2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami

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Panagiotis; Nippress, Alexandra; Park, Junghyun; Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar; Witsil, Alex; Arrowsmith, Stephen; Caudron, Corentin; Watada, Shingo; Perttu, Anna B.; Taisne, Benoit; Mialle, Pierrick; Le Pichon, Alexis; Vergoz, Julien; Hupe, Patrick; Blom, Philip S.; Waxler, Roger; De Angelis, Silvio; Snively, Jonathan B.; Ringler, Adam T.; Anthony, Robert E.; Jolly, Arthur D.; Kilgour, Geoff; Averbuch, Gil; Ripepe, Maurizio; Ichihara, Mie; Arciniega-Ceballos, Alejandra; Astafyeva, Elvira; Ceranna, Lars; Cevuard, Sandrine; Che, Il-Young; De Negri, Rodrigo; Ebeling, Carl W.; Evers, Läslo G.; Franco-Marin, Luis E.; Gabrielson, Thomas B.; Hafner, Katrin; Harrison, R. Giles; Komjathy, Attila; Lacanna, Giorgio; Lyons, John; Macpherson, Kenneth A.; Marchetti, Emanuele; McKee, Kathleen F.; Mellors, Robert J.; Mendo-Pérez, Gerardo; Mikesell, T. Dylan; Munaibari, Edhah; Oyola-Merced, Mayra; Park, Iseul; Pilger, Christoph; Ramos, Cristina; Ruiz, Mario C.; Sabatini, Roberto; Schwaiger, Hans F.; Tailpied, Dorianne; Talmadge, Carrick; Vidot, Jérôme; Webster, Jeremy; Wilson, David C. (12 May 2022).

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Angela Glover, a British resident in Tonga, was among the people missing, swept away by the tsunami when it hit Nukuʻalofa. Glover's body was later found. Though the extent of the damage in Tonga is still not clear, a blanket of thick ash has contaminated water supplies, cut off communications and prevented surveillance flights, making it difficult for relief efforts to begin. Another fatality was confirmed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade on 18 January. Lund added that there was an initially unconfirmed third death from the tsunami. This third death was identified as a local resident, and the Tongan government has confirmed three deaths were the result of the tsunami. The Government of Tonga said that the two locals who died were from Mango and Nomuka islands, respectively. A fourth fatality was confirmed by 30 January, but information about this victim was not disclosed.

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emergency supplies such as drinking water and food to Tonga through the embassy in Tonga. The Chinese Embassy in Fiji raised another batch of RMB 1 million materials to deliver to Tonga. On 27 and 31 January, the Chinese army dispatched air force transport aircraft Y-20 and naval ships to Tonga to deliver emergency and post-disaster reconstruction materials such as water purifiers, tents, personal protective equipment, generators, water pumps, tractors and radio communication equipment in two batches. The two batches of materials were 33 tons and more than 1,400 tons, respectively. They arrived on 28 January and 15 February local time, respectively.

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stratosphere and was unlikely to have any global cooling effect. Despite this, the eruption had a cooling effect in the Southern Hemisphere, causing slight cooling of winters and spectacular sunsets. People living in the Southern Hemisphere experienced purple sunsets for a few months after the eruption. A cooling effect of 0.1–0.5 °C (0.18–0.90 °F) was expected to last until spring (September–November) 2022. The eruption was described as a once-in-a-thousand-year event for the Hunga caldera.

2494: 769: 11946: 2390: 11970: 11958: 8992: 547:. It measures ozone, water vapor and other atmospheric gases, and can penetrate obstacles such as ash clouds. The underwater explosion also sent 146 million tons of water from the South Pacific Ocean into the stratosphere. The amount of water vapor ejected was 10 percent of the stratosphere's typical stock. It was enough to temporarily warm the surface of Earth. It is estimated that an excess of water vapour should remain for 5–10 years. 2368: 2442: 11549: 2472: 2408: 1510:. No evacuation order was issued, but people were urged to avoid beaches and marinas. The warning level was low due to the height of reported waves, as they were below the 91 cm (36 in) threshold which would warrant an upgrade. By 12:35 local time, the tsunami advisory for British Columbia would be cancelled. By the evening, the United States lifted advisories for Alaska, Hawaii, 3560: 626:

the seafloor around the volcano found large sediment piles, layers of fine mud and ash, and valleys up to 50 km (31 mi) from the volcano. The survey indicated that an estimated 6–7 km (1.4–1.7 cu mi) of debris was added to a 22,000-square-kilometre-area (8,500 sq mi) seafloor. Scientists also suggest that the volcano may still be erupting underwater.

8988: 2053:, where 80 percent of its inventory and gear was lost. Major damage to retail products and the business office totaled at least US$ 75,000. Beaches and piers were flooded by the surging waves in the city. Canoes belonging to several clubs were damaged and strewn across the beach or on rock walls due to the waves. Boats were dumped inland or on piers after the waves retreated. 859:, on Tongatapu. Along the Hihifo Peninsula's steeper coast, the inundation distance was generelly shorter than 0.2 km (0.12 mi), however, exceeded 1 km (0.62 mi) in places where the waves swept over the entire region. Waves of 10–15 m (33–49 ft), swept across Tongatapu's southwestern coast, and along east coast, were over 6 m (20 ft). 887: 886: 890: 889: 884: 891: 1881:. Reuters reported that a specialist cable repair ship would arrive at the Tongan archipelago on 30 January. On 4 February, the Associated Press reported that Fonua stated that repair crews would need to replace 87 km (54 mi) of cable, and that he hoped to have it restored the following week. On 8 February, the 1502:. San Francisco was expected to receive waves at 8:10. The highest tsunami waves are expected one to two hours after the arrival of the first waves. A tsunami advisory was put in place for the entirety of Hawaii. Advisories in Canada were issued along the North and Central coasts of British Columbia, along with the 888: 2337:(IFRC) Asia Pacific said that drinking water were hurriedly distributed to people in need due to the tsunami and ash affecting local water supply. The Tonga Red Cross provided temporary shelters and supplied water to affected communities. Emergency response teams were sent to Mango, Fonoifua and Namuka islands. 2060:, dragging a truck into the sea. The driver escaped. Twenty-two ports along northern and central Peru were closed due to the tsunami. Substantial material damage was inflicted on coastal businesses and the beach areas. Videos showed the tsunami flooding the streets. Restaurants and boats in Lagunillas beach and 788:, the suspected cause of the tsunami was an undersea eruption that destroyed part of the island on 14 January. This allowed seawater to fill the volcanic vent, causing another undersea explosion the next day. The explosion was so huge that it penetrated through the overlying seawater and triggered the tsunami. 840:

Tongan capital, a series of initial smaller explosions was heard. It was followed by a tsunami approximately 15 minutes later. The first wave was said to be the largest. A long white wave was observed out at sea approaching the coast. Three waves reportedly struck the coast. In the wake of the tsunami, King

2076:. The spill was caused by tsunami waves moving a ship while transporting oil onto the refinery. The oil spill affected some 1,187 km (458 sq mi) of sea and 1,740 km (670 sq mi) of beach-coastal strip, and more than 500 ha (1,200 acres) of protected natural areas in Peru. 2011:, the tsunami severely damaged some homes on the beaches and debris was strewn across the village and boats were dragged inland. One elderly woman in Moce died of exhaustion while trying to escape the tsunami. There was sizeable damage to schools, infrastructure as well as fishing boats in the islands. 3105:

Matoza, Robin S.; Fee, David; Assink, Jelle D.; Iezzi, Alexandra M.; Green, David N.; Kim, Keehoon; Toney, Liam; Lecocq, Thomas; Krishnamoorthy, Siddharth; Lalande, Jean-Marie; Nishida, Kiwamu; Gee, Kent L.; Haney, Matthew M.; Ortiz, Hugo D.; Brissaud, Quentin; Martire, Léo; Rolland, Lucie; Vergados,

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in the city recorded waves 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in height. Videos posted on the Internet showed a series of waves hitting the shore and homes, sweeping away debris. Other videos show ashfall and a cloud of ash obscuring the sun. According to a resident in the

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map indicating a large caldera measuring 4 km (2.5 mi) in width formed from the eruption. Surveys also indicated that the caldera floor is located 850 m (2,790 ft) below sea level. According to a volcanologist, the caldera walls continue to experience ongoing collapses. Surveys of

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Millán ... also found that the eruption sent up a water-vapour plume that reached a height of 53 kilometres, well into the stratosphere. This plume ... increased the water-vapour content of the stratosphere by 146 teragrams, or 10%, and will probably remain in the atmosphere for at least a

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satellite technology to the island country. In response, Musk had asked on Twitter whether Tonga authorities could inform him on whether Starlink terminals were needed. The Fijian Minister for Communications Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum subsequently confirmed that SpaceX engineers would establish and operate

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in New Zealand. The waves pulled boats away from their moorings, taking some out into the bay and smashing some together, as well as damaging the structures at the marina. About eight to ten boats were completely sunk, with the total damage amounting to $ 5.93 million. According to Hauraki Gulf

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A New Zealand government official in the capital Nukuʻalofa said extensive damage occurred on the waterfront of the city, as it was severely hit by the tsunami. Acting High Commissioner Peter Lund said that several people were unaccounted for following the eruption and tsunami. Tattoo parlour owner

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Tsunami waves of 1–2.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in) were observed in several islands in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department said tsunami activity was expected to persist for the night of 15 January 2022. Waves up to 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in)

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indicates that the eruption is the largest ever observed with modern instrumentation and estimates its VEI to be approximately 6. Meanwhile, Vergoz and others estimate the blast yield to be 100–200 megatons of TNT and place the corresponding VEI at 5.8. Likewise, a study by Diaz and Rigby estimates

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revealed that the island had increased in size by 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft) on its eastern side. During 29–30 December 2021, several surges of Surtseyan activity occurred, some of which were witnessed by passengers on a small South Seas Charters boat. Eruption plumes during the second half

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website reported that more breaks were suspected within the cable, delaying the cable's restoration to 20 February. Agence France-Presse followed up in a report on 15 February, stating that the cable was torn into multiple pieces and that a 55-kilometre (34 mi) section of cable had been lost.

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which concluded that the eruption blanketed the surrounding ocean floor with ash for several months, decimating the local marine wildlife. Beinart had led a research cruise in the South Pacific in April 2022 to research underwater biology living around deep-sea hot springs in the region. She found

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with 60,000 L (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) of drinking water, high-pressure cleaning devices for removing volcanic ash, and two CH-47J onboard. The Ministry had also deployed its C-2 transport aircraft loaded with additional relief supplies. The Japanese Government has

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decided to provide US$ 100,000 of emergency humanitarian aid in cash to the Tongan side, while the government of China said it would deliver a batch of disaster relief materials to Tonga at the request of the South Pacific island country. On 19 January, the Chinese government delivered a batch of

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Lynett, Patrick; McCann, Maile; Zhou, Zili; Renteria, Willington; Borrero, Jose; Greer, Dougal; Fa’anunu, Ofa; Bosserelle, Cyprien; Jaffe, Bruce; La Selle, SeanPaul; Ritchie, Andrew; Snyder, Alexander; Nasr, Brandon; Bott, Jacqueline; Graehl, Nicholas; Synolakis, Costas; Ebrahimi, Behzad; Cinar,

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departed on the morning of 17 January 2022 for Tonga to survey damage to roadways, ports and power lines. The Australian and New Zealand governments also announced they were coordinating their humanitarian response with France and the United States. Assistance from France is provided through the

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would be sent on a reconnaissance flight as soon as it was safe to do so. The ash cloud was estimated at 19,000 m (62,000 ft) high, well above the Orion's service ceiling. The C-130H Hercules airlift is ready to serve as well. Following reports of no continued ashfall in Tonga, the P-3

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reported that 600 buildings including 300 homes were damaged or destroyed by the tsunami. The damage was estimated at US$ 43.7 million. At least 85 percent of Tonga's agricultural industry was severely affected by damage to crops and fisheries, estimating at US$ 20.9 million. Damage to

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serving Tonga was affected, probably due to power cuts, and authorities were urgently attempting to restore communications. The chair of the Tonga Cable System, Samiuela Fonua, stated that repair crews would not be cleared to access the site of the faults before volcanic activity ceased at Hunga

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Preliminary observations showed that the eruption column ejected a large amount of volcanic material into the stratosphere, leading to speculation that it would cause a temporary climate cooling effect. Later calculations showed it injected an estimated 400,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the

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As activity on the island decreased, it was declared dormant by the Tonga Geological Services on 11 January 2022. A large eruption commenced on 14 January 2022 at 04:20 local time (15:20 UTC, 13 January), sending clouds of ash 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. The government of Tonga

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declared a "State of Precaution" and indicated that there is a possibility of a minor tsunami in the affected regions. Later, coastal evacuation notices were issued in 14 of the 16 regions in Chile. A "Red alert" level was issued to more than 6,400 km (4,000 mi) of its coastline. The

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also sustained limited damage from the tsunami. Several photographs showed debris left by the tsunami strewn across a road and on grass fields. Owners of the Haʻatafu Beach Resort wrote on Facebook that their beach resort, located at the northern tip of the island of Tongatapu, was completely

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Severe damage on the west coast of Tongatapu was confirmed by the New Zealand High Commission in Tonga on 17 January. Surveillance flights by the Australian Defence Forces reported extensive damage along the west coast. The shores of Nukuʻalofa had substantial damage as debris and rocks were

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Waves measuring 10 m (33 ft) were reported on islands greater than 85 km (53 mi) away. On ʻEua, a survey of its west coast found traces of 4–8 m (13–26 ft) tsunami waves with a maximum run-up of 18 m (59 ft). On Nomuka Iki, waves with run-ups exceeding

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to mitigate them remain the major determinant of this risk. Another study estimated that the water vapor will stay in the stratosphere for up to eight years, and influence winter weather in both hemispheres. More recent studies have indicated that the eruption had a slight cooling effect.

1442:(JMA) informed residents that a slight disturbance in the sea could occur without any damage. The tsunami would not pose a threat to the Japanese coastline. Officials from the JMA said that sea-level rise of no more than 20 cm (7.9 in) could be expected for 24 hours from 21:00 1853:

had been detected on one of the islands (Fonoi has a population of 69 people, while Mango has 36 residents). A surveillance flight confirmed "substantial property damage" on the two low-lying islands; the Tongan government later confirmed that all homes on Mango Island were destroyed.

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earthquake-generated tsunamis failed to consider the effects of the shockwaves on the tsunami as it radiated outwards. Shockwaves from the eruption caused abnormally high waves along the coasts of Peru and Japan. The tsunami waves also struck the coasts earlier than had been forecast.

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Importantly, the atmospheric waves caused by the explosion coupled to the ocean, generating additional tsunamis at large distances from the volcano; volcanic tsunamis normally do not reach far from the edifice. Tsunami forecast models and alert systems which were intended to work for

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carried 250,000 L (55,000 imp gal; 66,000 US gal) of water and desalination equipment to produce a further 70,000 L (15,000 imp gal; 18,000 US gal) per day. On 20 January, New Zealand announced that it would dispatch a third warship,

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Island, which is located off the main Tongan island near Nukuʻalofa, was submerged by the tsunami. A Facebook post by the Royal Sunset Island Resort on the island said all residents were accounted for and safely evacuated. On Tongatapu, 50 homes were destroyed and 100 more suffered

3579:"We've been looking into the Tonga eruption in more detail. Our latest data says that the main volcanic 'umbrella' reached 35 km altitude – but some points (such as the image below) may have reached 55 km altitude! Shocking altitudes that show just how violent this eruption was" 532:. Several hundred to a thousand flashes of lightning were recorded by the system during the two weeks before the eruption. From 14 to 15 January 2022, tens of thousands of lightning flashes occurred. Between 05:00 and 06:00 UTC on 15 January 2022, 200,000 flashes were recorded. 4280:"It appears likely that massive Hunga-Tonga eruption produced powerful enough eruption plume to inject significant amount of material well into stratosphere. Violent eruption of tropical volcano like this fits profile of event that could have small, temporary climate effect..." 4116:"Our atmosphere acts as a fluid, like dropping a pebble in a still pond and seeing the ripples. A UK pressure trace for the past 24 hours shows how our atmosphere continues to see those ripples since the first pressure wave from the #Tonga eruption arrived on Saturday evening" 1864:, which connects Tonga to Southern Cross's trans-Pacific cable in Fiji. Southern Cross cited a fault in the international cable 37 km (23 mi) from Nukuʻalofa, and a further fault in a domestic cable 47 km (29 mi) from Nukuʻalofa. New Zealand prime minister 1342:

A tsunami warning was issued on 14 January in Tonga after an eruption was observed. Volcanic activity decreased following that eruption and the warning was lifted in the early morning of 15 January. A 30 cm (12 in) wave was observed during the first tsunami warning.

4051:"This is phenomenal. It appears the atmospheric pressure waves created by the #Tonga #volcano have been detected on Australia's east coast. This graph shows MSLP fluctuating in Sydney around the same time satellite images showed the pressure wave reaching eastern Australia" 7617:"We have issued a National Advisory: Tsunami Activity following the Tongan eruption. We expect New Zealand coastal areas on the north and east coast of the North Island and the Chatham Islands to experience strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges at the shore" 1595:

On 17 January, the Department of Environment in Fiji confirmed that the sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased overnight. As previously advised, the department urged the public to cover all household water tanks and stay indoors in the event of

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by the PTWC. The PTWC considered the tsunami "hazardous" and warned that changes in sea level, as well as strong currents, could pose a risk along the coast. Samoa later issued a tsunami advisory. The PTWC later cancelled the tsunami warning for American Samoa.

3993:"Bureau data shows the shockwave from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption travelled at over 1000 km/h and was recorded as a noticeable jump in atmospheric pressure across Australia. By the time it reached Perth it had travelled almost 7000 kilometres" 3650: 378:

to residents, and waves of 30 cm (12 in) were observed in Nuku'alofa. Later in the afternoon, Tongan geologists near the volcano observed explosions and a 5-kilometre-wide (3.1 mi) ash column between 17:00 and 18:30 local time. A much larger

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Between 24 and 27 December 2021, steam and gas emissions reached altitudes of 10.3–12.2 kilometres (6.4–7.6 mi). Ash plumes reached heights of only 3 km (1.9 mi), depositing ash only adjacent to the volcano. On 25 December 2021,

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by the JMA with forecasted waves of up to 3 m (9.8 ft). Additional warnings were issued to the east and south-east coast for waves of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). This was the nation's first tsunami warning since the

5809: 579:, even though Hatepe ejected over ten times the volume of material in a longer eruption. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai erupted over a span of 12 hours, releasing 1.9 km (0.46 cu mi) of ejecta with an estimated mass of 2,900 2816:

David A. Yuen; Melissa A. Scruggs; Frank J. Spera; Yingcai Zheng; Hao Hu; Stephen R. McNutt; Glenn Thompson; Kyle Mandli; Barry R. Keller; Songqiao Shawn Wei; Zhigang Peng; Zili Zhou; Francesco Mulargia; Yuichiro Tanioka (July 2022).

7298: 575:), Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai's plume reached a peak height of 58 kilometres (36 mi) into the atmosphere and sustained heights greater than 30 km (19 mi). The initial explosive event was possibly more powerful than the 7036: 5590: 505:. Even in Europe, a pressure fluctuation of 2.5 hPa was measured in Switzerland, and of just over 2 hPa when it reached the United Kingdom. Shockwaves were reported as having gone around the Earth as many as four times in Japan and 7153: 1873:

Tonga; with additional preparation time necessary for the repairs, internet services could be unavailable for over two weeks after the eruption. Limited satellite connectivity was established on 21 January, mobile phone provider

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Clift, Peter D.; Rose, Estelle F.; Shimizu, Nobumichi; Layne, Graham D.; Draut, Amy E.; and Regelous, Marcel. "Tracing the Evolving Flux From the Subducting Plate in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc System Using Boron in Volcanic Glass"

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Little information was made available on the extent of damage and casualties from Tonga due to communication issues involving a damaged undersea cable. Video footage showing waves hitting coastal areas in Tonga was reported by

885: 10396: 4173:"Sure looks like we got a fourth passage of the Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha'apai eruption shockwave in Utah. Timing is spot-on and signal is similar to previous passages. Interesting for sure but worried for the people of Tonga" 1591:

A tsunami advisory was issued to American Samoa following a new eruption at the volcano on 16 January. The advisory was cancelled almost two hours later. A tsunami alert that was issued to Fiji on 15 January was cancelled.

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at its height produced a series of four underwater thrusts, displaced 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of rock, ash and sediment, and generated the largest atmospheric explosion recorded by modern instrumentation.

8781: 4828: 3962:"A pressure surge from the latest eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai volcano in Tonga has been observed in our weather stations across the country this evening. Note, times are in UTC, so 06:00 UTC is 19:00 NZ Time" 9607: 9192: 2181:

were discussing the provision of aid to Tonga. Ardern described the events in Tonga as "hugely concerning". On 16 January, she announced New Zealand was donating NZ$ 500,000, which was "very much the starting point". The

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The report also stated that separate sections of cable had been moved 5 km (3.1 mi) and buried under 30 cm (12 in) of silt. The cable being cut repeatedly and moved long distances is consistent with a

10157: 8626:[Damage caused by the tsunami caused by the volcanic eruption of the Tonga Islands and Response status of fire departments (6th report) (This is a preliminary report, and the figures may change in the future.)] 3784: 926:

In American Samoa, a tsunami measuring 61 cm (24 in) was recorded by tide gauges. Niue, where residents evacuated coastal areas, reported no tsunami, despite tremors and the island's close proximity to Tonga.

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Vergoz, J.; Hupe, P.; Listowski, C.; Le Pichon, A.; Garcés, M.A.; Marchetti, E.; Labazuy, P.; Ceranna, L.; Pilger, C.; Gaebler, P.; Näsholm, S.P.; Brissaud, Q.; Poli, P.; Shapiro, N.; De Negri, R.; Mialle, P. (2022).

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Borrero, Jose C.; Cronin, Shane J.; Latu’ila, Folauhola Helina; Tukuafu, Pupunu; Heni, Nikolasi; Tupou, Ana Maea; Kula, Taaniela; Fa’anunu, Ofa; Bosserelle, Cyprien; Lane, Emily; Lynett, Patrick; Kong, Laura (2022).

10483: 7416: 715:; this is the highest known eruption column in history. The column developed multiple "umbrella"-like clouds, a higher one in the stratosphere and a lower at about 17 km (11 mi) elevation, and generated a 395:. Loud explosions were heard 65 km (40 mi) away in Nukuʻalofa, and small stones and ash rained down from the sky. Many residents in Tonga were stuck in traffic whilst attempting to flee to higher ground. 11067: 10082: 6954: 6556: 2455: 9885: 3876: 3731: 2819:"Under the Surface: Pressure-Induced Planetary-Scale Waves, Volcanic Lightning, and Gaseous Clouds Caused by the Submarine Eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Provide an Excellent Research Opportunity" 730:

layers that reflect sunlight and can cause a cooling of the climate. In contrast, during the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption this sulfur was accompanied by large amounts of water vapour, which by acting as a

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Sellitto, P.; Podglajen, A.; Belhadji, R.; Boichu, M.; Carboni, E.; Cuesta, J.; Duchamp, C.; Kloss, C.; Siddans, R.; Bègue, N.; Blarel, L.; Jegou, F.; Khaykin, S.; Renard, J.-B.; Legras, B. (19 November 2022).

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No warnings were issued to Peru initially. After the tsunami struck, authorities stopped all maritime activities at the coast. Twenty-two ports along north and central Peru were closed due to tsunami activity.

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of 5.8. The eruption was heard more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away in New Zealand, where the sound arrived two hours later. A series of bangs were heard around 3:30 a.m. local time in and around

11342: 11233: 11211: 3758: 7268: 2083:, where four fishermen were swept out to sea by the tsunami. Two men were injured and received medical treatment, while another two were rescued unhurt. A woman was rescued and treated by medical workers at 9937: 8141: 5724: 691: 11309: 10318: 6300: 9019: 8497: 4369: 1351:

Another warning was issued to the whole of Tonga on the evening of 15 January following the next eruption. Warning sirens blared in Nukuʻalofa while authorities urged residents to flee to higher ground.

10257: 9785: 7243: 3939: 8958: 7593: 6327: 3908: 1920:'s damage assessment report for the Tongan Government stated that the eruption and tsunami caused damage estimated at US$ 90.4 million; ~18.5 percent of Tonga's total gross domestic product. The 6164: 951:

with a height of 1.33 m (4 ft 4 in). The tsunami caused flooding at Mahinepua Bay, where a campsite was located; all 50 individuals at the site were safe. A group of people fishing in

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Stewart, C., Horgan, H. and Stevens, C., 2023. Short Note: 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai tsunami measured beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. Antarctic Science, pp.1-3. doi:10.1017/S0954102023000366

3363: 2326:(ADF). Relief supplies would also be sent to the Lau group that was affected by the tsunami. On 29 January, a chartered commercial vessel was deployed to Tonga. Aboard the vessel were eleven 8346: 7294: 6134: 7040: 5582: 8901: 7806: 2484:

provided an immediate relief assistance of US$ 200,000 "to support relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts" in Tonga, which it described as "a close friend and partner under the

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suffered major damage. Twenty-one homes were destroyed and another 35 were seriously damaged on Tongatapu's west coast. Eight homes were demolished and 20 seriously damaged in Nukuʻalofa.

93: 7149: 6744: 2859: 10607: 4396: 1435:. On 16 January, at 06:55 AEDT (15 January 2022, 19:55 UTC), tsunami marine warnings were issued to New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania for strong and dangerous currents. 475:, approximately 9,300 km (5,800 mi) away from the volcano, lasting about 30 minutes. Low-frequency noise persisted for approximately two hours. Booms were heard as far away as 9319: 6379: 679: 10422: 9725: 8713: 7539: 6710: 4298: 3303: 970:

said tsunami waves were observed throughout Saturday night on the shores along the east coast of Australia. Maximum tsunami waves of 1.27 m (4 ft 2 in) were recorded at

10829: 6896: 6191: 1842: 1467:(FDMA) said 229,000 residents living in eight prefectures were evacuated. Japan downgraded its warnings the following morning. Russia issued a tsunami advisory for the Kuril Islands. 9063: 6773: 9414: 4426: 1001:

through an ice shelf borehole at 82.47°S. Newly installed pressure sensors recorded the atmospheric pulse and subsequent tsunami beneath 410 m (1,350 ft) of ice and snow.

10713: 10513: 10392: 10117: 9501: 9096: 9037: 7178:[Peru: Anomalous waves affected the Peruvian coast despite the fact that the Navy had ruled out a tsunami on the country's coast] (in Spanish). CNN Chile. 15 January 2022. 7978: 4820: 4502:

Millán, L.; Santee, M. L.; Lambert, A.; Livesey, N. J.; Werner, F.; Schwartz, M. J.; Pumphrey, H. C.; Manney, G. L.; Wang, Y.; Su, H.; Wu, L.; Read, W. G.; Froidevaux, L. (2022).

2334: 10543: 10344: 10059: 10028: 9615: 9188: 7121: 7066: 6866: 4252: 10798: 10153: 8739: 7327: 8936: 3780: 1762:, a small island off the capital city, was reportedly submerged and rescue operations were being carried out. Images confirmed that most of the island have been wiped out; the 11029: 10209: 9532: 8834: 7944: 6806: 963:. They lasted 24 hours, with the largest having a peak-to-peak height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at 08:30 local time. There were no casualties reported in New Zealand. 10887: 8879: 8773: 7211: 7039:[Mexico presented a rise in sea level on the Pacific coast due to the explosion of a volcano in Tonga] (in Mexican Spanish). Infobae. 15 January 2022. Archived from 3704: 3620: 3057: 11179: 10475: 8808: 7412: 6242: 6081: 5865: 5549: 5520: 955:

Harbour had to run for their lives to escape the waves, and reported having to drive through water over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep. Unusual waves were recorded in

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Purkis, Sam J.; Ward, Steven N.; Fitzpatrick, Nathan M.; Garvin, James B.; Slayback, Dan; Cronin, Shane J.; Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Monica; Dempsey, Alexandra (14 April 2023).

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islands reported significant damage, where a tsunami estimated to be between 5–10 m (16–33 ft) in height traveled as far as 500 m (1,600 ft) inland.

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provided immediate assistance by supporting people with food and water. Oxfam already had filtering units in Tongatapu which could turn salt water into drinking water.

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filled with relief supplies. Four containers were from the Tongan Community in Fiji while the rest were from donations by government and non-government organisations.

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was one of the largest on record, at 26 million square kilometers. The anomalously large ozone loss may have been a result of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption.

176:. The eruption reached a very large and powerful climax nearly four weeks later, on 15 January 2022. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of 11332: 9555: 9445: 8144:[Chile evacuated the coasts of seven regions due to a possible "minor tsunami" after the volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). Infobae. 15 January 2022. 6548: 3754: 1789:(UNITAR) revealed extensive damage on Atatā Island; at least 72 buildings were affected by the tsunami and the whole island was blanketed by ash. Early reports said 719:. The column injected a large quantity of water into the stratosphere, where it disturbed the local temperature balance and caused the formation of anomalous winds. 586:

Although the eruption energy was soon estimated from the acoustic waves and the ash cloud, its ranking on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is still debated. The

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Despite the warnings from officials, some residents in California strayed too close to the sea, and they were swept away by strong surges, such as the situation at

7666: 3904: 1974: 10860: 10629: 9585: 1192:, sea level rise was reported with waves of 30 cm (12 in) to 61 cm (24 in). A tide level of 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) was measured at 11299: 10314: 9971: 4452: 11153: 9015: 8398: 4365: 9781: 3931: 1899: 10445: 9882:"Paracas: salida del mar afectó el muelle y dañó locales y viviendas de la zonaParacas: salida del mar afectó el muelle y dañó locales y viviendas de la zona" 8966: 4218: 3247: 9861: 9383: 7589: 6323: 5714: 3424: 11131: 9702: 8008: 7775: 6292: 6160: 3677: 10966: 9352: 9136: 9110: 8489: 7864: 7438: 6919: 5409: 4324: 618: 11276: 10736: 9835: 8588: 7233: 3837: 2764: 2307:

will work with the Tongan government to reach affected children and families. The agency was also ready to transport its emergency supplies from Fiji and

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when 2 m (6 ft 7 in) waves struck the coast, while another died of indirect causes in Fiji. It was the largest volcanic eruption since the

8531: 8338: 8251: 7829: 7088: 6473:[Tsunami information – Japan Meteorological Agency announcement (information on tsunami observation)] (in Japanese). Web Tooku. 16 January 2022. 4956:

Chen, Chieh-Hung; Sun, Yang-Yi; Zhang, Xuemin; Wang, Fei; Lin, Kai; Gao, Yongxin; Tang, Chi-Chia; Lyu, Jun; Huang, Rong; Huang, Qian (19 December 2022).

1921: 9758:[Kochi prefecture Tokushima prefecture Mie prefecture, fishing boats sank and capsized one after another.] (in Japanese). NHK. 16 January 2022. 8064: 7887: 7271:[Tsunami of almost 2 meters reaches the coast of Chile after the volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). El Comercio (Peru). 15 January 2022. 6832: 6646: 6265: 6107: 1033:, a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tsunami was recorded at 02:26 on 16 January. The tallest tsunami was recorded 1.34 m (4 ft 5 in) at 11099: 10366: 8635: 8198: 8115: 7914: 5888: 5777: 5014: 4339: 3810: 3026: 1786: 1401: 9907: 8678: 7472: 4917:"Estimating the eruption-induced water displacement source of the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami from tsunami spectra and numerical modelling" 3205: 1828:, north-east of Nukuʻalofa showed minor damage to island communities and a wharf. Damage suggests the island was hit by smaller waves. The islands of 848:

and traffic jams formed as locals fled inland or to higher ground. Run-ups of 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) were found in the capital after a survey.

12065: 9171: 7494: 5612: 4191: 2288: 10917: 10665: 8089: 3471: 3359: 1490:. Beaches were closed, and coastal residents were requested to move to higher ground. A surfing contest with over 100 participants was cancelled in 7530: 4091:[Unbelievable: The pressure wave from #Tonga has just arrived in Switzerland, 2.5 hPa rash] (Tweet) (in German and English). Archived from 288:. The eruption was the largest explosion recorded in the atmosphere by modern instrumentation, far larger than any 20th-century volcanic event or 10139: 8909: 7802: 6500: 2485: 2064:

were damaged by waves. Many beachgoers were evacuated to safety while businesses closed. Damage to piers and some homes occurred in the capital,

1905:

Satellite images of Nomuka island showed that nearly a fifth of the structures had been damaged, with more than 40 buildings covered in ash. The

1244: 825: 634: 10943: 10566: 6673: 3438: 2869: 1925:

roads, bridges, ports and submarine cables were an estimated US$ 20.9 million. The clean-up cost is also an additional US$ 5 million.

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by Heidarzadeh and others determined the size of the initial tsunami caused by the eruption. The study analyzed data from 22 tide gauges, eight

12145: 10109: 8225: 7381: 4392: 2585: 352:, steam plumes and steam bursts were recorded by a Tonga Navy crew on 23 December 2021, during which time the first ground-based images of the 309:

After staying relatively inactive since 2014, the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupted on 20 December 2021, sending particulates into the

8038: 6383: 3545: 391:. The VAAC again issued an advisory notice to airlines. Ash from the eruption made landfall on the main island of Tongatapu, blotting out the 12070: 11800: 10418: 5426:

Jucker, Martin; Lucas, Chris; Dutta, Deepashree (27 May 2024). "Long-term climate impacts of large stratospheric water vapor perturbations".

4665:"IMS observations of infrasound and acoustic-gravity waves produced by the January 2022 volcanic eruption of Hunga, Tonga: A global analysis" 3299: 2711: 2510:

development agency in cooperation with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Tonga Red Cross Society.

1909:

was covered with ash and dirt. There were also reports of water damage in the district of Nukuʻalofa. The Tongan navy that was dispatched to

11424: 10790: 10051: 8297: 7718: 6888: 6187: 3643:"Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: NEW ERUPTION SEEN IN SATELLITE IMAGERY OBS VA DTG: 15/0439Z to 52000 ft (15800 m)" 3514: 2318:

said that Fiji was working with New Zealand and Australia to coordinate regional relief efforts. He added that Fiji had offered to dispatch

1271:, where the tsunami measured 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Waves measuring 0.68 m (2 ft 3 in) were recorded in the port of 9884:[Paracas: outflow of the sea affected the pier and damaged premises and homes in the area] (in Spanish). Gestión. 15 January 2022. 9059: 6781: 1821:

On 23 January, the Tongan government confirmed that eight people on Nomuka island were injured, with six others sustaining minor injuries.

10597: 10284: 9257: 1814: 1302:. At 02:33 local time, a 50 cm (20 in) rise in sea level was measured on the mainland. There were also sea level changes in the 1216:. Tsunami activity along the Pacific coast persisted until 20 January. The tsunami measured taller than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at 1021:, the tsunami was 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) in height. A tsunami measuring 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) was also reported in 10767: 10705: 10505: 9497: 9311: 9088: 9033: 5806:"Full Story: Stay out of the water & away from the shore due to strong currents & dangerous waves – Mineral Resources Department" 3402: 7970: 6525:[Tsunami observation at Sendai Port, etc. Eruption of submarine volcano off Tonga] (in Japanese). Kahoku News. 16 January 2022. 5746: 1041:

Pacific coast. The JMA said that the tsunami struck 2.5 hours earlier than predicted. Small tsunami waves were observed on the coast of

10821: 10535: 10340: 10085:[Despite all the warnings: family went to take photos at the Coliumo rocky area and was trapped] (in Spanish). biobiochile.cl. 10024: 7116: 7062: 6862: 5326: 4256: 2989:"Rapid Characterization of Large Volcanic Eruptions: Measuring the Impulse of the Hunga Tonga Ha'apai Explosion From Teleseismic Waves" 10001: 9759: 7323: 3269: 1313:

showed the tsunami damaging piers, carrying boats and hitting beaches. A tsunami of 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) was measured at

735:

overrode the aerosol effect and caused a net warming of the climate system. One study estimated a 7% increase in the probability that

9406: 8932: 8118:[Chile alerts of a possible "minor tsunami" after volcanic eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 15 January 2022. 8092:[They order the closure of 22 ports due to abnormal waves due to a volcanic eruption] (in Spanish). Andina. 16 January 2022. 7620: 4070:"The pressure wave was also detected in #Perth, WA around 6:30 pm AWST, some 6900 km away from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano" 2287:

in a social media post wrote that "Tonga needs immediate assistance to provide its citizens with fresh drinking water and food". The

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described the damages as "catastrophic". There were some reports of residents in Tonga struggling to breathe as a result of the ash.

10205: 9524: 8830: 7744: 6444: 4069: 4050: 446:, more than 700 km (430 mi) away, described the sounds of thunder, while the "thump" of the eruption was also reported in 12200: 12195: 8875: 4861: 4797: 4279: 3330: 3182: 2133:

announced that all flights to Tonga were postponed and several services to Australia could face delays and longer flight times. An

1197: 8464: 7688: 7441:[Eruption in Tonga: tsunami alert triggered in Wallis and Futuna] (in French). Wallis-et-Futuna la 1ère. 15 January 2022. 6615: 4172: 3700: 3049: 1542:) said that tsunami activity could persist overnight, so those impacted would need to hold onto their emergency supplies and aid. 1309:

In northern Chile, waves of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) struck the coastline. Videos and images on social media from the

12135: 12060: 11060:"[Tonga Volcanic Eruption] Singapore Red Cross to launch public appeal; commits humanitarian aid to affected communities" 10258:"Tonga eruption and tsunami: New Zealand officials working to determine what's needed for Pacific Island nation – Jacinda Ardern" 6526: 6238: 6077: 5861: 5558: 4088: 3969: 1404:

of New Zealand told residents to expect "strong and unusual currents and unpredictable surges" along the north and east coast of

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suggest tsunami runups of 45 m (148 ft) at the southern coast of Tofua. Disturbances at the coast included landslides,

181: 11006: 10179: 9215: 5347: 4418: 4115: 3578: 493:. The pressure wave was measured by weather stations in many locations, including New Zealand to a maximum amplitude of about 7 12130: 12100: 11462: 8849: 7562: 6413: 2402:

pledged S$ 50,000 in aid to Tonga and also announced a fundraising effort to raise more help for those affected by the tsunami.

1817:

aircraft flies over an area of Tonga that shows the heavy ash fall from the recent volcanic eruption within the Tongan Islands.

851:

The Tongan government, on 18 January 2022, confirmed waves of up to 15 m (49 ft) struck the west coast of Tongatapu,

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activity was recorded during the eruption phase. The Vaisala Global Lightning Dataset GLD360 detected lightning in the form of

10883: 8660: 7201: 7175: 6499:[A 1.2-meter tsunami reaches Amami. Is it due to the Tonga eruption?] (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 16 January 2022. 590:

paper says the eruption correlated to a VEI of 5–6. An April 2022 research paper led by Poli and Shapiro and published by the

12210: 11673: 8717: 8559: 5773: 4000: 3612: 2601: 2236: 11212:"USAID Announces Additional $ 2.5 Million in Humanitarian Assistance in Response to Volcanic Eruptions and Tsunami in Tonga" 8804: 6354: 4149: 1603:

The first aid planes from New Zealand and Australia arrived on Tonga on 20 January, as phone lines were partially restored.

1025:

Futami. On the Tohoku coast, a 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in) wave struck at 00:38 local time, on 16 January 2022. In the

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that the site near the volcano was covered in ash, with some of it even at a depth of 2.4 km (1.5 mi) underwater.

489:

to propagate around the globe. Satellites visually captured shockwaves propagating across the Pacific Ocean and a very wide

12055: 11184: 6138: 2099:. Electrical systems, pilings, restrooms and showers were damaged and repair costs were estimated at US$ 6.5 million. 510: 9559: 8435: 7743:[Tsunami warning released in all areas Submarine eruption off Tonga] (in Japanese). Nikkei Asia. 15 January 2022. 6474: 863:

20 m (66 ft) stripped the low-lying jungle vegetation and caused major erosion. The nearby island to the north,

12125: 12095: 11589: 10675: 9910:[ONEMI confirmed only "minor" damage caused by the Tsunami and highlighted the "exemplary" behavior of people"]. 8275:"Sulphur Dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased overnight which could result in acidic rainfall over Fiji" 8142:"Chile evacuó las costas de siete regiones por un posible "tsunami menor" tras la erupción del volcán submarino en Tonga" 7717:[Tsunami warning on Amami Islands and Tokara Islands (estimated height 3m)] (in Japanese). NHK. 16 January 2022. 7176:"Perú: Oleaje anómalo afectó al litoral peruano a pesar que la Armada había descartado un tsunami en las costas del país" 4883: 2069: 1464: 7662: 2129:

stated that a repatriation flight to Tonga that was originally scheduled for 20 January was postponed indefinitely, and

12185: 12045: 11707: 11678: 11574: 9581: 8170:[Ecuador with tsunami warning in Galapagos due to eruption in Tonga] (in Spanish). SwissInfo. 15 January 2022. 907:

recorded a wave measuring 20 cm (7.9 in) at 17:40 local time. Some tsunami activity was also reported in the

649:, with a length of 12 km (7.5 mi). The displacement generated a number of waves in the atmosphere, including 11234:"Tonga volcanic eruption and tsunami: Elon Musk's SpaceX reportedly in Fiji preparing to help with telecommunications" 9967: 7152:[Two deaths and tsunami damage reported in Peru: country did not issue an alert] (in Spanish). Radio Bío-Bío. 1906: 879:

and flows, and transported trees at elevations of 30 m (98 ft) to 70 m (230 ft) above sea level.

780:

Tsunamis are most frequently caused by earthquakes, while those caused by volcanic eruptions are rare. Fewer than 100

30: 11599: 9437: 6589: 2972: 2596: 9475: 9288: 8376: 8315: 3083: 2450:: On January 22, the EU has allocated €200,000 in emergency humanitarian aid funding. This fund was directed to the 1367:

urged the public to stay indoors and cover household water tanks in the event of rain due to the risk of fallout of

739:

will exceed 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) in at least one of the next five years, although greenhouse gas emissions and

12205: 12160: 12000: 11498: 10453: 6103: 3242: 2319: 617:

paper also concludes that this eruption resulted in the formation of a new caldera. In May 2022, scientists at the

10852: 9375: 6641:[Gaoping Yihua East tsunami water level "bright yellow"? Zheng Mingdian exposes the influence of Taiwan]. 1389:, a tsunami warning was issued, but no damage was reported and the alert was lifted in the evening of 15 January. 1094:, in the country's far east, had tsunami waves of about 20 cm (7.9 in). At least two ports were warned. 158: 44: 12190: 11990: 10232: 9908:"ONEMI confirmó solo daños "menores" producto del Tsunami y destacó el comportamiento "ejemplar" de las personas" 9698: 8000: 3673: 1878: 1475: 1471: 463: 277: 9726:"Ono-i-Lau, Vatoa, parts of Kadavu, Rewa Delta and the North have been affected by the Tongan volcanic eruption" 9343: 6923: 329:, New Zealand, issued an advisory notice to airlines. This initial eruption ended at 02:00 on 21 December 2021. 12115: 11717: 11266: 10909: 3466: 3386: 1869: 1162: 835:

As a result of the eruption, a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami struck the Tongan capital Nukuʻalofa.

11367:"Pita Taufatofua, the Shirtless Tongan Olympian, Raises Hundreds of Thousands of Dollars for Tonga Relief Aid" 8247: 7092: 4915:

Mohammad, Heidarzadeh; Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Ishibe, Takeo; Sabeti, Ramtin; Šepić, Jadranka (1 October 2022).

2202:

was unable to land following continued ashfall in Tonga, two Royal New Zealand Navy ships set sail for Tonga.

1330: 550: 11695: 6638: 2742: 2526: 2281: 2056:

Two women in northern Peru drowned in the swell when 2 m (6 ft 7 in) waves hit Naylamp beach,

11122: 8194: 4567:

Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Barker, Simon J.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Chamberlain, Calum J.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún;

1837:

destroyed. The employees were able to escape. They added that the whole western coastline of the island and

442:, roughly 840 km (520 mi) away before the sound travelled to more distant countries. Residents in 12165: 12150: 12085: 12020: 11569: 10939: 7636:"National Emergency Management Agency issues tsunami advisory for New Zealand after Tonga volcano eruption" 6669: 3214: 2606: 2255:

would be deployed to Tonga with water purification and humanitarian supplies. The United States dispatched

1115: 819: 322: 9163: 7663:"Beaches evacuated and closed as Bureau of Meteorology updates tsunami warning for Australia's east coast" 7506: 6670:"[News analysis] Volcano eruption in Tonga not likely to be last of this century, scientists warn" 1952: 1494:. Tsunami waves measuring 30–61 cm (12–24 in) were expected to hit the shores as early as 07:30 12170: 12120: 11995: 11764: 9668:"Tonga Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami: World Bank Disaster Assessment Report Estimates Damages at US$ 90M" 8060: 7037:"México presentó elevación del nivel del mar en las costas del Pacífico por explosión de volcán en Tonga" 3541: 2399: 2068:. In some areas, boat owners dragged their boats onto shore to prevent the waves from damaging them. The 1959: 1891: 1439: 716: 638: 555: 67: 7945:"Update: Tsunami Advisory Issued For Northern California Following Violent Volcanic Eruption Near Tonga" 6807:"UPDATE: Tsunami Advisory Issued For Northern California Following Violent Volcanic Eruption Near Tonga" 6447:[ Observing tsunamis in various places] (in Japanese). TBS News. 16 January 2022. Archived from 2707: 2231:

Tonga accepted an offer by the Australian government of a surveillance flight to assess the damage. Two

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Chile also issued a warning for a "minor tsunami" for most of its coastal area, including the island of

773:

Video of the tsunami waves hitting the capital, filmed by a resident, Mamani moe me'a fakaofō on YouTube

12155: 12140: 12105: 12090: 12075: 11924: 11668: 11579: 11533: 11488: 11455: 11090: 8623: 7413:"AG urging people to cover water tanks & stay indoors during rain due to the risk of sulfuric acid" 6736: 4568: 2993: 2988: 2534: 2358: 2240: 2084: 1499: 740: 665: 591: 384: 197: 134: 9809:"'This loss will hurt': Hawaii business sees major damage after eruption in Tonga sends tsunami waves" 8031:"CANCELLED: Tsunami Advisory for BC Coast: Volcanic Eruption near the Tonga Islands. January 15, 2022" 6496: 6213: 5101:"Eruption chronology of the December 2021 to January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption sequence" 403: 256:. At least four people were killed, some were injured, and some remain possibly missing in Tonga from 12110: 12080: 11788: 11774: 11685: 9608:"Tonga volcano: first pictures after eruption show islands blanketed in ash, as two deaths confirmed" 9248:

Scarr, Simon; Foo, Wen; Kawoosa, Vijdan Mohammad; Katakam, Anand; Bhandari, Aditi (28 January 2022).

8197:[Tsunami in Tonga causes unusual activities on the coast of Mexico] (in Spanish). Diario AS. 5331: 4728:"Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements" 3781:"Cyclone Cody: Latest developments from New Zealand and the Pacific after Tonga tsunami and eruption" 3442: 2263: 1958:

The atmospheric plume from the volcanic eruption in the Pacific nation of Tonga is pictured from the

1763: 1456: 1359:

to people living around the coastal areas to stay away from the shores. Evacuations were made on the

1217: 1189: 1119: 293: 10763: 10083:"Pese a todas las advertencias: familia se fue a tomar fotos a roquerío de Coliumo y quedó atrapada" 8221: 7389: 7351:"Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai eruption: Tsunami alert for Tonga following underwater volcanic eruption" 5488:"Evolution of the Climate Forcing During the Two Years After the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption" 3108:"Atmospheric waves and global seismoacoustic observations of the January 2022 Hunga eruption, Tonga" 147:

7 dead, 19 injured, and others reported missing, $ 90.4 million in damages in Tonga (estimated)

12180: 12175: 12040: 11853: 11030:"Singapore Red Cross pledges $ 50,000 to aid tsunami-hit Tonga and will launch fund-raising appeal" 8030: 2917: 2747: 2677: 2640: 2323: 2169:

RNZAF 3SQN maintenance teams prepare two NH90 helicopters for long-term operations to assist Tonga.

2080: 1938: 1519: 872: 607: 11523: 7091:(Report). National Weather Service Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 15 January 2022. Archived from 5986:"FIRST OFFICIAL UPDATE FOLLOWING THE VOLCANIC ERUPTION FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF TONGA Flag of Tonga" 2672: 2165: 2114:. No casualties were reported due to the evacuations. A State of Precaution was still in place in 1087:, South Korea, there were fluctuations of up to 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) in the sea level. 12015: 12010: 11712: 11700: 11584: 9993: 9755: 9189:"Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern addresses situation in Tonga following volcanic eruption, tsunami" 8293: 7714: 6981:"Tsunami Effects on the Coast of Mexico by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption, Tonga" 5750: 4571:; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Wadsworth, Fabian B. (1 June 2021). 3494: 2922: 2752: 2682: 2451: 2218: 2199: 1173: 868: 604: 11420: 10881: 5211:

Coy, L.; Newman, P. A.; Wargan, K.; Partyka, G.; Strahan, S. E.; Pawson, S. (28 November 2022).

4144:[Is the shock wave from the eruption of Tonga going around the earth and coming back?]. 4089:"Unglaublich: Die Druckwelle aus #Tonga ist gerade in der Schweiz angekommen, 2,5 hPa Ausschlag" 12050: 12035: 11722: 11513: 11238: 10666:"HMAS Adelaide delivers vital aid to Tonga a day after COVID-19 outbreak was detected on board" 9866: 7740: 7464: 6380:"Tsunami warnings in place for Australia as Pacific feels effects of undersea volcano eruption" 4957: 2630:

The volcano was declared dormant on 11 January after the December 2021 eruption sequence ended.

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a temporary ground station in Fiji to assist with efforts to restore Internet access in Tonga.

2521: 2203: 2183: 2096: 1491: 1143: 1130:, and its parking lot was flooded with about 0.91 m (3 ft 0 in) of water, while 1107: 979: 544: 467: 10916:. Embassy of the People's Republic of China to the United States of America. 18 January 2022. 4958:"Far-field Coupling and Interactions in Multiple Geospheres After the Tonga Volcano Eruptions" 2061: 1518:

and portions of California. They remained in effect in California in parts of the Central and

645:. It was concluded that the eruption displaced 6.6 km of seawater, 90 m (300 ft) in 409:

A four-hour observation of the January 2022 eruption over the southern Pacific Ocean from the

12030: 12025: 12005: 11938: 11810: 11805: 11690: 11658: 11448: 7206: 5521:"'One of the biggest on record': Ozone hole bigger than North America opens above Antarctica" 5486:

Schoeberl, M. R.; Wang, Y.; Taha, G.; Zawada, D. J.; Ueyama, R.; Dessler, A. (28 July 2024).

5403: 3728:"Loud thundery sounds being experienced in Fiji are from the huge volcanic eruption in Tonga" 3418: 2590: 2292: 2256: 2073: 1985: 1769:

According to a media release by the government via a tweet, all structures were destroyed on

1495: 1416: 967: 657:

in higher layers of the atmosphere, which propagated around the world at speeds close to the

11410: 7295:"Australia sends surveillance flight to tsunami-hit Tonga as extent of damage still unknown" 4684: 3961: 3270:"VA ADVISORY DTG: 20211219/2209Z VAAC: WELLINGTON VOLCANO: HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI 243040" 3213: 2153:

on 17 January, creating an "eerie, spectacular and incredible" sunrise. In July, it reached

1745: 1018: 387:, 15 January). The eruption column from this eruption rose 58 km (36 mi) into the 11751: 10670: 6992: 6947:"Vancouver Island communities feel tsunami effects of undersea volcano eruption near Tonga" 6024: 5922:"Tsunami Runup and Inundation in Tonga from the January 2022 Eruption of the Hunga Volcano" 5662: 5622: 5453:

Schoeberl, M. R.; Wang, Y.; Ueyama, R.; Dessler, A.; Taha, G.; Yu, W. (28 September 2023).

5359: 5282: 5224: 5167: 5112: 5099:

Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Bennartz, Ralf; Fauria, Kristen E.; Mittal, Tushar (13 December 2022).

5049: 5037: 4739: 4680: 4628: 4584: 4515: 3996: 3811:"Yesterday's Hunga-Tonga volcano eruption was heard and felt in Niue but no tsunami impact" 3582: 3277: 3119: 3002: 2569: 2558: 2277:

tested positive for COVID-19 while enroute to Tonga, the ship made a contactless delivery.

2039: 1902:(OCHA). A 2 cm (0.79 in) layer of volcanic ash blanketed the capital Nukuʻalofa. 1857: 1291: 1135: 1061: 948: 11493: 11180:"India announces US$ 200,000 immediate relief assistance to Tonga in the wake of tsunami" 10910:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 17, 2022" 9249: 7616: 5213:"Stratospheric Circulation Changes Associated With the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption" 3905:"Tonga tsunami: Satellite footage shows moment of volcanic shockwave – apocalyptic scenes" 3174: 2887: 2815: 1549: 332:

On 22 and 23 December 2021, 8-to-14-kilometre-high (5.0 to 8.7 mi) plumes containing

8: 10154:"Tonga volcano eruption: Air New Zealand postpones repatriation flight due to ash clouds" 9996:[Statement from the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement (OEFA)]. 6448: 5156:"A Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash From the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai Volcanic Eruption" 4073: 4054: 2864: 2481: 2463: 2417: 2315: 2249: 2232: 2195: 2125:

Flights to Tonga and in the surrounding region were disrupted by lingering volcanic ash.

2050: 1797: 1483: 1443: 1364: 1295: 1123: 1111: 1014: 1013:, Japan, a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami was reported at 23:55 on 15 January 845: 642: 454:. Tremors and shaking buildings were reported by residents in south-western Niue, around 11503: 9034:"Drinking water, ash big concern as Tonga volcanic eruption causes 'significant damage'" 8740:"Volcanic eruption: Warning Tonga's air 'toxic'; no reports of deaths following tsunami" 7269:"Tsunami de casi 2 metros llega a la costa de Chile tras la erupción volcánica en Tonga" 6996: 6053: 6028: 6012: 5989: 5666: 5363: 5286: 5228: 5171: 5116: 5053: 4851: 4787: 4743: 4632: 4616: 4588: 4519: 4283: 3123: 3006: 2786: 2023: 1102:

The highest tsunami waves in the United States were 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) in

947:

Weather, the tsunami struck on 16 January 2022 at between 01:05 and 01:10 local time on

11815: 11769: 11663: 11557: 10997: 8524:"Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four" 8460: 7692: 7013: 6980: 6611: 5956: 5921: 5691: 5650: 5383: 5348:"Tonga eruption increases chance of temporary surface temperature anomaly above 1.5 °C" 5308: 5250: 5193: 5136: 5081: 5038:"The January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano reached the mesosphere" 4985: 4938: 4765: 4708: 4644: 4544: 4503: 4176: 3753:

Martin, Hannah; Bohny, Skara; Ockhuysen, Stephanie; Tokalau, Torika (15 January 2022).

3398: 3018: 2840: 2554: 2424:

via Australia to Tonga. Subsequently, the Japanese Ministry of Defense decided to send

2380:

stated that Israel was exploring ways of providing aid to Tonga through its aid agency

2327: 2284: 2190: 1861: 1511: 1335: 1193: 1073: 805: 525: 349: 72: 11518: 10315:"Tonga eruption: NZ Air Force plane leaves for reconnaissance flight to assess damage" 9553: 9016:"Tonga: Photos of tsunami damage shared from outer island, close to volcanic eruption" 8802: 7236:[Ecuador maintains tsunami monitoring for the continental and insular coast]. 6522: 6013:"The 2022 Hunga-Tonga megatsunami: Near-field simulation of a once-in-a-century event" 5154:

Briggs, M. S.; Lesage, S.; Schultz, C.; Mailyan, B.; Holzworth, R. H. (28 July 2022).

4478: 4453:"The Tonga volcano sent enough water to the atmosphere to temporarily warm the planet" 4092: 2952: 2034:, five small boats sank and another five were lost. A small ship capsized and sank in 1310: 11878: 11863: 11641: 11430: 11337: 10992: 10602: 10419:"Australia and New Zealand send flights to assess damage from Tonga volcano eruption" 10133: 7018: 6058: 6040: 5961: 5719: 5696: 5678: 5387: 5375: 5312: 5300: 5254: 5242: 5197: 5185: 5140: 5128: 5100: 5085: 5073: 5065: 4989: 4977: 4942: 4769: 4757: 4712: 4648: 4549: 4531: 4318: 4119: 3586: 3155: 3147: 3022: 2968: 2844: 2760: 2454:, with the specific aim of assisting the most severely affected communities. Via the 2433: 2225: 2092: 1887: 1607: 1386: 1303: 1127: 1045:. The heights of the tsunami were: 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in) at Houbi Lake in 472: 421: 361: 162: 154: 11756: 11405: 10882:

International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (19 January 2022).

7776:"Tsunami advisory in effect on Central Coast following volcanic eruption near Tonga" 7566: 1412:. The agency added that the currents have the potential to injure and drown people. 11974: 11902: 11873: 11845: 11739: 11653: 11480: 10679: 10639: 10630:"Covid-stricken Australian aid ship makes contactless delivery to virus-free Tonga" 9111:"Tongan government confirms all homes on Mango destroyed, fears death toll to rise" 8001:"Tsunami advisories issued for parts of B.C. as undersea volcano erupts in Pacific" 7830:"Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after underwater volcano erupts near Tonga" 7008: 7000: 6135:"A volcano erupts in the Pacific, triggering a tsunami advisory for the West Coast" 6048: 6032: 5951: 5941: 5933: 5889:"King evacuated as thousands flee for higher ground at Mataki'eua and Fualu height" 5686: 5670: 5499: 5466: 5435: 5367: 5290: 5232: 5175: 5120: 5057: 4969: 4933: 4928: 4916: 4747: 4698: 4688: 4636: 4592: 4539: 4523: 4483: 3869:"Volcano eruption near Tonga causes booms heard by Alaskans nearly 6000 miles away" 3504: 3394: 3137: 3127: 3010: 2948: 2830: 2756: 2088: 2057: 2019: 1507: 1479: 1460: 1432: 1424: 1356: 1276: 1268: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1030: 1010: 975: 781: 540: 498: 380: 245: 76: 10393:"Australia to provide assistance to Tonga following volcanic eruption and tsunami" 9137:"Tonga subsea communications cable 'may be broken after all', says Southern Cross" 6161:"New Zealand Civil Defence issues stay-off-beach warning following Tongan tsunami" 5271:"The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022" 3992: 3509: 2111: 2031: 1809: 11950: 11830: 11825: 11304: 9467: 8774:"Tonga eruption: Images appear to show most of Atatā island wiped out by tsunami" 6350: 6106:. US Embassy in Papua New Guinea, Solomon islands, and Vanuatu. 15 January 2022. 4141: 3838:"'Rapid bang': Kiwis hear Tongan volcano erupt from thousands of kilometres away" 3755:"'Screams everywhere': Tsunami waves crash through homes in Tonga after eruption" 3500: 2572:, gathered more than US$ 330,000 in aid to his native country, after he opened a 2565: 2503: 2267: 2245: 2126: 2042:. Land, sea and air transportation was affected; 27 domestic flights operated by 2015: 1850: 1556: 1409: 1046: 932: 708: 576: 490: 375: 321:, the capital city of Tonga, about 70 km (43 mi) from the volcano. The 314: 185: 6137:. Georgia Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. 15 January 2022. Archived from 2835: 2818: 2708:"7 Days with no further eruption from Hunga Volcano. It is now declared dormant" 2506:

announced $ 2.5 million of humanitarian assistance, to be delivered through its

2119: 1600:. The Ministry of Environment also advised the public not to consume rainwater. 1034: 867:, waves greater than 8 m (26 ft) struck a village. Satellite imagery, 11962: 11911: 11883: 11868: 9836:"Clean-up efforts underway following tsunami surge triggered by Tonga eruption" 9280: 8679:"Tonga eruption, tsunami: Images appear to show most of Atatā island wiped out" 8431: 8368: 8311: 8090:"Disponen el cierre de 22 puertos ante oleajes anómalos por erupción volcánica" 7004: 6470: 5937: 5674: 5371: 5295: 5270: 5124: 4973: 4752: 4727: 4693: 4664: 4617:"Remote Seismoacoustic Constraints on the January 2022 VEI 4 Eruption in Tonga" 4573:"Volcanic Unrest at Taupō Volcano in 2019: Causes, Mechanisms and Implications" 3932:"Noise from underwater volcanic eruption across the Pacific heard in the Yukon" 3079: 2912: 2447: 2210: 2174: 2115: 2043: 2027: 1981: 1865: 1451: 1420: 1393: 1299: 1221: 1166: 1069: 1057: 994: 971: 736: 732: 723: 711:, reaching elevations of 57 kilometres (35 mi) and thus reaching into the 658: 599:, making the event more powerful than the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated ( 596: 333: 225: 7888:"Tsunami advisory issued for U.S. West Coast after undersea volcanic eruption" 7857:"Tsunami advisory issued for California coast; beaches closed, waves expected" 6979:

Ramírez-Herrera, María Teresa; Coca, Oswaldo; Vargas-Espinosa, Victor (2022).

6774:"Tsunami surges, some flooding in the Bay Area after Pacific volcano eruption" 5455:"The Estimated Climate Impact of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption Plume" 4192:"Weather instruments around southern New England detect Hunga Tonga shockwave" 2705: 1962:

as it orbited 433 km (269 mi) above the Pacific Ocean north-west of

1306:. Sea level disturbances off the nation's coast persisted for nearly an hour. 1196:, according to the Mareographic Service of the Institute of Geophysics of the 772: 200:

scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5. Described by scientists as a "

11984: 11835: 11820: 11548: 11123:"Japan to provide relief supplies and over ¥114 million to tsunami-hit Tonga" 8116:"Chile alerta sobre posible "tsunami menor" tras erupción de volcán en Tonga" 6266:"Fishers run for lives as Tongan tsunami hits New Zealand, warnings continue" 6044: 5682: 5439: 5379: 5304: 5246: 5189: 5132: 5069: 4981: 4761: 4535: 3564: 3151: 2499: 2000: 1898:

deposited inland by the tsunami waves, according to an early report from the

1770: 1530: 1447: 1368: 1236: 1225: 1139: 1103: 1091: 1053: 956: 916: 514: 241: 173: 109: 95: 35:

Satellite animation of the initial ash plume and shockwave on 15 January 2022

11508: 11333:"The Southern Cross cable that connects Tonga to the outside world is fixed" 10367:"Third navy ship to depart for Tonga, first relief supplies to arrive today" 10233:"Pink Skies Seen Over Antarctica May Be Explained by Tonga Volcano Eruption" 8989:"Tongan Politician Documents Damage at Beachside Village in Wake of Tsunami" 8714:"LIVE: NZ official in Tonga says Nuku'alofa 'like moonscape' after ash fall" 5832:"Footage shows waves crashing into homes as tsunami warning sounds in Tonga" 5651:"Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption" 5346:

Jenkins, Stuart; Smith, Chris; Allen, Myles; Grainger, Roy (February 2023).

5061: 4393:"Why the volcanic eruption in Tonga was so violent, and what to expect next" 3387:"Global Volcanism Program 2022. Report on Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (Tonga)" 3132: 3118:(6601). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 95–100. 3107: 2022:, Japan suffered falls during the evacuations. A number of fishing boats in 1944:

Volcanic ash from the eruption over Queensland, Australia on 17 January 2022

1220:, Baja California. Sea level disturbances were recorded at the coast of the 1169:. Large logs were pushed up by the high tides and deposited on the beaches. 610:

rated the eruption at VEI-5, while others have rated the eruption at VEI-4.

318: 284:

determined that the eruption was "hundreds of times more powerful" than the

11858: 11622: 11528: 10634: 10567:"Help on the way after Tongan volcano wipes out houses on outlying islands" 10288: 7803:"Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after eruption of undersea volcano" 7234:"Ecuador mantiene monitoreo de tsunami para la costa continental e insular" 7022: 6062: 6036: 5965: 5700: 5077: 4553: 4020:"Waves crash into Tonga homes as tsunami warnings sound across the Pacific" 3159: 2611: 2280:

On 17 January, officials in Tonga called for immediate aid. Speaker of the

2130: 1996: 1877:

established a 2G cell network on Tongatapu using a satellite dish from the

1405: 1256: 1248: 1229: 1146:. Waves up to 0.37 m (1 ft 3 in) in height were recorded in 1131: 960: 939: 912: 876: 654: 337: 310: 289: 11399: 11300:"Internet restored to Tonga after cable destroyed by eruption is repaired" 10395:. Minister for Foreign Affairs. Government of Australia. 16 January 2022. 10206:"Stunning skies and a golden orb light up Queensland after Tongan volcano" 9940:[Paracas: sea came out and damaged the pier, premises and homes]. 9554:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (17 January 2022).

8803:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (18 January 2022).

8589:"Rescue Crews Busy On San Francisco Bay Area Beaches During Tsunami Surge" 5747:"National No Threat Bulletin issued 4:58 pm AEDT Saturday 15 January 2022" 4821:"Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano (Tonga): new bathymetry map of caldera" 2030:

prefectures capsized or sank. A total of 30 fishing vessels were lost. In

1568: 1482:, Canada. The advisory contained all U.S. areas along the West Coast from 1177: 1138:

flowed backwards. A surfing competition was cancelled. Strong currents in

1029:

Port, the tsunami measured 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) at 00:08. In

383:

started the following day (15 January 2022) at 17:14 local time (04:14:45

11406:

ReliefWeb's main page Tonga: Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami – January 2022

10967:"Chinese military planes deliver emergency supplies to tsunami-hit Tonga" 10110:"Chile ends tsunami warning after eruption of submarine volcano in Tonga" 9994:"Comunicado del Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA)" 7238: 7150:"Reportan dos muertes y daños por tsunami en Perú: país no emitió alerta" 5985: 5613:"Shock waves, landslides may have caused 'rare' volcano tsunami: experts" 5504: 5487: 5471: 5454: 5237: 5212: 5180: 5155: 4597: 4572: 4527: 4366:"Tonga volcano eruption and tsunami: No power, communications still down" 3014: 2008: 1503: 1360: 1252: 1213: 1201: 1084: 983: 908: 900: 836: 785: 529: 265: 233: 189: 169: 7915:"Tsunami forces cancellation of Day 1 of USA Surfing Prime Steamer Lane" 5327:"Tonga Eruption Blasted Unprecedented Amount of Water into Stratosphere" 2425: 1314: 1200:. The tsunami had an amplitude of 1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) in 595:

the energetic output of the eruption to be equivalent to 61 megatons of

10536:"First Death Reported in Tonga Volcano Blast as Nation Remains Cut Off" 9671: 8399:"Tonga to enter lockdown after port workers test positive for Covid-19" 8168:"Ecuador con advertencia de tsunami en Galápagos por erupción en Tonga" 6833:"Tsunami Coverage: Waters of Soquel Creek Reverse During Tsunami Surge" 6703:"Live Updates: Signs of 'Significant' Tsunami Damage Are Seen in Tonga" 4703: 4640: 3142: 2538: 2377: 2154: 2150: 1917: 1838: 1463:, and evacuation orders were also issued to six other prefectures. The 1022: 998: 856: 748: 712: 622: 600: 388: 326: 285: 11617: 8337:

Menon, Praveen; Needham, Kirsty; Nichols, Michelle (20 January 2022).

5946: 5715:"Tsunami models underestimated shockwave from Tonga eruption – expert" 5036:

Proud, Simon R.; Prata, Andrew T.; Schmauß, Simeon (4 November 2022).

3243:"Air NZ funeral flight to Tonga cancelled as Hunga eruption continues" 2860:"Tonga's strange volcanic eruption was even more massive than we knew" 1910: 1846: 1785:

Island saw the loss of two homes and 45 damaged. An assessment by the

1606:

On 2 February, after receiving aid shipments, the country went into a

1204:. Waves of just under 1 m (3 ft 3 in) were recorded in 1037:, Okinawa. Tsunami waves of less than a metre were reported along the 784:

were recorded in the prior two centuries. According to an official at

341: 11957: 11607: 11091:"Japan's MSDF vessel departs carrying aid to disaster-stricken Tonga" 10940:"China to deliver disaster-relief supplies to Tonga: FM spokesperson" 10300: 9782:"Japan sees tsunami but no major damage after Tonga volcano eruption" 9638:"Before and after: Satellite images reveal extent of damage in Tonga" 8805:"Tonga: Volcanic Eruption – Flash Update # 3 (As of 18 January 2022)" 7855:

Ryan, Harriet; James, Ian; Lopez, Robert; Do, Anh (15 January 2022).

6188:"Tonga tsunami: Tutukaka damage has business wondering, 'what next?'" 5617: 4495: 2542: 2395: 1597: 1363:

after wave activity was observed in the sea. Fiji's Attorney General

1077: 650: 646: 580: 486: 177: 11612: 9525:"Here's what we know about the massive Pacific eruption and tsunami" 8195:"Tsunami en Tonga provoca actividades inusuales en costas de México" 7063:"Tonga: Tide in Manzanillo rose more than two meters due to tsunami" 6324:"Strong tidal surges in New Zealand's Far North after Tonga Tsunami" 4253:"The Tonga eruption explained, from tsunami warnings to sonic booms" 2466:

coordinated the delivery and financed 75% of the transporting costs.

2248:

with Australia and New Zealand. Australia would later announce that

2138: 1833: 345: 11969: 11271: 9216:"Tonga's only undersea communication cable could be down for weeks" 8624:"トンガ諸島の火山噴火に伴う津波による被害及び消防機関等の対応状況(第６報)(これは速報であり、数値等は今後も変わることがある。)" 5749:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 15 January 2022. Archived from 4676: 4566: 4340:"Tonga eruption could have 'cooling effect' on southern hemisphere" 3080:"Tonga volcano: Eruption more powerful than atomic bomb, Nasa says" 2573: 2557:

with the assistance of SpaceX. On 21 February, repair works on the

2546: 2308: 2296: 2198:

for Tonga on the morning of 17 January. On 18 January, as an RNZAF

2142: 2134: 1963: 1774: 1755: 1572: 1428: 1232:

had a maximum wave height of 0.377 m (1 ft 2.8 in).

1209: 1205: 1181: 1065: 1038: 952: 943: 841: 353: 10791:"Govt to send immediate relief supplies to the Lau Group tomorrow" 10737:"Tonga eruption: Aid agencies look at how best to support Tongans" 10706:"Tonga calls for 'immediate aid' after volcanic eruption, tsunami" 10506:"Tonga calls for 'immediate aid' after volcanic eruption, tsunami" 9089:"Reports of 'significant damage' in Tonga after eruption, tsunami" 9060:"Distress signal prompts UN concern after Tonga volcanic eruption" 8959:"Tonga death toll: Three dead after eruption and tsunami, UN says" 8902:"Pacific tsunami threat recedes as volcano ash cloud covers Tonga" 7439:"Eruption aux Tonga: alerte tsunami déclenchée à Wallis et Futuna" 6978: 5005:"Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai eruption 'devastated' sea life - study" 2706:

Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga (11 January 2022).

1843:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

1829: 1790: 1759: 1286:

Significant sea level disturbances were measured off the coast of

11440: 11002: 10884:"Red Cross in Tonga confirms urgent need for safe drinking water" 10285:"Aotearoa New Zealand Stands Ready to Assist the People of Tonga" 9862:"Tonga eruption, tsunami: Two people in Peru drown as surge hits" 9556:"Tonga: Volcanic Eruption – Flash Update (As of 17 January 2022)" 8593: 7528:

Nidumolu, Jahnavi; Jose, Renju; Chang-Ran Kim (15 January 2022).

6920:"A tsunami is arriving in Alaska from volcanic eruption in Tonga" 6582:"Japan's Pacific coast hit by tsunami waves after Tonga eruption" 5983: 4004: 3598: 3563:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3300:"Tonga volcano grows in size as eruption continues for sixth day" 2049:

The tsunami caused serious material damage to a tour operator at

2004: 1894:. The cable connection to Tongatapu was repaired on 22 February. 1874: 1580: 1560: 1545: 1287: 920: 727: 518: 459: 451: 428: 410: 365:

of December 2021 interrupted air travel to Tonga multiple times.

261: 257: 229: 213: 205: 11627: 10993:"Israel working to provide aid to Tonga after volcanic eruption" 10052:"Santa Cruz Harbor sees more than $ 6 million in tsunami damage" 8432:"Tonga tsunami sparks 'unprecedented disaster', government says" 6739:[Threat of tsunami has been declared in Kuril Islands]. 6549:"Large eruption occurs in Papua New Guinea; no tsunami in Japan" 6293:"Tongan eruption tsunami felt in unusual waves at Port Taranaki" 5862:"Journalist based in Tonga describes 'huge' volcanic explosions" 4615:

Shih, Min-Hung; Lai, Ya-Chuan; Lin, Cheng-Horng (1 March 2023).

3990: 3206:"Tsunami Reported in Tonga After an Underwater Volcano Eruption" 2335:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

2107: 1782: 852: 11154:"Tonga: EU channels emergency assistance - European Commission" 9498:"Significant damage on Tonga's west coast – NZ High Commission" 8876:"Tonga tsunami: Body of British woman swept away by wave found" 5267: 4888: 4479:"Burst of underwater explosions powered Tonga volcano eruption" 2530: 2459: 2421: 2381: 2373: 2304: 2146: 2145:

to avoid volcanic ash, with a subsequent flight from Nouméa to

1845:

stated that there was concern for two low-lying islands in the

1825: 1778: 1576: 1564: 1515: 1487: 1272: 1185: 1042: 1026: 987: 864: 668:

oceanagrapher Roxanne Beinart published a study in the journal

268:

up to 45 m (148 ft) struck the uninhabited island of

9312:"Aid to volcano-hit Tonga brings 1st COVID outbreak, lockdown" 8490:"Tongan eruption: 85% of the population impacted – government" 7505:. US. Tsunami Warning Centers. 14 January 2022. Archived from 6889:"Volcano erupts in Pacific, West Coast under tsunami advisory" 2091:

rescued three surfers. The tsunami caused extensive damage at

697:

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai in February 2022, after the eruption

180:, the country's main island, and is part of the highly active 11471: 10822:"Fiji sends 11 40ft containers of relief assistance to Tonga" 9938:"Paracas: mar se salió y dañó el muelle, locales y viviendas" 8831:"Massive Tonga Volcanic Eruption Caused 'Significant Damage'" 8339:"Aid flight arrives in Tonga; phone lines partially restored" 4504:"The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Hydration of the Stratosphere" 3496:

Caldera subsidence during the Hunga-Tonga explosive eruption?

2743:"Report on Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (Tonga) — February 2022" 2507: 2477: 2413: 2354: 2300: 2187: 2103: 2035: 1539: 1280: 1240: 502: 476: 455: 439: 269: 249: 237: 217: 201: 166: 87: 10476:"Australia, New Zealand combine for Tonga disaster response" 10025:"Here are the impacts of the tsunami along the Monterey Bay" 9468:"Tonga volcano: Internet restored five weeks after eruption" 9407:"Volcano Damage to Tonga Undersea Cable Worse Than Expected" 9250:"How engineers will reconnect Tonga's broken internet cable" 7531:"Tonga volcano generates tsunami, U.S. tsunami monitor said" 6863:"Here are the impacts of the tsunami along the Monterey Bay" 6239:"Severe damage to Tutukaka Marina after Tonga tsunami surge" 6104:"Weather Alert: Vanuatu Tsunami Advisory (January 15, 2022)" 5918: 5583:"Tsunami threat recedes from huge Pacific volcanic eruption" 4661: 4219:"Shockwave from Tonga volcanic eruption recorded in Chennai" 3050:"Tonga volcano was the most ferocious eruption in 140 years" 2533:

engineers were working to restore Internet access in Tonga.

1334:

A tsunami warning signboard at Gesashi Bay Mangrove Forest,

1247:

reporting a maximum rise of 12 cm (4.7 in) at the

986:, New South Wales, and 0.50 m (1 ft 8 in) at 10341:"Tonga eruption: New Zealand sends two ships with supplies" 7800: 7204:[Tsunami alert canceled off the coast of Ecuador]. 6010: 3752: 3360:"Underwater volcano Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Haʻapai erupts again" 2553:

By 23 February, Tonga Cable had managed to restore Tonga's

2065: 1555:

Mexico issued tsunami warnings for the coasts of states of

923:

were struck by low-level tsunamis that triggered flooding.

904: 855:

and Haʻapai islands. An 18 m (59 ft) wave struck

506: 447: 443: 281: 273: 253: 221: 193: 8850:"UK woman missing after being swept away in Tonga tsunami" 8250:. Tonga: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 16 January 2022. 7828:

The Associated Press, Scripps National (15 January 2022).

7801:

Bartiromo, Michael; Nexstar Media Wire (15 January 2022).

6735:Храмова, Светлана; Гуськова, Анастасия (15 January 2022). 5452: 5153: 4914: 4501: 3701:"Tsunami hits Tonga after 'catastrophic' volcano eruption" 3542:"M 5.8 Volcanic Eruption – 68 km NNW of Nuku'alofa, Tonga" 1583:, urging people to avoid the coasts and entering the sea. 1535:

Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy

8661:"Tsunami waves hit Tonga after undersea volcano eruption" 7623:

from the original on 19 January 2022 – via Twitter.

7527: 5550:"Volcanic tsunamis: Why they are so difficult to predict" 5345: 5098: 5009: 4856: 4792: 3331:"Waves hitting Tonga as volcano tsunami warning in place" 2792: 2436:

114 million (US$ 1 million) in funds for Tonga.

637:(DART) stations, eight atmospheric pressure time series, 521:, India, which is 12,000 km from the eruption site. 494: 392: 11416: 11400:

EMSR558: Volcano eruption in Tonga (damage grading maps)

9376:"Additional Breaks To Tonga Cable Push Repair Date Back" 8312:"Tonga: New Zealand and Australian aid planes to arrive" 7560: 7117:"Major blast in Tonga create tsunami and heavy ash fall" 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 5647: 2038:. The tsunami also damaged fishing nets on the coast of 1533:; evacuation was declared for twelve other regions. The 1427:, and a marine warning for the east coast of Australia, 1165:(PTWC) said tide levels rose 29 cm (11 in) in 8007:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 6406:"Tsunami hits Tonga after underwater volcanic eruption" 5485: 4884:"Evidence Tonga's volcano may still be erupting – NIWA" 4514:(13). American Geophysical Union (AGU): e2022GL099381. 4419:"Tonga eruption likely the world's largest in 30 years" 3467:"Tongan geologists observe stunning eruptions at Hunga" 942:

and the tsunami caused extensive damage at a marina in

292:

test. It is thought that in recent centuries, only the

9968:"Waves from eruption in Tonga cause oil spill in Peru" 9247: 7497:

A Tsunami Advisory is now in effect for American Samoa

5984:

Consulate of the Kingdom of Tonga (18 January 2022).

5210: 3441:. Government of Tonga. 14 January 2022. Archived from 1900:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

993:

The signature of the tsunami was observed beneath the

11922: 9438:"When volcanoes go bang, submarine cables do … what?" 7202:"Se cancela alerta de tsunami en la costa de Ecuador" 6974: 6972: 6759: 6348: 4610: 4608: 3991:

Bureau of Meteorology, Australia (16 January 2022).

1984:

and government officials at a beach in Peru after an

1610:, as two port workers in Nukuʻalofa tested positive. 1153:

There was an unusually high tide along the coasts of

722:

Large volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of

431:(GOES-West) and shown using the Mid-level Water Vapor 10081:

Rojas, T; Gándara, M.; Osses, S. (15 January 2022).

9998:

Gob.pe (Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano)

9404: 9214:

Tahlea Aualiitia, Edwina Seselja (17 January 2022).

8634:(in Japanese). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. 8063:. National Tsunami Warning Center. 16 January 2022. 7827: 4299:"No, Hunga-Tonga eruption won't slow global warming" 4250: 3393:. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey. 3104: 619:

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

427:

Shockwave from the Hunga Tonga eruption captured by

336:

drifted to the north-north-east and spread over the

11539:

2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami

9696: 9281:"How will Tonga's broken internet cable be mended?" 8336: 7971:"Tsunami Advisory For Hawaiʻi After Tonga Eruption" 7471:. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 15 January 2022. 5543: 5541: 5421: 5419: 3175:"Tonga eruption was 'record atmospheric explosion'" 2982: 2980: 2701: 2699: 2322:(RFMF) personnel and engineers that would join the 1922:

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

1076:with a height of 0.25 m (9.8 in), and at 24:

2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami

11365: 11121: 11089: 9344:"More breaks on Tonga cable suspected on Fiji end" 9342: 8291: 7529: 7115: 6969: 5557: 4605: 3465: 3241: 2987:Poli, Piero; Shapiro, Nikolai M. (20 April 2022). 2314:Fiji's Attorney General and Acting Prime Minister 1787:United Nations Institute for Training and Research 1142:were reported, while small waves were observed at 10598:"Global aid effort underway for Tonga's recovery" 10080: 8771: 8369:"Tonga enters Covid lockdown after aid delivered" 6612:"JMA: Tsunami from eruption lacks usual features" 6321: 5035: 4003:from the original on 17 January 2022 – via 3423:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2289:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2209:carried survey equipment and a helicopter, while 1548:issued a warning of maritime disturbance for the 1049:, followed by 0.38 m (1 ft 3 in). 702: 11982: 10853:"Fiji deploys team and relief supplies to Tonga" 10022: 9213: 8933:"Tonga tsunami: Two deaths confirmed, MFAT says" 7854: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 5538: 5425: 5416: 5408:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5390:. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023 4955: 4323:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3699:Cheer, Louise; Palu, Kamilia (15 January 2022). 2977: 2788:Tonga volcano triggered seafloor debris stampede 2696: 2157:, causing "stunning" pink and purple skyscapes. 1749:Effects of the eruption in Saint George's Palace 1355:The Mineral Resources Department in Fiji issued 1259:related to slight atmospheric pressure changes. 1235:Minor tsunamis were measured as far away as the 726:into the stratosphere, causing the formation of 9036:. Channel News Asia. Reuters. 17 January 2022. 8833:. NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. 8272: 6734: 5979: 5977: 5975: 4852:"Explosive Tonga volcano 'surprisingly intact'" 4476: 4337: 4305:. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 4086: 3385:Sennert, Sally Kuhn, ed. (12–18 January 2022). 2106:, and six people were trapped in Coliumo (near 2102:Minor material damage occurred on the coast of 1860:reported that the eruption may have broken the 1459:. A warning and evacuation order was issued to 1245:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1114:) and 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in both 828:tsunami energy map on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai 635:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 567:According to a March 2022 paper in the journal 479:in Canada, 9,700 km (6,000 mi) away. 296:rivalled the atmospheric disturbance produced. 11158:civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu 10282: 9854: 9582:"MFAT confirms two deaths after Tonga tsunami" 9310:Rising, David; Perry, Nick (4 February 2022). 8517: 8515: 7633: 7614: 7107: 6809:. KPIX-TV. Associated Press. 15 January 2022. 4788:"Immense crater hole created in Tonga volcano" 4216: 3463: 3239: 2888:"Tonga volcano eruption continues to astonish" 2726: 2586:List of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century 2074:oil spill occurred at the La Pampilla refinery 517:. The pressure shockwave was also observed in 11456: 11330: 10512:. Al Jazeera Media Network. 17 January 2022. 9660: 8708: 8706: 8704: 7773: 7590:"Tsunami warning for American Samoa canceled" 7324:"Tsunami warning now issued for all of Tonga" 7263: 7261: 7147: 6688: 4908: 4170: 4113: 4067: 4048: 4018:Noyes, Jenny; Han, Esther (15 January 2022). 2857: 2673:"Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai: Eruptive History" 2561:were completed, restoring Internet to Tonga. 1824:Photos shared by a resident on the island of 1446:(UTC+9). A tsunami warning was issued in the 1419:in Australia, with a land warning issued for 811:Travel time of the tsunami across the Pacific 11177: 10446:"ADF supports Australia's response in Tonga" 10074: 9690: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8240: 7561:Sialai Sarafina Sanerivi (15 January 2022). 7465:"Message: American Samoa Warn/Adv./Watch #1" 6944: 6264:Hunt, Tom; Piper, Denise (16 January 2022). 5972: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5886: 5492:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4390: 4277: 3674:"New tsunami warning as waves hitting Tonga" 3671: 3619:. NASA Earth Observatory. 16 February 2022. 3613:"Tonga Volcano Plume Reached the Mesosphere" 2643:using techniques calibrated for earthquakes. 2462:the delivery of humanitarian aid, while the 11363: 10138:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9806: 9309: 8512: 8461:"NZ official: Some feared missing in Tonga" 8219: 7947:. San Francisco: KPIX-TV. 15 January 2022. 7661:Hussey, Sam; Bruno, Gus (16 January 2022). 7660: 7194: 6382:. ABC News. 15 January 2022. Archived from 6290: 5771: 4781: 4779: 4726:Díaz, J. S.; Rigby, S. E. (9 August 2022). 3576: 3492: 2986: 2486:Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation 978:, 0.82 m (2 ft 8 in) at the 670:Nature Communications Earth and Environment 11463: 11449: 10819: 10444:Defence, Department of (18 January 2022). 9164:"Volcanic eruption takes out Tonga cables" 8701: 8583: 8581: 8084: 8082: 7885: 7258: 6291:Groenestein, Catherine (18 January 2022). 5774:"Another tsunami warning issued for Tonga" 4614: 4470: 4246: 4244: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3235: 3233: 2811: 2809: 2514: 685:Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai in December 2021 558:of the spreading high-altitude smoke cloud 29: 11402:– Copernicus Emergency Management Service 11267:"SpaceX engineers in Fiji for six months" 10820:Naivalurua, Navitalai (29 January 2022). 9930: 9833: 9405:Agence France-Presse (15 February 2022). 9278: 8716:. 1 News. 16 January 2022. Archived from 8618: 8616: 8546: 8426: 8424: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7012: 6917: 6801: 6799: 6636: 6463: 6349:Bureau of Meteorology (16 January 2021). 6263: 6052: 5955: 5945: 5907: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5690: 5503: 5470: 5294: 5236: 5179: 4932: 4751: 4725: 4702: 4692: 4596: 4543: 3902: 3804: 3802: 3698: 3570: 3508: 3493:Walter, Thomas R.; Cesca, Simone (2022). 3325: 3323: 3321: 3141: 3131: 2834: 2639:This is an explosion which magnitude was 2266:vessel while the United Kingdom deployed 1995:In Fiji, the eruption triggered waves in 1619:Deaths, injuries and missings by country 1279:and 0.65 m (2 ft 2 in) in 1176:on 15 January at 12:35 by tide gauges at 1172:The tsunami was first detected along the 260:waves up to 20 m (66 ft) high. 16:Volcanic event in the South Pacific Ocean 12066:January 2022 events in the United States 10788: 10250: 10180:"In brief: News from around the Pacific" 10016: 9874: 8841: 8767: 8765: 8455: 8453: 8220:Waqairadovu, Apenisa (16 January 2022). 8192: 7318: 7316: 7113: 6078:"Tongan tsunami felt around the Pacific" 5772:Waqairadovu, Apenisa (15 January 2022). 4843: 4776: 4655: 4446: 4444: 4331: 4251:Robin George Andrews (16 January 2022). 4017: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3354: 3352: 2384:including access to safe drinking water. 2164: 1808: 1796: 1773:. Only two buildings remained intact on 1744: 1329: 1198:National Autonomous University of Mexico 881: 549: 11431:Update on the eruption and consequences 11331:Krishnamurthi, Sri (22 February 2022). 10942:. Xinhua News Agency. 18 January 2022. 10914:Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Remarks 10443: 10385: 10230: 9774: 9697:Apenisa Waqairadovu (16 January 2022). 9435: 9183: 9181: 9161: 9007: 8924: 8847: 8578: 8079: 7689:"Officials: No tsunami threat to Japan" 7654: 7627: 7055: 6630: 6515: 6489: 6231: 6129: 6127: 6125: 5547: 5002: 4286:on 16 January 2022 – via Twitter. 4241: 4189: 4179:on 19 January 2022 – via Twitter. 4076:on 17 January 2022 – via Twitter. 4057:on 17 January 2022 – via Twitter. 3929: 3725: 3529: 3384: 3230: 2967:Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998 2806: 2593:– possibly an earlier eruption in Tonga 1538:Chilean National Office for Emergency ( 1385:emitted in the air by the eruption. In 1275:, 0.72 m (2 ft 4 in) in 1064:, 0.31 m (1 ft 0 in) in 1060:, 0.36 m (1 ft 2 in) in 982:, 0.77 m (2 ft 6 in) at 974:, 1.10 m (3 ft 7 in) at 11983: 11297: 10761: 10369:. Radio New Zealand. 20 January 2022. 10049: 9970:. Channel News Asia. 18 January 2022. 9547: 9500:. Radio New Zealand. 17 January 2022. 9373: 9243: 9241: 9191:. Radio New Zealand. 16 January 2022. 9083: 9081: 9062:. Radio New Zealand. 18 January 2022. 9013: 8930: 8613: 8557: 8484: 8482: 8421: 8292:Kirisitiana Uluwai (17 January 2022). 7912: 7762: 7691:. NHK. 15 January 2022. Archived from 7457: 7342: 7326:. Radio New Zealand. 15 January 2022. 7136: 7089:Tsunami Information Statement Number 1 6796: 6730: 6728: 6576: 6574: 6374: 6372: 6075: 5854: 5792: 5275:Communications Earth & Environment 5105:Communications Earth & Environment 4818: 4296: 3866: 3808: 3799: 3783:. Radio New Zealand. 16 January 2022. 3362:. Radio New Zealand. 14 January 2022. 3318: 3001:(8). agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 2881: 2879: 2149:placed on hold. The ash cloud reached 938:A combination of a cyclone surge from 895:Animation of the tsunami's propagation 12146:2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami 11444: 11364:Abdel-Baqui, Omar (19 January 2022). 11312:from the original on 22 February 2022 11264: 10875: 10850: 10595: 10564: 10260:. Newshub. Reuters. 16 January 2022. 9960: 9748: 9678:from the original on 15 February 2022 9522: 9490: 9478:from the original on 23 February 2022 9417:from the original on 20 February 2022 9386:from the original on 12 February 2022 9340: 9322:from the original on 10 February 2022 9174:from the original on 17 January 2022. 9099:from the original on 18 January 2022. 9022:from the original on 17 January 2022. 8951: 8837:from the original on 16 January 2022. 8772:Radio New Zealand (19 January 2022). 8762: 8732: 8667:from the original on 15 January 2022. 8450: 8300:from the original on 17 January 2022. 8281:from the original on 17 January 2022. 8193:Pachecho, Adriana (15 January 2022). 7879: 7707: 7348: 7313: 7168: 6918:McChesney, Rashah (15 January 2022). 6895:. Associated Press. 16 January 2022. 6881: 6322:Radio New Zealand (16 January 2022). 6315: 6185: 6096: 5580: 5518: 4477:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (8 June 2022). 4441: 4255:. National Geographic. Archived from 3938:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 3891: 3835: 3692: 3623:from the original on 21 February 2022 3349: 3306:from the original on 25 December 2021 3250:from the original on 21 December 2021 2957: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2602:2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption 2568:, who became widely known during the 2087:. San Francisco firefighters and the 1392:Tsunami warnings were also issued to 12071:January 2022 events in South America 11378:from the original on 20 January 2022 11279:from the original on 8 February 2022 11246:from the original on 7 February 2022 11192:from the original on 27 January 2022 11134:from the original on 24 January 2022 11102:from the original on 24 January 2022 11040:from the original on 26 January 2022 11027: 11009:from the original on 17 January 2022 10973:from the original on 27 January 2022 10964: 10946:from the original on 18 January 2022 10920:from the original on 18 January 2022 10890:from the original on 23 January 2022 10863:from the original on 30 January 2022 10832:from the original on 30 January 2022 10801:from the original on 19 January 2022 10789:Krishant, Naveel (19 January 2022). 10770:from the original on 19 January 2022 10743:from the original on 17 January 2022 10734: 10716:from the original on 17 January 2022 10686:from the original on 26 January 2022 10646:from the original on 28 January 2022 10610:from the original on 23 January 2022 10577:from the original on 21 January 2022 10546:from the original on 18 January 2022 10516:from the original on 17 January 2022 10486:from the original on 16 January 2022 10425:from the original on 17 January 2022 10399:from the original on 16 January 2022 10373:from the original on 20 January 2022 10347:from the original on 18 January 2022 10321:from the original on 25 January 2022 10264:from the original on 15 January 2022 10212:from the original on 17 January 2022 10186:from the original on 17 January 2022 10160:from the original on 17 January 2022 10120:from the original on 2 February 2022 10107: 10089:from the original on 24 January 2022 10062:from the original on 23 January 2022 10031:from the original on 16 January 2022 10023:Jerimiah Oetting (15 January 2022). 10004:from the original on 22 January 2022 9974:from the original on 19 January 2022 9948:from the original on 17 January 2022 9918:from the original on 17 January 2022 9900: 9888:from the original on 16 January 2022 9842:from the original on 16 January 2022 9827: 9815:from the original on 18 January 2022 9800: 9788:from the original on 16 January 2022 9762:from the original on 16 January 2022 9736:from the original on 17 January 2022 9705:from the original on 17 January 2022 9588:from the original on 18 January 2022 9535:from the original on 17 January 2022 9504:from the original on 17 January 2022 9355:from the original on 9 February 2022 9291:from the original on 24 January 2022 9260:from the original on 30 January 2022 9226:from the original on 18 January 2022 9195:from the original on 16 January 2022 9178: 9143:from the original on 16 January 2022 9117:from the original on 19 January 2022 9066:from the original on 17 January 2022 9040:from the original on 17 January 2022 9026: 8995:from the original on 20 January 2022 8939:from the original on 18 January 2022 8882:from the original on 17 January 2022 8856:from the original on 17 January 2022 8848:Dreaver, Barbara (16 January 2022). 8811:from the original on 21 January 2022 8784:from the original on 19 January 2022 8750:from the original on 16 January 2022 8689:from the original on 20 January 2022 8601:from the original on 16 January 2022 8566:from the original on 20 January 2022 8560:"Fiji rebuilds after tsunami damage" 8521: 8500:from the original on 25 January 2022 8467:from the original on 16 January 2022 8438:from the original on 18 January 2022 8409:from the original on 9 February 2022 8379:from the original on 5 February 2022 8349:from the original on 20 January 2022 8318:from the original on 20 January 2022 8254:from the original on 17 January 2022 8228:from the original on 15 January 2022 8201:from the original on 17 January 2022 8174:from the original on 16 January 2022 8148:from the original on 15 January 2022 8122:from the original on 15 January 2022 8096:from the original on 16 January 2022 8067:from the original on 18 January 2022 8041:from the original on 16 January 2022 8011:from the original on 15 January 2022 7981:from the original on 15 January 2022 7951:from the original on 15 January 2022 7925:from the original on 16 January 2022 7894:from the original on 15 January 2022 7836:from the original on 15 January 2022 7809:from the original on 15 January 2022 7782:from the original on 15 January 2022 7747:from the original on 19 January 2022 7721:from the original on 15 January 2022 7681: 7669:from the original on 16 January 2022 7642:from the original on 22 January 2022 7596:from the original on 15 January 2022 7563:"Samoa's MET issues tsunami warning" 7542:from the original on 16 January 2022 7475:from the original on 15 January 2022 7445:from the original on 15 January 2022 7419:from the original on 15 January 2022 7361:from the original on 15 January 2022 7330:from the original on 15 January 2022 7301:from the original on 17 January 2022 7275:from the original on 16 January 2022 7182:from the original on 16 January 2022 7156:from the original on 16 January 2022 7124:from the original on 15 January 2022 7069:from the original on 16 January 2022 6957:from the original on 16 January 2022 6899:from the original on 16 January 2022 6869:from the original on 16 January 2022 6843:from the original on 16 January 2022 6813:from the original on 15 January 2022 6747:from the original on 15 January 2022 6676:from the original on 17 January 2022 6667: 6649:from the original on 20 January 2022 6618:from the original on 25 January 2022 6529:from the original on 15 January 2022 6503:from the original on 15 January 2022 6477:from the original on 15 January 2022 6437: 6357:from the original on 15 January 2022 6330:from the original on 16 January 2022 6303:from the original on 4 February 2022 6272:from the original on 16 January 2022 6245:from the original on 16 January 2022 6194:from the original on 17 January 2022 6167:from the original on 15 January 2022 6122: 6110:from the original on 19 January 2022 6084:from the original on 15 January 2022 5895:from the original on 15 January 2022 5868:from the original on 15 January 2022 5824: 5812:from the original on 15 January 2022 5780:from the original on 15 January 2022 5727:from the original on 3 February 2022 5629:from the original on 27 January 2022 5593:from the original on 15 January 2022 5548:Krieger, Lisa M. (15 January 2022). 4849: 4785: 4577:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4450: 4429:from the original on 16 January 2022 4399:from the original on 15 January 2022 4372:from the original on 15 January 2022 4346:from the original on 17 January 2022 4229:from the original on 17 January 2022 4198:from the original on 16 January 2022 4152:from the original on 17 January 2022 4142:"トンガ火山噴火による衝撃波が地球1周して再来か今朝も各地で気圧変化" 4087:Jörg Kachelmann (15 January 2022). 3972:from the original on 16 January 2022 3942:from the original on 15 January 2022 3911:from the original on 22 January 2022 3879:from the original on 16 January 2022 3848:from the original on 16 January 2022 3817:from the original on 16 January 2022 3787:from the original on 16 January 2022 3773: 3761:from the original on 15 January 2022 3734:from the original on 15 January 2022 3707:from the original on 15 January 2022 3680:from the original on 15 January 2022 3653:from the original on 21 January 2022 3649:. VAAC Wellington. 15 January 2022. 3548:from the original on 17 January 2022 3474:from the original on 16 January 2022 3405:from the original on 20 January 2022 3366:from the original on 14 January 2022 3337:from the original on 15 January 2022 3203: 3172: 3086:from the original on 24 January 2022 3047: 2885: 2714:from the original on 17 January 2022 2046:were cancelled due to the warnings. 1474:issued a tsunami advisory along the 1415:A tsunami warning was issued by the 1402:National Emergency Management Agency 562: 511:Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory 299: 10965:Wong, Catherine (27 January 2022). 10676:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 10283:Jacinda Ardern (16 January 2022). 9374:Spence, Rebecca (9 February 2022). 9279:Wakefield, Jane (24 January 2022). 9238: 9078: 8981: 8868: 8479: 8273:Naveel Krishant (17 January 2022). 8248:"American Samoa Warn/Adv./Watch #4" 7615:@NZcivildefence (15 January 2022). 7587: 7521: 6737:"На Курилах объявили угрозу цунами" 6725: 6571: 6369: 5765: 4669:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 4338:Hamish Cardwell (17 January 2022). 3486: 3240:Mary Lyn Fonua (21 December 2021). 3041: 2886:Amos, Jonathan (13 December 2022). 2876: 1465:Fire and Disaster Management Agency 1267:In Peru, two people were killed in 182:Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc 13: 11470: 11417:International Seismological Centre 11345:from the original on 17 March 2022 11298:Halpin, James (22 February 2022). 11028:Ting, Choo Yun (18 January 2022). 10764:"RFMF to assist Tonga through ADF" 10762:Pratap, Ritika (19 January 2022). 9162:Duckett, Chris (17 January 2022). 9014:Porter, Nadine (17 January 2022). 8641:from the original on 24 March 2022 8222:"Tsunami alert cancelled for Fiji" 8061:"Public Tsunami Message Number 23" 7634:William Hewett (15 January 2022). 7588:Ufi, Elizabeth (15 January 2022). 7382:"Tsunami alert in effect for Fiji" 7246:from the original on 13 March 2022 7214:from the original on 13 March 2022 7114:Klemetti, Erik (15 January 2022). 6351:"New South Wales Tsunami Bulletin" 6214:"Cost of natural disasters – ICNZ" 6004: 5003:Persico, Christina (16 May 2024). 4411: 4217:Staff Reporter (17 January 2022). 4190:Burnett, A. J. (16 January 2022). 4171:Michael Bunds (17 January 2022). 4114:UK Met Office (16 January 2022). 4068:@Ben_Domensino (15 January 2022). 4049:@Ben_Domensino (15 January 2022). 3836:Gates, Charlie (16 January 2022). 3809:Pavihi, Esther (16 January 2022). 3726:Narayan, Vijay (15 January 2022). 3464:Mary Lyn Fonua (15 January 2022). 3439:"Tsunami Marine Warning for Tonga" 3399:10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20220112-243040 3276:. 19 December 2021. Archived from 3029:from the original on 23 April 2022 2905: 2858:Maya Wei-Haas (21 November 2022). 2767:from the original on 13 March 2022 2656: 2541:had earlier petitioned SpaceX CEO 2244:humanitarian aid mechanism of the 2122:and Biobío as of 16 January 2022. 1636: 1586: 1255:at 16:11 UTC. These may have been 1068:, and 0.29 m (11 in) at 14: 12222: 11393: 10766:. Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. 10735:Foon, Eleisha (17 January 2022). 9723: 9614:. 18 January 2022. Archived from 9448:from the original on 3 March 2022 8965:. 18 January 2022. Archived from 8931:Halpin, James (18 January 2022). 8908:. 16 January 2022. Archived from 8296:. Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. 8224:. Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. 7774:Cristal Hamer (15 January 2022). 7410: 7379: 7349:Clark, George (15 January 2022). 7148:Nicolás Parra (16 January 2022). 6780:. 15 January 2022. Archived from 6709:. 16 January 2022. Archived from 6588:. 16 January 2022. Archived from 6559:from the original on 9 March 2022 6412:. 15 January 2022. Archived from 6186:Piper, Denise (16 January 2022). 5838:. 15 January 2022. Archived from 4297:Morton, Jamie (17 January 2022). 4278:@Weather_West (15 January 2022). 3930:Carroll, Luke (15 January 2022). 3867:Berman, Annie (16 January 2022). 3204:Khan, Aina J. (15 January 2022). 2597:2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami 747:In September 2023, the Antarctic 11968: 11956: 11944: 11932: 11547: 11357: 11324: 11291: 11258: 11226: 11214:(Press release). 25 January 2022 11204: 11178:Media Center (25 January 2022). 11171: 11146: 11114: 11082: 11052: 11021: 10985: 10958: 10932: 10902: 10844: 10813: 10782: 10755: 10728: 10698: 10658: 10622: 10596:Lewis, Lydia (23 January 2022). 10589: 10558: 10528: 10498: 10468: 10437: 10411: 10359: 10333: 10307: 10276: 10224: 10198: 10172: 10146: 10101: 10050:Stuart, Ryan (18 January 2022). 10043: 9986: 9717: 9630: 9600: 9574: 9523:Regan, Helen (17 January 2022). 9516: 9460: 9436:Speidel, Ulrich (1 March 2022). 9429: 9398: 9367: 9341:Folau, Linny (8 February 2022). 9334: 9303: 9272: 9207: 9155: 9129: 9103: 9052: 8894: 8823: 8796: 8671: 8653: 8558:Movono, Lice (20 January 2022). 8522:Latu, Kalino (30 January 2022). 8391: 8361: 8330: 8304: 8285: 8266: 8213: 8186: 8160: 8134: 8108: 8053: 8023: 7993: 7963: 7937: 7906: 7848: 7821: 7794: 7733: 7608: 7581: 7565:. Samoa Observer. Archived from 7554: 7487: 7431: 7404: 7373: 7287: 7226: 7081: 7029: 6945:Carla Wilson (17 January 2022). 6938: 6911: 6855: 6825: 6668:Choi, Woo-ri (17 January 2022). 6661: 6604: 6541: 6428: 6398: 6342: 6284: 6257: 6206: 6179: 6153: 6076:Movono, Lice (16 January 2022). 5887:Kaniva Staff (15 January 2022). 4896:from the original on 26 May 2022 4864:from the original on 26 May 2022 4831:from the original on 26 May 2022 4800:from the original on 24 May 2022 4391:Shane Cronin (16 January 2022). 3672:Kaniva Staff (15 January 2022). 3577:Simon Proud (20 January 2022). 3558: 3517:from the original on 25 May 2022 3185:from the original on 15 May 2022 3060:from the original on 13 May 2022 2761:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202202-243040 2492: 2470: 2440: 2432:also planned to offer more than 2406: 2388: 2366: 2347: 2340: 2320:Republic of Fiji Military Forces 2070:Peruvian Civil Defense Institute 1973: 1951: 1937: 1801:Effects of the eruption in Tonga 1262: 1097: 818: 804: 767: 690: 678: 543:detected the eruption using its 420: 402: 304: 286:atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 12201:2022 disasters in South America 12196:2022 disasters in North America 11265:Reece, Lena (8 February 2022). 10851:Reece, Lena (30 January 2022). 10565:Foley, Mike (19 January 2022). 10000:(in Spanish). 20 January 2022. 9944:(in Spanish). 15 January 2022. 9914:(in Spanish). 16 January 2022. 9807:Chelsee Yee (17 January 2022). 9784:. Kyodo News. 16 January 2022. 8991:. Yahoo News. 20 January 2022. 7913:Seimas, Jim (15 January 2021). 7242:(in Spanish). 15 January 2022. 7210:(in Spanish). 15 January 2022. 6069: 5880: 5739: 5707: 5641: 5605: 5581:Perry, Nick (16 January 2022). 5574: 5519:Baker, Harry (7 October 2023). 5512: 5479: 5446: 5339: 5319: 5261: 5204: 5147: 5092: 5029: 4996: 4949: 4876: 4812: 4719: 4560: 4384: 4358: 4290: 4271: 4210: 4183: 4164: 4134: 4107: 4080: 4061: 4042: 4011: 3984: 3954: 3923: 3860: 3829: 3746: 3719: 3665: 3635: 3605: 3457: 3431: 3391:Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 3378: 3292: 3262: 3197: 3166: 3098: 3072: 2945:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2936: 2633: 2273:. After 23 crew members of the 2235:maritime patrol aircraft and a 2228:to assist with relief efforts. 1907:Fuaʻamotu International Airport 1879:University of the South Pacific 1522:until early the following day. 1476:West Coast of the United States 1472:National Tsunami Warning Center 1080:for 0.24 m (9.4 in). 464:United States Geological Survey 368: 278:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 12136:Volcanism of the Pacific Ocean 12061:January 2022 events in Oceania 10231:Thomson, Jess (15 July 2022). 7886:Rhoda Kwan (15 January 2022). 6555:. Tokyo, Japan. 8 March 2022. 5804:Turaga, Semi; Narayan, Vijay. 4934:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112165 4850:Amos, Jonathan (24 May 2022). 4786:Amos, Jonathan (24 May 2022). 4621:Seismological Research Letters 4451:Koop, Fermin (4 August 2022). 3401:(inactive 13 September 2024). 3173:Amos, Jonathan (15 May 2022). 2851: 2779: 2624: 1163:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center 1072:. Waves were also observed at 703:Climate and atmospheric impact 497:, and Australia to 6.9 hPa at 1: 12131:Volcanic eruptions in Oceania 12101:Tsunamis in the United States 10857:Fiji Broadcasting Corporation 10421:. ABC News. 16 January 2022. 10208:. ABC News. 17 January 2022. 9834:HNN Staff (16 January 2022). 8878:. Sky News. 17 January 2022. 8663:. Sky News. 15 January 2022. 8434:. BBC News. 18 January 2022. 8314:. BBC News. 20 January 2022. 8294:"Fijians warned of acid rain" 7386:Fiji Broadcasting Corporation 7297:. SBS News. 17 January 2022. 6637:Wu Zixian (16 January 2022). 5649:Gizem Ezgi (September 2022). 3903:Oli Smith (15 January 2022). 3510:10.5194/egusphere-egu22-13590 3499:. EGU General Assembly 2022. 3082:. BBC News. 24 January 2022. 2953:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00670-6 2650: 2527:Fiji Broadcasting Corporation 2456:EU Civil Protection Mechanism 2282:Legislative Assembly of Tonga 2173:New Zealand's prime minister 2160: 1849:group, Fonoi and Mango, as a 1346: 1325: 1126:). Significant waves hit the 707:The eruption produced a high 485:explosion caused atmospheric 12211:January 2022 events in Tonga 11499:Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970) 11185:Ministry of External Affairs 10969:. South China Morning Post. 5459:Geophysical Research Letters 5217:Geophysical Research Letters 5160:Geophysical Research Letters 4508:Geophysical Research Letters 2823:Earthquake Research Advances 2607:List of earthquakes in Tonga 2545:for assistance in providing 2295:has offered its assistance. 2186:was preparing to sail and a 1928: 1890:damaging it, similar to the 1841:village were destroyed. The 629:A 2022 study in the journal 569:Earthquake Research Advances 509:, and at least twice at the 466:estimated the eruption at a 323:Volcanic Ash Advisory Center 7: 12056:January 2022 events in Asia 9699:"Storm surges damage homes" 9558:. ReliefWeb. Archived from 7065:. Paudal. 16 January 2022. 6985:Pure and Applied Geophysics 6241:. 1 News. 16 January 2022. 5926:Pure and Applied Geophysics 5864:. 1 News. 15 January 2022. 3333:. 1 News. 15 January 2022. 3048:Hunt, Katie (12 May 2022). 2913:"Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai" 2836:10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100134 2579: 2564:Tongan Olympian flagbearer 2400:Singapore Red Cross Society 2376:: Israeli Foreign Minister 2179:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2072:said on 17 January that an 1960:International Space Station 1892:1929 Grand Banks earthquake 1868:had earlier stated that an 1440:Japan Meteorological Agency 1320: 1161:. At 11:55 local time, the 1134:in the neighboring city of 931:in height were recorded in 717:terrestrial gamma-ray flash 556:International Space Station 438:The explosion was heard in 10: 12227: 12126:Volcanic eruptions in 2022 12096:Tsunamis in American Samoa 9139:. Stuff. 16 January 2022. 7715:"奄美群島・トカラ列島に津波警報（予想高さ３ｍ）" 7495:"Tsunami Message Number 1 7005:10.1007/s00024-022-03017-9 6639:"高屏宜花東海嘯水位「亮黃燈」？鄭明典揭台灣影響" 6497:"奄美に１・２メートルの津波到達トンガ噴火影響か" 6163:. Stuff. 16 January 2022. 5938:10.1007/s00024-022-03215-5 5675:10.1038/s41586-022-05170-6 5372:10.1038/s41558-022-01568-2 5296:10.1038/s43247-022-00618-z 5125:10.1038/s43247-022-00606-3 4974:10.1007/s10712-022-09753-w 4753:10.1007/s00193-022-01092-4 4694:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117639 2994:American Geophysical Union 2535:New Zealand National Party 2529:'s FBC News reported that 2359:Red Cross Society of China 2241:Royal Australian Air Force 2085:China Beach, San Francisco 2007:. In the village of Moce, 1228:. The shockwave-triggered 795: 754: 666:University of Rhode Island 592:American Geophysical Union 198:Volcanic Explosivity Index 12186:2022 disasters in Oceania 12046:2022 in Wallis and Futuna 11896: 11844: 11796: 11787: 11747: 11738: 11649: 11640: 11598: 11565: 11556: 11545: 11479: 10571:The Sydney Morning Herald 8035:emergencyinfobc.gov.bc.ca 6523:"仙台港などでも津波観測トンガ沖・海底火山噴火" 5836:The Sydney Morning Herald 5332:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4024:The Sydney Morning Herald 3617:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 3544:. USGS. 15 January 2022. 3302:. RNZ. 25 December 2021. 2458:, the EU coordinate with 1764:New Zealand Defence Force 1613: 1457:2016 Fukushima earthquake 1190:Baja California Peninsula 766: 761: 294:Krakatoa eruption of 1883 159:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai 143: 133: 82: 66: 58: 50: 45:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai 40: 28: 23: 10343:. RNZ. 18 January 2022. 10317:. RNZ. 17 January 2022. 10182:. RNZ. 17 January 2022. 10156:. RNZ. 17 January 2022. 10108:CA18 (16 January 2022). 9756:"高知県徳島県三重県で漁船沈没や転覆相次ぐ" 9584:. RNZ. 18 January 2022. 9113:. RNZ. 18 January 2022. 8463:. NHK. 16 January 2022. 7741:"津波注意報、全地域で解除トンガ沖の海底噴火" 6614:. NHK. 16 January 2022. 6471:"津波情報＝気象庁発表（津波観測に関する情報）" 5440:10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0437.1 4825:www.volcanodiscovery.com 4368:. RNZ. 16 January 2022. 3703:. Yahoo News Australia. 2918:Global Volcanism Program 2748:Global Volcanism Program 2678:Global Volcanism Program 2617: 2324:Australian Defence Force 2237:Lockheed C-130J Hercules 2177:said officials from the 2081:San Gregorio, California 1740: 873:synthetic aperture radar 869:digital elevation models 608:Global Volcanism Program 272:. Two people drowned in 12206:Tsunamis in New Zealand 12161:2022 in the environment 12001:2022 disasters in Chile 11372:The Wall Street Journal 5988:(Tweet). Archived from 5062:10.1126/science.abo4076 4685:2022E&PSL.59117639V 4282:(Tweet). Archived from 4175:(Tweet). Archived from 4118:(Tweet). Archived from 4072:(Tweet). Archived from 4053:(Tweet). Archived from 3133:10.1126/science.abo7063 2923:Smithsonian Institution 2753:Smithsonian Institution 2683:Smithsonian Institution 2515:Non-state interventions 2452:Tonga Red Cross Society 2200:Lockheed C-130 Hercules 1004: 911:. The islands of Moce, 844:was evacuated from the 653:in the troposphere and 605:Smithsonian Institution 12191:2022 disasters in Asia 11991:2022 in American Samoa 11239:The New Zealand Herald 9642:The New Zealand Herald 8963:The New Zealand Herald 8778:The New Zealand Herald 8744:The New Zealand Herald 7975:bigislandvideonews.com 7355:The New Zealand Herald 6922:. KTOO. Archived from 6037:10.1126/sciadv.adf5493 4819:Martin (25 May 2022). 4303:The New Zealand Herald 2522:The New Zealand Herald 2184:Royal New Zealand Navy 2170: 2097:Santa Cruz, California 1818: 1802: 1750: 1492:Santa Cruz, California 1339: 1108:San Luis Obispo County 980:Gold Coast, Queensland 896: 559: 545:microwave limb sounder 468:surface-wave magnitude 12116:Tsunamis in Australia 11718:Deputy Prime Minister 11524:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 7120:. Discover Magazine. 5352:Nature Climate Change 4962:Surveys in Geophysics 4342:. Radio New Zealand. 2947:65:19 (October 2001) 2722:– via Facebook. 2591:1808 mystery eruption 2576:fundraising website. 2537:Member of Parliament 2502:: On 25 January, the 2480:: On 25 January, the 2416:: On 20 January, the 2398:: On 18 January, the 2357:: On 17 January, the 2293:Pacific Islands Forum 2168: 2137:flight from Tokyo to 1988:caused by the tsunami 1812: 1800: 1748: 1496:Pacific Standard Time 1417:Bureau of Meteorology 1333: 968:Bureau of Meteorology 894: 553: 153:In December 2021, an 11411:CIMSS Satellite Blog 9674:. 14 February 2022. 9474:. 22 February 2022. 9318:. Associated Press. 6000:– via Twitter. 5623:Agence France-Presse 5589:. Associated Press. 5505:10.1029/2024JD041296 5472:10.1029/2023GL104634 5238:10.1029/2022GL100982 5181:10.1029/2022GL099660 4598:10.1029/2021GC009803 4528:10.1029/2022gl099381 4395:. The Conversation. 4130:– via Twitter. 4103:– via Twitter. 3873:Anchorage Daily News 3015:10.1029/2022GL098123 2872:on 21 November 2022. 2570:2016 Summer Olympics 2559:Southern Cross Cable 2233:Boeing P-8A Poseidon 2040:Tokushima Prefecture 1858:Southern Cross Cable 949:Great Barrier Island 350:Surtseyan explosions 212:The eruption caused 12166:Tsunamis in Ecuador 12151:Surtseyan eruptions 12086:Tsunamis in Vanuatu 12021:2022 in New Zealand 11242:. 6 February 2022. 11130:. 20 January 2022. 11098:. 24 January 2022. 11070:on 11 February 2022 11005:. 17 January 2022. 10826:www.fijivillage.com 10682:. 27 January 2022. 10642:. 27 January 2022. 10542:. 17 January 2022. 10482:. 16 January 2022. 10450:news.defence.gov.au 10056:Santa Cruz Sentinel 9838:. Hawaii News Now. 9095:. 18 January 2022. 8746:. 16 January 2022. 8685:. 19 January 2022. 8597:. 16 January 2022. 8496:. 23 January 2022. 8405:. 1 February 2022. 8375:. 2 February 2022. 8037:. 15 January 2022. 7977:. 15 January 2022. 7919:Santa Cruz Sentinel 6997:2022PApGe.179.1117R 6893:Santa Cruz Sentinel 6865:. 16 January 2022. 6029:2023SciA....9F5493P 5723:. 1 February 2022. 5667:2022Natur.609..728L 5625:. 17 January 2022. 5587:The Washington Post 5364:2023NatCC..13..127J 5287:2022ComEE...3..288S 5229:2022GeoRL..4900982C 5172:2022GeoRL..4999660B 5117:2022ComEE...3..314G 5054:2022Sci...378..554P 4744:2022ShWav..32..553D 4633:2023SeiRL..94..617S 4589:2021GGG....2209803I 4520:2022GeoRL..4999381M 4425:. 17 January 2022. 3968:. 15 January 2022. 3813:. Television Niue. 3280:on 20 December 2021 3124:2022Sci...377...95M 3007:2022GeoRL..4998123P 2865:National Geographic 2464:European Commission 2418:Japanese government 2328:shipping containers 2316:Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum 2196:RNZAF Base Auckland 2062:San Andrés District 2051:Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 1620: 1484:Southern California 1444:Japan Standard Time 1365:Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum 1180:. At the coasts of 1174:coastline of Mexico 1124:Northern California 1112:Southern California 643:computer simulation 105: / 12171:Tsunamis in Taiwan 12121:Tsunamis in Russia 11996:2022 in California 11765:Telecommunications 11425:authoritative data 10998:The Jerusalem Post 10456:on 20 January 2022 9942:El Comercio (Peru) 9870:. 16 January 2022. 9648:on 18 January 2022 9618:on 18 January 2022 9562:on 17 January 2022 8969:on 18 January 2022 8912:on 16 January 2022 8720:on 16 January 2022 8534:on 30 January 2022 7867:on 15 January 2022 7695:on 15 January 2022 7569:on 15 January 2022 7392:on 15 January 2022 7095:on 15 January 2022 7043:on 15 January 2022 6926:on 15 January 2022 6784:on 15 January 2022 6713:on 16 January 2022 6707:The New York Times 6592:on 16 January 2022 6451:on 15 January 2022 6416:on 17 January 2022 6386:on 15 January 2022 6141:on 15 January 2022 5992:on 28 January 2022 5842:on 15 January 2022 5753:on 15 January 2022 5562:on 16 January 2022 5428:Journal of Climate 4641:10.1785/0220220233 4259:on 16 January 2022 4095:on 17 January 2022 4030:on 15 January 2022 3445:on 13 January 2022 3218:on 15 January 2022 3210:The New York Times 2795:, 8 September 2023 2285:Fatafehi Fakafanua 2171: 1862:Tonga Cable System 1819: 1803: 1751: 1618: 1498:(UTC−8) along the 1340: 1336:Okinawa Prefecture 1194:Manzanillo, Colima 1019:Tosashimizu, Kōchi 966:In Australia, the 897: 621:(NIWA) released a 560: 554:An image from the 110:20.550°S 175.385°W 12156:Plinian eruptions 12141:Volcanic tsunamis 12106:Tsunamis in Chile 12091:Tsunamis in Japan 12076:Tsunamis in Tonga 11920: 11919: 11892: 11891: 11783: 11782: 11734: 11733: 11708:Political parties 11669:Foreign relations 11636: 11635: 11590:Natural disasters 11575:Islands and towns 11534:COVID-19 pandemic 11514:Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua 11437:news, 8 June 2022 11338:Radio New Zealand 11034:The Straits Times 10603:Radio New Zealand 7861:Los Angeles Times 6643:United Daily News 5720:Radio New Zealand 5661:(7928): 728–733. 5434:(17): 4507–4521. 5048:(6619): 554–557. 4921:Ocean Engineering 3907:. Daily Express. 3647:Volcano discovery 3585:). Archived from 3470:. Matangi Tonga. 3246:. Matangi Tonga. 2555:fibre-optic cable 2482:Indian Government 2093:Santa Cruz harbor 1888:turbidity current 1738: 1737: 1608:COVID-19 lockdown 1550:Galápagos Islands 1408:, as well as the 1387:Wallis and Futuna 1304:Galapagos Islands 1128:Santa Cruz Harbor 892: 782:volcanic tsunamis 778: 777: 664:In mid-May 2024, 639:spectral analysis 631:Ocean Engineering 563:Academic research 473:Anchorage, Alaska 362:satellite imagery 317:was visible from 300:Volcanic activity 163:submarine volcano 151: 150: 115:-20.550; -175.385 12218: 12111:Tsunamis in Peru 12081:Tsunamis in Fiji 11973: 11972: 11961: 11960: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11928: 11905: 11794: 11793: 11760: 11745: 11744: 11726: 11647: 11646: 11563: 11562: 11551: 11465: 11458: 11451: 11442: 11441: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11369: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11125: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11093: 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11066:. 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Archived from 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7145: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7119: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7016: 6991:(4): 1117–1137. 6976: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6778:The Mercury News 6770: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6699: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6131: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6023:(15): eadf5493. 6017:Science Advances 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5981: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5949: 5916: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5891:. Kaniva Tonga. 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5808:. Fiji village. 5801: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5556:. Archived from 5554:The Mercury News 5545: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5298: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5240: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5183: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5013:. Archived from 5000: 4994: 4993: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4755: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4696: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4322: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4122:on 26 March 2022 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4026:. Archived from 4015: 4009: 4008: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3900: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3730:. Fiji Village. 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676:. Kaniva Tonga. 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3589:on 24 March 2022 3574: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3212:. Archived from 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3135: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 2984: 2975: 2961: 2955: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2868:. Archived from 2855: 2849: 2848: 2838: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2739: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2669: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2226:NH90 helicopters 2141:was diverted to 2089:U.S. Coast Guard 2016:Itoman (Okinawa) 1977: 1955: 1941: 1638: 1621: 1617: 1508:Vancouver Island 1506:archipelago and 1480:British Columbia 1461:Iwate Prefecture 1433:Macquarie Island 1425:Lord Howe Island 1384: 1383: 1382: 1277:Marcona District 1159:Vancouver Island 1155:British Columbia 1148:Nikolski, Alaska 1031:Iwate Prefecture 1011:Amami, Kagoshima 976:Lord Howe Island 893: 822: 808: 771: 770: 762:Nuku'alofa Tonga 759: 758: 694: 682: 499:Lord Howe Island 484: 424: 406: 381:Plinian eruption 246:Russian Far East 172:in the southern 129: 128: 126: 125: 124: 122: 117: 116: 111: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 54:20 December 2021 33: 21: 20: 12226: 12225: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12215: 12181:VEI-6 eruptions 12176:VEI-5 eruptions 12041:2022 in Vanuatu 11981: 11980: 11979: 11967: 11955: 11945: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11923: 11921: 11916: 11908: 11901: 11888: 11840: 11779: 11758: 11730: 11724: 11632: 11594: 11552: 11543: 11519:Tuʻi Kanokupolu 11475: 11469: 11427:for this event. 11396: 11391: 11381: 11379: 11362: 11358: 11348: 11346: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11210: 11209: 11205: 11195: 11193: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11152: 11151: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11128:The Japan Times 11120: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11103: 11096:The Japan Times 11088: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11064:www.redcross.sg 11058: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10891: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10849: 10845: 10835: 10833: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10795:fijivillage.com 10787: 10783: 10773: 10771: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10733: 10729: 10719: 10717: 10704: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10578: 10563: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10519: 10517: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10442: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10294: 10292: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10131: 10130: 10123: 10121: 10106: 10102: 10092: 10090: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9805: 9801: 9791: 9789: 9780: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9730:fijivillage.com 9722: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9695: 9691: 9681: 9679: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9649: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9552: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9356: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9179: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9032: 9031: 9027: 9012: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8942: 8940: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8846: 8842: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8814: 8812: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8770: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8627: 8622: 8621: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8587: 8586: 8579: 8569: 8567: 8556: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8520: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8488: 8487: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8459: 8458: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8321: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8290: 8286: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7772: 7763: 7750: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7632: 7628: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7411:Singh, Shanil. 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7146: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7030: 6977: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6772: 6771: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6586:The Japan Times 6580: 6579: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6218:www.icnz.org.nz 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6074: 6070: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5982: 5973: 5917: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5802: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5546: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5525:livescience.com 5517: 5513: 5484: 5480: 5451: 5447: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5344: 5340: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5266: 5262: 5209: 5205: 5152: 5148: 5097: 5093: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5001: 4997: 4954: 4950: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4892:. 23 May 2022. 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4784: 4777: 4724: 4720: 4660: 4656: 4627:(2A): 617–625. 4613: 4606: 4565: 4561: 4500: 4496: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4449: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4291: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4249: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4148:(in Japanese). 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4085: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4012: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3901: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3571: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3501:Copernicus GmbH 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3238: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 2985: 2978: 2963:Gupta, Alok K. 2962: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2884: 2877: 2856: 2852: 2814: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2741: 2740: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2671: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2582: 2566:Pita Taufatofua 2519:On 6 February, 2517: 2504:U.S. Government 2493: 2491: 2471: 2469: 2441: 2439: 2420:dispatched two 2407: 2405: 2389: 2387: 2367: 2365: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2246:FRANZ agreement 2163: 2127:Air New Zealand 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1931: 1851:distress beacon 1775:Fonoifua Island 1743: 1616: 1589: 1587:Subsequent days 1557:Baja California 1410:Chatham Islands 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1349: 1328: 1323: 1311:Los Ríos Region 1265: 1100: 1047:Pingtung County 1007: 933:Hanalei, Hawaii 882: 833: 832: 831: 830: 829: 823: 814: 813: 812: 809: 798: 768: 757: 709:eruption column 705: 698: 695: 686: 683: 577:Hatepe eruption 565: 539:NASA satellite 501:and 3.3 hPa at 491:eruption column 482: 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 425: 416: 415: 414: 407: 376:tsunami warning 371: 348:island groups. 307: 302: 188:extending from 186:subduction zone 120: 118: 114: 112: 108: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 86:Pacific Ocean, 62:15 January 2022 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12224: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12016:2022 in Mexico 12013: 12011:2022 in Hawaii 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11978: 11977: 11965: 11953: 11941: 11939:Earth sciences 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11907: 11906: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723:Privy Council 11720: 11715: 11713:Prime Minister 11710: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11671: 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Suva, Fiji: 9659: 9629: 9599: 9573: 9546: 9515: 9489: 9459: 9428: 9397: 9366: 9333: 9302: 9271: 9237: 9206: 9177: 9154: 9128: 9102: 9077: 9051: 9025: 9006: 8980: 8950: 8923: 8893: 8867: 8840: 8822: 8795: 8761: 8731: 8700: 8670: 8652: 8632:www.fdma.go.jp 8612: 8577: 8545: 8511: 8478: 8449: 8420: 8390: 8360: 8329: 8303: 8284: 8265: 8239: 8212: 8185: 8159: 8133: 8107: 8078: 8052: 8022: 7992: 7962: 7936: 7905: 7878: 7847: 7820: 7793: 7761: 7732: 7706: 7680: 7653: 7626: 7607: 7580: 7553: 7520: 7486: 7456: 7430: 7403: 7372: 7341: 7312: 7286: 7257: 7225: 7193: 7167: 7135: 7106: 7080: 7054: 7028: 6968: 6951:Times Colonist 6937: 6910: 6880: 6854: 6824: 6795: 6758: 6743:(in Russian). 6724: 6687: 6660: 6645:(in Chinese). 6629: 6603: 6570: 6540: 6514: 6488: 6462: 6445:"【速報】各地で津波を観測" 6436: 6427: 6397: 6368: 6341: 6314: 6283: 6256: 6230: 6205: 6178: 6152: 6121: 6095: 6068: 6003: 5971: 5906: 5879: 5853: 5823: 5791: 5764: 5738: 5706: 5640: 5604: 5573: 5537: 5511: 5478: 5445: 5415: 5358:(2): 127–129. 5338: 5318: 5260: 5203: 5146: 5091: 5028: 5017:on 16 May 2024 4995: 4968:(3): 587–601. 4948: 4907: 4875: 4842: 4811: 4775: 4738:(6): 553–561. 4718: 4654: 4604: 4559: 4494: 4469: 4440: 4410: 4383: 4357: 4330: 4289: 4270: 4240: 4209: 4182: 4163: 4133: 4106: 4079: 4060: 4041: 4010: 3983: 3953: 3922: 3890: 3859: 3828: 3798: 3772: 3745: 3718: 3691: 3664: 3634: 3604: 3569: 3528: 3485: 3456: 3430: 3377: 3348: 3317: 3291: 3261: 3229: 3196: 3165: 3097: 3071: 3040: 2976: 2956: 2935: 2904: 2875: 2850: 2805: 2778: 2725: 2695: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2489: 2467: 2448:European Union 2437: 2403: 2385: 2363: 2342: 2339: 2175:Jacinda Ardern 2162: 2159: 2110:), in Chile's 2044:Japan Airlines 2014:Two people in 1982:Pedro Castillo 1979: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1966:, New Zealand. 1957: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1870:undersea cable 1866:Jacinda Ardern 1742: 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