25:
239:(also known as crown and balance wheels). In the second half of the 14th century, over 500 striking turret clocks were installed in public buildings all over Europe. The new mechanical clocks were easier to maintain than water clocks, as the power to run the clock was provided by turning a crank to raise a weight on a cord, and they also did not freeze during winter, so they became the standard mechanism used in the turret clocks being installed in bell towers in churches, cathedrals, monasteries and town halls all over Europe.
89:
101:
323:. The anchor escapement reduced the pendulum's width of swing from 80 to 100° in the verge clock to 3-6°. This greatly reduced the energy consumed by the pendulum, and allowed longer pendulums to be used. While domestic pendulum clocks usually use a seconds pendulum 1.0 meter (39 in) long, tower clocks often use a 1.5 second pendulum, 2.25 m (7.4 ft) long, or a two-second pendulum, 4 m (13 ft) long.
339:, instead of applying the force of the gear train to push the pendulum directly, the escape wheel instead lifted a weighted lever, which was then released and its weight gave the pendulum a push during its downward swing. This isolated the pendulum from variations in the drive force. One of the most widely used types was the
983:
and could have been made by de Dondi. This is the first time a clock is mentioned that strikes consecutive hours, e.g. once at 1, twice at two, etc. and that strikes day and night. As there are detailed descriptions of what the clock does, it was considered a novelty. Another candidate for the first
2632:
If you want to adjust the clock and put it forward or backward, disengage the foliot from the escape wheel and hold the escape wheel safely in your hand, or the weight will lose itself which might damage the clockwork. As you are now holding the escape wheel, use it to either let down the weight if
650:
The
Heinrich von Wieck clock in Paris dating from 1362 is the first clock of which it is known with certainty that it had a foliot and a verge escapement. The fact that there is a sudden increase in the number of recorded turret clock installations points to the fact that these new clocks use verge
366:
This table shows some of the turret clocks which were installed throughout Europe. It is not complete and mainly serves to illustrate the rate of adoption. There are hardly any surviving turret clock mechanisms that date before 1400, and because of extensive rebuilding of clocks the authenticity of
217:
and town squares so they could be heard at long distances, these were the first turret clocks. By the 13th century towns in Europe competed with each other to build the most elaborate, beautiful clocks. Water clocks kept time by the rate of water flowing through an orifice. Since the rate of flow
330:
on the wheel train caused by the weight of the huge external clock hands as they turned, which was made worse by seasonal snow, ice and wind loads on the hands. The variations in force, applied to the pendulum by the escape wheel, caused the period of the pendulum to vary. During the 19th century
160:
The turret clock is one of the earliest types of clock. Beginning in 12th century Europe, towns and monasteries built clocks in high towers to strike bells to call the community to prayer. Public clocks played an important timekeeping role in daily life until the 20th century, when accurate
2270:
We have a reference here on how common turret clocks have become – they refer to " a clock to remind of the hours of the day and the night as it is now common in other places and good towns ...". This is also a reference that shows that turret clocks struck the time day and night.
182:
2265:
qui etait a present moult demolis et venus k ruyne et en peril de keir (tomber) de jour en jour et en obtenir l'autorisation d'y placer une orloge pour memore des heures de jour et de nuit sicomme il est en pluseurs autres lieux et bonnes villes du paus environ".
222:
which varies with temperature during the day, water clocks had limited accuracy. Other disadvantages were that they required water to be manually hauled in a bucket from a well or river to fill the clock reservoir every day, and froze solid in winter.
489:
It is unlikely that this 1284 clock was a verge and foliot clock. The clock mentioned in the grant was probably a water clock. In 1423, a new clock was installed, which is probably the one from which remnants of the striking train can still be seen.
262:
or "beat"; its rate varied with variations in the force of the wheel train. The error in the first mechanical clocks may have been several hours per day. Therefore, the clock had to be frequently reset by the passage of the sun or stars overhead.
646:
During the fourteenth century, the emergence of the foliot replaced the high-maintenance water clocks. It is not known when that happened exactly and which of the early 14th century clocks were water clocks and which ones use a foliot.
165:
became cheap enough for ordinary people to afford. Today the time-disseminating functions of turret clocks are not much needed, and they are mainly built and preserved for traditional, decorative, and artistic reasons.
291:
clocks, improving timekeeping accuracy of the best precision clocks from 15 minutes per day to perhaps 10 seconds a day. Within a few decades most tower clocks throughout Europe were rebuilt to convert the previous
893:
Sacrist's roll of
Norwich cathedral of 1322 to 1325 mentions the construction and installation of a clock which had a large astronomical dial and automata including 59 images and a choir or procession of monks
2639:
If you feel that the foliot is going too fast, lift the lead weights away from the wheel, and if it is too fast, move them towards the wheel, therewith you hinder or further it, as you like it.
2633:
you want to shorten the hour, or, if you want to lengthen the hour, pull it up, all in such a way that you are not doing too much nor too little and that you observe it well on the count wheel.
2692:
Old clocks and their makers:an historical and descriptive account of the different styles of clocks of the past in
England and abroad : with a list of over eleven thousand makers
169:
To turn the large hands and run the striking train, the mechanism of turret clocks must be more powerful than that of ordinary clocks. Traditional turret clocks are large
952:
Earliest clock for which there is detailed description of the escapement, this had a 'strob' escapement, a variation of a verge and foliot with two escape wheels.
1084:
astronomical clock. Three dials: bottom year dial with saint days, middle hour dial, top hourly procession of 3 kings before Maria, at the top a crowing rooster.
197:
are reported as early as the 16th century B.C. and were used in the ancient world, but these were domestic clocks. Beginning in the Middle Ages around 1000 A.D.
378:
The verge and foliot escapement is thought to have been introduced sometime at the end of the thirteenth century, so very few if any of these clocks had
94:
Modern striking turret clock movement mounted in a clock tower. Clock faces on all four sides of the tower are driven by a shaft from the movement below
2157:
The operating instructions for this clock were written down, and clearly refer to a verge and foliot clock. the "frowen gemuete " is the foliot.
1441:
a clock tower on the north wall at the end of the King's Garden opposite the entrance to the great hall was begun in 1365 and finished in 1367.
296:
escapement to pendulums. Almost no examples of the original verge and foliot mechanisms of these early clocks have survived to the present day.
759:
composition concluded 26 August 1306 "Before the clock of the cathedral had struck one no person was to purchase or cause to be purchased ....
2645:
Keep an eye on both weights, and if it happens that they have hardly any more rope, wind them up again, which you can do whenever you want to.
370:
The "country" column refers to the present (2012) international boundaries. For example, Colmar was in
Germany in 1370, but is now in France.
2545:
It becomes apparent that even small towns can afford to put up public striking clocks. Turret clocks are now common throughout Europe.
2263:
The citizens of
Bethune want to re-construct the existing belfry and put up a clock. "... pour pouvoir reconstruire leur beffroi
1667:
the town council engages the services of master
Swelbel to furnish a clock, that is as good or better than the clock at Wroclaw.
786:
mention of a clock, which was mended and equipped with moving figures in 1348, and fitted with a strike and an angel in 1398
2642:
You might want to make it faster during the night, as the clock work goes for most of the night slower than during the day.
885:
344:
1972:
Pierre
Daimville engaged to furnish a metal clock weighing 300 pounds for the castle, which already has an existing clock
2374:
clockmaker and blacksmith
Philibert Mauvoisin instructed to make a striking clock resembling the one at the Paris castle
242:
The verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism in these early mechanical clocks was very inaccurate, as the primitive foliot
457:, where refilling a water clock would have been difficult, it has been proposed as the earliest known mechanical clock.
367:
those that do survive is disputed. What little is known of their mechanisms is mostly gleaned from manuscript sources.
2154:
Blacksmith H. Halder furnishes a striking clock for the
Graggenturm and leaves a manual for the treatment of the clock
621:
1568:
Edward III provided a patent giving safe conduct to three
Flemish clockmakers. These people probably built the clock.
68:
46:
39:
2636:
If you also pull down the wheel, you can set the count wheel to whichever hour you want, be it I, II, III, etc.
2557:
185:
Verge and foliot tower clock mechanism in the De Wyck (De Vick) clock, built in Paris by Henri de Wyck in 1379.
897:
earliest detailed account of the organisation and of the craftsmen and materials involved in such a project
1695:
Fabric Rolls of York Minster record purchase of a new clock made by John Clareburgh in 1371 or £13 6s. 8d.
358:
Some mechanical turret clocks are wound by electric motor. These still are considered mechanical clocks.
2548:
No surviving clock mechanisms (apart from the claims from Salisbury and Wells) is known from this era.
355:
Electric turret clocks and hybrid mechanical/electric clocks were introduced in the late 19th century.
2203:
1389:
a drawing of the going train shows a door frame construction. Built by the German Heinrich von Wiek.
1057:
33:
2617:
2597:
231:
The first all-mechanical clocks which emerged in Europe in the late 13th century kept time with a
2671:
Les horloges astronomiques et monumentales les plus remarquables de l'antiquité jusquà nos jours
2720:
2715:
2180:
Marquard furnishes a clock for the Katharinenkirche. The cathedral already had a clock in 1346
504:
316:
218:
varies with pressure which is proportional to the height of water in the source container, and
50:
864:
weights of the clock still present. New bell cast for clock 1370, replaced by new clock 1414
111:
1035:
made in London by three Lombards (from Italy) who arrived 8/4/1352 and left on 24 May 1352
312:
730:
the "Domkustos" E. v. Nidlingen donates to the cathedral a "good and well adjusted clock"
8:
2453:
2287:
2198:
1571:
after the expiry of the patent in 1369 John Lincoln was appointed as Royal clock keeper.
1508:
939:
749:
587:
335:
were invented for tower clocks to mitigate this problem. In the most common type, called
255:
2611:
1809:
1429:
1223:
438:
288:
276:
259:
563:
300:
138:
2725:
2537:
Master Claus Gutsch manufactures an astronomical clock after the Strasbourg clock.
2091:
478:
473:
433:
308:
293:
232:
2730:
2417:
2412:
2323:
Jehan de Felains paid 70 Livres for a clock with a quarter strike for the belfry
1148:
284:
251:
202:
107:
2562:
2429:
if this is the clock now shown at the British Museum in London is questionable
1023:
980:
534:
272:
247:
198:
170:
150:
145:. As a public amenity to enable the community to tell the time, it has a large
2709:
2399:
blacksmiths Meistorpe and Hans Krieten furnish a clock for the market church
1555:
1452:
486:
grant made July 1284 to Roger de Ropford, bellfounder, to repair "orologium"
387:
379:
243:
236:
1998:
Blacksmith Schinkel furnishes a public striking clock for the Nikolaikirche
2168:
1859:
1685:
1386:
Froissart's poem "L'Horloge amoureuse" mentions the clock. Drawing exists.
632:
list of Prior Henry of Eastry's works "novum orologium mangum in Ecclesia"
320:
304:
1897:
Master Facius Pisanus manufactures a new striking clock for the town hall
326:
Tower clocks had a source of error not found in other clocks: the varying
311:
in pendulum clocks. The first tower clock with the new escapement was the
2512:
a striking clock is reported at the Altburgtor and at the Predigerkirche
1834:
1212:
substituted in 1508/09 with the clock on the outside of the Frauenkirche
454:
383:
299:
The accuracy of the pendulum clock was increased by the invention of the
206:
194:
134:
2225:
1656:
1464:
goldsmith Gonzalo Perez supplies a clock for the tower of the cathedral
1734:
1074:
616:
340:
332:
146:
88:
2250:
1530:
173:
run by hanging weights, but modern ones are often run by electricity.
2525:
2483:
2440:
2282:
2193:
1490:
Master Chunrad von Cloten builds a striking clock for the Petersturm
1273:
1207:
striking clock with display of the prince-electors around the Kaiser
1197:
934:
744:
592:
428:
219:
214:
210:
142:
133:
designed to be mounted high in the wall of a building, usually in a
2362:
2041:
2025:
1871:
the town hall clock is replaced and fitted with 2 striking figures
1708:
1593:
Town council signs contract with master Swelbel to furnish a clock
1400:
1324:
1124:
717:
280:
2699:
Aus der Frühzeit der Räderuhr. Von der Gewichtsuhr zur Federzuguhr
1415:
clock was repaired in 1369 and a quarter strike was added in 1526
453:
Probably a verge and foliot clock because it was mounted over the
2469:
2387:
1985:
1935:
1884:
1350:
1172:
1046:
877:
773:
558:
205:
for the purpose of calling the community to prayer. Installed in
115:
100:
448:
Eodem anno fecimus horologium quod est supra pulpitum collocatum
2499:
2141:
2116:
1960:
1747:
Heinrich Halder mounts a striking clock on the cathedral tower
1631:
1477:
1299:
1233:
astronomical clock with the three kings around the Virgin Mary
689:
529:
468:
327:
1006:
astronomical clock with strike, verge and crown balance wheel
812:
mention of a metal clock, which was repaired in 1333 and 1555
181:
2310:
2011:
1910:
1760:
1606:
1582:
1248:
1100:
995:
963:
908:
851:
799:
162:
130:
287:. Pendulum clocks were much more accurate than the previous
2630:
Graggenturm of Luzerne, instructions (English translation):
2336:
2065:
1785:
1680:
1503:
825:
154:
2666:, Antiquarian Horological Society Turret Clock Group, 1993
651:& foliot. This happens in the years 1350 and onwards.
2028:
in Belgium in 1382 is mounted on the tower of Notre-Dame
279:, inspired by the superior timekeeping properties of the
1721:
Louis Defiens furnishes a striking clock for the castle
1288:
made by Jacob, improved 1383, taken out of service 1605
106:
Probably the most famous turret clock is located in the
16:
Large prominently located clock used as a public amenity
361:
2103:
Wernher von Ilbenstedt manufactures a striking clock
979:
According to Bilfinger, this is the first mechanical
275:
was invented and patented in 1657 by Dutch scientist
2685:
Die Mittelalterlichen Horen und die Modernen Stunden
1821:
Pierre de S. Béate furnishes a clock for the castle
2214:might not be the clock on display at the cathedral
1846:Jan van Delft manufactures a clock for the belfry
283:discovered beginning in 1602 by Italian scientist
2707:
1260:Bartolo Giordi mounts a clock on the city tower
2678:Histoire de la mesure du temps par les horloges
2128:mention of the cathedral clock being repaired
2078:mention of a small striking clock at St. Jean
703:consecration of "Petronella" and "Scolastica"
573:Sacrist's roll 1290 "In emendacione orologio"
2297:mention of a striking clock at the cathedral
2482:an astronomical clock similar to the one in
602:Sacrist's roll 1291 "pro custodia orologii"
1796:a clock with several bells is manufactured
226:
2575:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2456:furnished a clock for the Nikolaikirche
973:public striking clock with 24-hour dial
180:
32:This article includes a list of general
2609:
2603:
921:Petrus de Chastelux builds a new clock
307:, which quickly replaced the primitive
201:were invented, which rang bells on the
2708:
2581:
544:bursarial accounts "Expense orologii"
319:, UK, in 1670, probably by clockmaker
641:
373:
1542:mention of existing town hall clock
886:Norwich Cathedral astronomical clock
350:
18:
2680:, Imprimerie de la Republique, 1802
2616:. London: Cassel & Co. p.
2349:Manufactured by Heinrich von Wieck
2346:striking clock with quarter strike
2320:striking clock with quarter strike
362:Table of early public turret clocks
149:visible from far away, and often a
13:
1920:striking clock with several bells
1051:clock tower next to the cathedral
733:probably a mechanical alarm clock
706:probably a mechanical alarm clock
266:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2742:
2237:clock at the cathedral mentioned
1947:clock installed at the cathedral
254:, so the balance wheel was not a
1383:verge and foliot striking clock
99:
87:
23:
2664:The Great Salisbury Clock Trial
341:three-legged gravity escapement
189:
2624:
2591:
2558:History of timekeeping devices
1362:clock mounted on castle tower
976:Annales Mediolanenses Anonymi
137:, in public buildings such as
114:in London and rings the bell "
1:
2568:
1089:taken out of service in 1547
509:Bartholomo Orologiario clock
838:mention of a striking clock
446:Annals of the priory 1283 –
386:or in a few cases, possibly
141:, university buildings, and
7:
2662:Christopher McKay (Editor)
2551:
653:
392:
10:
2747:
2582:Milham, Willis I. (1945).
2052:mention of a turret clock
1337:mention of a turret clock
1311:mention of existing clock
176:
2204:Salisbury Cathedral clock
882:Norwich Cathedral priory
694:Benedict abbey St. Peter
2486:is put up at the church
1611:Pfarrkirche St. Quentin
110:at the north end of the
2610:Glasgow, David (1885).
762:probably a water clock
635:probably a water clock
605:probably a water clock
576:probably a water clock
547:probably a water clock
518:probably a water clock
482:
227:Verge and foliot clocks
53:more precise citations.
2613:Watch and Clock Making
622:Christchurch Cathedral
515:Compotus Bracini 1286
479:Exeter cathedral clock
382:mechanisms; most were
317:Wadham College, Oxford
186:
2657:English Church Clocks
2024:the clock taken from
1009:Il Tractatus Astarii
804:church St. Eustorgio
199:striking water clocks
184:
112:Palace of Westminster
2676:Ferdinand Berthoud
2584:Time and Timekeepers
1560:Kings Langley Manor
1056:striking clock with
347:(Lord Grimsthorpe).
343:invented in 1854 by
313:Wadham College Clock
129:or tower clock is a
2534:astronomical clock
2479:astronomical clock
2454:Nikolaus Lilienfeld
2450:astronomical clock
2199:Salisbury Cathedral
1509:Queenborough Castle
1329:St Nicholas church
1283:astronomical clock
946:astronomical clock
940:St Albans Cathedral
890:astronomical clock
750:Salisbury Cathedral
505:St Paul's Cathedral
337:gravity escapements
256:harmonic oscillator
2673:, Strasbourg, 1931
1430:Westminster Palace
1378:Tour de l'Horloge
1012:Giovanni de Dondi
984:mechanical clock.
913:collegiate church
830:church St. Pierre
642:Fourteenth century
374:Thirteenth century
277:Christiaan Huygens
260:resonant frequency
187:
151:striking mechanism
2687:, Stuttgart, 1892
2683:Gustav Bilfinger
2543:
2542:
2173:Katharinenkirche
639:
638:
564:Norwich Cathedral
351:Electrical clocks
301:anchor escapement
258:with an inherent
79:
78:
71:
2738:
2655:C. F. C. Beeson
2647:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2070:eglise St. Jean
1810:Beauté-sur-Marne
1636:cathedral tower
1129:Palazzo Vecchio
654:
393:
309:verge escapement
294:verge and foliot
233:verge escapement
157:upon the hours.
103:
91:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2746:
2745:
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2737:
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2669:Alfred Ungerer
2651:
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2604:
2596:
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2580:
2576:
2571:
2554:
2509:striking clock
2424:striking clock
2418:Wells Cathedral
2371:striking clock
2294:striking clock
2260:striking clock
2208:Striking Clock
2151:striking clock
2100:striking clock
2075:striking clock
2021:striking clock
1995:striking clock
1894:striking clock
1770:striking clock
1744:striking clock
1718:striking clock
1692:striking clock
1641:striking clock
1616:striking clock
1565:striking clock
1515:striking clock
1487:striking clock
1410:striking clock
1182:striking clock
1157:striking clock
1109:striking clock
644:
626:novum orolgium
376:
364:
353:
285:Galileo Galilei
269:
267:Pendulum clocks
252:restoring force
246:did not have a
229:
203:canonical hours
192:
179:
171:pendulum clocks
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
108:Elizabeth Tower
104:
96:
95:
92:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2694:, London, 1910
2688:
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2652:
2649:
2648:
2623:
2602:
2590:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:List of clocks
2560:
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2540:
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2528:
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2520:
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2472:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Nikolaikirche
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:market church
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2357:
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2350:
2347:
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2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
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2321:
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2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Nikolaikirche
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1908:
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1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
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1024:Windsor Castle
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986:
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981:striking clock
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535:Merton College
532:
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375:
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352:
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345:Edmund Beckett
273:pendulum clock
268:
265:
248:balance spring
228:
225:
191:
188:
178:
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105:
98:
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31:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2743:
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2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Clock designs
2719:
2717:
2716:Turret clocks
2714:
2713:
2711:
2701:München, 1954
2700:
2697:Ernst Zinner
2696:
2693:
2690:F.J. Britten
2689:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
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1556:Kings Langley
1554:
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1355:castle tower
1354:
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1202:Frauenkirche
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1177:castle tower
1176:
1174:
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1038:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:Castle Tower
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
959:
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948:
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917:
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910:
907:
904:
901:
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869:
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860:
858:
855:
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847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
648:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
511:
508:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
488:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
371:
368:
359:
356:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:to provide a
249:
245:
244:balance wheel
240:
238:
234:
224:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
183:
174:
172:
167:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
117:
113:
109:
102:
90:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:December 2018
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2612:
2605:
2598:Glasgow 1885
2593:
2586:. MacMillan.
2583:
2577:
2547:
2544:
2264:
2169:Braunschweig
2146:Graggenturm
2138:Switzerland
1860:Valenciennes
1686:York Minster
1474:Switzerland
1405:Perlachturm
1228:Pfarrkirche
1028:Great Tower
649:
645:
447:
384:water clocks
377:
369:
365:
357:
354:
336:
331:specialized
325:
321:Joseph Knibb
305:Robert Hooke
298:
270:
241:
230:
207:clock towers
195:Water clocks
193:
190:Water clocks
168:
159:
153:which rings
127:turret clock
126:
124:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2659:London 1971
2588:, p.188-194
2504:Altburgtor
2016:Notre-Dame
1835:Dendermonde
1482:Petersturm
1304:city tower
1253:city tower
1224:Frankenberg
455:rood screen
333:escapements
315:, built at
303:in 1657 by
215:monasteries
135:clock tower
51:introducing
2710:Categories
2569:References
2519:1398–1401
2406:1392–1393
2341:cathedral
2230:cathedral
2121:cathedral
2005:1383–1384
1940:cathedral
1889:town hall
1864:town hall
1739:cathedral
1735:Strasbourg
1728:1372–1373
1535:town hall
1471:1366–1368
1457:cathedral
1436:not known
1420:1365–1367
1369:1362–1370
1334:not known
1278:cathedral
1191:1356–1361
1079:cathedral
1075:Strasbourg
1068:1352–1354
1058:jacquemart
1003:Astrarium
918:not known
861:not known
856:town hall
835:not known
809:not known
783:not known
778:Cathedral
756:not known
727:not known
722:cathedral
700:not known
697:"Schelle"
629:not known
617:Canterbury
599:not known
570:not known
541:not known
512:not known
483:not known
443:not known
439:horologium
211:cathedrals
143:town halls
34:references
2526:Villingen
2484:Stralsund
2441:Stralsund
2288:Cathedral
2283:Magdeburg
2194:Salisbury
2092:Friedberg
1765:Belfried
1274:Frankfurt
1198:Nuremberg
949:drawings
935:St Albans
745:Salisbury
666:Location
593:Ely Abbey
523:1288 (?)
474:Cathedral
429:Dunstable
405:Location
220:viscosity
2552:See also
2522:Germany
2496:Germany
2466:Germany
2437:Germany
2409:England
2384:Germany
2363:Chartres
2279:Germany
2226:Würzburg
2222:Germany
2190:England
2165:Germany
2113:Germany
2088:Germany
2042:Fritzlar
2038:Germany
2026:Courtrai
1982:Germany
1979:1382–84
1932:Germany
1907:Belgium
1831:Belgium
1757:Belgium
1709:Golzinne
1705:Belgium
1677:England
1657:Świdnica
1603:Germany
1579:Czechia
1552:England
1500:England
1423:England
1401:Augsburg
1397:Germany
1325:Brussels
1321:Belgium
1296:Germany
1270:Germany
1220:Germany
1194:Germany
1142:1355–71
1125:Florence
1020:England
989:1348–64
931:England
902:1325–43
874:England
741:England
718:Augsburg
714:Germany
686:Germany
678:Comment
675:Mention
660:Country
613:England
584:England
555:England
526:England
498:England
465:England
425:England
417:Comment
414:Mention
399:Country
281:pendulum
139:churches
2726:Turrets
2600:, p.282
2474:church
2470:Doberan
2388:Hanover
2359:France
2333:France
2315:belfry
2307:France
2255:belfry
2251:Béthune
2247:France
2062:France
2008:France
1986:Hamburg
1965:castle
1957:France
1936:Bamberg
1915:belfry
1885:Vicenza
1856:France
1839:belfry
1814:castle
1806:France
1782:France
1731:France
1713:castle
1653:Poland
1628:France
1531:Wrocław
1527:Poland
1426:London
1372:France
1351:Ferrara
1173:Bologna
1071:France
1047:Orvieto
905:France
878:Norwich
848:Poland
822:France
774:Cambrai
770:France
559:Norwich
501:London
388:mercury
177:History
163:watches
116:Big Ben
47:improve
2731:Clocks
2500:Speyer
2142:Luzern
2117:Minden
1961:Nieppe
1881:Italy
1632:Colmar
1478:Zurich
1453:Toledo
1449:Spain
1375:Paris
1347:Italy
1300:Munich
1245:Italy
1169:Italy
1149:Reggio
1145:Italy
1121:Italy
1097:Italy
1043:Italy
992:Italy
960:Italy
796:Italy
690:Erfurt
663:Place
530:Oxford
469:Exeter
434:Priory
402:Place
380:foliot
328:torque
289:foliot
237:foliot
36:, but
2493:1395
2463:1395
2434:1394
2413:Wells
2381:1392
2356:1392
2330:1391
2311:Rouen
2304:1389
2276:1388
2244:1388
2219:1386
2211:Deed
2187:1386
2162:1386
2135:1385
2110:1384
2085:1384
2059:1383
2035:1383
2012:Dijon
1954:1380
1929:1380
1911:Ypres
1904:1377
1878:1377
1853:1377
1828:1377
1803:1376
1779:1376
1761:Ghent
1754:1376
1702:1372
1674:1371
1650:1370
1625:1370
1607:Mainz
1600:1369
1583:Opava
1576:1368
1549:1368
1524:1367
1497:1366
1446:1366
1394:1364
1344:1362
1318:1362
1293:1361
1267:1361
1249:Siena
1242:1359
1217:1359
1166:1356
1118:1354
1101:Genoa
1094:1353
1040:1351
1017:1351
996:Padua
968:town
964:Milan
957:1336
928:1327
909:Cluny
871:1322
852:Brzeg
845:1316
819:1314
800:Milan
793:1309
767:1308
738:1306
711:1305
683:1304
672:Type
669:Name
657:Year
610:1292
581:1291
552:1290
495:1286
462:1284
422:1283
411:Type
408:Name
396:Year
155:bells
131:clock
2337:Metz
2066:Lyon
1786:Sens
1681:York
1504:Kent
826:Caen
271:The
235:and
147:face
2618:308
588:Ely
209:in
2712::
450:.
390:.
213:,
125:A
2620:.
118:"
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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