603:
748:
707:
621:
526:
594:
535:
486:
612:
1656:
510:
562:
578:
763:
645:
733:
636:
553:
544:
778:
272:
25:
1209:
122:
1004:
702:
Afghan currency notes from 1919 to 1936 had the tughra present as well. Pakistan had the tughra on its coins from 1947 till 1974; both of these are present in the State Bank Museum in
Karachi. The nawab of Bahawalpur and the Nizam of Hyderabad had tugras on their coinage as well. The flowing lines
426:
421:
The tughra has a characteristic form, two loops on the left side, three vertical lines in the middle, stacked writing on the bottom and two extensions to the right. Each of these elements has a specific meaning, and together they make up the form that is easily recognizable as a tughra.
456:. Some interpretations of tughra design claim that the beyzes are supposed to symbolize the two seas the sultans held sway over: the outer larger loop signifying the Mediterranean and the inner, smaller loop signifying the Black Sea.
184:, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign. Very elaborate decorated versions were created for important documents that were also works of art in the tradition of
333:
4038:
747:
858:
602:
467:
and they, together with the tops of the tugs that also look to the right, signify that the winds blow from the east to the west, the traditional movement of the
Ottomans.
703:
could symbolize the wide reach of
Suleyman's rule and his future conquests. It could also signify the spread of Islam to other realms beyond the Ottoman Empire.
620:
485:
1501:
3487:
3155:
3078:
3367:
2899:
2343:
2977:
1055:
224:
There are two main schools of thought on the origins of the word tughra. The first sees it derived from a Turkic secretarial emblem called
3618:
977:[Tugra of Vladimir Putin - the steering wheel, and Barack Obama - "dance" of the Stars] (in Russian). 2014-03-20. Archived from
3083:
2327:
445:, in the first tughra in 1326. In later periods honorifics and prayers are also added to the name of the tughra holder and his father.
1635:
667:
Although the tughra is largely identified with the
Ottoman Sultans, they have also sometimes been used in other states, such as the
2430:
2380:
862:
2300:
1577:
4179:
2234:
561:
1798:
1704:
1424:
1355:
699:, the Mughal "Tughra" was circular in shape with three points at its tip, beside the calligraphic signature of the emperor.
902:
974:
949:
924:
706:
3904:
3751:
2307:
777:
4194:
3423:
3325:
1024:
2348:
2228:
2208:
2197:
1365:
1360:
1048:
319:
108:
89:
762:
509:
301:
4033:
3909:
3756:
2224:
1513:
61:
1283:
3825:
2193:
147:
2162:
1901:
297:
228:, and the second as an effort by Persian scribes to shape the name of the ruler into a bow-like element called
46:
644:
68:
4043:
3472:
3459:
3040:
2187:
2172:
1466:
1304:
1299:
1567:
4174:
3176:
2803:
2755:
2423:
2370:
2365:
2214:
2177:
1542:
1471:
1041:
245:
3281:
2481:
2338:
2250:
2182:
1496:
1019:
577:
496:
568:
75:
3570:
2831:
2552:
2266:
2093:
257:
is the seal and signature of the king Oghuz dialect and not known to Turks; I do not know its origin.
4013:
3882:
2276:
2204:
1491:
1481:
1417:
800:
artists that use the characteristic tughra form today. Examples are the tughras of
Russian president
463:, or flagstaff. The three tugs signify independence. The S-shaped lines crossing the tugs are called
1517:
525:
3984:
3840:
3377:
2666:
282:
189:
138:
57:
593:
4153:
3723:
2416:
1008:
769:
732:
534:
293:
286:
42:
35:
3055:
651:
3741:
3650:
3417:
3288:
3145:
2774:
1248:
833:
1686:
1461:
3492:
2537:
2293:
1773:
1097:
3780:
3512:
3247:
2256:
2220:
2066:
1906:
1881:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1476:
1456:
1441:
1410:
1393:
1263:
185:
180:
of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the
516:
8:
4140:
3877:
3867:
3790:
3765:
3088:
2822:
2798:
2020:
1977:
1891:
1527:
1506:
1165:
1137:
1064:
4189:
4184:
4003:
3946:
3710:
3390:
3183:
3065:
2745:
2719:
2595:
2486:
2333:
1995:
1985:
1829:
1783:
1486:
1178:
1079:
240:
611:
195:
The tughra was designed at the beginning of the sultan's reign and drawn by the court
4089:
3855:
3344:
3224:
2618:
2584:
2579:
1967:
1962:
1944:
1273:
1268:
2397:
627:
82:
3974:
3850:
3845:
3746:
3667:
3564:
3232:
3201:
3108:
2967:
2688:
2244:
2240:
2080:
1952:
1919:
1839:
1630:
1253:
1228:
1155:
805:
680:
158:
2408:
725:"tughra" in black ink alongside the calligraphic signature of Shah Alam II in red.
3979:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3820:
3785:
3736:
3694:
3660:
3588:
3465:
3372:
3214:
3191:
3150:
2904:
2864:
2676:
2271:
2152:
2147:
2142:
1957:
1793:
1760:
1677:
1107:
975:"Тугра Владимира Путина – рулевое колесо, а Барак Обама – «хоровод» из звездочек"
910:
684:
676:
348:
1208:
3872:
3835:
3714:
3706:
3645:
3637:
3613:
3603:
3535:
3479:
3444:
3320:
3302:
3252:
2992:
2927:
2871:
2547:
2472:
2124:
2010:
1886:
1788:
1745:
1740:
1122:
978:
953:
928:
801:
715:
696:
692:
672:
344:
1655:
4168:
3862:
3770:
3689:
3578:
3559:
3544:
3449:
3412:
3295:
3262:
3242:
3165:
3140:
3135:
3122:
3093:
3050:
2987:
2894:
2879:
2850:
2763:
2557:
2439:
2137:
2025:
1896:
1876:
1778:
1223:
1194:
1087:
784:
754:
722:
668:
173:
4128:
4116:
4066:
4060:
4055:
3914:
3608:
3554:
3549:
3502:
3436:
3362:
3352:
3331:
3275:
3209:
3160:
3022:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2972:
2947:
2937:
2844:
2625:
2443:
2385:
2260:
2030:
1733:
1723:
1715:
1552:
1381:
1339:
1173:
1092:
718:
500:
213:
205:
on written documents. The first tughra examples are from the 14th century.
196:
4101:
4023:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3593:
3507:
3497:
3357:
3315:
3310:
3127:
3103:
3045:
3012:
2982:
2962:
2957:
2932:
2922:
2889:
2884:
2700:
2681:
2635:
2630:
2511:
2102:
1911:
1700:
1694:
1682:
1433:
797:
216:
of
British monarchs. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra.
166:
1620:
552:
543:
4094:
4077:
4018:
3998:
3655:
3583:
3530:
3526:
3454:
3270:
3237:
3170:
3073:
3017:
2839:
2793:
2750:
2705:
2656:
2589:
2569:
2532:
2506:
2462:
2457:
2391:
1750:
1605:
1590:
739:
2375:
1033:
433:
The name of the sultan is written out in the bottom section, called a
4106:
3993:
3969:
3731:
3623:
3383:
3098:
2781:
2715:
2661:
2608:
2603:
2476:
2353:
2088:
1690:
584:
340:
209:
177:
635:
271:
24:
4123:
4111:
4072:
4050:
3941:
3830:
3775:
3598:
3397:
2857:
2810:
2769:
2740:
2728:
2671:
2651:
2613:
2574:
2358:
2132:
2015:
2005:
1768:
1625:
1329:
1112:
827:
655:
492:
425:
332:
169:
3964:
3936:
3404:
3032:
2787:
2693:
2542:
2516:
2467:
2056:
2035:
1615:
1258:
1233:
1127:
809:
688:
442:
438:
373:
201:
126:
121:
2734:
861:. The British Museum. 2010-05-14. 1949,0409,0.86. Archived from
695:
are also known to have used calligraphic symbols, alongside the
4008:
3118:
2564:
2108:
1990:
1860:
1855:
1834:
1819:
1610:
1238:
1145:
1003:
711:
337:
1402:
1025:
Andreas Birken, "The Tughra of Sultan Abdülaziz (1861–1876)",
4083:
3812:
3798:
3794:
2098:
2061:
2000:
1814:
1728:
1585:
1334:
1243:
1150:
1117:
1102:
838:
821:
181:
152:
1824:
1600:
1595:
437:. Depending on the period, this name can be as simple as
239:
The primary argument for the first school is a remark by
1014:
459:
The vertical lines on the top of the tughra are called
824:, stylised calligraphic signatures used in East Asia
16:
Calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan
2438:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
830:, stylised calligraphic signatures used in Georgia
477:
4166:
950:"Tughra of Japanese Emperor Akihito by V. Popov"
885:
791:
474:and signify a sword, symbol of power and might.
470:The lines to the right of the tughra are called
448:The loops to the left of the tughra are called
2344:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
261:
2424:
1418:
1049:
300:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2431:
2417:
2328:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
1425:
1411:
1056:
1042:
320:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2381:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
903:"Quiz: A Mughal firman - Indian Muslims"
705:
424:
331:
236:, subsequently mispronounced as tughra.
208:Tughras served a purpose similar to the
120:
2301:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1063:
900:
4167:
925:"Tughra of Vladimir Putin by V. Popov"
2412:
1406:
1356:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
1037:
683:. Later, tughras were used among the
859:"Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent"
812:, created by artist Vladimir Popov.
783:The official imperial Tughra of the
298:adding citations to reliable sources
265:
142:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2308:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
881:
879:
13:
952:(in Russian). 2002. Archived from
927:(in Russian). 2001. Archived from
626:Tughra on the Gate of Felicity at
14:
4206:
2209:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
1366:Society of Iranian Calligraphists
1361:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
996:
888:Beyond The Legacy Of Genghis Khan
851:
3079:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1654:
1207:
1002:
901:ul-huda, Kashif (13 June 2011).
876:
776:
761:
746:
731:
662:
643:
634:
619:
610:
601:
592:
576:
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
508:
484:
270:
23:
1432:
34:needs additional citations for
1249:Islamic illuminated manuscript
967:
942:
917:
894:
478:Tughras of the Ottoman sultans
1:
4180:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1305:List of Persian calligraphers
1300:List of Ottoman calligraphers
844:
792:Post-imperial interpretations
2366:Mathematics and architecture
219:
153:
7:
1020:Modern Ceramics with Tughra
815:
429:Visual Elements of a Tughra
262:Visual elements of a tughra
10:
4211:
3742:Imperial, royal, and noble
721:; containing the official
374:
125:The first Ottoman tughra,
4195:Turkish words and phrases
4149:
3957:
3929:
3826:Imperial, royal and noble
3811:
3722:
3703:
3636:
3525:
3435:
3343:
3261:
3223:
3200:
3117:
3064:
3031:
2946:
2913:
2830:
2819:
2714:
2644:
2525:
2499:
2450:
2349:Influences on Western art
2317:
2285:
2161:
2123:
2079:
2049:
1976:
1943:
1934:
1869:
1848:
1807:
1759:
1714:
1670:
1663:
1652:
1576:
1449:
1440:
1390:
1374:
1348:
1313:
1292:
1216:
1205:
1187:
1164:
1136:
1078:
1071:
886:Abolala Soudavar (2012).
188:, such as the example of
2667:Maiden and married names
569:Süleyman the Magnificent
212:in ancient Egypt or the
190:Suleiman the Magnificent
4154:Category:Lists of names
770:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
3084:Eritrean and Ethiopian
2339:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1027:Peshawar Stamp Society
1015:Ottoman Sultan Tughras
834:Rota (papal signature)
726:
452:, from Arabic meaning
430:
418:
259:
192:in the gallery below.
162:
130:
4014:Galton–Watson process
3619:Ancient Tamil country
3041:Australian Aboriginal
2294:Empire of the Sultans
709:
428:
335:
251:
124:
3781:Post-nominal letters
2900:Indigenous Taiwanese
2257:Arab World Institute
2067:Ottoman illumination
1264:Ottoman illumination
1224:Arabic calligraffiti
1011:at Wikimedia Commons
567:Decorated tughra of
294:improve this section
246:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
186:Ottoman illumination
43:improve this article
4175:Islamic calligraphy
4141:Surnames by country
3766:Pre-nominal letters
2823:Surnames by country
1284:Islamic zoomorphism
1065:Islamic calligraphy
4004:Endonym and exonym
3947:Calendar of saints
3930:Related traditions
3704:Manners of address
3066:Sub-Saharan Africa
2487:Nobiliary particle
2334:Aniconism in Islam
2272:Toronto (Aga Khan)
2229:Khalili Collection
2094:Geometric patterns
1502:Bahmani and Deccan
727:
431:
419:
371:". Written out:
241:Mahmud al-Kashgari
131:
4162:
4161:
4090:Personal identity
3925:
3924:
3632:
3631:
3573:
3521:
3520:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3426:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3334:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3186:
3179:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2645:By life situation
2598:
2406:
2405:
2075:
2074:
1930:
1929:
1902:Hardstone carving
1799:Chinese influence
1650:
1649:
1636:Stucco decoration
1400:
1399:
1274:Persian miniature
1269:Ottoman miniature
1203:
1202:
1007:Media related to
796:There are modern
517:Dolmabahçe Palace
330:
329:
322:
151:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4202:
3975:Anthropomorphism
3720:
3719:
3668:Buddhist surname
3569:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3424:Hispanic America
3422:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3330:
3301:
3294:
3289:African-American
3287:
3280:
3198:
3197:
3182:
3175:
3146:Ashkenazi Jewish
2951:and Western Asia
2916:and Central Asia
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2828:
2827:
2689:Placeholder name
2594:
2538:Double-barrelled
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2245:Majorelle Garden
1941:
1940:
1774:Hispano-Moresque
1668:
1667:
1658:
1467:Anatolian Seljuk
1447:
1446:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1254:Mughal miniature
1229:Arabic miniature
1211:
1076:
1075:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1006:
990:
989:
987:
986:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
921:
915:
914:
909:. Archived from
907:indianmuslims.in
898:
892:
891:
883:
874:
873:
871:
870:
855:
806:Emperor of Japan
780:
765:
750:
735:
681:Khanate of Kazan
647:
638:
623:
614:
605:
596:
580:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
512:
488:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
325:
318:
314:
311:
305:
274:
266:
156:
146:
144:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4145:
3980:Personification
3953:
3921:
3807:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:Theophoric name
3628:
3533:
3517:
3431:
3339:
3257:
3219:
3196:
3125:
3113:
3060:
3027:
2950:
2942:
2915:
2909:
2821:
2815:
2710:
2677:Posthumous name
2640:
2521:
2495:
2446:
2437:
2407:
2402:
2371:Moorish Revival
2319:
2313:
2281:
2198:Calligraphy Art
2164:
2157:
2119:
2071:
2045:
1972:
1936:
1926:
1892:Enamelled glass
1865:
1844:
1803:
1755:
1710:
1671:Regional styles
1659:
1646:
1572:
1543:Sudano-Sahelian
1450:Regional styles
1436:
1431:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1370:
1344:
1323:
1309:
1288:
1212:
1199:
1183:
1160:
1132:
1067:
1062:
999:
994:
993:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
948:
947:
943:
934:
932:
923:
922:
918:
899:
895:
884:
877:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
847:
818:
794:
787:
781:
772:
766:
757:
751:
742:
736:
693:Mughal Emperors
685:Imperial Russia
677:Crimean khanate
665:
658:
648:
639:
630:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
581:
572:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
513:
504:
489:
480:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
355:
352:
326:
315:
309:
306:
291:
275:
264:
222:
139:Ottoman Turkish
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3910:Ecclesiastical
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:Ecclesiastical
3749:
3744:
3739:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3646:Christian name
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3536:Southeast Asia
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:Eastern Slavic
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2440:Personal names
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2398:Topkapı Scroll
2395:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2253:
2248:
2237:
2232:
2221:British Museum
2217:
2212:
2205:Islamic Museum
2201:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:Stained glass
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Damascus steel
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1012:
998:
997:External links
995:
992:
991:
966:
941:
916:
913:on 2016-05-02.
893:
890:. p. 418.
875:
849:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
825:
817:
814:
802:Vladimir Putin
793:
790:
789:
788:
782:
775:
773:
767:
760:
758:
752:
745:
743:
737:
730:
716:Mughal Emperor
714:issued by the
673:Safavid Empire
664:
661:
660:
659:
649:
642:
640:
633:
631:
628:Topkapı Palace
625:
618:
616:
609:
607:
600:
598:
591:
589:
582:
575:
573:
566:
559:
557:
550:
548:
541:
539:
532:
530:
523:
521:
515:The Tughra at
514:
507:
505:
490:
483:
479:
476:
347:. It reads in
345:Ottoman Empire
336:The tughra of
328:
327:
278:
276:
269:
263:
260:
221:
218:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4207:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Mandaean name
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Biblical name
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:Ancient Greek
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:North America
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:Northern Asia
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:Nom de guerre
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:Personal name
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Ivory carving
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:Organizations
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:Calligraphers
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Tawqi (Tevki)
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
981:on 2023-11-19
980:
976:
970:
956:on 2016-02-20
955:
951:
945:
931:on 2016-02-20
930:
926:
920:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
882:
880:
865:on 2010-09-18
864:
860:
854:
850:
840:
837:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
786:
785:Mughal Empire
779:
774:
771:
764:
759:
756:
755:Sahib I Giray
749:
744:
741:
734:
729:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Qajar dynasty
663:Other tughras
657:
653:
650:Tughra above
646:
641:
637:
632:
629:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
590:
586:
579:
574:
570:
563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
482:
481:
475:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
427:
423:
416:
350:
346:
342:
339:
334:
324:
321:
313:
303:
299:
295:
289:
288:
284:
279:This section
277:
273:
268:
267:
258:
256:
250:
248:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
203:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
155:
149:
140:
136:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2024
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4133:
4129:Signum manus
4117:Royal cypher
4082:
4067:Nomen nescio
4065:
4061:Nomenclature
4056:Naming taboo
3868:Professional
3711:of authority
3661:Saint's name
3326:Scandinavian
2948:Muslim world
2786:
2762:
2733:
2585:Occupational
2444:anthroponymy
2390:
2386:Pseudo-Kufic
2326:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2215:Kuala Lumpur
2113:
2040:
1640:
1492:Indo-Islamic
1482:Great Seljuk
1442:Architecture
1394:Islamic arts
1382:Pseudo-Kufic
1340:Word heaping
1278:
1093:Jeli Thuluth
1026:
983:. Retrieved
979:the original
969:
958:. Retrieved
954:the original
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
919:
911:the original
906:
896:
887:
867:. Retrieved
863:the original
853:
795:
719:Shah Alam II
701:
666:
501:Thessaloniki
497:Heptapyrgion
471:
469:
464:
460:
458:
453:
449:
447:
434:
432:
420:
397:
316:
307:
292:Please help
280:
254:
252:
244:
238:
233:
229:
225:
223:
214:Royal Cypher
207:
200:
197:calligrapher
194:
167:calligraphic
134:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4102:Proper name
4024:Name change
3878:Educational
3856:Substantive
3795:decorations
3678:Jewish name
3673:Dharma name
3638:By religion
3303:Hongkongese
3128:Australasia
2968:Azerbaijani
2701:Regnal name
2682:Temple name
2512:Middle name
2500:By sequence
2477:Matrilineal
2473:Patrilineal
2318:Principles,
2286:Exhibitions
2239:Marrakech (
2235:Los Angeles
2203:Jerusalem (
2165:collections
2116:Calligraphy
1996:Indo-Muslim
1978:Calligraphy
1912:Mosque lamp
1870:Other media
1789:Mina'i ware
1678:Bangladeshi
1434:Islamic art
798:calligraphy
4169:Categories
4095:Identifier
4078:Onomastics
4019:Legal name
3999:Deadnaming
3895:Diplomatic
3851:Subsidiary
3846:Hereditary
3737:Diplomatic
3656:Papal name
3565:Indonesian
3531:South Asia
3527:Indosphere
3493:Macedonian
3466:Belarusian
3373:Portuguese
3215:Lithuanian
3109:Zimbabwean
2905:Vietnamese
2865:Generation
2832:East Asian
2820:By culture
2794:Stage name
2751:Hypocorism
2716:Pseudonyms
2706:Slave name
2657:Birth name
2609:Teknonymic
2590:Patronymic
2570:Matronymic
2533:Diminutive
2507:First name
2463:Given name
2458:Birth name
2392:Stilfragen
2320:influences
2192:Istanbul (
2125:The garden
2081:Decoration
2050:Other arts
1945:Miniatures
1830:Embroidery
1784:Lustreware
1643:Decoration
1606:Mashrabiya
1514:Indonesian
1375:Influences
1320:Techniques
1030:(archived)
985:2014-04-18
960:2014-04-18
935:2014-04-18
869:2010-06-05
845:References
768:Tughra of
753:Tughra of
740:Uzun Hasan
738:Tughra of
583:Tughra of
491:Tughra of
408:Abdulhamīd
385:عبد الحميد
369:victorious
362:Abdülhamid
69:newspapers
4190:Signature
4185:Monograms
4107:Signature
3994:Call sign
3970:Anonymity
3905:Religious
3831:Chivalric
3752:Religious
3747:Judiciary
3732:Honorific
3715:of honour
3614:Sinhalese
3604:Pakistani
3589:Malaysian
3584:Cambodian
3488:Kashubian
3480:Ukrainian
3445:Bulgarian
3384:Praenomen
3321:Icelandic
3192:Hungarian
2993:Pakistani
2928:Mongolian
2782:Ring name
2775:Heteronym
2741:Nicknames
2662:Code name
2614:Toponymic
2604:Sobriquet
2580:Mononymic
2575:Metonymic
2517:Last name
2354:Grotesque
2267:Singapore
2251:Melbourne
2089:Arabesque
1518:Malaysian
1174:Nasta'liq
1098:Kairouani
652:Port Gate
585:Selim III
441:, son of
341:Mahmud II
310:July 2021
281:does not
220:Etymology
210:cartouche
178:signature
148:romanized
4124:Khelrtva
4112:Monogram
4073:Misnomer
4051:Namesake
3985:National
3942:Name day
3900:Judicial
3890:Business
3883:Honorary
3873:Academic
3863:Military
3836:Courtesy
3821:Academic
3786:Academic
3776:Emeritus
3579:Javanese
3560:Filipino
3545:Balinese
3513:Suffixes
3450:Croatian
3413:Romanian
3398:Cognomen
3296:Canadian
3282:American
3263:Germanic
3248:Scottish
3166:Georgian
3156:Estonian
3141:Armenian
3136:Albanian
3094:Ghanaian
3051:Hawaiian
2988:Mandaean
2895:Okinawan
2880:Japanese
2851:Courtesy
2811:Username
2804:Mononyms
2770:Pen name
2756:Monarchs
2729:Art name
2672:Necronym
2652:Aptronym
2565:Eponymic
2526:By trait
2359:Moresque
2219:London (
2163:Museums,
2148:Paradise
2133:Charbagh
2114:See also
2016:Nastaliq
2006:Muhaqqaq
1937:the book
1849:Woodwork
1808:Textiles
1769:Fritware
1641:See also
1626:Muqarnas
1621:Mocárabe
1578:Elements
1392:Part of
1330:Kasheeda
1113:Muhaqqaq
1108:Maghrebi
828:Khelrtva
816:See also
697:Ottomans
656:Belgrade
493:Murad II
411:muẓaffer
255:tughragh
226:tughragh
170:monogram
58:"Tughra"
4044:Surname
3965:Acronym
3958:Related
3937:Baptism
3571:Chinese
3555:Burmese
3550:Bengali
3503:Serbian
3473:Russian
3418:Spanish
3405:Agnomen
3368:Occitan
3363:Italian
3353:Catalan
3345:Romance
3332:Swedish
3276:English
3233:Cornish
3210:Latvian
3184:Cypriot
3161:Finnish
3074:Ashanti
3033:Oceania
3023:Turkish
3003:Persian
2998:Pashtun
2973:Bengali
2938:Tibetan
2845:Chinese
2788:Shikona
2694:Notname
2626:Patrial
2619:Surname
2596:Surname
2543:Epithet
2482:Affixes
2468:Surname
2376:Mudéjar
2277:Tripoli
2255:Paris (
2225:V&A
2153:Persian
2143:Ottoman
2057:Muraqqa
2036:Thuluth
2021:Persian
1968:Persian
1963:Ottoman
1935:Arts of
1920:Shabaka
1794:Persian
1761:Pottery
1746:Turkish
1741:Persian
1716:Carpets
1705:Ottoman
1701:Turkish
1695:Safavid
1683:Persian
1616:Minaret
1591:Banna'i
1563:Umayyad
1558:Timurid
1548:Swahili
1538:Ottoman
1533:Moorish
1523:Iranian
1497:Bengali
1477:Fatimid
1472:Chinese
1462:Ayyubid
1457:Abbasid
1259:Muraqqa
1234:Basmala
1217:Objects
1166:Persian
1138:Ottoman
1128:Thuluth
810:Akihito
689:Tartary
495:at the
366:forever
343:of the
302:removed
287:sources
243:in his
234:turghay
202:nişancı
165:) is a
159:Turkish
150::
129:(1326).
127:Orhan I
83:scholar
4134:Tughra
4039:Middle
4009:Family
3813:Titles
3799:medals
3797:, and
3791:Orders
3771:Suffix
3724:Styles
3683:Hebrew
3609:Sindhi
3594:Indian
3508:Slovak
3498:Polish
3437:Slavic
3358:French
3316:Gothic
3311:German
3225:Celtic
3202:Baltic
3151:Basque
3119:Europe
3104:Yoruba
3046:Fijian
3013:Somali
3008:Sindhi
2983:Coptic
2978:Berber
2963:Arabic
2958:Afghan
2923:Kalmyk
2890:Manchu
2885:Korean
2872:Titles
2636:Virtue
2631:Unisex
2553:Common
2548:Animal
2261:Louvre
2241:Museum
2188:Ghazni
2173:Berlin
2138:Mughal
2109:Zellij
2041:Tughra
1991:Diwani
1986:Arabic
1958:Mughal
1953:Arabic
1861:Minbar
1856:Khatam
1840:Suzani
1835:Soumak
1820:Damask
1751:Prayer
1734:Motifs
1631:Sitara
1611:Mihrab
1568:Yemeni
1528:Mamluk
1507:Mughal
1279:Tughra
1239:Firman
1188:Others
1179:Taʿlīq
1156:Ruq'ah
1146:Diwani
1088:Hijazi
1080:Arabic
1072:Styles
1009:Tughra
723:Mughal
712:Firman
691:. The
679:, the
675:, the
587:(1789)
571:(1520)
503:(1431)
472:hançer
414:dāʾimā
399:Mahmūd
391:دائماً
359:son of
353:Mahmud
349:Arabic
338:Sultan
230:turgha
182:tamgha
135:tughra
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4084:-onym
4034:Given
4030:List
3915:Papal
3841:False
3455:Czech
3391:Nomen
3378:Roman
3271:Dutch
3253:Welsh
3238:Irish
3171:Greek
3056:Māori
3018:Tatar
2933:Sakha
2840:Amami
2558:Plant
2178:Cairo
2103:tiles
2099:Girih
2062:Hilya
2031:Taliq
2011:Naskh
2001:Kufic
1897:Glass
1882:Brass
1877:Music
1815:Batik
1779:Iznik
1729:Kilim
1691:Qajar
1687:Early
1586:Ablaq
1553:Tatar
1487:Hausa
1335:Qalam
1317:Tools
1244:Hilya
1123:Naskh
1118:Mashq
1103:Kufic
839:Totem
822:Huaya
465:zülfe
450:beyze
443:Osman
439:Orhan
376:محمود
163:tuğra
154:ṭuġrā
90:JSTOR
76:books
3707:List
3624:Thai
3534:and
3243:Manx
3126:and
3099:Igbo
2799:List
2746:list
2735:Bugō
2720:list
2442:and
2194:Arts
2183:Doha
2026:Sini
1825:Ikat
1664:Arts
1601:Jali
1596:Iwan
1195:Sini
804:and
435:sere
388:مظفر
356:Khan
285:any
283:cite
253:The
174:seal
143:طغرا
62:news
3599:Lao
3089:Ewe
2858:Art
1724:Gul
687:of
654:in
499:in
461:tuğ
454:egg
405:bin
402:Ḫān
379:خان
296:by
199:or
176:or
45:by
4171::
3793:,
3121:,
2259:,
2243:,
2227:,
2223:,
2207:,
2196:,
1693:,
1689:,
1516:/
905:.
878:^
808:,
710:A
671:,
417:).
382:بن
364:,
249::
172:,
161::
157:;
145:,
141::
133:A
3713:/
3538:)
3529:(
2722:)
2718:(
2475:/
2432:e
2425:t
2418:v
2263:)
2247:)
2231:)
2211:)
2200:)
2105:)
2101:(
1707:)
1703:(
1697:)
1685:(
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
988:.
963:.
938:.
872:.
519:.
396:(
351:"
323:)
317:(
312:)
308:(
304:.
290:.
232:/
137:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
