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1043:" (horse-lord). As such, horses have been used in various Turkic rituals, including in funeral rites and burial practices. Turkology researcher Marat Kaldybayev has suggested that "the presence of a horse in funeral rites is one of the ethnocultural markers uniting Turkic cultures, starting from the ancient Turkic time and ending in the late Middle Ages."
1090:, Ak Ana sits at the base of the Tree of Life, whose branches reach to the heavens and are occupied by various supernatural creatures which have been born there. The Tree of Life is known as the "white creator lord" (Yryn-al-tojon). Yakut myth thus combines the cosmic tree with a mother goddess into a concept of nourishing and sustaining entity.
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were synonyms. Tengri's appearance is unknown. He rules the fates of all people and acts freely, but he is fair as he awards and punishes. The well-being of the people depends on his will. The oldest form of the name is recorded in
Chinese annals from the 4th century BC, describing the beliefs of the
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The legend tells of a young boy who survived a raid in his village. A she-wolf finds the injured child and nurses him back to health. He subsequently impregnates the wolf which then gives birth to ten half-wolf, half-human boys. One of these, Ashina, becomes their leader and establishes the
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legend tells about a great crisis of the ancient Turks. Following a military defeat, the Turks took refuge in the legendary
Ergenekon valley where they were trapped for four centuries. They were finally released when a blacksmith created a passage by melting a
288:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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are guardian spirits responsible for specific natural elements. They often lack personal traits since they are numerous. Although most entities can be identified as deities or İye, there are other entities such as
2340:
Büchner, V.F. and
Doerfer, G., “Tañri̊”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 January 2023
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In this instance the ancient funerary associations of the deer (literal or physical death) may be seen here to have been given a new (Islamic) slant by their equation with the metaphorical death of
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is also one of the main figures of Turkic mythology; Turks considered the horse an extension of the individual, particularly the male horse. This might have been the origin of the title "at-
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and gave hind's milk to a colleague. Material in the
Ottoman sources is not scarce but it is rather dispersed and very brief, denying us a clear picture of the rites involved.
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the deer cult seems to have been widespread, no doubt as a result of the meeting and mixing of Turkic with local traditions. A famous case is the 13th century holy man
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Kulsariyeva, Aktolkyn, Madina
Sultanova, i Zhanerke Shaigozova. 2018. "The Shamanistic Universe of Central Asian Nomads: Wolves and She-Wolves". In:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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elements in the Turkic culture were still predominant. It consists of a prologue and twelve different stories. The legendary story which begins in
2226:İbrahim Aksu: The story of Turkish surnames: an onomastic study of Turkish family names, their origins, and related matters, Volume 1, 2006 , p.87
1979:
Dixon-Kennedy, M. (1998). Encyclopedia of
Russian & Slavic Myth and Legend. Vereinigtes Königreich: ABC-CLIO.p. 282
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Knutsen, R. (2011). Tengu: The
Shamanic and Esoteric Origins of the Japanese Martial Arts. Niederlande: Brill. p. 45
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Dede Korkut kitabı: Türkistan/Türkmen sahra nüshası : soylamalar ve 13. boy : Salur Kazan'ın yedi başlı ejderhayı öldürmesi
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1771:"Cilbegän/Җилбегән". Tatar Encyclopedia. Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
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Michael
Gervers, Wayne Schlepp: Religion, customary law, and nomadic technology, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 2000, p.60
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1277:, one of the major branches of the Turkic peoples. It originates from the state of Oghuz Yabghu period of the Turks, from when
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Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (January 1999). "Sufis and
Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate".
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780:, is one of the most important sources for the recovery and study of Turkic mythology and religion. The book is written in
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Klyashtornyj, S. G. (2005). 'Political
Background of the Old Turkic Religion' in: Oelschlägel, Nentwig, Taube (eds.),
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2015:
1834:; H.-J. Klimkeit (eds.). "Materialien zur alten Religion den Turken: Synkretismus in den Religionen zentralasiens" .
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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is the first of the primordial deities in the religion of the early Turkic people. After the Turks started to
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KALAFAT, Yaşar (1999), Doğu Anadoluda Eski Türk İnançlarının İzleri, Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayını
2182:: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2011, p.9
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is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth to by a mythical wolf in Turkic mythology.
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They conclude that the stories of the Gesar cycle were well known in the territory of the
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himself. Korkut Ata heritage (stories, tales, music related to Korkut Ata) represented by
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during the imperial period among the ruling class, and was centered around the worship of
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strata of belief along with many other social and cultural constructs related to the
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2441:"Mongol creation stories: man, Mongol tribes, the natural world and Mongol deities"
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Dursun Yıldırım, "Ergenekon Destanı", Türkler, Vol. 3, Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, 2002,
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Boyle, John A. (Autumn 1972). "Turkish and Mongol Shamanism in the Middle Ages".
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into their prevailing native mythological tradition, way of life, and worldview.
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1821:. Bucureşti/Brăila: Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei.
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The ancient Turks apparently practised all the then-current major religions in
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tells about Father-Heaven and Mother Earth giving raise to Mankind (child):
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Fabulous Creatures, Mythical Monsters, and Animal Power Symbols: A Handbook
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Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research, Vol. 1-2, 2001, p.66
1163:(ie. 'father deer'), who lived with his deer in the mountain forests of
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970:(a place like heaven), while Erlik represents evil and hell. The words
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythology Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt,
1919:"A horse in the funeral rites of the Turks as an ethnocultural marker"
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originally meant 'placenta, afterbirth') is the goddess of fertility.
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Andrew Finkle, Turkish State, Turkish Society, Routledge, 1990, p.80
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is a central symbol in Turkic mythology, and may have its origin in
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Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
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The Mythology of Horses: Horse Legend and Lore Throughout the Ages
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par excellence between the worlds of gods and men; thus at the
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Turkish Myths Glossary (Türk Söylence Sözlüğü), Deniz Karakurt
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from the 11th century covers twelve legendary stories of the
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symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most
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mythologies co-exist. Beings from Tatar mythology include
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Old Turkic Runic Texts and History of the Eurasian Steppe
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Klyashtornyj, Sergei G. (2008). Spinei, V. and C. (ed.).
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995:, which is hypothesized to be a Chinese transcription of
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Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
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in November 2018 as an example of multi-ethnic culture.
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1626:"Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols"
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Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
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is narrated by a dramatis personae, in most cases by
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841:(Bald Mountain), a mysterious and legendary mountain.
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a machine-translated version of the Turkish article.
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2349:First published online: 2012 First print edition:
2328:
1791:"History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. 4"
1567:on behalf of Folklore Enterprises, Ltd.: 177–193.
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2378:, University Of Chicago Press, pp. 315–339.
1035:As a result of the Turks' nomadic lifestyle, the
816:-like creature with only one eye on his forehead.
208:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
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2235:H. B. Paksoy, Essays on Central Asia, 1999, p.49
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2145:. Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2005. Page 20.
1236:. The first Turks subsequently migrated to the
2200:Murat Ocak, The Turks: Early ages, 2002, pp.76
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1128:by the spirit of a deer offered as a funerary
306:accompanying your translation by providing an
268:Click for important translation instructions.
255:expand this article with text translated from
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1672:
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750:culture, as well as through the preaching of
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2439:Nassen-Bayer; Stuart, Kevin (October 1992).
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1240:regions, where they are known as experts in
659:way of life of Turkic and Mongol peoples in
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1414:
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52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2640:
2626:
2409:Hausman, Gerald; Hausman, Loretta (2003).
1336:Orkhon Inscriptions and Creation narrative
1120:was accompanied in his/her journey to the
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2161:. Oxford University Press. 2001. p. 178.
1541:
1048:List of dragons in mythology and folklore
348:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
2178:Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the
1319:
1056:(Evren, also Ebren), also depicted as a
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639:refers to myths and legends told by the
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1496:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
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892:Turko-Mongol mythology is essentially
738:, before the majority's conversion to
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2489:. HarperOne HarperCollinsPublishers.
2026:, §§ 7.53; 14.136–14.140. Asch 2007.
1943:
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776:, a 10th-century manuscript found in
2143:Turks, A Journey of a Thousand Years
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1517:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
1459:10.1093/acref/9780195120523.001.0001
1232:mountains, one of the cities of the
762:). Often these other religions were
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87:adding citations to reliable sources
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17:
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1151:, and more specifically in western
858:List of Turkic mythological figures
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2608:Turuz - Online Turkic Dictionaries
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1808:
1324:Mural depicting King Gesar of Ling
198:for transliterated languages, and
178:of its non-English content, using
14:
3041:
2603:Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
2558:
2447:. Asian Folklore Studies: 323–334
2124:. Oxford University Press, 2005.
888:for early Turko-Mongol mythology.
318:{{Translated|tr|Türk mitolojisi}}
33:This article has multiple issues.
2552:https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.3192
2347:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7392
1899:. Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 53.
1002:
754:wandering ascetics and mystics (
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2159:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
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2024:Kritische Edition mit Kommentar
2000:
1990:"Deer totem in Turkic cultures"
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1950:(in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat.
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1439:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
2395:. Cambridge University Press.
2329:Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969
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1739:
1730:
1725:Vielfalt türkischer Religionen
1717:
1666:
1493:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1126:abode of the ancestors (Uçmag)
316:You may also add the template
214:multilingual support templates
1:
2425:"Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!"
2364:
2082:History of Northern Dynasties
1836:Studies in Oriental Religions
1573:10.1080/0015587X.1972.9716468
675:mythologies. For example, in
2575:DASTAN GENRE IN CENTRAL ASIA
2548:Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
1132:(or present symbolically in
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991:
872:("Book of Divination") from
7:
2613:Turklib - Turkistan Library
2481:Sproul, Barbara C. (1979).
2263:Miyasoğlu, Mustafa (1999).
1884:Die alttürkische Mythologie
1350:
10:
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2392:Oral Epics of Central Asia
2122:The Turks in World History
1917:Marat, Kaldybayev (2023).
1630:The Turks in World History
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280:Machine translation, like
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2418:The Religions of Mongolia
2120:Findley, Carter Vaughin.
2048:islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
1931:10.1177/09213740231205015
1108:was considered to be the
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934:
742:through the mediation of
257:the corresponding article
2416:Heissig, Walter (2000).
2010:, p. 32ff. Leiden 1997.
1838:(in German). Wiesbaden.
1695:10.1163/1568520991445605
1434:"Turko-Mongol Mythology"
1407:
1187:
1031:List of fictional horses
1024:
846:Gods in Turkic mythology
413:Chief gods and goddesses
2020:Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu,
2018:; Laban Kaptein (ed.),
1642:Oxford University Press
1509:Oxford University Press
1451:Oxford University Press
1093:
1063:
800:, an evil forest demon.
766:and integrated through
327:For more guidance, see
2696:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2598:Doğan Kaya, Derlemeler
2468:Cite journal requires
2383:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw
2141:Roxburgh, D. J. (ed.)
2008:Eindtijd en Antichrist
1325:
1221:(T'u-chueh) and other
958:was modified from its
889:
728:Nestorian Christianity
679:mythology elements of
3025:Culture of Azerbaijan
2528:. 新疆人民出版社, May 2006.
1944:Ekici, Metin (2019).
1830:Róna-Tas, A. (1987).
1323:
865:
856:Further information:
329:Knowledge:Translation
300:copyright attribution
2505:(OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0)
2155:Leeming, David Adams
1565:Taylor & Francis
1402:Turkic creation myth
1387:Shamanism in Siberia
1301:was included in the
1134:funerary iconography
1118:soul of the deceased
983:. It takes the form
176:specify the language
174:This article should
83:improve this article
2912:States with limited
2648:Mythology of Europe
2435:, pp. 260–265.
1511:. pp. 1533–4.
1362:Hungarian mythology
1342:Orkhon inscriptions
1271:Book of Dede Korkut
1104:Among animals, the
878:Old Uyghur language
786:Orkhon inscriptions
782:Old Turkic alphabet
2427:Leipzig:FS Taube,
2387:Zhirmunsky, Viktor
2285:. 28 November 2018
2265:Dede Korkut Kitabı
1895:Eason, Cassandra.
1795:unesdoc.unesco.org
1644:. pp. 56–66.
1622:Findley, Carter V.
1397:Susulu (mythology)
1382:Scythian mythology
1326:
1314:Epic of King Gesar
1265:Korkut Ata stories
1122:underworld (Tamag)
1070:Trees in mythology
904:, the omnipresent
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884:, is an important
833:Mythical locations
792:Mythical creatures
308:interlanguage link
98:"Turkic mythology"
3015:Culture of Turkey
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2496:978-0-06-067501-1
2433:978-3-86583-062-3
2413:. pp. 37–46.
2402:978-0-521-14828-3
2376:Asian Mythologies
2331:, pp. 263–4.
2032:978-90-902140-8-5
1957:978-605-155-808-0
1923:Cultural Dynamics
1905:978-02-75994-25-9
1526:978-0-19-881625-6
1491:"Türkic religion"
1429:Leeming, David A.
1377:Tibetan mythology
1316:in Turkic peoples
1136:accompanying the
1100:Deer in mythology
1010:(The Turkic root
910:anthropomorphised
822:, a winged horse.
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2092:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:. 5 August 2014.
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1882:Jean-Paul Roux,
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
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1854:
1843:
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1822:
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1805:
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1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1723:JENS PETER LAUT
1721:
1715:
1714:
1687:Brill Publishers
1670:
1664:
1663:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1499:. Vol. II.
1486:
1473:
1472:
1436:
1425:
1392:Turkish folklore
1372:Manchu mythology
1367:Mongol mythology
1357:Finnic mythology
1330:Uyghur Khaganate
1248:Ergenekon legend
1217:which ruled the
1193:Grey Wolf legend
1114:funeral ceremony
1015:
994:
988:
987:
896:but became more
866:The 9th-century
724:Tibetan Buddhism
665:Mongol mythology
637:Turkic mythology
626:
619:
612:
598:
594:
593:
586:
582:
581:
566:
559:
552:
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521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
485:
484:Epics and heroes
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
414:
400:
393:
385:
376:
366:
365:Turkic mythology
360:
359:
353:
346:
319:
313:
286:Google Translate
267:
263:
246:
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238:
231:
228:
222:
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181:
169:
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161:
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3020:Asian mythology
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2951:
2945:
2931:Northern Cyprus
2913:
2907:
2828:North Macedonia
2649:
2646:
2561:
2550:9 (2): 231-40.
2543:
2541:Further reading
2513:. 民族出版社, 1997.
2497:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2403:
2367:
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2199:
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2173:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2022:Dürr-i Meknûn.
2006:Laban Kaptein,
2005:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
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1846:
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1667:
1652:
1619:
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1551:
1542:
1527:
1489:M.L.D. (2018).
1487:
1476:
1469:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1353:
1340:The Old Turkic
1338:
1318:
1267:
1250:
1226:nomadic empires
1195:
1190:
1102:
1096:
1072:
1066:
1050:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1005:
937:
886:literary source
860:
854:
848:
835:
794:
630:
596:
584:
571:
570:
564:
557:
550:
543:
538:
535:
528:
527:
519:
512:
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486:
483:
476:
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469:
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455:
448:
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434:
427:
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415:
412:
405:
404:
398:
391:
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383:
364:
354:
343:
342:
341:
336:
335:
334:
317:
311:
270:
247:
243:
232:
226:
223:
217:
205:
199:
195:
193:transliteration
189:
185:
179:
170:
166:
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3043:
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3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2995:
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2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
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2971:
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2952:other entities
2947:
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2944:
2943:
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2933:
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2903:United Kingdom
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
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2855:
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2845:
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2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
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2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Czech Republic
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Tengri on Mars
2585:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2559:External links
2557:
2556:
2555:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2522:
2511:中国阿尔泰语系诸民族神话故事
2507:
2501:
2495:
2478:
2470:|journal=
2436:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2379:
2372:Doniger, Wendy
2366:
2363:
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2321:
2309:ich.unesco.org
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2113:
2093:
2073:
2053:
2044:"Geyikli Baba"
2035:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1909:
1888:
1875:
1873:, pp. 402–404.
1863:
1844:
1823:
1807:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1738:
1729:
1727:p. 25 (German)
1716:
1665:
1650:
1610:
1540:
1525:
1474:
1467:
1431:, ed. (2001).
1412:
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1203:Turkic peoples
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1189:
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1185:
1184:
1149:Ottoman Empire
1095:
1092:
1065:
1062:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1004:
1001:
950:and encounter
936:
933:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
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643:. It features
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614:
606:
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602:
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536:Major concepts
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264:(October 2020)
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227:September 2021
212:. Knowledge's
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57:
31:
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21:
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4:
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2964:Faroe Islands
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2814:
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2809:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Liechtenstein
2786:
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2545:
2544:
2535:
2534:7-228-10346-7
2531:
2527:
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2519:7-105-02698-7
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2422:
2420:, Kegan Paul.
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2355:9789004161214
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2250:
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2217:, pp. 527–43.
2216:
2215:975-6782-36-6
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2167:0-19-512052-3
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2025:
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2017:
2016:90-73782-90-2
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1994:tengrifund.ru
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1003:Other deities
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876:, written in
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749:
748:Central Asian
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
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714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
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685:Indo-European
682:
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670:
666:
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661:ancient times
658:
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641:Turkic people
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384:Belief system
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72:This article
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46:
45:
40:
39:
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16:
2941:Transnistria
2581:
2547:
2525:
2510:
2485:Primal Myths
2484:
2461:cite journal
2449:. Retrieved
2444:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2391:
2375:
2336:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2121:
2116:
2110:(in Chinese)
2100:
2096:
2090:(in Chinese)
2080:
2076:
2070:(in Chinese)
2062:Book of Zhou
2060:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1946:
1939:
1922:
1912:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1860:(in Turkish)
1839:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
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1755:. Retrieved
1753:(in Turkish)
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1678:
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1327:
1283:Central Asia
1268:
1251:
1211:
1196:
1178:
1172:
1161:Geyiklü Baba
1146:
1140:) acting as
1103:
1084:Central Asia
1080:Tree of Life
1073:
1051:
1034:
1006:
996:
964:polytheistic
952:monotheistic
948:Central Asia
938:
914:
898:monotheistic
894:polytheistic
891:
867:
771:
717:
636:
635:
506:Oghuz Khagan
363:
344:
304:edit summary
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210:ISO 639 code
206:}}
200:{{
196:}}
190:{{
186:}}
180:{{
175:
145:
139:January 2013
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2979:Isle of Man
2914:recognition
2888:Switzerland
2823:Netherlands
2582:Altaic Epic
2357:, 1960-2007
2314:29 November
2289:29 November
2102:Book of Sui
1751:Ekşi Şeyler
1275:Oghuz Turks
1242:ironworking
1215:Ashina clan
954:religions,
804:Qarakorshaq
764:assimilated
752:Sufi Muslim
736:Manichaeism
456:Bai Baianai
3004:Categories
2858:San Marino
2818:Montenegro
2798:Luxembourg
2778:Kazakhstan
2681:Azerbaijan
2526:新疆宗教古籍资料辑注
2365:References
2132:. Page 38.
1832:W. Heissig
1800:7 December
1535:2017955557
1295:Kazakhstan
1291:Azerbaijan
1287:Korkut Ata
1234:Tocharians
1153:Asia Minor
1142:psychopomp
1098:See also:
1076:World Tree
1068:See also:
1046:See also:
1029:See also:
946:and leave
940:Kök Tengri
768:syncretism
722:, such as
720:Inner Asia
259:in Turkish
109:newspapers
38:improve it
3030:Tengriism
2969:Gibraltar
2793:Lithuania
2180:Silk Road
1703:1568-5209
1689:: 27–46.
1581:1469-8315
1279:Tengriist
1254:Ergenekon
1130:sacrifice
931:(Abasi).
880:with the
869:Irk Bitig
826:Yelbeghen
784:like the
773:Irk Bitig
760:dervishes
649:Shamanist
558:Grey wolf
492:Ergenekon
399:Shamanism
322:talk page
44:talk page
2989:Svalbard
2974:Guernsey
2921:Abkhazia
2873:Slovenia
2868:Slovakia
2843:Portugal
2701:Bulgaria
2565:Alpamysh
2389:(1969).
2374:(1993).
2107:Vol. 84.
1886:, p. 255
1871:Man 2004
1660:54529318
1638:New York
1624:(2005).
1605:27662332
1597:11614483
1556:Folklore
1505:New York
1447:New York
1351:See also
1259:mountain
1219:Göktürks
1110:mediator
992:Cheng-li
956:Tengrism
874:Dunhuang
852:Tengrism
778:Dunhuang
673:Eurasian
645:Tengrist
585:Category
392:Tengrism
298:provide
2898:Ukraine
2848:Romania
2808:Moldova
2766:Ireland
2761:Iceland
2756:Hungary
2746:Germany
2741:Georgia
2731:Finland
2726:Estonia
2721:Denmark
2706:Croatia
2691:Belgium
2686:Belarus
2676:Austria
2671:Armenia
2666:Andorra
2661:Albania
2087:Vo. 99.
2067:Vo. 50.
1842:: 33–45
1711:3632297
1589:1259544
1147:In the
1020:Symbols
981:Xiongnu
944:migrate
906:Sky God
814:cyclops
810:Tepegöz
798:Archura
744:Persian
732:Judaism
669:Asiatic
657:warrior
653:nomadic
499:Metehan
320:to the
302:in the
261:.
219:See why
123:scholar
2984:Jersey
2926:Kosovo
2893:Turkey
2883:Sweden
2863:Serbia
2853:Russia
2838:Poland
2833:Norway
2813:Monaco
2783:Latvia
2751:Greece
2736:France
2711:Cyprus
2532:
2517:
2493:
2431:
2399:
2353:
2283:UNESCO
2213:
2165:
2128:
2030:
2014:
1954:
1903:
1757:4 July
1709:
1701:
1683:Leiden
1658:
1648:
1634:Oxford
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1533:
1523:
1501:Oxford
1465:
1443:Oxford
1307:UNESCO
1299:Turkey
1223:Turkic
1207:Ashina
1157:Thrace
1088:Yakuts
1054:dragon
997:Tengri
972:Tengri
935:Tengri
929:demons
927:) and
921:Genien
902:Tengri
839:Yalbuz
820:Tulpar
756:fakirs
734:, and
713:Zilant
711:, and
709:Tulpar
705:Pitsen
697:Şüräle
681:Finnic
520:Attila
470:Mergen
463:Ak Ana
421:Tengri
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
2959:Åland
2878:Spain
2803:Malta
2773:Italy
2509:满都呼,
2451:6 May
2443:. 2.
1707:JSTOR
1681:(1).
1601:S2CID
1585:JSTOR
1563:(3).
1408:Notes
1238:Altai
1230:Qocho
1188:Epics
1180:baqaa
1174:fanaa
1165:Bursa
1058:snake
1037:horse
1025:Horse
968:Uçmag
960:pagan
740:Islam
693:Alara
689:Äbädä
677:Tatar
544:Sheka
513:Asena
442:Erlik
435:Ülgen
428:Kayra
282:DeepL
130:JSTOR
116:books
2580:The
2530:ISBN
2524:贺灵,
2515:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2474:help
2453:2010
2429:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2316:2018
2291:2018
2211:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2028:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1802:2022
1759:2023
1699:ISSN
1656:OCLC
1646:ISBN
1636:and
1593:PMID
1577:ISSN
1531:LCCN
1521:ISBN
1503:and
1463:ISBN
1445:and
1297:and
1269:The
1252:The
1199:wolf
1197:The
1155:and
1116:the
1106:deer
1094:Deer
1074:The
1064:Tree
1052:The
1041:beyi
1013:umāy
1008:Umay
974:and
812:, a
758:and
746:and
701:Şekä
683:and
671:and
655:and
647:and
597:File
449:Umay
296:must
294:You
275:View
183:lang
102:news
2343:doi
1927:doi
1691:doi
1569:doi
1513:doi
1455:doi
1305:of
1124:or
1078:or
1060:.
976:Sky
925:Çor
916:İye
565:Kut
551:İye
284:or
203:IPA
85:by
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1929::
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