764:.
740:.
730:31
728:.
724:.
705:.
641:^
577:^
555:^
545:.
534:^
520:.
508:.
496:^
486:.
468:.
278:,
234:,
1050:)
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