Culture of Tonga - Knowledge

760: 711:, barkcloth and mats, which were a traditional form of wealth exchanged at marriages and other ceremonial occasions. An industrious woman thus raised the social status of her household. Her family also slept soundly, on the piles of mats and barkcloth that were the traditional bedding. On sunny days, these were spread on the grass to air, which prolonged their life. The mats can also be worn as ta'ovala, which is worn around the waist. Wearing the ta'ovala is a sign of respect, and it is said that in early times men returning from a long voyage at sea would cover up these mats before visiting the chief of the village. 798: 777: 895:, thatched with woven palm leaves) resting on pillars made of tree trunks. Woven screens filled in the area between the ground and the edge of the roof. The traditional design was extremely well adapted to surviving hurricanes. If the winds threatened to shred the walls and overturn the roof, the inhabitants could chop down the pillars, so that the roof fell directly onto the ground. Because the roof was curved, like a limpet shell, the wind tended to flow over it smoothly. The inhabitants could ride out the storm in relative safety. 1838: 2795:(Pacific – yesterday and to-day: acculturation with the Tongans and an attempt at an interpretation of this development) was published in 1955 as Volume 7 of Research into the history of culture, edited by Dr Nabil Georg Eckart, Professor of Kant University, Brunswick, and Dr Herman Trimborn, Professor of Bonn University. Translation to English by P.E. Klarwill, Wellington, NZ published by Albert Limback Verlag, Brunswick with the assistance of the German Research Association (1958). 634: 1777: 1620: 1222: 1073: 504: 366: 60: 1934: 30: 1289: 1681: 696: 993:, bedcovers, and lace trim. However, Western-style handicrafts such as these have not become widely popular outside the school setting. They require expensive imported materials that can only be purchased in major towns. Village women are much more likely to turn their efforts to weaving mats or beating barkcloth, which can be done with free local material. 276:. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 19th century and early 20th century are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence 1010:

In the 1970s there was a small factory near Nukuʻalofa that made simple jewelry from coral and tortoise-shell for sale to Western tourists. It is not clear if this factory is still operating. The government may have protected sea-turtles and corals (as has been done in most other countries) and ended

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Woven mats serve a variety of purposes, from the ordinary to the ceremonial. Many woven mats are passed down from generation to generation, acquiring greater status with the passage of time. It is in fact a collection of these mats in the palace that forms the true crown jewels of Tonga. These royal

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Tongans no longer make an earth oven every day. Most daily cooking is done by women, who cook in battered pots over open fires in the village, in wood-burning stoves in some households, and on gas or electric ranges in some of the larger towns. The meal schedule has also changed, to more Westernized

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is limited, but increasing, and public perception associates this with returns of ethnic Tongans who have been raised overseas. A few notable cases involve young men who were raised since infancy in the United States, whose families neglected to obtain citizenship for them and who were thus deported

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Food could be stored by feeding it to pigs. Pre-contact Tongans also built elevated storehouses for yams. Yams would keep only a few months. Hence a household's main security was generous distribution of food to relatives and neighbors, who were thus put under an obligation to share in their turn.

1308:, etc. The results of the morning's work would be cooked by the men, and served to the assembled household. The remnants would be placed in a basket suspended from a tree. This food is served as an end-of-the-day snack as well as the next day's breakfast. Food past its prime was given to the pigs. 600:

Tonga also struggles with young offenders - "schoolboys who want to have money to show off" - who have been apprehended in burglaries. As there are no juvenile prisons, young offenders are incarcerated in the main prisons together with adult criminals. Previously, attempts were made to temporarily

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Tongan families do not necessarily compete to put on the largest, grandest funeral possible, but they do strive to show respect for the deceased by doing all that is customary. This can put great strain on the resources of the immediate family and even the extended family. Sometimes the funeral is

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belly remaining firm favourites in Tongan cuisine. Despite being a highly obese population, there is little stigma attached to being overweight as one might find in many Western civilizations. Like a great number of South Pacific cultures, large bodies are often revered, though there is growing

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breakfast, light lunch, and heavy dinner. Tongans say that the old schedule is unworkable when household members have Western-style jobs, or attend schools at some distance from home; such family members cannot come home to eat, then have a doze after a heavy mid-day meal.

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and the 2015 competitions. Though Tongans are passionate rugby followers, the small population base means that internationally, Tongan rugby continually struggles. Often, young talent emigrate to countries which offer greater prospects of individual success such as

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begins each day's broadcast with a recording from Honourable Veʻehala, a nobleman and celebrated virtuoso of the nose flute. This music is not popular music; it is a cherished heirloom, preserved by specialists and taught as needed for special occasions.

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who may treat such goodwill-based incarceration systems with contempt. Traditionally, there is little social stigma regarding incarceration (although this too is changing), which means that imprisonment does not serve as a strong deterrent against crime.

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Tongan outfits are often assembled from used Western clothing (for the top) mixed with a length of cloth purchased locally for the tupenu. Used clothing can be found for sale at local markets, or can be purchased overseas and mailed home by relatives.

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were known for their extensive use of hymns in their emotional services. True to their tradition, the early missionaries introduced hymn-singing to their congregations. These early hymns—still sung today in some of the Methodist sects, such as the

1740:, a string skirt attached to a waistband. It is lighter and cooler than a mat. Kiekie are made from many different materials, from the traditional (pandanus leaves, as used in mats) to the innovative (unspooled magnetic tape from tape cassettes). 482:) around their waist. The type and size of the mat proclaim the mourner's relationship to the deceased. Immediate family members might also choose to wear a worn or frayed ta'ovala to show respect and love for their family that has passed on. 1750:

The largest Methodist church holds a yearly celebration for the women of the congregation. Churches hold special church services to which women wear white clothing. All the Methodist churches have adopted the Western custom of women wearing

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disappeared under heavy missionary disapproval, but was never completely suppressed. It is still very common for men (less so, but still some for women), to be decorated with some small tattoos. Nevertheless, tattoos shows one's strength.

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Nukuʻalofa, the capital, supports several tailoring shops. They tailor tupenu and suitcoats for Tongan men, and matching tupenu and kofu for Tongan women. The women's outfits may be decorated with simple blockprint patterns on the hems.

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and other obesity related diseases which place the nation's health service under considerable strain. Much of this is related to the nation's cultural love of food and eating as well as the modern influx of cheap and high-fat content

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of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors,

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is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tongan" to do, or not do. Contemporary Tongans often have strong ties to overseas lands. They may have been migrant workers in

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to church. Only women who have been admitted to the congregation can wear hats; those denied admittance (because they are still young, or because they are considered to be living immoral lives) are only "inquirers" and go hatless.

1708:(T-shirt, jersey, woven shirt) will do to top the tupenu. Usually shirts are used clothing imported from overseas. Some men will go shirtless working on their plantations, but by law they are not allowed to go shirtless in public. 988:

Women who attend the Wesleyan Methodist girls' school, Queen Sālote College, are taught several Western handicrafts, such as embroidery and crochet. They learn to make embroidered pillowcases and bed coverings or crocheted lace

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A few Tongan village churches are decorated with freehand murals or decorations done in house paint, which may mix crosses, flowers, and traditional barkcloth motifs. The practice is uncommon and the execution is always crude.

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is still practiced, but it is now done informally. Sometimes it is done at home, with relatives present. More commonly a boy, or a group of boys, go to the hospital, where the operation is done under sanitary conditions.

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Tongan navigators used wayfinding techniques such as the navigation by the stars, and observations of birds, ocean swells, and wind patterns, and relied on a large body of knowledge from oral tradition. Anthropologist

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due to confrontations with the American justice system. At this moment crime is increasing faster than the police force is able to counter, and is expected to become a serious problem in the years to come. Increasing

845:, dug-out canoes, shaped from a single log with fire and adze and outfitted with a single outrigger. Due to a dearth of large trees suitable for building large war canoes, these canoes were often imported from Fiji. 4180: 2005:. Although church attends primarily to the spiritual needs of the population, it also functions as the primary social hub. As consequence people who go to a church of another denomination are absolutely not 1726:

Women too wear a tupenu, but a long one which should reach to the ankles. They sometimes wear a shorter tupenu for working in the house or picking shellfish on the reef. The tupenu is usually topped with a

1527:. Imported drinks are sold only to Tongans who have liquor permits, which require a visit to a government office, and limit the amount of alcohol which can be purchased. There are no such formalities with 706:

In pre-contact Tonga, women did not do the cooking (cooking in an earth oven was hard, hot work, the province of men) or work in the fields. They raised children, gathered shellfish on the reef, and made

4326: 4291: 4953: 967:, or Western-style dress; men top the tupenu either with a T-shirt, a Western casual shirt, or on formal occasions, a dress shirt and a suit coat. Preachers in some Methodist sects still wear long 1300:

In former times, there was only one main meal, a midday meal cooked in an earth oven. Villagers would rise, eat some leftover food from the previous day's meal, and set out to work in the fields,

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Traditionally, fishing and farming have accounted for the livelihood of a majority of Tongans. The main food crops include sweet potatoes, bananas, yucca, taro and giant taro. Cash crops include

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attitude. Often, these prisons have no fences, no iron bars, and lax security, which makes escape very easy for inmates. This system is slowly changing, due to the influx of foreign born/raised

435:), or circumcised by cutting one slit in the foreskin, on the underside of the penis. This is a Christian practice of biblical context. Afterwards, the family held a feast for the new "man". 4610: 858:, in the 1960s & 1970s, confirmed that traditional navigation techniques had been retained by navigators from Tonga in conversations with Fe’iloakitau Kaho, Ve’ehala and Kaloni Kienga. 4331: 4195: 2016:

is enshrined in the constitution. No trade is allowed on Sunday, except essential services, after special approval by the minister of police. Lawbreakers risk a fine or imprisonment.

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drinking is an important and intrinsic part of Tonga culture. However, The drinking of kava by men at kava clubs is somewhat equal to drinking beers in the bar in western cultures.

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is a great favorite. It is eaten straight from the can, or mixed with coconut milk and onions, wrapped in leaves, and baked in the earth oven. Tongans also eat canned fish, such as

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Traditional music is preserved in the set pieces performed at royal and noble weddings and funerals, and in the song sung during the traditional ceremony of apology, the lou-ifi.

4225: 1159:, as these survived to later times. Traditional songs, passed down over the generations, are still sung at chiefly ceremonies. Some ancient dances are still performed, such as 4605: 4321: 4281: 1446:

There are now bakeries in the larger cities. The most popular loaves are soft, white, and bland. There are also local soft drink bottlers, who make various local varieties of

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In pre-contact Tonga, a girl's first menstruation was celebrated by a feast. This practice continued up until the mid-20th century, at which point it fell out of favor.

130: 2513: 1763:, at least when it comes to working in the fields. Women can be innovative in terms of color and cut within the context of the traditional kofu/tupenu combination. 4190: 4336: 1531:. Drinking is usually done secretively; a group of men gather and drink until they are drunk. Such gatherings sometimes result in drunken quarrels and assaults. 1719:

rope. The tupenu may be smartly tailored and have a matching suit jacket. If a man cannot afford to have a suit tailored to fit him, he will buy a used Western

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images. Tongan craftsmen were skilled at inlaying pearl-shell and ivory in wood, and Tongan war clubs were treasured items in the neighboring archipelago of

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Tonga is notable for its high obesity rates with over 90% of the population being overweight. Consequently, many Tongan islanders have an increased risk of

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There is also some local production of knit jerseys by Tongans operating imported sergers. They produce on speculation and sell at the Nukuʻalofa market.

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Some women have learned to sew and own sewing machines (often antique treadle machines). They do simple home-sewing of shirts, kofu, and school uniforms.

1963:) which claims some 35,000 adherents in the country. There are four other Methodist denominations in the country, as well as a number of (much smaller) 2438: 466:

are large, well-attended occasions, even for Tongans who are not wealthy. Relatives gather, often traveling long distances to do so. Large amounts of

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Scholars know relatively little about the music of Tonga as it existed before Tonga was encountered by European explorers. Early visitors, such as

2413: 3935: 1995: 1420:, and other common vegetables. In the last few decades, Tongan farmers with access to large tracts of land have engaged in commercial farming of 1020: 2248: 4842: 2822: 478:), and older indigenous customs that survive from pre-contact times. For instance, mourners wear black (a Western custom) but also wrap mats ( 2943: 2273: 3137: 1555: 616:, who purchased Tongan passports to escape the Beijing takeover). Some violent crimes have been directed towards these Chinese immigrants. 4416: 2564: 316:

would give a seriously distorted view of what people actually do, in Tonga, or in diaspora, because accommodations are so often made to

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Tongans are ardent churchgoers. Methodist services usually follow a call and response structure. Singing in the church is often done

938: 4988: 4046: 2232: 2217: 930:(king) was not: because he was too high ranked for anybody to touch him. Later it became the habit that a young Tuʻi Tonga went to 768:

mats are displayed only on high state occasions such as the death of a member of the royal family or the coronation of a monarch.

4814: 4152: 3907: 3089: 2915: 3864: 3805: 3054: 1704:, which is wrapped around the waist. It should be long enough to cover the knees or the shins of the legs. In daily life, any 1335:. The liquid from the center of coconuts was commonly drunk, and the soft "spoon meat" of young coconuts much relished. Baked 5027: 4564: 4448: 2832: 2751: 2687: 2660: 2613: 4690: 4539: 2538: 470:

are contributed, then distributed to the crowds during and after the funeral. Funeral practices are a mix of introduced

3430: 2314: 4086: 3950: 2396: 1824: 1798: 1733:, or dress. This may be sewn to order, or it may be an imported used dress. Sometimes women wear blouses or jerseys. 1667: 1641: 1366:

Many new foods were introduced in the 19th and early 20th centuries, following Western contacts and settlements. The

1269: 1243: 1147:, note only the singing and drumming during traditional dance performances. Scholars can assume the existence of the 1120: 1094: 971:, a style that has not been current in the West for more than a hundred years. These coats must be tailored locally. 551: 525: 413: 387: 2642:

Biersack, Aletta (1990). "Blood and Garland: Duality in Tongan history". In P. Herda; J. Terrell; N. Gunson (eds.).

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Tongan war clubs like the one pictured above were presented as gifts to visiting Allied military personnel during

4715: 4524: 3345: 3094: 2958: 1859: 1473:" imported from New Zealand are popular. Tongans also eat the common South Pacific "ship's biscuit", hard plain 1439:(doughboys), flour and water worked into a paste and dropped into a kettle of boiling water, then served with a 4258: 4215: 4096: 3487: 3146: 2167: 1802: 1645: 1247: 1098: 529: 391: 239: 17: 2793:

Suedsee-Gestern und Heute: Der Kulturwandel bei den Tonganern und der Versuch einer Deutung dieser Entwicklung

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There has been a huge surge of Contemporary Tongan artists in the past decade, majority based in New Zealand.

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Tongan Culture and History: Papers from the 1st Tongan History Conference held in Canberra 14–17 January 1987

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in Tongan. While it lacks the prestige of the yam, it is an easy plant to grow and a common crop. Introduced

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In the 1990s Chinese immigration caused resentment among the native Tongan population (especially those from

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Popular Tongan festivals included (new scheme still to be established since the change of public holidays):

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of sugar and coconut milk. Topai are a common funeral food, being easily prepared for hundreds of mourners.

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Tongan Society at the Time of Captain Cook's Visits: Discussions with Her Majesty Queen Salote Tupou

914:. And so several on other islands. Archaeologists have dated them hundreds to a thousand years old. 4478: 3960: 3857: 3776: 3686: 3353: 3079: 3059: 2131: 1787: 1630: 1232: 1144: 1083: 514: 376: 218: 115: 4867: 4770: 4371: 4175: 3820: 3573: 2013: 1791: 1634: 1236: 1087: 899: 518: 380: 3179: 5023: 4800: 4626: 4426: 4381: 4138: 3930: 3893: 3522: 3445: 3317: 2968: 2901: 2705: 2269: 2088:

Most public holidays are Mondayised, and celebrated on the preceding or next-following Monday.

866: 143: 105: 2709: 4837: 4765: 4559: 4240: 4161: 3945: 3746: 3593: 3517: 3512: 3391: 3231: 2141: 1972: 1192: 883: 862: 213: 3653: 3214: 301:. Tongans themselves often have to operate in two different contexts, which they often call 259:

The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3,000 years, since settlement in late

4852: 4755: 4631: 4569: 4549: 4534: 4431: 4311: 4091: 3995: 3916: 2938: 2818: 2769: 1956: 1906: 1842: 1184: 676: 320:. The following account tries to give both the idealized and the on-the-ground versions of 1715:, a woven mat, is worn over the tupenu. It is wrapped around the waist and secured with a 85: 8: 4998: 4902: 4823: 4411: 4230: 4220: 4126: 4066: 3990: 3527: 3420: 2953: 665: 574: 171: 2646:. THA Conference 1989. Canberra: Department of Pacific & Asian History, RSPacS, ANU. 2184: 95: 4973: 4897: 4584: 4574: 4508: 4463: 4406: 4263: 4185: 3985: 3975: 3965: 3955: 3507: 3462: 3312: 3099: 3003: 2924: 1461:

Purchased prepared foods have also made great headway, even in remote villages. Canned

1168: 870: 785: 192: 150: 4544: 110: 5019: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4862: 4710: 4396: 4061: 4018: 3940: 3874: 3852: 3840: 3756: 3726: 3440: 3380: 3074: 2998: 2838: 2828: 2777: 2757: 2747: 2721: 2693: 2683: 2666: 2656: 2392: 2032: 1946: 1737: 855: 797: 745: 684: 164: 3370: 4968: 4925: 4847: 4760: 4660: 4579: 4503: 4488: 3691: 3435: 3412: 3375: 2983: 2973: 2963: 2514:"New five-storey sculpture for central Christchurch to be installed by end of year" 2136: 2054: 776: 475: 297:, and send home remittances to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in 157: 70: 3598: 3450: 3307: 963:, or sarong, for women, and a short tupenu for men. Women cover the tupenu with a 959:

Tonga has evolved its own version of Western-style clothing, consisting of a long

4730: 4641: 4498: 4483: 3815: 3781: 3751: 3618: 3385: 3209: 3169: 3069: 3026: 2948: 2568: 2252: 1950: 1879: 1550: 1316: 1188: 1044: 457: 4685: 3115: 2233:"Tongan Wedding and Funeral Ceremonies: Strength and Honor Through Family Unity" 2218:"Tongan Wedding and Funeral Ceremonies: Strength and Honor Through Family Unity" 4745: 4665: 4493: 4468: 4453: 4421: 3786: 3623: 3578: 3482: 3302: 1964: 1850: 1837: 1504: 1497: 1474: 1389: 1378:

became popular. They were eaten either by themselves, or pulped and mixed with

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Ralston, Caroline (1996). "Gender relations in Tonga at the time of contact".

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There are many surviving examples of Tongan stone architecture, notably the

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Any description of Tongan culture that limits itself to what Tongans see as

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Children dressed in their best for a church festival. The boys are wearing

1567: 1470: 1397: 1379: 1140: 1040: 923: 781: 471: 436: 120: 4780: 4720: 4695: 4401: 3845: 3696: 3221: 2289:"Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan" 2038: 1980: 1975:

and each have a strong presence in the country as well. There is a small

1896: 1884: 1855: 1712: 1689: 1602: 1598: 1455: 1375: 1204: 1164: 1160: 1148: 1056: 1028: 739: 479: 282: 3676: 3251: 2800: 2746:. Canberra: Journal of Pacific History, Australian National University. 1191:- have Tongan tunes and simple, short Tongan lyrics. There is a special 633: 4636: 3502: 3256: 2109: 2081: 2002: 1918: 1892: 1447: 1336: 1179: 1156: 990: 968: 723: 578: 3241: 2315:"Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators" 809:

Before Western contact, many objects of daily use were made of carved

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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

4473: 3721: 3467: 3287: 2893: 2788: 2739: 2103: 2048: 1960: 1888: 1305: 1152: 911: 613: 606: 593: 286: 2463:"Recycled objects portray Tongan artist's personal cultural journey" 2341:"Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders" 2115:

Royal Agricultural and Industrial Show (triennial, August–September)

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Sunday in Tonga is celebrated as a day for rest and worship; strict

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More and more Tongan men are abandoning the traditional tupenu for

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The king and the majority of the royal family are members of the

1922: 1914: 1421: 1409: 1367: 1320: 1301: 943: 784:. They were also used for canoe paddles and for war dances, e.g. 585: 349: 341: 264: 1723:, or wear a threadbare jacket inherited from an older relative. 865:, which skills were also retained into the late 20th Century by 59: 4670: 3766: 3716: 3261: 3155:

List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania

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Polynesian Paradox: Essays in Honour of Professor 'I. Futa Helu

2255:, John Lynch and France Mugler, University of the South Pacific 1736:

On formal occasions women too wear a taʻovala, or more often a

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Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium

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Campbell, Ian Christopher; Coxon, Eve; Helu, 'I. Futa (2005).

4725: 4680: 3660: 3643: 3628: 3246: 1988: 1891:. Some notable rugby union players of Tongan descent include 1705: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1450:. A Tongan who might once have breakfasted on bits of cooked 1440: 1432: 1428: 1401: 1393: 931: 818: 802: 763:

Missionaries wearing traditional woven mats - called ta'ovala

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Tonga Visitors Bureau, Ministry of Tourism, Kingdom of Tonga

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The genre of short stories in Tonga is most associated with

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These wayfinding techniques were similar to those of other

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Critical essays: cultural perspectives from the South Seas

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honoring a visiting chief, and the like. Tongans also ate

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were killed and cooked only on special occasions, such as

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baked in leaves; shellfish were usually served raw, as a

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In post-contact Tonga, newly pubescent males were kamu (

2589:"Tonga 2016 Census Report, Volume 2: Analytical Report" 1507:. Sometimes this is imported Australian or New Zealand 695: 2539:"Tongan-Kiwi artists draw inspiration from their past" 2824:

Queen Sālote of Tonga: the story of an era, 1900–1965

848: 2368:Lewis, David (1974). "Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird". 2185:

Issues : Cash cropping squah pumpkins in Tonga

2028:declares the following days to be public holidays: 1477:once a shipboard staple. These crackers are called 1424:and other easily shipped vegetables as cash crops. 1005: 687:was one of the country's earliest published poets. 131:

2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami

750:And any other type of traditional (dance) clothing 670: 3145: 2677: 2439:"Benjamin to bring Tongan war clubs to Big Apple" 1858:is the national sport in Tonga. The nation has a 1427:Tongans now consume large quantities of imported 887:consisted of a curved roof (branches lashed with 5051: 2805:. Warwick, Queensland, Australia: Touch of Tonga 443: 33:Tonga College students performing a traditional 2594:. Tonga Statistics Department. 2019. p. 24 1996:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2205:. The Journal of Pacific History. p. 111. 1370:plant was one such introduction; it is called 293:. Many Tongans now live overseas, in a Tongan 4808: 4146: 3901: 3131: 2909: 2827:. Auckland, N.Z.: Auckland University Press. 2583: 2581: 1606:acknowledgment of the health risks involved. 1039:built a 5-storey Tongan sculpture in central 922:Tongan males were often heavily tattooed. In 837:Tongan craftsman were also adept at building 690: 285:, or have lived and traveled in New Zealand, 240: 2860: 2682:. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies. 2414:"Paying tribute through traditional artwork" 1579: 1534: 1488:As well as drinking soda, Tongans now drink 679:, whose most popular collection of stories, 2363: 2361: 1805:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1454:and yam from a hanging basket may now have 1250:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 876: 771: 532:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4815: 4801: 4153: 4139: 3908: 3894: 3138: 3124: 2916: 2902: 2817: 2578: 2380: 2166:Services, International Education (2021). 1014: 247: 233: 4160: 2332: 1825:Learn how and when to remove this message 1668:Learn how and when to remove this message 1270:Learn how and when to remove this message 1121:Learn how and when to remove this message 552:Learn how and when to remove this message 414:Learn how and when to remove this message 3915: 2768: 2641: 2358: 2306: 2280: 2267: 2165: 1932: 1925:have gained popularity in recent years. 1836: 1679: 1287: 950:Domestication of Western arts and crafts 841:. Many canoes for daily use were simple 796: 775: 758: 694: 474:rites and customs (such as a wake and a 28: 4822: 2798: 2704: 2339:Holmes, Lowell Don (1 September 1955). 2195: 1905:is a popular sport enjoyed by Tongans. 1400:, became popular. Tongans also adopted 954: 14: 5052: 2923: 2338: 2312: 2286: 2063:Crown Prince's Birthday (17 September) 1994:The second largest religious group is 1035:are widely exhibited internationally, 340:, which have in recent years replaced 4796: 4134: 3889: 3293:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei) 3119: 2897: 2511: 2486: 2436: 2411: 2386: 2367: 2230: 2215: 2100:Heilala Festival Week (around 8 July) 490:, an occasion that leads to poverty. 348:as the largest agricultural exports. 5018:For other topics including Oceanian 3426:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands 2738: 2650: 2536: 2313:Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). 2263: 2261: 1803:adding citations to reliable sources 1770: 1646:adding citations to reliable sources 1613: 1248:adding citations to reliable sources 1215: 1198: 1099:adding citations to reliable sources 1066: 628: 530:adding citations to reliable sources 497: 426: 392:adding citations to reliable sources 359: 1998:, which has over 18,000 followers. 1983:church, and a few adherents of the 24: 4362:Austral Islands (French Polynesia) 2802:The Friendly Islands: 1616 to 1900 2655:. Honolulu: Univ Of Hawaii Press. 2391:. HI: University of Hawaii Press. 2287:Holmes, Lowell Don (1 June 1955). 2019: 1062: 867:navigators of the Caroline Islands 305:, the traditional Tongan way, and 25: 5071: 2882: 2861:Young-Leslie, Heather E. (2007). 2714:Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 2619:. Attorney General's Office. 2016 2258: 2060:King Tupou VI's Birthday (4 July) 1382:, forming a popular drink called 1059:featuring eight Tongan artists. 1049:Tukufakaholo, Tongan Contemporary 849:Traditional navigation techniques 832: 575:gap between the rich and the poor 3826:World Invitational Hula Festival 2276:from the original on 2015-07-22. 2174:from the original on 2020-03-28. 2112:Tourism Festival (around 8 June) 1899:(plays for Australian Wallaby). 1895:(played for the All Blacks) and 1775: 1618: 1220: 1071: 1023:works with ngatu (bark cloths), 1006:Coral and tortoise-shell jewelry 632: 588:in Tonga still abide by the old 577:, leading to greater numbers of 502: 364: 355: 352:is another important cash crop. 58: 3346:Australian Aboriginal astronomy 2606: 2555: 2530: 2505: 2480: 2455: 2430: 2405: 2345:XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly 2319:XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly 2293:XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly 2121:Tourism Festival (around 8 May) 1700:, a cloth that is similar to a 1174: 792: 671:Modern poetry and short stories 4843:Federated States of Micronesia 4726:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi) 4417:Federated States of Micronesia 4181:Federated States of Micronesia 3936:Federated States of Micronesia 3431:Federated States of Micronesia 2944:Federated States of Micronesia 2412:Smith, Samantha (2015-07-06). 2246:"English in the South Pacific" 2239: 2224: 2209: 2189: 2178: 2159: 1511:; more often it is home-brew, 1195:for these, and other, musics. 754: 609:but this was later abandoned. 13: 1: 3147:Culture of indigenous Oceania 2635: 2512:Gates, Charlie (2019-03-27). 2487:Gates, Charlie (2021-11-14). 2072:King Tupou I Day (4 December) 1987:. There are even some Tongan 1435:. One dish that uses both is 1311:The diet consisted mainly of 624: 444:First menstruation (Menarche) 327: 4565:Oceanian legendary creatures 2437:Latif, Justin (2016-09-01). 2106:Festival Week (around 8 May) 2091: 1977:Seventh-day Adventist Church 917: 91:Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970) 7: 5040:Category:Culture of Oceania 2863:"...Like a Mat Being Woven" 2125: 1928: 1609: 996: 801:Kali, circa 1850, from the 10: 5076: 4647:Chatham Islander (Moriori 3555:Weriyeng navigation school 2644:Tongan Culture and History 2567:November 24, 2007, at the 1944: 1848: 1743:Huge taʻovala are worn at 1565: 1281: 1211: 1132: 1011:this line of manufacture. 813:: food bowls, head rests ( 691:Traditional women's crafts 663: 605:, a small island offshore 455: 5016: 4934: 4911: 4830: 4789: 4619: 4598: 4517: 4354: 4272: 4249: 4168: 4125: 4109: 4027: 4004: 3923: 3882: 3873: 3795: 3669: 3566: 3399:traditions and ceremonies 3331: 3280: 3160: 3153: 3035: 3012: 2931: 2537:Pulu, John (2023-09-22). 1860:national rugby union team 1766: 1580:Tongan cuisine and health 1535:Traditional Tongan dishes 1284:List of Oceanian cuisines 683:, was published in 1973. 601:exile young offenders to 4989:Northern Mariana Islands 4449:Northern Mariana Islands 4327:Northern Mariana Islands 4082:Northern Mariana Islands 3858:Festival of Pacific Arts 3090:Northern Mariana Islands 2651:Bott, Elizabeth (1983). 2152: 2132:List of museums in Tonga 1841:France vs. Tonga at the 1458:and soda for breakfast. 1388:. Other fruits, such as 1037:Sēmisi Fetokai Potauaine 877:Traditional architecture 772:Traditional men's crafts 493: 451: 4954:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4292:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4047:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3821:Merrie Monarch Festival 3055:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2799:Mulliss, David (2009). 2770:Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois 1909:has a following, while 1561: 1015:Contemporary Tongan art 573:has also increased the 4771:Torres Strait Islander 4162:Literature of Oceania 3523:Micronesian Navigation 2376:(6): 747–754, 771–778. 2270:"Ancient Art of Tonga" 2268:Heemsoth, Amy (2013). 1942: 1862:, which played in the 1846: 1711:On formal occasions a 1693: 1297: 934:to be tattooed there. 806: 789: 764: 744:Waist girdles, called 703: 619: 38: 4937:and other territories 4741:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i) 4627:Indigenous Australian 4525:Australian Aboriginal 4275:and other territories 4030:and other territories 3917:Languages of Oceania 3518:Polynesian Navigation 3498:Torres Strait Islands 3038:and other territories 2819:Wood-Ellem, Elizabeth 2614:"Public Holidays Act" 2387:Lewis, David (1972). 2142:Demographics of Tonga 1985:Bahá'í Faith in Tonga 1973:Roman Catholic Church 1936: 1840: 1683: 1339:was eaten in season. 1291: 1193:Tongan music notation 881:The tradition Tongan 863:Polynesian navigators 800: 779: 762: 698: 116:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 32: 4824:Religion in Oceania 4756:Taiwanese aborigines 4115:Languages of Oceania 2231:Jones, Nine (2016). 2216:Jones, Nina (2016). 1957:Free Wesleyan Church 1843:2011 Rugby World Cup 1799:improve this section 1642:improve this section 1244:improve this section 1185:Free Church of Tonga 1095:improve this section 955:Western textile arts 526:improve this section 388:improve this section 5024:indigenous currency 3318:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony 2925:Culture of Oceania 2562:Trouble in paradise 2370:National Geographic 2026:Public Holidays Act 1143:and the invaluable 946:also tell a story. 738:Waist mats, called 681:Tales of the Tikong 666:Literature of Tonga 3634:Polynesian sailing 2389:We, the Navigators 2251:2008-12-06 at the 1943: 1847: 1696:Tongan men wear a 1694: 1519:, sugar or mashed 1298: 871:Santa Cruz Islands 807: 790: 765: 726:(but it is called 714:Among the typical 704: 644:. You can help by 39: 5047: 5046: 5012: 5011: 5004:Wallis and Futuna 4912:Associated states 4509:Wallis and Futuna 4350: 4349: 4342:Wallis and Futuna 4250:Associated states 4121: 4120: 4105: 4104: 4097:Wallis and Futuna 4005:Associated states 3853:Pacific Community 3841:Pasifika Festival 3574:Aboriginal dugout 3513:Wallis and Futuna 3113: 3112: 3105:Wallis and Futuna 3013:Associated states 2869:. NS 3-5: 115–127 2834:978-1-86940-205-1 2753:978-0-9595477-9-5 2689:978-982-02-0371-6 2662:978-0-8248-0864-8 1947:Religion in Tonga 1835: 1834: 1827: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1199:Traditional music 1131: 1130: 1123: 926:'s time only the 902:and mound tombs ( 900:Haʻamonga ʻa Maui 817:), war clubs and 685:Konai Helu Thaman 662: 661: 562: 561: 554: 427:Male circumcision 424: 423: 416: 257: 256: 126:COVID-19 pandemic 106:Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua 16:(Redirected from 5067: 5060:Culture of Tonga 4994:Pitcairn Islands 4964:French Polynesia 4949:Christmas Island 4878:Papua New Guinea 4858:Marshall Islands 4831:Sovereign states 4817: 4810: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4711:Norfolk Islander 4656:Fijian (iTaukei) 4459:Papua New Guinea 4332:Pitcairn Islands 4302:French Polynesia 4287:Christmas Island 4216:Papua New Guinea 4196:Marshall Islands 4169:Sovereign states 4155: 4148: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4087:Pitcairn Islands 4057:French Polynesia 4042:Christmas Island 3971:Papua New Guinea 3951:Marshall Islands 3924:Sovereign states 3910: 3903: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3865:Papua New Guinea 3528:Marshall Islands 3478:Pitcairn Islands 3473:Papua New Guinea 3413:Lomilomi massage 3359:Caroline Islands 3232:Papua New Guinea 3140: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3095:Pitcairn Islands 3065:French Polynesia 3050:Christmas Island 2979:Papua New Guinea 2959:Marshall Islands 2932:Sovereign states 2918: 2911: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2845:. Archived from 2814: 2812: 2810: 2785: 2765: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2710:"Tongan Society" 2701: 2674: 2647: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2575:, 3 August 2006. 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2265: 2256: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2168:"Tongan Culture" 2163: 2137:Outline of Tonga 2055:Emancipation Day 1830: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1779: 1771: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1622: 1614: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1224: 1216: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1075: 1067: 937:The practice of 657: 654: 636: 629: 584:Currently, most 557: 550: 546: 543: 537: 506: 498: 476:Christian burial 419: 412: 408: 405: 399: 368: 360: 318:anga fakapālangi 307:anga fakapālangi 249: 242: 235: 62: 53:Culture of Tonga 41: 40: 21: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5008: 4936: 4930: 4913: 4907: 4888:Solomon Islands 4826: 4821: 4785: 4615: 4594: 4513: 4479:Solomon Islands 4346: 4274: 4268: 4251: 4245: 4226:Solomon Islands 4164: 4159: 4117: 4101: 4029: 4023: 4006: 4000: 3981:Solomon Islands 3919: 3914: 3869: 3816:Aloha Festivals 3791: 3665: 3624:Paopao (Tuvalu) 3614:Māori migration 3562: 3534:Stick charts of 3488:Solomon Islands 3371:Chatham Islands 3333: 3327: 3276: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3114: 3109: 3037: 3031: 3014: 3008: 2989:Solomon Islands 2927: 2922: 2885: 2872: 2870: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2808: 2806: 2754: 2730: 2728: 2690: 2663: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2571:, published on 2569:Wayback Machine 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 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4434: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427:New Caledonia 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Easter Island 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317:New Caledonia 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Easter Island 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:New Caledonia 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052:Easter Island 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Dugout (boat) 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441:New Caledonia 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3381:Easter Island 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3332:Geo-specific, 3330: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281:Broad culture 3279: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:New Caledonia 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060:Easter Island 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2849:on 2006-09-23 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774:Rank in Tonga 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2615: 2609: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2398:9780824802295 2394: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2084:(26 December) 2083: 2080: 2078:(25 December) 2077: 2076:Christmas Day 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2044:Easter Monday 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1784:This section 1782: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1661: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1627:This section 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586:heart disease 1577: 1575: 1569: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1296:for mourners. 1295: 1290: 1285: 1274: 1271: 1263: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1229:This section 1227: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1125: 1122: 1114: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1080:This section 1078: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:Benjamin Work 1022: 1021:Tanya Edwards 1012: 1003: 994: 992: 986: 983: 979: 976: 972: 970: 966: 962: 947: 945: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 885: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 846: 844: 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 804: 799: 787: 783: 778: 769: 761: 749: 747: 743: 741: 737: 735: 732: 729: 725: 721: 720: 719: 717: 712: 710: 702: 697: 688: 686: 682: 678: 667: 656: 647: 643: 640:This section 638: 635: 631: 630: 617: 615: 610: 608: 604: 598: 595: 591: 590:laissez-faire 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 567: 556: 553: 545: 535: 531: 527: 521: 520: 516: 511:This section 509: 505: 500: 499: 491: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 462:Contemporary 459: 449: 441: 438: 434: 418: 415: 407: 397: 393: 389: 383: 382: 378: 373:This section 371: 367: 362: 361: 356:Life passages 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 325: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:United States 288: 284: 279: 275: 271: 266: 262: 250: 245: 243: 238: 236: 231: 230: 228: 227: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 198: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 72: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 36: 31: 27: 19: 4935:Dependencies 4921:Cook Islands 4632:Austronesian 4377:Cook Islands 4273:Dependencies 4259:Cook Islands 4028:Dependencies 4014:Cook Islands 3837:New Zealand 3692:fire dancing 3553: 3546: 3532: 3492: 3411: 3397: 3390: 3376:Cook Islands 3362: 3323:Wood carving 3298:Kava culture 3185:Cook Islands 3036:Dependencies 3022:Cook Islands 2993: 2873:21 September 2871:. Retrieved 2867:Pacific Arts 2866: 2851:. Retrieved 2847:the original 2823: 2809:21 September 2807:. Retrieved 2801: 2792: 2773: 2743: 2729:. Retrieved 2720:. Honolulu. 2717: 2713: 2679: 2652: 2643: 2621:. Retrieved 2608: 2596:. Retrieved 2573:The Guardian 2557: 2546:. Retrieved 2542: 2532: 2521:. Retrieved 2517: 2507: 2496:. Retrieved 2492: 2482: 2471:. Retrieved 2469:. 2020-06-03 2466: 2457: 2446:. Retrieved 2442: 2432: 2421:. Retrieved 2417: 2407: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2348:. Retrieved 2344: 2334: 2322:. Retrieved 2318: 2308: 2296:. Retrieved 2292: 2282: 2241: 2226: 2211: 2198: 2191: 2180: 2161: 2095: 2087: 2069:(4 November) 2067:National Day 2025: 2023: 2011: 2000: 1993: 1954: 1937:A church in 1903:Rugby league 1901: 1854: 1821: 1812: 1797:Please help 1785: 1758: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1725: 1710: 1695: 1664: 1655: 1640:Please help 1628: 1583: 1571: 1568:Kava culture 1528: 1515:, made with 1512: 1502: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1471:mutton flaps 1460: 1445: 1436: 1426: 1406:green onions 1383: 1380:coconut milk 1371: 1365: 1361: 1310: 1304:, gathering 1299: 1293: 1266: 1257: 1242:Please help 1230: 1202: 1178: 1175:Church music 1169:meʻetuʻupaki 1141:Captain Cook 1138: 1117: 1108: 1093:Please help 1081: 1048: 1043:. In 2023, 1041:Christchurch 1018: 1009: 1000: 987: 984: 980: 977: 973: 964: 958: 936: 924:Captain Cook 921: 897: 892: 882: 880: 860: 852: 842: 836: 814: 808: 793:Wood carving 786:Me'etu'upaki 782:World War II 766: 727: 715: 713: 708: 705: 700: 680: 674: 650: 646:adding to it 641: 611: 599: 589: 583: 563: 548: 539: 524:Please help 512: 487: 484: 461: 447: 437:Circumcision 432: 430: 410: 401: 386:Please help 374: 331: 321: 317: 313: 311: 306: 302: 277: 258: 214:Coat of arms 121:Cyclone Gita 86:Early empire 26: 4868:New Zealand 4701:Micronesian 4691:Marshallese 4560:Micronesian 4432:New Zealand 4372:Austronesia 4206:New Zealand 4110:by category 3961:New Zealand 3846:Te Matatini 3697:firewalking 3446:New Zealand 3392:Lau Islands 3354:Austronesia 3222:nguzu nguzu 3210:New Zealand 3180:Austronesia 2969:New Zealand 2039:Good Friday 2035:(1 January) 1965:Pentecostal 1897:Toutai Kefu 1885:New Zealand 1856:Rugby union 1815:August 2020 1658:August 2020 1599:corned beef 1479:mā pakupaku 1456:white bread 1376:watermelons 1260:August 2020 1205:Radio Tonga 1111:August 2020 1057:New Zealand 1029:Telly Tuita 991:tablecloths 969:frock coats 856:David Lewis 805:collections 755:Mat-weaving 542:August 2020 404:August 2020 283:New Zealand 263:times. The 4721:Polynesian 4696:Melanesian 4637:Sama-Bajau 4570:Polynesian 4550:Melanesian 4535:Mangarevan 4412:Micronesia 4127:Literature 3802:Australia 3548:navigation 2853:2007-04-05 2789:Koch, Gerd 2731:2009-09-21 2636:References 2623:24 January 2598:24 January 2548:2023-12-11 2523:2023-12-11 2498:2023-12-11 2473:2023-12-11 2448:2023-12-11 2423:2023-12-11 2082:Boxing Day 2051:(25 April) 2003:a cappella 1979:group, an 1939:Kolomotu'a 1919:volleyball 1893:Jonah Lomu 1566:See also: 1556:Vai siaine 1337:breadfruit 1282:See also: 1180:Methodists 1157:nose flute 1155:, and the 1033:Sione Monū 928:Tuʻi Tonga 625:Literature 579:burglaries 488:fakamasiva 328:Livelihood 172:Literature 101:Tuʻi Tonga 4838:Australia 4761:Tokelauan 4590:Vanuatuan 4518:Mythology 4474:Slit drum 4464:Polynesia 4407:Melanesia 4367:Australia 4176:Australia 3931:Australia 3875:Languages 3796:Festivals 3722:kapa haka 3619:Outrigger 3341:Australia 3313:Polynesia 3288:areca nut 3175:Australia 2939:Australia 2843:262293605 2671:234297388 2350:1 October 2324:1 October 2298:1 October 2092:Festivals 2049:Anzac Day 1961:Methodist 1889:Australia 1786:does not 1629:does not 1306:shellfish 1231:does not 1153:slit-gong 1082:does not 918:Tattooing 912:Tongatapu 891:rope, or 730:in Tonga) 614:Hong Kong 607:Tongatapu 594:criminals 513:does not 486:called a 472:Christian 375:does not 289:, or the 287:Australia 193:Monuments 151:Languages 5054:Category 5032:folklore 4853:Kiribati 4790:Religion 4776:Visayans 4751:Tahitian 4731:Rapa Nui 4661:Hawaiian 4642:Chamorro 4599:Research 4585:Tuvaluan 4575:Rapa Nui 4555:Menehune 4397:Kiribati 4191:Kiribati 3946:Kiribati 3812:Hawaiʻi 3787:'upa'upa 3727:Kiribati 3677:ʻAparima 3599:Hōkūleʻa 3421:Kiribati 3272:tivaevae 3252:taʻovala 3200:magimagi 2954:Kiribati 2821:(1999). 2782:49214460 2772:(1971). 2762:42008847 2742:(1999). 2726:11757195 2708:(1929). 2698:67900438 2565:Archived 2274:Archived 2249:Archived 2172:Archived 2147:Makafeke 2126:See also 2057:(4 June) 1981:Anglican 1941:, Tonga. 1929:Religion 1907:Football 1761:trousers 1745:funerals 1713:taʻovala 1690:ta'ovala 1610:Clothing 1590:diabetes 1551:'ota ika 1475:crackers 1463:cornbeef 1422:pumpkins 1418:tomatoes 1357:chickens 1349:funerals 1345:weddings 1325:coconuts 1187:and the 1165:ʻotuhaka 1053:Auckland 997:Painting 869:and the 740:taʻovala 653:May 2012 564:Violent 480:ta'ovala 464:funerals 338:pumpkins 295:diaspora 165:Religion 81:Timeline 46:a series 44:Part of 5036:cuisine 4999:Tokelau 4903:Vanuatu 4746:Tagalog 4736:Rotuman 4706:Negrito 4676:Ivatans 4666:Ilocano 4651:Rekohu) 4504:Vanuatu 4489:Tokelau 4337:Tokelau 4241:Vanuatu 4092:Tokelau 3996:Vanuatu 3883:by area 3772:tautoga 3707:hivinau 3609:Karakoa 3508:Vanuatu 3334:general 3242:tā moko 3237:reimiro 3227:Oceania 3100:Tokelau 3004:Vanuatu 2110:Haʻapai 2007:shunned 1989:Muslims 1923:cricket 1915:surfing 1878:, 2007 1807:removed 1792:sources 1650:removed 1635:sources 1597:, with 1572:Formal 1505:alcohol 1414:carrots 1410:cabbage 1390:oranges 1372:manioke 1368:cassava 1321:bananas 1302:fishing 1252:removed 1237:sources 1212:Cuisine 1103:removed 1088:sources 1047:hosted 944:Tattoos 939:Tātatau 906:) near 699:Tongan 586:prisons 534:removed 519:sources 396:removed 381:sources 350:Vanilla 342:bananas 265:culture 202:Symbols 158:Cuisine 71:History 5038:, see 5020:cinema 4974:Hawaii 4898:Tuvalu 4766:Tongan 4716:Papuan 4671:Igorot 4620:People 4580:Samoan 4530:Fijian 4499:Tuvalu 4484:Tahiti 4312:Hawaii 4236:Tuvalu 4067:Hawaii 3991:Tuvalu 3782:Tuvalu 3767:tāmūrē 3762:Tahiti 3752:Rotuma 3742:pa'o'a 3737:'ote'a 3717:kailao 3584:Bangka 3567:Canoes 3503:Tuvalu 3303:Lapita 3262:tattoo 3075:Hawaii 2999:Tuvalu 2841: 2831: 2780: 2760: 2750: 2724: 2696: 2686: 2669: 2659: 2395: 2104:Vavaʻu 1921:, and 1767:Sports 1738:kiekie 1721:jacket 1702:sarong 1698:tupenu 1686:tupenu 1523:, and 1494:coffee 1402:onions 1396:, and 1394:lemons 1353:feasts 1333:relish 1327:, and 1031:, and 961:tupenu 908:Lapaha 889:sennit 843:pōpaos 839:canoes 821:, and 819:spears 746:kiekie 571:wealth 334:squash 261:Lapita 144:People 48:on the 37:dance. 35:Kailao 5028:dress 4893:Tonga 4883:Samoa 4873:Palau 4863:Nauru 4686:Māori 4681:Lumad 4545:Māori 4540:Maohi 4494:Tonga 4469:Sāmoa 4454:Palau 4437:Māori 4422:Nauru 4355:Music 4231:Tonga 4221:Samoa 4211:Palau 4201:Nauru 3986:Tonga 3976:Samoa 3966:Palau 3956:Nauru 3777:Tonga 3670:Dance 3661:Walap 3644:Vinta 3629:Paraw 3493:Tonga 3483:Sāmoa 3468:Palau 3451:Māori 3436:Nauru 3308:Māori 3267:tēfui 3257:tapa 3247:tabua 3215:Māori 2994:Tonga 2984:Samoa 2974:Palau 2964:Nauru 2617:(PDF) 2592:(PDF) 2518:Stuff 2493:Stuff 2443:Stuff 2418:Stuff 2203:(PDF) 2153:Notes 1706:shirt 1546:'otai 1525:yeast 1521:fruit 1517:water 1441:syrup 1437:topai 1433:sugar 1429:flour 1398:limes 1385:'otai 1294:topai 932:Samoa 904:langi 803:LACMA 728:ngatu 718:are: 716:koloa 709:koloa 566:crime 494:Crime 452:Death 346:copra 299:Tonga 274:Samoa 186:Sport 179:Music 5034:and 4969:Guam 4926:Niue 4848:Fiji 4781:Yami 4444:Niue 4402:Lali 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