1343:
56:
49:
2002:
319:. Al-Bakri described the city as being surrounded by a brick wall, with monumental gateways. Tobna had five gates: to the west, the Bāb Khakān; to the east, the Bāb Fatḥ (with vents); to the south, the Bāb Tāhūdha (made of iron) and the Bāb al-Jadīd; and to the north, the Bāb Kurāma. On the south side of the city was the fortress, which featured vaulted chambers, a cistern dating to the Byzantine period, a
778:
149:
231:'s aerial surveys in Algeria, published in 1949, provided the first aerial images of the site. From this data, he worked on reconstructing the Roman road network surrounding the city. Only a single milestone appearing to mention Tobna by name has been found; it was located on the ancient road to Nicivibus (
490:
tribe to the west were enemies of the
Fatimids, and in 927, in order to contain them, the Fatimids established a new regional capital further west, at Msila. Tobna thus lost much of its civic and military importance. Many of its inhabitants relocated west to Msila, and economic activity declined. The
724:, the "Salinae Tubunenses" of the Romans. They are very extensive, for three successive towns occupied different sites, under the Romans, the Byzantines, and the Arabs. Besides the remains of the fortress, the most remarkable monument is a church now used as a mosque.
740:. Saint Cyprian often speaks of him in his letters, and one letter survives which he wrote to Cyprian in his own name and in the name of those who were condemned with him to the mines. An inscription testifies to his cult at
235:) and carries the inscription "bonis". Reconstruction of the surrounding road network has mostly been deduced from the distances recorded on other milestones in the area as well as their locations.
471:
with a protective roof. The sappers succeeded in collapsing one of the towers along the city wall, and the Kutama were able to enter the city through the breach. The defenders soon surrendered;
285:. This fortress has survived to the present day; it is moderately sized, located at a point somewhat higher than the surrounding plain. By the 680s, it had become a base for the Berber king
610:
499:
381:; according to al-Bakri, "Every time it overflows, it waters all the gardens and fields in the suburbs and provides the inhabitants with abundant harvests." Major crops included
1239:
338:) and was lined with shops and markets. More markets lay outside the city walls in the extensive suburbs, of which the most important was to the west. There was also a
575:
563:
289:, with the Byzantine officials acquiescing. Tobna had formerly been the seat of the Comes of Africa, but that office had fallen out of use by the mid-600s.
1232:
591:
412:
For two centuries beginning c. 700 CE, Tobna was a major strategic center for Muslim rulers, serving as capital of the Zab region. It had a garrison (
597:
362:
and al-Bakri both remarked on the bitter rivalry between the Arabs and the Roman
Africans in the city, with the Arabs seeking allies in the Arabs of
377:
Beyond the walls were extensive suburbs, a cemetery (to the east), and irrigated gardens and farms. The city was irrigated by the waters of the
228:
709:
went, probably in 421, to meet the Roman official
Boniface and exhort him "to serve the Church by protecting the empire from the barbarians".
1225:
378:
510:
in 996. However, in 999, Fulful rebelled, and in retaliation, Badis pillaged the city. In 1017, a peace treaty between Badis's successor,
2044:
557:
2039:
1964:
363:
1203:
Section: Roman Africa. (Leipzig 1865; London 1866; London: Macmillan 1909; reprint New York 1996) Barnes & Noble. New York, 1996
2054:
2034:
2012:
1949:
569:
1104:
958:
921:
451:
missionary who had gathered a large following among the Kutama tribe. Tobna was fortified with structures dating back to the
1150:
1127:
99:
537:
described the devastation they brought: after sacking and destroying both Tobna and Msila, the Banu Hilal attacked the
1054:
910:
Guédon, Stéphanie (2019). "Road
Network and Roman Frontier in Numidia: the Region of Tobna". In Kolb, Anne (ed.).
1928:
2049:
1981:
1194:
211:
Poorly documented by archaeologists today, Tobna's ruins occupy an extensive area and include the remains of a
1342:
716:
exiled a large number of
Catholics there. Its ruins, known as Tobna, are in the Department of Constantine,
48:
1658:
223:
The site of Tobna is poorly studied by archaeologists as of 2019. The same is true of the surrounding
759:
737:
706:
1888:
1402:
1003:
604:
601:
444:
1893:
1883:
791:
643:
581:
433:
17:
1046:
The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the
Fatimids (Translated from the German by Michael Bonner)
1517:
1502:
1382:
1357:
1292:
1282:
1208:
Scenes in the Sunny South: Including the Atlas
Mountains and the Oases of the Sahara in Algeria
511:
503:
292:
Byzantine Tobna lay at the border of the provinces of
Numidia and Mauretania Caesariensis (aka
278:
1211:
1117:
1082:
1027:
2017:
1653:
1617:
1287:
1217:
1140:
293:
1969:
1878:
1297:
1210:. Volume 2. Publisher Longmans, Green, and Company. University of Wisconsin. Madison,1871 (
8:
1933:
1898:
783:
515:
443:
In 906 CE, during the final years of
Aghlabid power, Tobna was besieged by the forces of
526:
was made its governor. Under
Hammadid rule, Tobna briefly enjoyed a renewed prosperity.
1974:
1959:
1412:
1397:
702:
297:
266:
251:
197:
1908:
1663:
1432:
1392:
1190:
1146:
1123:
1100:
1050:
954:
917:
746:
483:
335:
243:
544:
Tobna never recovered. While it was repopulated, it lost its importance in favor of
1788:
1683:
1422:
1377:
585:
519:
507:
452:
437:
420:
212:
153:
1954:
1044:
948:
911:
877:
655:
654:. Writers such as Morcelli uses the spelling "Tubunae" for both of them, but the
523:
1923:
1850:
1834:
1793:
1773:
1522:
1512:
1302:
721:
639:
355:
258:
247:
181:
83:
824:
669:
There it is even the possibility that both names are for the same settlement.
2028:
2006:
1728:
1703:
1607:
1307:
1272:
1165:
495:
476:
468:
114:
101:
1693:
1447:
1312:
682:
631:
538:
398:
339:
201:
1497:
204:
through the Islamic Middle Ages, until it was sacked and destroyed by the
1903:
1648:
1577:
755:
659:
534:
448:
320:
215:
fortress as well as the traces of a wall covering a 950 m by 930 m area.
1873:
1829:
1824:
1808:
1778:
1678:
1643:
1487:
751:
733:
530:
472:
359:
316:
307:
Tobna was an important city in the Islamic Middle Ages: the geographer
239:
205:
1427:
1913:
1733:
1673:
1597:
1587:
1562:
1537:
1532:
1472:
1387:
1332:
1322:
677:
The names of none of the bishops of this town, which is mentioned by
282:
541:, towns, villages, and farms, razing them completely to the ground.
2005: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1918:
1783:
1758:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1627:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1477:
1457:
1437:
1277:
1008:. Algiers: Office des publications universitaires. pp. 228–236
796:
763:
690:
456:
425:
424:
for campaigns against rebellious Berbers, including members of the
347:
312:
308:
301:
1622:
455:, as well as a large Aghlabid garrison which defended itself with
367:
1855:
1768:
1743:
1738:
1688:
1612:
1602:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1492:
1482:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1362:
801:
717:
713:
686:
678:
651:
627:
351:
192:. From this position, it once controlled the eastern part of the
185:
157:
87:
1803:
662:
refers to the second of them (corresponding to modern Tobna) as
1798:
1763:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1668:
1592:
1582:
1542:
1367:
1327:
1317:
741:
545:
487:
460:
429:
402:
394:
386:
371:
286:
232:
189:
1247:
732:
Three bishops of Tubunae/Thubunae in Numidia are known. Saint
1753:
1417:
1407:
1372:
766:
Protasius. A third, Reparatus, was exiled by Huneric in 484.
491:
wars with the Zenata also hindered agricultural development.
406:
382:
343:
274:
224:
193:
1005:
L'évolution des cités du Tell en Ifrikya du VII au XI siècle
358:
who were mostly of Berber descent with some Roman ancestry.
1552:
1267:
522:, gave control of Tobna to the Hammadids, and Hammad's son
414:
390:
208:
in the 11th century, after which it was finally abandoned.
148:
330:
Inside the walls, the main street of Tobna ran east–west (
311:
called it the most important city of the Maghreb between
950:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
572:(until 791, when he was appointed governor of Ifriqiya)
261:, Tobna was the seat of a military district called the
953:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 239.
879:
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 10, Issues 163-178
916:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 323–337.
773:
701:
It was to this town "in the depths of Numidia" that
167:
650:, because it was situated in the Roman province of
418:) and newly built walls, and it served as the main
459:during the siege. Abu Abdallah's Kutama army sent
750:mentions him on 10 September. Another bishop was
646:. The other (the modern town of Tobna) is called
529:That ended during the mid-11th century, when the
200:did the west. It flourished from the time of the
2026:
281:. A fortress was built here during the reign of
300:considered Tobna to be on the western limit of
27:Ancient Roman town located in the city of Bitam
696:
548:, and soon after it was abandoned altogether.
1233:
754:, who usurped the see after quitting that of
370:and the Roman Africans seeking allies in the
342:. Tobna had an eclectic population including
913:Roman Roads: New Evidence - New Perspectives
475:recorded this as taking place at the end of
997:
440:, which would rule Ifriqiya for a century.
188:, located just south of the modern city of
2010:
1248:Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa
1240:
1226:
1087:, Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp. 331–332
1077:
1075:
1073:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
819:
817:
720:, at the gates of the Sahara, west of the
551:
1965:Christianity in the Roman Africa province
1189:Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. Roma, 2007
518:, al-Mansur's brother and founder of the
1001:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
871:
869:
867:
865:
672:
506:in 992 and reconfirmed by his successor
147:
1950:North Africa during classical antiquity
1255:Sorted by contemporary national borders
1070:
1049:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 110–11.
1002:Cambuzat, Paul-Louis (9 October 2018).
974:
942:
940:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
814:
432:tribe. One military governor of Tobna,
14:
2027:
909:
689:summoned the North African bishops to
172:), also known by the ancient names of
1992:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
1221:
1187:Colonie e municipi nello Stato romano
1161:
1159:
1122:(University of California Press 1969
946:
894:
2021:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1145:(Association University Presse 1984
1042:
937:
875:
842:
617:
498:, Tobna had a Zenata governor named
401:, among other fruits, and there was
1099:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013,
1036:
681:, have been preserved. The see was
24:
2045:Former populated places in Algeria
2011:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1156:
296:). Later on, the Muslim historian
25:
2066:
2040:Roman towns and cities in Algeria
1201:The Provinces of the Roman Empire
1029:The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī
409:breeding until the 10th century.
2000:
1341:
776:
626:in the territory of what is now
54:
47:
2055:Catholic titular sees in Africa
2035:Archaeological sites in Algeria
1982:Roman colonies in Berber Africa
1929:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
1179:
1133:
1119:Augustine of Hippo: A Biography
1110:
1090:
1020:
482:Tobna then became part of the
277:of Africa and later a part of
273:under the jurisdiction of the
13:
1:
807:
638:, because it was part of the
334:, corresponding to the Roman
323:, and the governor's palace (
254:during his stay in the city.
238:Roman Tubunae first became a
180:, is a ruined former city in
55:
1498:Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)
1166:Sophrone Pétridès, "Tubunae"
622:There were two towns called
611:Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun
500:Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun
463:to the wall, protected by a
7:
1116:Peter Robert Lamont Brown,
769:
697:Tubunae/Thubunae in Numidia
168:
152:Map showing Tubunae in the
10:
2071:
1081:Stefano Antonio Morcelli,
876:Côte, M. (1998). "Tubna".
762:, where his rival was the
758:, and who assisted at the
727:
630:, when it was part of the
218:
134:457 m (1,499 ft)
1990:
1942:
1864:
1843:
1817:
1636:
1350:
1339:
1308:Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)
1260:
1253:
947:Kaegi, Walter E. (2010).
760:Council of Carthage (411)
738:Council of Carthage (256)
467:(literally "crawler") or
265:, which is listed in the
138:
130:
93:
79:
71:
42:
35:
1206:Smyth Vereker, Charles.
1142:Augustine and the Arians
634:. One is referred to as
36:
1884:Mauretania Caesariensis
1097:Annuario Pontifico 2013
792:Mauretania Caesariensis
644:Mauretania Caesariensis
552:List of known governors
502:, who was appointed by
479:, 293 AH (905-906 CE).
436:, went on to found the
434:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab
1293:Iulia Campestris Babba
1283:Iulia Constantia Zilil
504:al-Mansur ibn Buluggin
279:Byzantine North Africa
269:as one of the sixteen
160:
2050:Ancient Berber cities
2018:Catholic Encyclopedia
1288:Iulia Valentia Banasa
1170:Catholic Encyclopedia
673:Tubunae in Mauretania
636:Tubunae in Mauretania
584:(797-800, founder of
582:Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab
564:al-Muhallab ibn Yazid
445:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
350:serving in the army,
294:Mauretania Sitifensis
151:
72:Alternative name
1970:Early African Church
1879:Mauretania Tingitana
1398:Castellum Tingitanum
1139:William A. Sumruld,
1043:Halm, Heinz (1996).
882:. Brill. p. 580
533:invaded the region.
115:35.34846°N 5.34584°E
63:Shown within Algeria
1934:Exarchate of Africa
1199:Mommsen, Theodore.
784:Ancient Rome portal
664:Thubunae in Numidia
516:Hammad ibn Buluggin
227:region in general.
111: /
32:
1975:Church of Carthage
1960:Limes Tripolitanus
1899:Creta et Cyrenaica
1413:Civitas Popthensis
703:Augustine of Hippo
648:Tubunae in Numidia
594:(dismissed in 847)
298:Abu Bakr al-Maliki
271:praepositi limitis
267:Notitia Dignitatum
252:Augustine of Hippo
161:
30:
1997:
1996:
1909:Diocese of Africa
1433:Diana Veteranorum
1393:Castellum Dimmidi
1105:978-88-209-9070-1
1084:Africa christiana
960:978-0-521-19677-2
923:978-3-11-061869-3
747:Roman Martyrology
618:Christian diocese
576:al-'Ala ibn Sa'id
484:Fatimid Caliphate
336:Decumanus Maximus
263:limes Tubuniensis
244:Septimius Severus
146:
145:
120:35.34846; 5.34584
75:Tubunae, Thubunae
16:(Redirected from
2062:
2022:
2004:
2003:
1943:Related articles
1789:Turris Tamalleni
1684:Hippo Diarrhytus
1423:Cohors Breucorum
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1185:Laffi, Umberto.
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592:Salim ibn Jalbun
586:Aghlabid dynasty
570:al-Fadl ibn Rawh
566:(date not given)
520:Hammadid dynasty
508:Badis ibn Mansur
453:Byzantine Empire
438:Aghlabid dynasty
428:and, later, the
397:. Orchards grew
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1032:. p. 188.
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722:Chott el Hodna
698:
695:
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640:Roman province
619:
616:
615:
614:
608:
600:(appointed by
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589:
579:
573:
567:
561:
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356:Roman Africans
259:Late Antiquity
248:Count Boniface
220:
217:
196:region, while
182:Batna Province
144:
143:
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136:
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132:
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127:
95:
91:
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84:Batna Province
81:
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52:
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26:
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1694:Leptis Parva
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1180:Bibliography
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832:. Retrieved
826:
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229:Jean Baradez
222:
210:
202:Roman Empire
177:
173:
163:
162:
1904:Roman Egypt
1649:Bulla Regia
1578:Thubursicum
1403:Castra Nova
1062:4 September
1012:7 September
966:4 September
929:4 September
886:5 September
834:3 September
756:Bulla Regia
658:'s list of
535:Ibn Khaldun
379:Oued Bitham
321:Jami mosque
156:, south of
118: /
94:Coordinates
2029:Categories
1874:Mauretania
1809:Zama Regia
1779:Thuburnica
1679:Hadrumetum
1644:Althiburos
1488:Mesarfelta
1195:8884983509
808:References
752:Cresconius
734:Nemesianus
531:Banu Hilal
494:Under the
473:Ibn Idhari
360:Ibn Hawqal
317:Sijilmassa
240:municipium
206:Banu Hilal
142:Settlement
103:35°20′54″N
1914:Zeugitana
1734:Simitthus
1598:Tubusuctu
1588:Tingartia
1563:Thamugadi
1538:Rusucurru
1533:Rusguniae
1503:Parthenia
1473:Lambaesis
1388:Cartennas
1333:Volubilis
1323:Thamusida
1130:), p. 422
1107:), p. 998
613:(992-999)
578:(791-794)
558:al-Aghlab
512:al-Mu'izz
457:mangonels
283:Justinian
250:met with
213:Byzantine
106:5°20′45″E
1919:Byzacena
1865:Kingdoms
1784:Thysdrus
1759:Thabraca
1749:Taparura
1739:Sufetula
1724:Scillium
1699:Mactaris
1659:Carthago
1628:Zuccabar
1573:Thibilis
1568:Theveste
1558:Thagaste
1478:Madauros
1458:Igilgili
1438:Gemellae
1383:Caesarea
1278:Exilissa
1153:), p. 86
797:Gemellae
770:See also
764:Donatist
693:in 484.
691:Carthage
524:al-Qa'id
449:Isma'ili
426:Khawarij
374:region.
348:Persians
313:Kairouan
309:al-Bakri
302:Ifriqiya
178:Thubunae
131:Altitude
80:Location
2013:Tubunae
2009::
1889:Numidia
1856:Rusadir
1835:Farafra
1769:Thapsus
1744:Tacapae
1689:Kelibia
1674:Gightis
1664:Cillium
1637:Tunisia
1618:Vescera
1613:Uzinaza
1603:Tubunae
1548:Setifis
1528:Rapidum
1508:Pomaria
1493:Milevum
1483:Mascula
1468:Lamasba
1463:Iomnium
1453:Icosium
1443:Gunugus
1363:Albulae
1351:Algeria
1303:Mogador
1261:Morocco
802:Sitifis
728:Bishops
718:Algeria
714:Huneric
712:In 479
707:Alypius
687:Huneric
679:Ptolemy
652:Numidia
628:Algeria
624:Tubunae
607:in 906)
465:dabbāba
461:sappers
364:Tahudha
352:Berbers
332:"simaṭ"
219:History
186:Algeria
174:Tubunae
158:Sitifis
88:Algeria
18:Tubunae
1851:Septem
1799:Uthina
1764:Thanae
1719:Ruspae
1714:Rucuma
1709:Pupput
1669:Dougga
1593:Tipasa
1583:Tiddis
1543:Saldae
1428:Cuicul
1378:Calama
1368:Altava
1328:Tingis
1318:Tamuda
1193:
1149:
1126:
1103:
1053:
957:
920:
742:Tixter
683:vacant
605:-Shi'i
546:Biskra
514:, and
488:Zenata
486:. The
430:Kutama
403:cattle
395:cotton
393:, and
387:barley
372:Biskra
354:, and
340:hammam
287:Kasila
242:under
233:Ngaous
198:M'Sila
190:Barika
1844:Spain
1818:Egypt
1794:Utica
1754:Sufes
1729:Sicca
1654:Capsa
1623:Zaraï
1418:Collo
1408:Cirta
1373:Auzia
1298:Lixus
1273:Cotta
827:Tobna
685:when
560:(761)
447:, an
407:sheep
399:dates
383:wheat
368:Sétif
344:Arabs
275:Comes
225:Hodna
194:Hodna
169:Ṭubna
164:Tobna
37:Ṭubna
31:Tobna
1830:Qara
1825:Siwa
1804:Vaga
1553:Siga
1313:Sala
1268:Anfa
1191:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1064:2020
1051:ISBN
1014:2020
968:2020
955:ISBN
931:2020
918:ISBN
888:2020
836:2020
705:and
415:jund
405:and
391:flax
366:and
315:and
139:Type
2015:".
1168:in
642:of
327:).
257:In
184:of
176:or
2031::
1158:^
1072:^
976:^
939:^
896:^
844:^
816:^
666:.
389:,
385:,
346:,
304:.
86:,
1241:e
1234:t
1227:v
1214:)
1066:.
1016:.
970:.
933:.
890:.
838:.
829:"
588:)
166:(
20:)
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