Tuberculosis - Knowledge

1476: 2126: 2138: 1769:, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality. There is no strong evidence indicating that directly observed therapy improves the number of people who were cured or the number of people who complete their medicine. Moderate quality evidence suggests that there is also no difference if people are observed at home versus at a clinic, or by a family member versus a health care worker. 1746:

treatment less than 6 months, even though the difference is small. Shorter treatment regimen may be recommended for those with compliance issues. There is also no evidence to support shorter anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens when compared to a 6-month treatment regimen. However, results presented in 2020 from an international, randomized, controlled clinical trial indicate that a four-month daily treatment regimen containing high-dose, or "optimized", rifapentine with moxifloxacin (2PHZM/2PHM) is as safe and effective as the existing standard six-month daily regimen at curing drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) disease.

2150: 12640: 1814: 362:. As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%). By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive, while 5–10% of people in the United States test positive via the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since 1153: 13720: 1404: 2506:

Despite this, studies on the relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.

2232: 2466:– Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government as of 2014, although adherence is often variable. Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. 791: 1556: 653: 402: 1786:

longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. There is some efficacy for

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with the European region achieving 19% and the African region achieving 16% reductions. Similarly, the number of deaths only fell by 14%, missing the 2020 milestone of a 35% reduction, with some regions making better progress (31% reduction in Europe and 19% in Africa). Correspondingly, also treatment, prevention and funding milestones were missed in 2020, for example only 6.3 million people were started on TB prevention short of the target of 30 million.

53: 2080:(WHO), in 2000–2015, India's estimated mortality rate dropped from 55 to 36 per 100,000 population per year with estimated 480 thousand people died of TB in 2015. In India a major proportion of tuberculosis patients are being treated by private partners and private hospitals. Evidence indicates that the tuberculosis national survey does not represent the number of cases that are diagnosed and recorded by private clinics and hospitals in India. 1665: 1131: 370: 2445:, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012. In addition to being fast-acting, the test can determine if there is resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin which may indicate multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and is accurate in those who are also infected with HIV. Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy. 1314: 528: 2615: 996: 1988:. Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients. 1575: 1149:, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. 708:, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either better air flow, or poor 640:(MDR-TB), surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. It involves the removal of infected chest cavities ("bullae") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream. Hopes of eliminating TB ended with the rise of 2016:

been dramatically dampened because of many factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.

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etc.), and are additionally more likely to be exposed to crowded and poorly ventilated spaces. Inadequate healthcare also means that people with active disease who facilitate spread are not diagnosed and treated promptly; sick people thus remain in the infectious state and (continue to) spread the infection.

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or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs,

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The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many African, Caribbean, South Asian, and eastern European countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have

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In people with smear-positive pulmonary TB (without HIV co-infection), after 5 years without treatment, 50-60% die while 20-25% achieve spontaneous resolution (cure). TB is almost always fatal in those with untreated HIV co-infection and death rates are increased even with antiretroviral treatment of

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strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.

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Public health campaigns which have focused on overcrowding, public spitting and regular sanitation (including hand washing) during the 1800s helped to either interrupt or slow spread which when combined with contact tracing, isolation and treatment helped to dramatically curb the transmission of both

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It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Part

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surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune

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One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence.

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Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly affects TB risk. People of low SES are both more likely to contract TB and to be more severely affected by the disease. Those with low SES are more likely to be affected by risk factors for developing TB (e.g., malnutrition, indoor air pollution, HIV co-infection,

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Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment and appointments may result in a small but important improvement. There is also not enough evidence to support intermittent rifampicin-containing therapy given two to three times a week has equal effectiveness as daily dose regimen on improving

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and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the

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with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the

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People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people

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The government of Brazil provides universal TB care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates but may be tied to an increased level of education, income, and health of the population. Costs of

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In 2014, the WHO adopted the "End TB" strategy which aims to reduce TB incidence by 80% and TB deaths by 90% by 2030. The strategy contains a milestone to reduce TB incidence by 20% and TB deaths by 35% by 2020. However, by 2020 only a 9% reduction in incidence per population was achieved globally,

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either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did. A widespread belief was that tuberculosis assisted artistic talent. Physical mechanisms proposed for this effect included the slight fever and toxaemia that it caused, allegedly helping them to see life more clearly and to act decisively.

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There is insufficient data to show that active contact tracing helps to improve case detection rates for tuberculosis. Interventions such as house-to-house visits, educational leaflets, mass media strategies, educational sessions may increase tuberculosis detection rates in short-term. There is no

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In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease

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These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of about 1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ~2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of about 2.0 for TB mortality), but data are

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Tuberculosis incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring and summer. The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter. There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low

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may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is

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If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called

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gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear. A comparison of the

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for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months. Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Treatment with anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months results in higher success rates when compared with

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Stigma towards TB may result in delays in seeking treatment, lower treatment compliance, and family members keeping cause of death secret – allowing the disease to spread further. In contrast, in Russia stigma was associated with increased treatment compliance. TB stigma also affects socially

2459:-healthcare report finds there is a need to address apathy and urges for increased funding. The report cites among others Lucica Ditui " is like an orphan. It has been neglected even in countries with a high burden and often forgotten by donors and those investing in health interventions." 1649:

The benefits and risks of giving anti-tubercular drugs to those exposed to MDR-TB is unclear. Making HAART therapy available to HIV-positive individuals significantly reduces the risk of progression to an active TB infection by up to 90% and can mitigate the spread through this population.

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Robert Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. During the first half of the 1900s, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the

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In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.3 million deaths, making it the second leading

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and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. In 1946, the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the

1968:). Of these, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. In 2018, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. 561:, showing a seasonal pattern. Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. 1963:

do not cause disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred (most of these occurring in

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Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott. (1870) "Introductory Report on the Intimate Pathology of Contagion." Appendix to: Twelfth Report to the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council , Parliamentary Papers (1870), vol. 38,

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is used primarily in public health programs. In 2015, it launched the End TB Strategy to reduce deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035. The goal of tuberculosis elimination is being hampered by the lack of rapid testing, short and effective treatment courses, and

378: 434:(MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as researchers previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the 665:. However, tuberculosis may infect many organs, even though it most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. 374: 1267:

in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death

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Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, ZiaZarifi AH, et al. (August 2009). "Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran".

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Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection. However, in the majority of cases, a

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Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) at a dose of 100 mg per day has been shown to improve clinical signs and symptoms, reduce cavitary lesions, lower inflammatory markers, and increase the rate of sputum-negative conversion in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Ryan TJ, Livingstone PG, Ramsey DS, de Lisle GW, Nugent G, Collins DM, et al. (February 2006). "Advances in understanding disease epidemiology and implications for control and eradication of tuberculosis in livestock: the experience from New Zealand".

1180:. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use 1991:

The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and

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Russia has achieved particularly dramatic progress with a decline in its TB mortality rate—from 61.9 per 100,000 in 1965 to 2.7 per 100,000 in 1993; however, mortality rate increased to 24 per 100,000 in 2005 and then recoiled to 11 per 100,000 by 2015.

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as well as existing drugs. There were initial concerns about the safety of this drug, but later research on larger groups found that this regimen improved health outcomes. By 2017 the drug was used in at least 89 countries. Another new drug is

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in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB

2003:, especially in remote areas. Factors contributing to this include higher prevalence of predisposing health conditions and behaviours, and overcrowding and poverty. In some Canadian Indigenous groups, genetic susceptibility may play a role. 1632:

that aimed to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A

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in diameter. A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection).

2543:, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $ 280 million (US) from the 1336:

Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or

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cure rates and reducing relapsing rates. There is also not enough evidence on effectiveness of giving intermittent twice or thrice weekly short course regimen compared to daily dosing regimen in treating children with tuberculosis.

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extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis.

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active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.

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The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given, with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more, but not entirely, specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present

464:. When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members. 2524:. Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. 1804:

For those with known rifampicin or MDR-TB, molecular tests such as the Genotype MTBDRsl Assay (performed on culture isolates or smear positive specimens) may be useful to detect second-line anti-tubercular drug resistance.

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Ibanga HB, Brookes RH, Hill PC, Owiafe PK, Fletcher HA, Lienhardt C, et al. (August 2006). "Early clinical trials with a new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in tuberculosis-endemic countries: issues in study design".

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is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with

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In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a

12023: 3716:"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption." 1487:(WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. Some countries have legislation to involuntarily detain or examine those suspected to have tuberculosis, or 12779: 12764: 12745: 2092:

have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases. The overall tuberculosis case rate in the United States was 3 per 100,000 persons in 2017.

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By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of

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The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with

12576: 12183: 1586:, up to 35% of those affected by TB were also infected by HIV. Handling of TB-infected patients in US hospitals was known to create airborne TB that could infect others, especially in unventilated spaces. 576:(tuberculous arthritis) was opened in London in 1867. Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years ( 5033:

Kommareddi S, Abramowsky CR, Swinehart GL, Hrabak L (November 1984). "Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: comparison of the fluorescent auramine-O and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques in tissue diagnosis".

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In South Africa, 54,200 people died in 2022 from TB. The incidence rate was 468 per 100,000 people; in 2015, this was 988 per 100,000. The total incidence was 280,000 in 2022; in 2015, this was 552,000.

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Jay SJ, Kırbıyık U, Woods JR, Steele GA, Hoyt GR, Schwengber RB, et al. (November 2018). "Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America".

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Korthals Altes H, Kremer K, Erkens C, van Soolingen D, Wallinga J (May 2012). "Tuberculosis seasonality in the Netherlands differs between natives and non-natives: a role for vitamin D deficiency?".

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In 2010, rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139.

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of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool. Several vaccines are being developed.

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China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004 and 2014.

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in 2009 may exceed US$ 150 billion per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250 million

1375:). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. 12610: 7604:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994" 1122:

Tobacco smoking increases the risk of infections (in addition to increasing the risk of active disease and death). Additional factors increasing infection susceptibility include young age.

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The treatment takes three to nine months depending on the medications used. People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.

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India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector. Programs such as the

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as a major public health issue in most developed economies. Other risk factors which worsened TB spread such as malnutrition were also ameliorated, but since the emergence of

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The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV. This is a particular problem in

14123: 5007: 877:(also called sputum), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an 8880: 7686:"Part III DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis" 2559:, which was first approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2013 to be used in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients, and by 2017 was used in at least 54 countries. 2494:

associated with TB. Stigma may be due to the fear of transmission from affected individuals. This stigma may additionally arise due to links between TB and poverty, and in

1291:. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages ( 12010: 2125: 644:

strains in the 1980s. The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993.

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To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and

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demonstrated that tuberculosis could be transmitted, via inoculation, from humans to animals and among animals. (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by

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Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial

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In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. In the 18th and 19th century,

8041: 1110:, malnutrition, young age, recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer, and 14168: 14158: 2865: 615:(BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II. 12566: 7110:"Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019" 12530:

Ward AI, Judge J, Delahay RJ (January 2010). "Farm husbandry and badger behaviour: opportunities to manage badger to cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis?".

12187: 7672:"DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis" 3945: 258:. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic 6999:

Amicosante M, Ciccozzi M, Markova R (April 2010). "Rational use of immunodiagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection: guidelines and cost effectiveness studies".

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Reavill DR, Schmidt RE (January 2012). "Mycobacterial lesions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, lagomorphs, and ferrets with reference to animal models".

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that resembled prisons. The sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention. What later became known as the

10690: 10334: 6619:"Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3344:

Pearce-Duvet JM (August 2006). "The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease".

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The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid,

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Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. The

14793: 12924: 10907: 10887:'If you don't cry when Bing Crosby tells Ingrid Bergman she has tuberculosis', Joseph McBride wrote in 1973, 'I never want to meet you, and that's that.' 2463: 4010: 63:

of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.

10836: 9248: 10984: 10874: 9006:"Provisional CDC Guidelines for the Use and Safety Monitoring of Bedaquiline Fumarate (Sirturo) for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis" 13824: 11082: 10840: 8137:"Guidelines for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020" 1923:

occurs with no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.

338:(BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple 9009: 6827:"Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 830:

every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an

9794: 9372: 573: 12599: 11385:"Contact tracing strategies in household and congregate environments to identify cases of tuberculosis in low- and moderate-incidence populations" 11003:"Xpert® MTB/RIF assay: development, evaluation and implementation of a new rapid molecular diagnostic for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance" 3568: 696:

and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e., they remain asymptomatic). Occasionally, people may

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Lambert ML, Hasker E, Van Deun A, Roberfroid D, Boelaert M, Van der Stuyft P (May 2003). "Recurrence in tuberculosis: relapse or reinfection?".

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Rothel JS, Andersen P (December 2005). "Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent?".

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White PC, Böhm M, Marion G, Hutchings MR (September 2008). "Control of bovine tuberculosis in British livestock: there is no 'silver bullet'".

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However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and

10196: 2498:. Such stigmatization may be both real and perceived; for example, in Ghana, individuals with TB are banned from attending public gatherings. 1517:(BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%. 14322: 14113: 10238: 2978: 2449: 1475: 9961: 9274: 5753: 5143:"Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda" 3133: 3111: 1996:(risk factors are listed above). Worldwide, 22 "high-burden" states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. 611:

achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called

13382: 10306: 9412: 5613: 5577: 2937: 2902: 2697: 2149: 11942: 6716:"Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5291: 767:

of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis"; it is also known as

14678: 13377: 12435: 11831: 11800: 10582: 10559: 10182: 9876: 7746: 6985: 6435: 6213: 5531:

Ahmed N, Hasnain SE (September 2011). "Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in India: moving forward with a systems biology approach".

5086: 4993: 4827: 4771: 4707: 4627: 4451:

Lalloo UG, Naidoo R, Ambaram A (May 2006). "Recent advances in the medical and surgical treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis".

4437: 4406: 4302: 4070: 3739: 2821: 2201:

was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease, and was also in use well into the twentieth century. The Latin root

10952: 9922:

Shkolnikov VM, Meslé F (1996). "The Russian Epidemiological Crisis as Mirrored by Mortality Trends". In DaVanzo J, Farnsworth G (eds.).

8753: 8468: 6790: 6466: 6096: 6026: 5885: 3701: 2245:, 1885–1886, depicts the illness of his sister Sophie, who died of tuberculosis when Edvard was 14; his mother also died of the disease. 14108: 12606: 9244: 8372:

Grace AG, Mittal A, Jain S, Tripathy JP, Satyanarayana S, Tharyan P, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (December 2019).

5609: 5432:"Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies" 4036: 3038: 2520:

The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in

1464: 1452:. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone. 7354: 4525: 3882: 1628:

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a

14783: 14470: 9023:

Theron G, Peter J, Richardson M, Warren R, Dheda K, Steingart KR, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (September 2016).

8085:"Update of Recommendations for Use of Once-Weekly Isoniazid-Rifapentine Regimen to Treat Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection" 5984:

Möller M, Hoal EG (March 2010). "Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis".

5102:"A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa" 4122: 1357:(IGRA) and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in most of the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV. 12672: 12654: 11076:"The Stop TB Partnership, which operates through a secretariat hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland" 10094: 8727: 8536:

Liu Q, Abba K, Alejandria MM, Sinclair D, Balanag VM, Lansang MA, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (November 2014).

14685: 9939: 1432:, on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most 568:

list in Britain. Campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter

11060: 10479: 10360: 5011: 2595:. Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals, it is a public health concern affecting 692:

If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include

13979: 13225: 12711: 8895: 2097: 1295:) and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and thus can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate 731:

and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the

10624: 9083: 4351:

Comstock GW (September 1994). "The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research".

2721:

Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders

1754:

If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. If

14611: 14534: 14153: 13606: 13011: 12184:"European Medicines Agency - News and Events - European Medicines Agency recommends two new treatment options for tuberculosis" 11719: 2515: 484:

conjectured in 1720 that consumptions were caused by microbes which were spread by people living close to each other. In 1819,

73: 9765: 8816: 7255: 14798: 12429: 11825: 11794: 10946: 10553: 10459: 10403: 10176: 9870: 8462: 8055: 7740: 6979: 6784: 6460: 6429: 6207: 6090: 6060: 5285: 5080: 4987: 4821: 4794: 4765: 4701: 4621: 4590: 4556: 4431: 4400: 4296: 4105: 4004: 3193: 3018: 2972: 2859: 2815: 2728: 2089: 546: 7157:

Coker R, Thomas M, Lock K, Martin R (2007). "Detention and the evolving threat of tuberculosis: evidence, ethics, and law".

4316:

Bonah C (December 2005). "The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933".

3042: 1459:(USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or 14788: 14702: 11846: 9822: 4040: 11334:

Mhimbira FA, Cuevas LE, Dacombe R, Mkopi A, Sinclair D, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (November 2017).

10043: 5962: 5192:"Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon" 2482:

study that compares new methods of contact tracing such as social network analysis with existing contact tracing methods.

13984: 12798: 7279:"Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2250: 13349: 13328: 6227:

Herrmann JL, Lagrange PH (February 2005). "Dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: which is the Trojan horse?".

1781:

Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible

480:

as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s.

14668: 13792: 13293: 13127: 9108: 7760:

Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, Jaramillo E, Lienhardt C, Dias HM, et al. (May 2015). "WHO's new end TB strategy".

2633: 2263:

qualities among those infected, and was also known as "the romantic disease". Major artistic figures such as the poets

901: 748: 558: 13415: 11865: 11737: 11225: 10797: 6110:

Houben EN, Nguyen L, Pieters J (February 2006). "Interaction of pathogenic mycobacteria with the host immune system".

5732: 14695: 14628: 14623: 14564: 14559: 14315: 13920: 13220: 12940: 11920: 9933: 5395:

American Thoracic Society (August 1997). "Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria".

3905: 2544: 2442: 1456: 838:

is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and

347: 10010: 9210: 1801:

TB, and constitutes one in ten cases of MDR-TB. Cases of XDR TB have been identified in more than 90% of countries.

14148: 13974: 13195: 8421: 7328: 7028:"Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 3816: 1629: 1299:

kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.

637: 383: 1758:(MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended. 1620:

However, in 2003, OSHA dropped their proposed TB rules, citing a decline of TB in the US, and public disapproval.

1284:

miliary tuberculosis. People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%).

14742: 14579: 14554: 13547: 10700: 4539:

Kamboj A, Lause M, Kamboj K (2023). "The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics". In Rezaei N (ed.).

2223:, the author calls consumption "the captain of all these men of death." "Great white plague" has also been used. 2215: 1691:

Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing

1598: 1567: 1378: 1287:

In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and

355: 254:, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as 13788: 13719: 12211:"Mechanism of Action, Resistance, Synergism, and Clinical Implications of Delamanid Against Multidrug-Resistant 12130:"Mechanism of Action, Resistance, Synergism, and Clinical Implications of Delamanid Against Multidrug-Resistant 7707: 5307:"Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa" 3991:]. Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft. Vol. 19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. pp. 221–30. 14673: 14643: 14594: 14589: 14544: 14529: 13807: 13709: 13264: 13254: 13161: 10503:"A literary approach to tuberculosis: lessons learned from Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, and Katherine Mansfield" 9345: 9073:"The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs" 8538:"Reminder systems to improve patient adherence to tuberculosis clinic appointments for diagnosis and treatment" 4494: 4154:"Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland" 3652: 2628: 2528:, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified 1460: 1429: 1354: 10899: 9534:

Parrinello CM, Crossa A, Harris TG (January 2012). "Seasonality of tuberculosis in New York City, 1990-2007".

8708:"Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs--worldwide, 2000-2004" 7603: 6825:

Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N, Schiller I, Laal S, Ramsay A, et al. (August 2011). Evans C (ed.).

1463:. While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this is poor as of 2019. The 628:

technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal.

14717: 14549: 14274: 14118: 14103: 9895: 9485:"Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa" 9240: 7436:

Kashangura R, Jullien S, Garner P, Johnson S, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (April 2019).

6671:"Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2021: 1820: 1583: 1134: 1055: 598: 12758: 10977: 7069:"Testing Healthcare Workers for Latent Tuberculosis: Is It Evidence Based, Bio-Plausible, Both, Or Neither?" 5100:

van Soolingen D, Hoogenboezem T, de Haas PE, Hermans PW, Koedam MA, Teppema KS, et al. (October 1997).

14747: 14658: 14569: 14308: 14128: 13527: 13372: 13005: 12018: 11383:

Braganza Menezes D, Menezes B, Dedicoat M, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (August 2019).

9668:"Delay effect and burden of weather-related tuberculosis cases in Rajshahi province, Bangladesh, 2007-2012" 3937:

Etudes sur la tuberculose: preuves rationnelles et expérimentales de sa spécificité et de son inoculabilité

2638: 794: 14712: 11075: 10866: 10829: 10646:

Lemlein RF (1981). "Influence of Tuberculosis on the Work of Visual Artists: Several Prominent Examples".

9005: 7628: 7026:

Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Bauman L, Davidson KW, Epling JW, et al. (September 2016).

2115:

In 2017, in the United Kingdom, the national average was 9 per 100,000 and the highest incidence rates in

14638: 14601: 14584: 14387: 14264: 13647: 13513: 13419: 13358: 13284: 12888: 12715: 12209:

Khoshnood S, Taki E, Sadeghifard N, Kaviar VH, Haddadi MH, Farshadzadeh Z, et al. (7 October 2021).

12128:

Khoshnood S, Taki E, Sadeghifard N, Kaviar VH, Haddadi MH, Farshadzadeh Z, et al. (7 October 2021).

11336:"Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services" 9790: 9379: 8891: 7803:

Fraser A, Paul M, Attamna A, Leibovici L, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (April 2006).

6617:

Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, Cattamanchi A, Huang L, Hopewell PC, et al. (November 2011).

2591:

in the US. It is believed that the animals originally acquired the disease from humans, a process called

2570:

Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, fish, rodents, and reptiles. The subspecies

2456: 2432: 1634: 1386: 985: 974: 721: 565: 289: 17: 4643:"Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?" 3538:"Brief communication: bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England vampire folk belief" 1514: 335: 186: 14773: 14722: 14618: 14239: 14062: 13758: 13599: 13073: 7805:"Drugs for preventing tuberculosis in people at risk of multiple-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis" 5866:"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society" 5141:

Niemann S, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Joloba ML, Whalen CC, Guwatudde D, Ellner JJ, et al. (September 2002).

4238:"To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939" 2536: 2415: 2076:

As of 2017, India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2,740,000 cases. According to the

1959:, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with 1782: 1659: 1433: 806: 785: 473: 242: 109: 8630:

Bose A, Kalita S, Rose W, Tharyan P, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (January 2014).

7487:"The association of housing density, isolation and tuberculosis in Canadian First Nations communities" 6921:"Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update" 5239:

Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I (February 2006). "The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis".

3537: 1972:

rainfall. It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change.

661:

There is a popular misconception that tuberculosis is purely a disease of the lungs that manifests as

597:

is marked on 24 March each year, the anniversary of Koch's original scientific announcement. When the

14778: 14707: 14087: 14027: 13704: 13677: 13404: 13188: 13122: 12646: 12639: 12041: 9900: 8047: 7703: 5573: 4580: 2898: 2807: 2532:

virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.

2077: 1766: 1638: 1524:

Intradermal MVA85A vaccine in addition to BCG injection is not effective in preventing tuberculosis.

1484: 1308: 299:. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with 12909: 12499: 10268: 10200: 8920:

Singh B, Cocker D, Ryan H, Sloan DJ, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2019).

8374:"Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis" 7528:"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus" 5354:

Panteix G, Gutierrez MC, Boschiroli ML, Rouviere M, Plaidy A, Pressac D, et al. (August 2010).

4426:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 792. 3440:"Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping" 3305:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present" 2550:

In 2012 a new medication regimen was approved in the US for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, using

489: 330:

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and

14737: 14648: 14606: 14574: 14524: 14209: 13541: 13205: 13019: 12809: 12676: 9483:

Martineau AR, Nhamoyebonde S, Oni T, Rangaka MX, Marais S, Bangani N, et al. (November 2011).

5630: 3303:

Rothschild BM, Martin LD, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal GK, Greenblatt C, et al. (August 2001).

2894: 2057: 1534: 1207:. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a 890: 831: 11974:

Avorn J (April 2013). "Approval of a tuberculosis drug based on a paradoxical surrogate measure".

10426: 10254: 9965: 9270: 8817:"Totally Drug-Resistant TB: a WHO consultation on the diagnostic definition and treatment options" 6772: 5749: 3115: 2962: 2574:, though, is rarely present in wild animals. An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by 2547:

to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.

14727: 14690: 14663: 14653: 14405: 14214: 13994: 13856: 13797: 13777: 13737: 13662: 13443: 13429: 13210: 13039: 12981: 11738:"Advance Market Commitments: A Policy to Stimulate Investment in Vaccines for Neglected Diseases" 10774: 9723:

Griffith DE, Kerr CM (August 1996). "Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present".

8083:

Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, Winston CA, Burton D, Goldberg S, et al. (June 2018).

5602: 5569: 5481:"Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens" 3844: 1467:(CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019. 1338: 1181: 919: 894: 882: 756: 431: 396: 320: 10298: 10237:

Al-Azem A, Kaushal Sharma M, Turenne C, Hoban D, Hershfield E, MacMorran J, et al. (1998).

9404: 8186:"Isoniazid-Rifapentine for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3942:

Studies of tuberculosis: rational and experimental evidence of its specificity and inoculability

2929: 2689: 2562:

Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for active pulmonary tuberculosis infection.

1008:

When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious

14732: 14539: 14519: 14509: 14425: 14289: 14279: 14173: 13769: 13682: 13631: 13436: 13390: 13338: 13303: 13215: 13166: 13135: 13110: 12697: 12687: 12494: 7987:

Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Principe L, Zerbato V, Meroni E, Giuffrè M, et al. (January 2022).

7277:

Roy A, Eisenhut M, Harris RJ, Rodrigues LC, Sridhar S, Habermann S, et al. (August 2014).

6052: 5275: 2312: 2237: 1755: 1111: 980: 925: 740: 736: 594: 154: 12849: 12419: 12079:

Mbuagbaw L, Guglielmetti L, Hewison C, Bakare N, Bastard M, Caumes E, et al. (May 2019).

11815: 11780: 10543: 10166: 9860: 8745: 8274:

M'imunya JM, Kredo T, Volmink J, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (May 2012).

7730: 7685: 6969: 6419: 6197: 5865: 5070: 4977: 4811: 4755: 4691: 4611: 4421: 4390: 4286: 3729: 2847: 2801: 14768: 14269: 14163: 14037: 13930: 13875: 13782: 13592: 13572: 13475: 13310: 12754: 10936: 8585:

Mwandumba HC, Squire SB, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (23 October 2001).

8452: 6774: 6587: 6450: 6080: 6020: 3695: 2182:) is the Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, 1692: 1500: 1488: 1421: 1042: 931: 521: 517: 457: 343: 14462: 10978:"Public–Private Partnership Announces Immediate 40 Percent Cost Reduction for Rapid TB Test" 8679:

O'Brien RJ (June 1994). "Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention".

7671: 6936: 5901:"Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD" 5356:"Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France" 3935: 2747:

Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, et al. (December 2014).

1790:

to treat those with XDR-TB but side effects and discontinuation of medications were common.

1203:, is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the 14219: 14133: 13751: 13687: 13236: 13200: 13178: 13030: 12997: 12970: 11152:"Tuberculosis: Current Situation, Challenges and Overview of its Control Programs in India" 9679: 9620: 7362: 6727: 5899:

van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, et al. (January 2010).

5190:

Niobe-Eyangoh SN, Kuaban C, Sorlin P, Cunin P, Thonnon J, Sola C, et al. (June 2003).

4521: 4165: 4062: 2320: 2276: 2268: 1643: 968: 768: 752: 641: 435: 143: 9609:"Tuberculosis incidence correlates with sunshine: an ecological 28-year time series study" 9288:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

7108:

Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, Bamrah Morris S, Buchta W, Casey ML, et al. (May 2019).

6669:

Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Giehl C, Girardi E, Migliori GB, et al. (January 2011).

6322:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the extracellular compartment: an underestimated adversary" 1813: 1589:

Multiple US agencies rolled out new public health rules as a result of the TB spread: the

8: 14339: 14331: 14183: 14138: 13744: 13694: 13667: 13471: 13366: 13269: 13249: 13156: 13078: 12990: 12783: 12680: 11705:"Stimulating Industrial R&D for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Economic Perspectives" 10395: 10388: 8707: 8276:"Patient education and counselling for promoting adherence to treatment for tuberculosis" 2576: 2540: 2304: 2288: 1985: 1920: 1729:

Education or counselling may improve the latent tuberculosis treatment completion rates.

1398: 1382: 1321: 913: 255: 11050: 10420: 10364: 9923: 9683: 9624: 9324: 7916: 7206:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6731: 6480:

Jacob JT, Mehta AK, Leonard MK (January 2009). "Acute forms of tuberculosis in adults".

4658: 4169: 3129: 2292: 1083:(an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the 13563: 13479: 13316: 13259: 13146: 12290: 12265: 12241: 12210: 12160: 12129: 12105: 12080: 11912: 11782:

Achieving the global public health agenda: dialogues at the Economic and Social Council

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Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A, et al. (February 2020).

8109: 8084: 8015: 7988: 7964: 7939: 7880: 7853: 7829: 7804: 7785: 7544: 7527: 7462: 7437: 7413: 7388: 7305: 7278: 7228: 7201: 7182: 7134: 7109: 6945: 6920: 6901: 6853: 6826: 6750: 6715: 6643: 6618: 6599: 6549: 6395: 6370: 6290: 6263: 6173: 6146: 5927: 5900: 5842: 5817: 5697: 5670: 5505: 5480: 5456: 5431: 5331: 5306: 4959: 4867: 4842: 4667: 4642: 4476: 4464: 4188: 4153: 4094: 3869: 3787: 3628: 3603: 3415: 3388: 3369: 3285: 3013:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. Chapter 250. 2773: 2748: 2475: 2357: 2328: 2056:, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. In 2017, the country with the highest estimated 2000: 1935: 1571: 1273: 1165: 1107: 1069: 878: 705: 673: 477: 237: 171: 84: 14633: 12053: 11640: 11553: 10142: 10125: 9759:"Global Tuberculosis Control Report, 2006 – Annex 1 Profiles of high-burden countries" 9736: 9460: 9435: 9305: 9147: 7773: 6346: 6321: 6045: 5818:"Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances" 5447: 5408: 5216: 5191: 5167: 5142: 5047: 4262: 4237: 3513: 3488: 3464: 3439: 3438:

Zink AR, Sola C, Reischl U, Grabner W, Rastogi N, Wolf H, et al. (January 2003).

3273: 1060:

A number of factors make individuals more susceptible to TB infection and/or disease.

889:, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. 13802: 13640: 13171: 13095: 12820: 12547: 12512: 12467: 12425: 12400: 12365: 12330: 12295: 12246: 12165: 12110: 12081:"Outcomes of Bedaquiline Treatment in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis" 11991: 11904: 11821: 11790: 11761: 11704: 11685: 11644: 11608: 11557: 11517: 11476: 11414: 11365: 11316: 11259: 11191: 11173: 11132: 11032: 10942: 10756: 10675: 10549: 10524: 10455: 10399: 10172: 10147: 9929: 9866: 9841: 9740: 9705: 9648: 9589: 9551: 9516: 9465: 9329: 9314: 9192: 9151: 9072: 9054: 8987: 8951: 8798: 8719: 8688: 8661: 8612: 8567: 8518: 8458: 8403: 8354: 8305: 8256: 8215: 8166: 8114: 8051: 8020: 7969: 7920: 7885: 7834: 7777: 7736: 7549: 7508: 7467: 7418: 7310: 7233: 7174: 7170: 7139: 7090: 7049: 7008: 6975: 6950: 6893: 6858: 6780: 6755: 6692: 6648: 6591: 6541: 6497: 6456: 6425: 6400: 6351: 6295: 6244: 6203: 6178: 6127: 6086: 6056: 6001: 5932: 5877: 5847: 5798: 5702: 5548: 5510: 5461: 5412: 5377: 5336: 5281: 5256: 5221: 5172: 5123: 5076: 5051: 4983: 4951: 4910: 4872: 4817: 4790: 4761: 4733: 4697: 4672: 4617: 4586: 4552: 4468: 4427: 4396: 4368: 4333: 4292: 4267: 4193: 4101: 4000: 3874: 3779: 3633: 3560: 3518: 3504: 3469: 3420: 3361: 3326: 3289: 3277: 3199: 3189: 3090: 3014: 2968: 2855: 2811: 2778: 2724: 2340: 2296: 1965: 1927: 1350: 1196:

is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.

1152: 1095: 939:

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Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by the executive director of the

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difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.

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Tuberculosis has been known by many names from the technical to the familiar.

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has almost eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries.

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alone, or a combination of isoniazid with either rifampicin or rifapentine.

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Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (2006).

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1981: 1934:

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In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the

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marginalized individuals to a greater degree and varies between regions.

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In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was

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Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional

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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Announcement (12 February 2004).

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was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of

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Diagnostics for tuberculosis: global demand and market potential

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Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, great white plague

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European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

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accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It

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identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis,

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caused by tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004.

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Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected,

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The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the

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25% of people (latent TB) 10.6 million (active TB)

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Washington, DC: ASM Press. 3697:De l'auscultation médiate ... 3456:10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003 3274:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 2644: 1653: 1644:completely effective vaccines 1470: 1056:Risk factors for tuberculosis 577: 14799:Vaccine-preventable diseases 13528:Corynebacterium minutissimum 13373:Mycobacterium intracellulare 13006:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 12718:and the Library of Congress) 12464:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.025 12085:Emerging Infectious Diseases 12019:Food and Drug Administration 11681:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.015 11662:Kaufmann SH (October 2010). 11500:Journal of Biosocial Science 11244:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 11118:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001135 10731:Emerging Infectious Diseases 10697:Humanities Capstone Projects 10613:"Tuberculosis (whole issue)" 9634:10.1371/journal.pone.0057752 8202:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.030 8006:10.3390/biomedicines10020263 7700:"The Global Plan to Stop TB" 7086:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.017 6844:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001062 6741:10.1371/journal.pone.0026827 6494:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.018 6371:"Immunology of tuberculosis" 6241:10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.004 6147:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 5822:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5311:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5253:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047 4549:10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50 4353:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4179:10.1371/journal.pone.0162575 3989:The Etiology of Tuberculosis 3604:"Richard Morton (1637-1698)" 3586:Léon Charles Albert Calmette 3406:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000600 3309:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3184:Kumar V, Robbins SL (2007). 3130:"Global tuberculosis report" 3086:10.18773/austprescr.2010.005 2639:Bibliography of tuberculosis 2423:as a nun with tuberculosis. 2172: 1808: 1732: 1710: 1413:Mantoux tuberculin skin test 1302: 1090:Other risk factors include: 795:Scanning electron micrograph 687: 636:Because of the emergence of 508:in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now 342:over a long period of time. 7: 14789:Infectious causes of cancer 14265:Tuberculosis classification 13648:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 13514:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 11703:Webber D, Kremer M (2001). 10725:Morens DM (November 2002). 8892:Economist Intelligence Unit 7252:"Vaccines | Basic TB Facts" 6925:Annals of Internal Medicine 6576:Annals of Internal Medicine 5816:Restrepo BI (August 2007). 5008:"Acid-Fast Stain Protocols" 4647:Journal of Thoracic Disease 4330:10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003 3997:10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4 3985:Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte 3843:McCarthy OR (August 2001). 2606: 2509: 2433:Elimination of tuberculosis 1635:tuberculosis classification 1584:HIV/AIDS epidemic in the US 1535:elimination of tuberculosis 1494: 1355:Interferon-γ release assays 1137:'s illustration of tubercle 986:nontuberculous mycobacteria 891:Auramine-rhodamine staining 722:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 10: 14815: 14240:List of tuberculosis cases 13759:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12397:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.002 12362:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.001 12327:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.11.004 12213:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12132:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 11463:10.1177/00333549101250S407 10623:(22): cover. 8 June 2005. 10520:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.012 10501:Vilaplana C (March 2017). 10241:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9692:10.1038/s41598-019-49135-8 8794:10.2807/esw.12.20.03194-en 7200:McShane H (October 2011). 5998:10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002 5545:10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.006 5119:10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 4212:"Lost Hospitals of London" 3861:10.1177/014107680109400813 3845:"The key to the sanatoria" 3069:"Testing for tuberculosis" 2810:(WHO). 2008. p. 179. 2572:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2537:advance market commitments 2513: 2430: 2248: 2178: 1756:multiple drug-resistant TB 1660:Management of tuberculosis 1657: 1548: 1498: 1434:environmental mycobacteria 1396: 1306: 1102:(30-fold increased risk), 1053: 807:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 786:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 783: 719: 588:process. Koch announced a 394: 390: 243:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 110:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 14502: 14439: 14406:African sleeping sickness 14386: 14338: 14202: 14129:Glen Lake Children's Camp 14096: 14088:Edward Livingston Trudeau 14028:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 13993: 13967: 13929: 13855: 13768: 13727: 13716: 13705:Giant multinucleated cell 13678:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 13622: 13562: 13503: 13461: 13414: 13348: 13327: 13292: 13283: 13234: 13189:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 13123:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 13071: 13062: 13053: 13029: 12960: 12951: 12835: 12731: 12509:10.1016/j.tim.2008.06.005 12282:10.1002/14651858.CD011370 12232:10.3389/fmicb.2021.717045 12219:Frontiers in Microbiology 12151:10.3389/fmicb.2021.717045 12138:Frontiers in Microbiology 11513:10.1017/S0021932015000115 11256:10.1007/s12098-009-0164-4 10796:Thomson G (1 June 2016). 9215:medicalguidelines.msf.org 9080:World Health Organization 8599:10.1002/14651858.CD000970 8341:10.1002/14651858.CD001362 8050:(WHO). 2018. p. 23. 8048:World Health Organization 7704:World Health Organization 7586:"Basics of Tuberculosis." 6688:10.1183/09031936.00114810 6151:Frontiers in Microbiology 6124:10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.014 5918:10.1183/09031936.00072909 5876:(RR-6): 1–51. June 2000. 5574:World Health Organization 5497:10.1080/15459620590918466 4859:10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 4726:American Family Physician 4254:10.1017/S0025727300007043 4039:(CDC). 12 December 2016. 3620:10.1017/S0025727300015350 3358:10.1017/S1464793106007020 2901:(WHO). 16 February 2018. 2899:World Health Organization 2808:World Health Organization 2485: 2078:World Health Organization 2047: 2030: 2011:Geographical epidemiology 1767:Directly observed therapy 1762:Medication administration 1639:American Thoracic Society 1485:World Health Organization 1436:, so they generate fewer 1309:Diagnosis of tuberculosis 1106:(2-fold increased risk), 1098:(3-fold increased risk), 774: 553:Development of treatments 311:of active TB is based on 211: 203: 193: 177: 153: 129: 116: 104: 83: 67: 59: 50: 42: 37: 14686:Motor vehicle collisions 14210:Tuberculosis elimination 13789:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 13542:Corynebacterium jeikeium 13206:Tuberculous pericarditis 13020:Actinomyces gerencseriae 12677:Health Protection Agency 12565:Holt N (24 March 2015). 10476:"About Chopin's illness" 10124:Mahla RS (August 2018). 9896:Medical Research Council 6890:10.1586/14787210.3.6.981 6452:TB/HIV a Clinical Manual 6320:Grosset J (March 2003). 6164:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284 5631:"Causes of Tuberculosis" 4423:General thoracic surgery 4365:10.1093/clinids/19.3.528 3979:Koch R (24 March 1882). 2165: 2071: 2039: 2022:Medical Research Council 1637:system developed by the 1545:Source control in the US 1515:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 1118:Infection susceptibility 804:The main cause of TB is 599:Medical Research Council 336:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 187:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 14452:Priority review voucher 14215:2007 tuberculosis scare 13995:History of tuberculosis 13798:Chest photofluorography 13738:Mycobacterium africanum 13211:Urogenital tuberculosis 13040:Propionibacterium acnes 12982:Cutaneous actinomycosis 12452:Veterinary Microbiology 11224:(1): e7. Archived from 11169:10.4103/0974-777X.81691 11074:STOPTB (5 April 2013). 10243:in a Canadian province" 10222:Bendix A (7 May 2024). 10099:Daily News and Analysis 9502:10.1073/pnas.1111825108 8451:Mainous III AB (2010). 7405:10.1136/adc.2005.085043 7045:10.1001/jama.2016.11046 6968:Jindal SK, ed. (2011). 6268:BMC Infectious Diseases 5241:Veterinary Microbiology 4934:Molecular Biotechnology 4690:Jindal SK, ed. (2011). 4522:"Tuberculosis Symptoms" 4033:"History: World TB Day" 3602:Trail RR (April 1970). 3557:10.1002/ajpa.1330940210 3186:Robbins Basic Pathology 3067:Konstantinos A (2010). 2964:The Chambers Dictionary 2476:rural migrants in China 2416:The Bells of St. Mary's 2100:in response to a local 2098:public health emergency 1339:constitutional symptoms 1235:inflammatory diseases. 1182:reactive oxygen species 895:fluorescence microscopy 757:urogenital tuberculosis 613:bacille Calmette–Guérin 432:M. tuberculosis complex 397:History of tuberculosis 215:1.3 million (2022) 98:cough with bloody mucus 14535:Cardiovascular disease 14290:World Tuberculosis Day 14280:Tuberculosis radiology 14174:National Jewish Health 13770:Tuberculosis diagnosis 13683:Tuberculous meningitis 13632:Pulmonary tuberculosis 13216:Tuberculous dactylitis 13167:Tuberculous cellulitis 12487:Trends in Microbiology 12097:10.3201/eid2505.181823 11754:10.2202/1553-3832.1144 10743:10.3201/eid0811.020549 10689:Wilsey AM (May 2012). 8153:10.15585/mmwr.rr6901a1 8101:10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a5 7219:10.1098/rstb.2011.0097 7126:10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 7001:The New Microbiologica 6524:Acta Médica Portuguesa 6387:10.4084/MJHID.2014.027 6281:10.1186/1471-2334-5-29 6199:Essence of Paediatrics 6025:. Harper. p. 32. 5576:(WHO). November 2010. 5373:10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0 5323:10.3201/eid0404.980414 4847:Trends in Microbiology 3041:(CDC). 13 March 2012. 2313:Robert Louis Stevenson 2246: 2209: 2203: 2088:In the United States, 1915: 1681: 1670:phototherapy treatment 1579: 1480: 1408: 1328: 1161: 1138: 1112:genetic susceptibility 1000: 801: 741:tuberculous meningitis 737:central nervous system 729:weakened immune system 658: 595:World Tuberculosis Day 535: 414: 387: 327:(TST) or blood tests. 232:", or historically as 155:Differential diagnosis 14713:Risky sexual behavior 14497:of medical conditions 14270:Tuberculosis in China 14164:Millennium Foundation 13876:4-Aminosalicylic acid 13783:Auramine phenol stain 13729:Mycobacterium species 13625:associated conditions 13573:Gardnerella vaginalis 13476:Nocardia brasiliensis 12647:Medical Knowledge app 11988:10.1001/jama.2013.623 11742:The Economists' Voice 11451:Public Health Reports 10900:"The End TB Strategy" 9586:10.5588/ijtld.11.0680 9548:10.5588/ijtld.11.0145 9315:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 9247:(CDC). 20 June 2011. 8984:10.1378/chest.08-2427 7609:. US Federal Register 7254:. CDC. 16 June 2021. 6635:10.1093/infdis/jir410 6022:The Study of Medicine 3776:10.5588/ijtld.18.0239 3728:Schönlein JL (1832). 3073:Australian Prescriber 2765:10.1128/MMBR.00021-14 2431:Further information: 2427:Public health efforts 2234: 1816: 1799:extensively resistant 1777:Medication resistance 1695:. The routine use of 1693:antibiotic resistance 1667: 1558: 1501:Tuberculosis vaccines 1478: 1406: 1387:specific or sensitive 1316: 1155: 1133: 998: 793: 655: 530: 522:John Burdon-Sanderson 518:Jean Antoine Villemin 458:Industrial Revolution 404: 381: 344:Antibiotic resistance 14703:Periodontal diseases 14220:Baumgarten-Tangl law 14134:Glen Lake Sanatorium 13752:Mycobacterium caprae 13688:Miliary tuberculosis 13663:Canga's bead symptom 13623:Symptoms, signs and 13179:Lichen scrofulosorum 13031:Propionibacteriaceae 12971:Actinomyces israelii 11951:. 31 December 2012. 10257:on 18 November 2011. 10239:"Rural outbreaks of 9968:on 12 December 2006. 9891:"Origins of the MRC" 9452:10.1136/thx.51.9.944 7504:10.1093/ije/31.5.940 6629:(suppl_4): S1120-9. 5794:10.1056/NEJMp0800809 5738:on 6 September 2012. 5637:. 21 December 2006. 4524:. eMedicine Health. 3934:Villemin JA (1868). 3904:Villemin JA (1865). 2321:Jean-Antoine Watteau 2269:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1966:developing countries 1108:indoor air pollution 1021:Risk of transmission 1012:droplets 0.5 to 5.0 834:lipid bilayer. If a 769:miliary tuberculosis 753:genitourinary system 549:for this discovery. 436:Neolithic Revolution 325:tuberculin skin test 144:tuberculin skin test 14340:Diseases of poverty 14332:Diseases of poverty 14184:Stop TB Partnership 14139:Glenn Dale Hospital 13778:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 13745:Mycobacterium bovis 13695:Latent tuberculosis 13472:Nocardia asteroides 13367:Mycobacterium avium 13270:Lepromatous leprosy 13250:Tuberculoid leprosy 12991:Tropheryma whipplei 12673:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 12665:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 12418:Wobeser GA (2006). 11853:on 10 October 2009. 11817:Travelers' vaccines 11768:on 5 November 2006. 11231:on 24 October 2022. 11059:. 8 December 2010. 11007:Future Microbiology 10478:. Icons of Europe. 10386:Caldwell M (1988). 10367:on 11 February 2005 9684:2019NatSR...912720K 9625:2013PLoSO...857752K 9495:(47): 19013–19017. 7871:10.1155/2011/103917 7768:(9979): 1799–1801. 7335:on 17 November 2011 6732:2011PLoSO...626827C 6418:Crowley LV (2010). 6229:Pathologie-Biologie 5688:10.1155/2013/828939 4947:10.1385/MB:13:3:191 4285:Hannaway C (2008). 4170:2016PLoSO..1162575Z 3694:Laennec RT (1819). 2930:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2895:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2690:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2577:Mycobacterium bovis 2541:Stop TB Partnership 2413:, such as the 1945 2305:W. Somerset Maugham 2289:Katherine Mansfield 2161:Society and culture 1986:diseases of poverty 1624:Worldwide campaigns 1509:The only available 1489:involuntarily treat 1399:Latent tuberculosis 1393:Latent tuberculosis 1383:adenosine deaminase 1332:Active tuberculosis 1272:) in the center of 1064:Active disease risk 883:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 676:, weight loss, and 632:Current reemergence 453:from about AD 100. 256:latent tuberculosis 14669:Metabolic syndrome 14388:Neglected diseases 14373:Diarrheal diseases 14038:Philip D'Arcy Hart 13564:Bifidobacteriaceae 13505:Corynebacteriaceae 13480:Nocardia farcinica 13317:Aquarium granuloma 13260:Borderline leprosy 13147:Erythema induratum 12836:External resources 12391:(1): 101–11, vii. 12321:(1): 41–55, v–vi. 12190:on 3 December 2013 11594:10.1111/resp.13245 11548:(Suppl 1): 57–62. 11457:(4_suppl): 34–42. 11150:Sandhu GK (2011). 10703:on 11 October 2017 10203:on 9 November 2013 10075:on 6 February 2018 9672:Scientific Reports 9300:(9859): 2095–128. 7289:(aug04 5): g4643. 7165:(4): 609–15, 512. 6043:Skolnik R (2011). 5675:Pulmonary Medicine 4810:Jindal SK (2011). 4420:Shields T (2009). 4389:Persson S (2010). 4216:ezitis.myzen.co.uk 4067:www.nobelprize.org 2846:Harris RE (2013). 2358:The Magic Mountain 2329:Marie Bashkirtseff 2315:, and the artists 2247: 2227:Art and literature 2001:Indigenous peoples 1936:DNA fingerprinting 1916: 1682: 1580: 1491:them if infected. 1481: 1422:Hodgkin's lymphoma 1409: 1329: 1188:has a thick, waxy 1162: 1139: 1070:sub-Saharan Africa 1001: 879:acid-fast bacillus 802: 751:of the neck), the 706:Rasmussen aneurysm 659: 648:Signs and symptoms 566:notifiable-disease 536: 415: 388: 240:usually caused by 238:infectious disease 172:coccidioidomycosis 74:Infectious disease 27:Infectious disease 14774:Airborne diseases 14756: 14755: 14743:Teenage pregnancy 14629:Domestic violence 14624:Diabetes mellitus 14460: 14459: 14298: 14297: 13803:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 13582: 13581: 13558: 13557: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13172:Tuberculous gumma 13055:Corynebacterineae 13049: 13048: 12998:Whipple's disease 12907: 12906: 12431:978-0-8138-0589-4 11982:(13): 1349–1350. 11827:978-1-60795-045-5 11796:978-92-1-104596-3 11019:10.2217/fmb.11.84 10948:978-92-4-001313-1 10555:978-0-313-29916-2 10542:Rogal SJ (1997). 10461:978-1-107-67280-2 10419:Bunyan J (1808). 10405:978-0-689-11810-4 10303:Our World in Data 10273:Our World in Data 10178:978-0-19-988521-3 9872:978-0-12-375087-7 9411:. 24 March 2020. 8901:on 10 August 2014 8781:Euro Surveillance 8464:978-1-60327-238-4 8057:978-92-4-155023-9 7742:978-0-19-857014-1 7296:10.1136/bmj.g4643 7212:(1579): 2782–89. 7079:(11): 1260–1261. 6981:978-93-5025-073-0 6786:978-92-4-156330-7 6462:978-92-4-154634-8 6431:978-0-7637-6591-0 6209:978-81-312-2804-3 6092:978-1-60327-238-4 6062:978-0-7637-9751-5 6047:Global health 101 5961:. 18 March 2016. 5955:"TB Risk Factors" 5403:(2 Pt 2): S1–25. 5366:(Pt 8): 984–989. 5287:978-1-4649-0122-5 5274:Acton QA (2011). 5082:978-1-934115-24-4 5014:on 1 October 2011 4989:978-0-07-463223-9 4907:10.1080/714028138 4823:978-93-5025-073-0 4796:978-0-07-147722-2 4767:978-1-4200-6749-1 4703:978-93-5025-073-0 4623:978-81-8448-749-7 4610:Behera D (2010). 4592:978-0-7279-1605-1 4558:978-3-031-15954-1 4433:978-0-7817-7982-1 4402:978-1-4587-6712-7 4298:978-1-58603-832-8 4107:978-1-55581-072-6 4092:Bloom BR (1994). 4006:978-3-662-56454-7 3819:on 13 August 2006 3770:(11): 1249–1257. 3651:Marten B (1720). 3195:978-1-4160-2973-1 3020:978-0-443-06839-3 2974:978-81-86062-25-8 2861:978-0-7637-8047-0 2817:978-92-4-154667-6 2730:978-0-323-07699-9 2719:Ferri FF (2010). 2341:Amedeo Modigliani 2297:Fyodor Dostoevsky 2279:, the playwright 1994:immunocompromised 1928:immunosuppression 1913: 1912: 1750:Recurrent disease 1351:acid-fast bacilli 1241:epithelioid cells 1166:alveolar air sacs 1096:diabetes mellitus 860:in the laboratory 846:and survive in a 379: 303:and in those who 219: 218: 131:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 14806: 14779:Health in Africa 14674:Mental disorders 14487: 14480: 14473: 14464: 14463: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14302: 14301: 14068:Mario Raviglione 13722: 13668:Prosector's wart 13653:Caseous necrosis 13609: 13602: 13595: 13586: 13585: 13494:Rhodococcus equi 13290: 13289: 13157:Prosector's wart 13069: 13068: 13064:Mycobacteriaceae 13060: 13059: 12962:Actinomycetaceae 12958: 12957: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12911: 12910: 12729: 12728: 12703:In Black America 12684: 12679:. Archived from 12668: 12642: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12615: 12604: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12562: 12556: 12555: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12502: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12446: 12440: 12439: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12310: 12304: 12303: 12293: 12276:(11): CD011370. 12261: 12255: 12254: 12244: 12234: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12163: 12153: 12125: 12119: 12118: 12108: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12015: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11849:. Archived from 11842: 11836: 11835: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11764:. Archived from 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11709: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11683: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11606: 11596: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11537: 11526: 11525: 11515: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11474: 11442: 11423: 11422: 11412: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11363: 11346:(11): CD011432. 11331: 11325: 11324: 11314: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11215: 11206: 11200: 11199: 11189: 11171: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11130: 11120: 11111:(11): e1001135. 11096: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11080: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11030: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10933: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10882: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10845: 10834: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10722: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10609: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10522: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10450:Byrne K (2011). 10447: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10433: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10393: 10390:The Last Crusade 10383: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10363:. Archived from 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10330: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10165:Birn AE (2009). 10162: 10156: 10155: 10145: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10101:. 8 April 2017. 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10071:. Archived from 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10022: 10015: 10007: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9982:. Archived from 9976: 9970: 9969: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9903:on 11 April 2008 9899:. Archived from 9887: 9881: 9880: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9839: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9770: 9763: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9646: 9636: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9569: 9560: 9559: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9514: 9504: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9463: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9327: 9317: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9190: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9088: 9077: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9052: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8900: 8894:. Archived from 8885: 8876: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8828: 8821: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8796: 8787:(5): E070517.1. 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8659: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8610: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8565: 8548:(11): CD006594. 8533: 8527: 8526: 8516: 8484: 8473: 8472: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8384:(12): CD012918. 8369: 8363: 8362: 8352: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8303: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8254: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8112: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8008: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7967: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7873: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7506: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7465: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7365:on 30 March 2012 7351: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7308: 7298: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7221: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6846: 6822: 6816: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6743: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6571: 6558: 6557: 6539: 6537:10.20344/amp.333 6515: 6506: 6505: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6317: 6304: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6196:Khan MR (2011). 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6166: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6050: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5930: 5920: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5690: 5666: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5608:(5th ed.). 5607: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4949: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4576: 4563: 4562: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4501:on 8 August 2011 4491: 4485: 4484: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4181: 4164:(10): e0162575. 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4099: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3872: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3691: 3685: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3408: 3399:(10): e1000600. 3384: 3378: 3377: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3257: 3208: 3207: 3181: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3118:on 17 June 2013. 3108: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035:"Basic TB Facts" 3031: 3025: 3024: 3006: 2983: 2982: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2926: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2798: 2787: 2786: 2776: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2686: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2593:reverse zoonosis 2337:Aubrey Beardsley 2325:Elizabeth Siddal 2293:Charlotte Brontë 2283:, the novelists 2212: 2206: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2090:Native Americans 1921:latent infection 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1818:Age-standardized 1599:HEPA respirators 1278:caseous necrosis 1218:skeletal muscles 945:pasteurized milk 858:can be cultured 822:content of this 810:(MTB), a small, 745:lymphatic system 702:pulmonary artery 684:may also occur. 674:loss of appetite 672:, night sweats, 579: 380: 319:examination and 288:Tuberculosis is 264:blood-containing 55: 35: 34: 21: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14803: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14498: 14491: 14461: 14456: 14435: 14421:River blindness 14411:Schistosomiasis 14382: 14334: 14329: 14299: 14294: 14285:Tygerberg score 14198: 14092: 14058:Charles Mantoux 14048:George M. Heath 14018:Christopher Dye 14013:Albert Calmette 14008:Hermann Brehmer 14003:Manuel de Abreu 13989: 13963: 13925: 13859: 13851: 13764: 13723: 13714: 13624: 13618: 13613: 13583: 13578: 13554: 13499: 13449: 13410: 13344: 13323: 13279: 13275:Histoid leprosy 13230: 13077: 13074:M. tuberculosis 13045: 13025: 12947: 12938: 12908: 12903: 12902: 12831: 12830: 12740: 12683:on 5 July 2007. 12671: 12663: 12651: 12643: 12635: 12630: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12602: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12563: 12559: 12528: 12524: 12500:10.1.1.566.5547 12483: 12479: 12458:(2–4): 211–19. 12447: 12443: 12432: 12416: 12412: 12381: 12377: 12356:(1): 25–40, v. 12346: 12342: 12311: 12307: 12262: 12258: 12207: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12126: 12122: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12061: 12038: 12034: 12026: 12013: 12007: 12003: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11941: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11901:10.1038/nrd3694 11881: 11877: 11862: 11858: 11843: 11839: 11828: 11812: 11808: 11797: 11789:. p. 103. 11777: 11773: 11734: 11730: 11722: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11660: 11656: 11624: 11620: 11573: 11569: 11538: 11529: 11492: 11488: 11443: 11426: 11395:(8): CD013077. 11381: 11377: 11332: 11328: 11297:(9): CD008477. 11283: 11279: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11148: 11144: 11097: 11093: 11085: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11049: 11048: 11044: 10999: 10995: 10987: 10980: 10976: 10975: 10968: 10958: 10956: 10949: 10935: 10934: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10880: 10878: 10863: 10859: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10813: 10811: 10794: 10790: 10780: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10723: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10687: 10683: 10660:10.2307/1574402 10644: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10611: 10610: 10606: 10596: 10594: 10579: 10575: 10565: 10563: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10483: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10462: 10448: 10444: 10431: 10429: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10384: 10380: 10370: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10331: 10322: 10312: 10310: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10235: 10231: 10220: 10216: 10206: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10179: 10163: 10159: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10067: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10050: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10013: 10009: 10008: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9986:on 14 July 2017 9978: 9977: 9973: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9936: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9904: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9814: 9810: 9800: 9798: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9771:on 26 July 2009 9768: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9721: 9717: 9664: 9660: 9605: 9601: 9570: 9563: 9532: 9528: 9481: 9477: 9432: 9428: 9418: 9416: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9385:on 17 June 2012 9382: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9286: 9282: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9254: 9252: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9167: 9163: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9035:(9): CD010705. 9021: 9017: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8967: 8963: 8932:(3): CD012836. 8918: 8914: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8842: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8735: 8704: 8700: 8677: 8673: 8642:(1): CD007953. 8628: 8624: 8593:(4): CD000970. 8583: 8579: 8534: 8530: 8499:(5): CD003343. 8485: 8476: 8465: 8449: 8445: 8435: 8433: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8370: 8366: 8335:(2): CD001362. 8321: 8317: 8286:(5): CD006591. 8272: 8268: 8231: 8227: 8182: 8178: 8133: 8126: 8095:(25): 723–726. 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8058: 8040: 8039: 8032: 7985: 7981: 7950:(4): CD005159. 7936: 7932: 7901: 7897: 7850: 7846: 7815:(2): CD005435. 7801: 7797: 7758: 7754: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7524: 7520: 7483: 7479: 7448:(4): CD012915. 7434: 7430: 7385: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7338: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7275: 7271: 7261: 7259: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7198: 7194: 7155: 7151: 7120:(19): 439–443. 7106: 7102: 7065: 7061: 7024: 7020: 6997: 6993: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6917: 6913: 6874: 6870: 6837:(8): e1001062. 6823: 6819: 6815:. London, 2011. 6805: 6798: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6708: 6704: 6667: 6660: 6615: 6611: 6572: 6561: 6516: 6509: 6478: 6474: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6381:(1): e2014027. 6367: 6363: 6318: 6307: 6260: 6256: 6225: 6221: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6143: 6139: 6108: 6104: 6093: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6041: 6034: 6017: 6013: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5897: 5893: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5814: 5810: 5787:(11): 1089–92. 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5714: 5667: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5529: 5522: 5477: 5473: 5428: 5424: 5393: 5389: 5352: 5348: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5247:(2–4): 339–45. 5237: 5233: 5188: 5184: 5153:(9): 3398–405. 5139: 5135: 5098: 5094: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5036:Human Pathology 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4926: 4922: 4891: 4884: 4839: 4835: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4783: 4779: 4768: 4752: 4745: 4722: 4715: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4639: 4635: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4593: 4577: 4566: 4559: 4537: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4403: 4387: 4380: 4349: 4345: 4314: 4310: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4242:Medical History 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4007: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3951: 3949: 3923: 3921: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3841: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3726: 3722: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3677:Essential Cause 3664: 3662: 3649: 3645: 3608:Medical History 3600: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3499:(12): 4738–40. 3485: 3481: 3436: 3432: 3385: 3381: 3342: 3338: 3301: 3297: 3268:(9785): 57–72. 3258: 3211: 3196: 3182: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3065: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3007: 2986: 2975: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2844: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2818: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2652: 2647: 2621:Medicine portal 2619: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2568: 2518: 2512: 2488: 2435: 2429: 2277:Frédéric Chopin 2275:, the composer 2273:Edgar Allan Poe 2253: 2229: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2113: 2086: 2074: 2050: 2042: 2033: 2013: 1978: 1961:M. tuberculosis 1957:M. tuberculosis 1953: 1940:M. tuberculosis 1932:M. tuberculosis 1914: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1901: 2000–3000 1898: 1896: 1895: 1000–2000 1892: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1811: 1779: 1764: 1752: 1735: 1713: 1662: 1656: 1626: 1576:Wikisource link 1553: 1547: 1530: 1507: 1499:Main articles: 1497: 1473: 1401: 1395: 1362:M. tuberculosis 1347:sputum cultures 1334: 1318:M. tuberculosis 1311: 1305: 1265:dendritic cells 1194:M. tuberculosis 1186:M. tuberculosis 1143:M. tuberculosis 1135:Robert Carswell 1128: 1120: 1104:tobacco smoking 1085:developed world 1077:corticosteroids 1066: 1058: 1052: 1032:M. tuberculosis 1023: 1006: 903:M. tuberculosis 897:are also used. 856:M. tuberculosis 799:M. tuberculosis 788: 782: 777: 763:and joints (in 724: 718: 690: 657:simultaneously. 650: 634: 605:Albert Calmette 555: 543:M. tuberculosis 490:J. L. Schönlein 482:Benjamin Marten 470: 423:M. tuberculosis 399: 393: 382:Video summary ( 369: 293:through the air 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14812: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14688: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14604: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14537: 14532: 14530:Binge drinking 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14490: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14467: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14416:Dracunculiasis 14413: 14408: 14403: 14401:Chagas disease 14398: 14392: 14390: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14344: 14342: 14336: 14335: 14328: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14305: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14206: 14204: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14063:Richard Morton 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14023:Marcos Espinal 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13827: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13785: 13780: 13774: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13733: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13717: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13673:Lupus vulgaris 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13641:Ghon's complex 13628: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13612: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13589: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13568: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13524: 13523: 13522: 13509: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13467: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13440: 13433: 13425: 13423: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13405:M. haemophilum 13401: 13400: 13399: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13355: 13353: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13342: 13334: 13332: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13307: 13299: 13297: 13287: 13285:Nontuberculous 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13192: 13191: 13181: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13152:Lupus vulgaris 13149: 13144: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13113: 13103: 13098: 13096:Ghon's complex 13084: 13082: 13066: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13035: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12966: 12964: 12955: 12953:Actinomycineae 12949: 12948: 12945:Actinomycetota 12937: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12914: 12905: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12891: 12880: 12869: 12852: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12817: 12806: 12795: 12776: 12761: 12741: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12732:Classification 12726: 12725: 12719: 12700:, 1990-11-01, 12695: 12690: 12685: 12669: 12661: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633:External links 12631: 12628: 12627: 12590: 12557: 12522: 12477: 12441: 12430: 12410: 12375: 12340: 12305: 12256: 12201: 12175: 12120: 12091:(5): 936–943. 12071: 12046:Health Affairs 12032: 12001: 11966: 11948:Bloomberg News 11934: 11895:(3): 171–172. 11875: 11856: 11837: 11826: 11806: 11795: 11787:United Nations 11771: 11728: 11718:(8): 693–801. 11695: 11654: 11618: 11587:(4): 359–368. 11567: 11527: 11486: 11424: 11375: 11326: 11277: 11234: 11201: 11162:(2): 143–150. 11142: 11091: 11066: 11042: 11013:(9): 1067–82. 10993: 10966: 10947: 10921: 10891: 10857: 10821: 10788: 10766: 10737:(11): 1353–8. 10714: 10681: 10638: 10604: 10573: 10554: 10534: 10493: 10467: 10460: 10442: 10411: 10404: 10378: 10352: 10320: 10290: 10260: 10229: 10214: 10188: 10177: 10157: 10116: 10086: 10060: 10034: 9997: 9971: 9953: 9934: 9914: 9882: 9871: 9851: 9808: 9782: 9750: 9715: 9658: 9599: 9580:(5): 639–644. 9561: 9526: 9475: 9446:(9): 944–946. 9426: 9405:"Tuberculosis" 9396: 9359: 9280: 9262: 9232: 9202: 9188:10.1086/518898 9161: 9126: 9100: 9064: 9015: 8997: 8978:(2): 420–425. 8961: 8912: 8840: 8808: 8767: 8733: 8698: 8671: 8622: 8577: 8528: 8474: 8463: 8443: 8413: 8364: 8315: 8266: 8225: 8196:(2): 244–252. 8176: 8124: 8075: 8056: 8030: 7979: 7930: 7895: 7844: 7795: 7752: 7741: 7721: 7691: 7677: 7663: 7654:"Introduction" 7645: 7620: 7595: 7577: 7568:"Introduction" 7559: 7518: 7497:(5): 940–945. 7477: 7428: 7376: 7346: 7320: 7269: 7243: 7192: 7149: 7100: 7059: 7018: 6991: 6980: 6960: 6911: 6868: 6817: 6796: 6785: 6765: 6726:(11): e26827. 6702: 6658: 6609: 6559: 6507: 6472: 6461: 6441: 6430: 6410: 6361: 6305: 6254: 6219: 6208: 6188: 6137: 6102: 6091: 6068: 6061: 6032: 6011: 5976: 5946: 5891: 5857: 5834:10.1086/519939 5828:(4): 436–438. 5808: 5767: 5741: 5712: 5652: 5622: 5591: 5558: 5520: 5471: 5422: 5387: 5346: 5297: 5286: 5266: 5231: 5202:(6): 2547–53. 5182: 5133: 5112:(4): 1236–45. 5092: 5081: 5061: 5042:(11): 1085–9. 5025: 4999: 4988: 4969: 4940:(3): 191–200. 4920: 4882: 4833: 4822: 4802: 4795: 4777: 4766: 4743: 4732:(9): 1761–68. 4713: 4702: 4682: 4633: 4622: 4602: 4591: 4564: 4557: 4531: 4512: 4486: 4443: 4432: 4412: 4401: 4378: 4343: 4324:(4): 696–721. 4308: 4297: 4277: 4228: 4203: 4144: 4113: 4106: 4084: 4054: 4024: 4005: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3896: 3830: 3798: 3753: 3720: 3686: 3643: 3594: 3577: 3528: 3479: 3430: 3393:PLOS Pathogens 3379: 3336: 3322:10.1086/321886 3295: 3209: 3194: 3147: 3121: 3112:"Tuberculosis" 3100: 3056: 3026: 3019: 2984: 2973: 2951: 2916: 2879: 2860: 2835: 2816: 2788: 2736: 2729: 2711: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2608: 2605: 2567: 2564: 2511: 2508: 2487: 2484: 2428: 2425: 2421:Ingrid Bergman 2249:Main article: 2238:The Sick Child 2228: 2225: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2117:Western Europe 2112: 2111:Western Europe 2109: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2070: 2058:incidence rate 2049: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2012: 2009: 1977: 1976:At-risk groups 1974: 1952: 1949: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1889: 750–1000 1885: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1824: 1810: 1807: 1778: 1775: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1734: 1731: 1712: 1709: 1658:Main article: 1655: 1652: 1625: 1622: 1570:, replaced in 1566:under the old 1549:Main article: 1546: 1543: 1529: 1526: 1513:as of 2021 is 1496: 1493: 1472: 1469: 1438:false-positive 1397:Main article: 1394: 1391: 1333: 1330: 1307:Main article: 1304: 1301: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1065: 1062: 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 1022: 1019: 1005: 1002: 953:Horn of Africa 854:organism, but 832:outer membrane 784:Main article: 781: 778: 776: 773: 720:Main article: 717: 716:Extrapulmonary 714: 698:cough up blood 689: 686: 680:. Significant 649: 646: 642:drug-resistant 633: 630: 609:Camille Guérin 586:pasteurization 554: 551: 474:Richard Morton 469: 468:Identification 466: 411:British Museum 407:Egyptian mummy 395:Main article: 392: 389: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 179: 175: 174: 164:histoplasmosis 157: 151: 150: 133: 127: 126: 120: 114: 113: 106: 102: 101: 87: 81: 80: 71: 65: 64: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14811: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14718:Schizophrenia 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14496: 14488: 14483: 14481: 14476: 14474: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440:Miscellaneous 14438: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14426:Leishmaniasis 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14321: 14319: 14314: 14312: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097:Organizations 14095: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14043:F. R. G. Heaf 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13966: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943:Experimental 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13932: 13928: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13901:Thioacetazone 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13858: 13854: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13726: 13721: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13621: 13617: 13610: 13605: 13603: 13598: 13596: 13591: 13590: 13587: 13575: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13549: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13383:MAI infection 13381: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13306: 13305: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13142:Scrofuloderma 13140: 13139: 13138: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13052: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12977:Actinomycosis 12975: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12923: 12921: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12899: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12886: 12885: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12851: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12827: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12641: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12561: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12481: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12214: 12205: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12171: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12133: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12025: 12021: 12020: 12012: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11938: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11860: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11674:(4): 567–77. 11673: 11669: 11665: 11658: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11622: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11523: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11506:(2): 206–32. 11505: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11371: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11250:(7): 739–42. 11249: 11245: 11238: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11197: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11138: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11105:PLOS Medicine 11102: 11095: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10986: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10888: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10861: 10842: 10838: 10831: 10825: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10792: 10776: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10721: 10719: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10685: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10654:(2): 114–11. 10653: 10649: 10642: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10577: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10538: 10530: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10463: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10415: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10391: 10382: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10242: 10233: 10225: 10218: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10019: 10012: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9941: 9937: 9935:0-8330-2446-9 9931: 9927: 9926: 9918: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9830:(3): 351–55. 9829: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9812: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9767: 9760: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9731:(4): 240–45. 9730: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9619:(3): e57752. 9618: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9381: 9374: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8888:The Economist 8882: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8825: 8818: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8738: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8718:(11): 301–5. 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8687:(2): 104–12. 8686: 8682: 8675: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8245:(3): 257–66. 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7732:Sections 1–10 7725: 7709: 7706:(WHO). 2011. 7705: 7701: 7695: 7687: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7630: 7624: 7605: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7538:(1): E9–E12. 7537: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7399:(6): 529–31. 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7381: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7007:(2): 93–107. 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931:(3): 177–84. 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6884:(6): 981–93. 6883: 6879: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831:PLOS Medicine 6828: 6821: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6681:(1): 100–11. 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6530:(1): 145–54. 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6332:(3): 833–36. 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6075: 6073: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5539:(5): 407–13. 5538: 5534: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491:(3): 143–54. 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5442:(4): 453–64. 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4901:(3): 119–25. 4900: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4853:(3): 109–16. 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653:(3): 182–85. 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4459:(3): 179–85. 4458: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359:(3): 528–40. 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3965: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3915: 3912:(in French). 3911: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3855:(8): 413–17. 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3671:P. 51: "The 3660: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614:(2): 166–74. 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3591:Who Named It? 3588: 3587: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3551:(2): 269–74. 3550: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450:(1): 359–67. 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352:(3): 369–82. 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3315:(3): 305–11. 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759:(4): 650–71. 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2566:Other animals 2563: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:George Orwell 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281:Anton Chekhov 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190:is short for 2189: 2185: 2174: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2084:North America 2081: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1883: 500–750 1877: 250–500 1872: 1869: 100–250 1833: no data 1828: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668:Tuberculosis 1666: 1661: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1528:Public health 1525: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345:and multiple 1344: 1340: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:B lymphocytes 1246: 1245:T lymphocytes 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:granulomatous 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1018: 1015: 1011: 997: 993: 991: 987: 983: 982: 977: 976: 971: 970: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933: 928: 927: 922: 921: 916: 915: 910: 906: 904: 898: 896: 892: 888: 887:Kinyoun stain 884: 880: 876: 873:samples from 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:disinfectants 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 800: 796: 792: 787: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 723: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 685: 683: 682:nail clubbing 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 654: 645: 643: 639: 629: 627: 622: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 600: 596: 591: 587: 581: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 550: 548: 544: 540: 533: 529: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 412: 408: 403: 398: 385: 367: 365: 364:ancient times 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 315:, as well as 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 132: 128: 125: 121: 119: 115: 112: 111: 107: 103: 100:, weight loss 99: 95: 91: 90:Chronic cough 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 14769:Tuberculosis 14748:Tuberculosis 14659:Malnutrition 14503:Health topic 14495:epidemiology 14447:Malnutrition 14358:Tuberculosis 14357: 14260:Sunshine Way 14250:Preventorium 14235:Iowa Cow War 14083:Madonna Swan 14078:Lucius Rüedi 13916:Pyrazinamide 13906:Streptomycin 13862:ATC code J04 13840:Mantoux test 13757: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13658:Pott disease 13616:Tuberculosis 13615: 13571: 13540: 13526: 13512: 13492: 13470: 13463:Nocardiaceae 13444:M. abscessus 13442: 13435: 13430:M. fortuitum 13428: 13403: 13397:Buruli ulcer 13389: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13337: 13309: 13302: 13235: 13134: 13105: 13101:Pott disease 13088:Tuberculosis 13087: 13072: 13038: 13018: 13004: 12989: 12969: 12893: 12882: 12878:Tuberculosis 12871: 12854: 12843: 12819: 12808: 12797: 12778: 12763: 12744: 12701: 12681:the original 12655:Tuberculosis 12645: 12618:. Retrieved 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12570: 12560: 12535: 12531: 12525: 12493:(9): 420–7. 12490: 12486: 12480: 12455: 12451: 12444: 12420: 12413: 12388: 12384: 12378: 12353: 12349: 12343: 12318: 12314: 12308: 12273: 12269: 12259: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12204: 12192:. Retrieved 12188:the original 12178: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12123: 12088: 12084: 12074: 12062:. Retrieved 12045: 12035: 12017: 12004: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11957:. Retrieved 11946: 11937: 11925:. Retrieved 11892: 11888: 11878: 11859: 11851:the original 11840: 11816: 11809: 11785:. New York: 11781: 11774: 11766:the original 11745: 11741: 11731: 11715: 11711: 11698: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11635:(8): 522–8. 11632: 11628: 11621: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11545: 11541: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11454: 11450: 11392: 11388: 11378: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11294: 11290: 11280: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11226:the original 11221: 11217: 11204: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11108: 11104: 11094: 11069: 11054: 11045: 11010: 11006: 10996: 10957:. Retrieved 10937: 10912:. Retrieved 10903: 10894: 10886: 10881:28 September 10879:. Retrieved 10870: 10860: 10848:. Retrieved 10824: 10814:28 September 10812:. Retrieved 10803:The Guardian 10801: 10791: 10779:. Retrieved 10769: 10734: 10730: 10707:28 September 10705:. Retrieved 10701:the original 10696: 10691: 10684: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10629:. Retrieved 10620: 10616: 10607: 10595:. Retrieved 10586: 10576: 10564:. Retrieved 10544: 10537: 10510: 10506: 10496: 10484:. Retrieved 10470: 10451: 10445: 10437: 10432:28 September 10430:. Retrieved 10421: 10414: 10389: 10381: 10369:. Retrieved 10365:the original 10355: 10343:. Retrieved 10311:. Retrieved 10302: 10293: 10281:. Retrieved 10272: 10263: 10255:the original 10250: 10246: 10240: 10232: 10217: 10207:17 September 10205:. Retrieved 10201:the original 10191: 10167: 10160: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10107:. Retrieved 10098: 10089: 10077:. Retrieved 10073:the original 10063: 10051:. Retrieved 10047: 10037: 10027:27 September 10025:. Retrieved 9988:. 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Retrieved 2693: 2586: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2549: 2534: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2496:Africa, AIDS 2489: 2480: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2414: 2396: 2386: 2371:Van Morrison 2356: 2346: 2333:Edvard Munch 2254: 2243:Edvard Munch 2236: 2214: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2169: 2114: 2106: 2095: 2087: 2075: 2066: 2051: 2043: 2034: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1982:malnutrition 1979: 1970: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1951:Epidemiology 1945: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1917: 1907: ≥ 3000 1863: 75–100 1803: 1798: 1796: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1753: 1739:pyrazinamide 1736: 1728: 1725: 1714: 1705: 1690: 1683: 1648: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1597:filters and 1588: 1581: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1482: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1426:malnutrition 1410: 1377: 1361: 1359: 1335: 1317: 1286: 1282: 1262: 1230: 1198: 1193: 1190:mycolic acid 1185: 1178:phagocytosis 1172:of alveolar 1163: 1147:asymptomatic 1142: 1140: 1126:Pathogenesis 1121: 1089: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1050:Risk factors 1043:nonresistant 1039: 1031: 1024: 1007: 1004:Transmission 979: 973: 967: 965: 956: 948: 940: 937:M. africanum 936: 930: 924: 920:M. africanum 918: 912: 909:mycobacteria 902: 899: 871:expectorated 867:histological 864: 855: 840:mycolic acid 814:, nonmotile 805: 803: 798: 780:Mycobacteria 765:Pott disease 725: 691: 667: 660: 635: 626:pneumothorax 621:streptomycin 617: 603: 582: 563: 556: 542: 537: 501:Mammoth Cave 498: 496:) in 1832. 493: 486:René Laennec 471: 455: 451:the Americas 422: 416: 352: 329: 313:chest X-rays 287: 275:night sweats 241: 233: 229: 225: 222:Tuberculosis 221: 220: 118:Risk factors 108: 38:Tuberculosis 29: 14639:Hepatitis D 14634:Hepatitis C 14602:Chikungunya 14189:TB Alliance 14053:Robert Koch 13939:BCG vaccine 13911:Bedaquiline 13891:Cycloserine 13886:Capreomycin 13813:QuantiFERON 13787:Culture on 13486:Nocardiosis 13437:M. chelonae 13391:M. ulcerans 13339:M. gordonae 13304:M. kansasii 12845:MedlinePlus 12598:Mikota SK. 12538:(1): 2–10. 11581:Respirology 10587:Smithsonian 10581:Eschner K. 10371:15 December 10226:. NBC News. 9946:20 February 9119:11 November 8436:27 November 8147:(1): 1–11. 7369:30 December 7262:30 December 5635:Mayo Clinic 4137:26 February 3932:See also: 3916:: 211–216. 3049:11 February 2582:New Zealand 2552:bedaquiline 2398:La Traviata 2375:T.B. Sheets 2361:, set in a 2353:Thomas Mann 2301:Thomas Mann 2285:Franz Kafka 2221:John Bunyan 2199:Consumption 2184:Hippocrates 1857: 50–75 1851: 25–50 1845: 10–25 1792:Bedaquiline 1699:instead of 1582:During the 1564:respirators 1505:BCG vaccine 1450:M. kansasii 1418:sarcoidosis 1343:chest X-ray 1322:stained red 1297:antibiotics 1257:lymphocytes 1253:fibroblasts 1237:Macrophages 1209:Simon focus 1174:macrophages 981:M. kansasii 949:M. canettii 926:M. canettii 818:. The high 759:), and the 539:Robert Koch 532:Robert Koch 516:. In 1865, 494:Tuberkulose 456:Before the 340:antibiotics 332:vaccination 317:microscopic 279:weight loss 234:consumption 230:white death 198:Antibiotics 183:vaccination 168:sarcoidosis 148:QuantiFERON 78:pulmonology 61:Chest X-ray 43:Other names 18:Tuberculose 14763:Categories 14723:Snakebites 14619:Depression 14565:esophageal 14560:colorectal 14255:Sanatorium 14073:Carl Rüedi 14033:Max Gerson 13968:Resistance 13896:Rifampicin 13881:Ethambutol 13857:Management 13830:Tuberculin 13700:Paronychia 13637:Ghon focus 13534:Erythrasma 13520:Diphtheria 13311:M. marinum 13184:Tuberculid 13116:Rich focus 13111:Meningitis 13092:Ghon focus 12873:Patient UK 12821:DiseasesDB 12675:. London: 12225:: 717045. 12144:: 717045. 11604:1887/77156 11218:Hypothesis 10513:: 283–85. 10333:Lawlor C. 10136:(8): 836. 9801:13 October 9775:13 October 8905:22 January 8760:12 January 7999:(2): 263. 7864:: 103917. 6712:Vermund SH 5760:13 October 5681:: 828939. 5645:19 October 3952:6 December 3924:6 December 3746:6 December 3708:6 December 3681:Animalcula 3665:8 December 3140:9 November 2944:16 October 2806:. Geneva: 2645:References 2514:See also: 2472:World Bank 2363:sanatorium 2349:literature 2317:Alice Neel 2265:John Keats 1743:ethambutol 1701:rifampicin 1654:Management 1471:Prevention 1446:M. marinum 1442:M. szulgai 1205:upper lobe 1201:Ghon focus 1092:alcoholism 1081:infliximab 961:prevalence 957:M. microti 932:M. microti 869:stains on 836:Gram stain 694:chest pain 510:Sokołowsko 506:sanatorium 350:(MDR-TB). 178:Prevention 14708:Pneumonia 14696:childhood 14368:Pneumonia 13947:M72/AS01E 13871:Isoniazid 13845:Tine test 13835:Heaf test 13818:T-SPOT.TB 13237:M. leprae 13136:cutaneous 12867:radio/411 12864:emerg/618 12856:eMedicine 12708:KUT Radio 12609:(APHIS). 12495:CiteSeerX 11959:1 January 11762:154454583 11178:0974-777X 10839:(USAID). 10676:191371443 10631:4 October 10566:4 October 10109:22 August 10079:22 August 10048:Spotlight 9990:22 August 9907:7 October 9225:25 August 6274:(1): 29. 5969:25 August 4121:Frith J. 4077:7 October 3823:8 October 3290:208791546 3095:0312-8008 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