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for Red Fern Root, which can only be found underneath the oldest tree. While digging for the Red Fern Root she digs so deep she makes a hole in the planet, and in her curiosity falls through all the way to earth. King tells us that this is a young Earth from before land was created, and in order to save Charm from falling hard and fast into the water and upsetting the stillness of the water, all the water birds fly up to catch her. With no land to set her on they offer her the back of the turtle. When Charm is almost ready to give birth the animals fear that the turtle will be too crowded, so she asks the animals to dive down to find mud so that she can use its magic to build dry land. Many animals try but most fail, until the otter dives down for days before finally surfacing, passed out from exhaustion, clutching mud in its paws. Charm creates land from the mud, magic, and the turtle's back and gives birth to twins which keep the earth in balance. One twin flattened out the land, created light, and created woman, while the other made valleys and mountains, shadows, and man.
345:, addresses the need for us to understand our reciprocal relationships with nature in order for us to understand and use ecology as a means to save the earth. The version of the story from Kimmerer starts off with the Sky Woman falling from a hole in the sky, cradling something tightly in her hands. Geese rise up to soften her landing and place her on the back of a turtle so that she does not drown. All the animals congregate to help find dirt for the sky woman so that she can build her habitat, some giving their lives in the search. Finally, the muskrat surfaces, dead but clutching a handful of soil for the Sky Woman, who takes the offering gratefully and uses seeds from The Tree of Life to begin her garden using her gratitude and the gifts from the animals, thus creating Turtle Island as we know it. Through the Sky Woman story, Kimmerer tells us that we cannot "begin to move toward ecological and cultural sustainability if we cannot even imagine what the path feels like."
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destruction and began climbing a mountain to avoid the flood, all the while grabbing animals that he saw and sticking them in his sash. At the top of the mountain there was a cedar tree that he started to climb, and as he climbed he broke off limbs of the tree. When he got to the top of the tree, he pulled out his bow, played it and sang a song that made the waters stop. Nanapush then asked which animal he could put the rest of the animals on top of in the water. The turtle volunteered saying he'd float and they could all stay on him, and that's why they call the land Turtle Island.
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Kishelamà kânk saw this fighting and decided to send down a spirit, Nanapush, to bring everyone back together. He went on top of a mountain and started the first Sacred Fire, which gave off a smoke that caused all the people of the world to come investigate what it was. When they all came, Nanapush created a pipe with a sumac branch and a soapstone bowl, and the creator gave him
Tobacco to smoke with. Nanapush then told the people that whenever they fought with each other, to sit down and smoke tobacco in the pipe, and they would make decisions that were good for everyone.
38:
382:, represented as a large black snake in the book. The book says that water is the source of all life, and it is all of ours duty to protect our water sources so that we can preserve not only ourselves but those of animals and the environment. The story draws important meanings from the Turtle Island creation story such as water as the origin of life and closes with a drawing of the main character returning the turtle to the water saying "We are stewards of the earth. Our spirits are not to be broken."
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320:'s book tells us that "the truth about stories is they're all we are." King's book explores the power of story both in native lives and in the lives of every person on this planet. Every chapter opens with a telling of the story of the world on the back of a turtle in space, and in each chapter, it is slightly altered to show how stories change through tellers and audiences. Their fluidity is itself a characteristic of the story as they traverse through time.
216:. This, according to Hill, also shows how soil, and the land itself, has the ability to act and shape creation. Some tellings do not include this expanded edition as part of the Creation Story, however, these differences are important to note when considering Haudenosaunee traditions and relationships.
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All the animals and humans did their jobs on the Earth, until eventually a problem arose. There was a tooth of a giant bear that could give the owner magical powers, and the humans started to fight over it. Eventually, the wars got so bad that people moved away, and made new tribes and new languages.
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For some
Indigenous peoples, Turtle Island refers to the continent of North America. The name comes from various Indigenous oral histories that tell stories of a turtle that holds the world on its back. For some Indigenous peoples, the turtle is therefore considered an icon of life, and the story of
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Nanapush then decided the turtle needed to be bigger for everyone to live on, so he asked the animals if one of them would dive down into the water to get some of the old Earth. The beaver tried first, but came up dead and
Nanapush had to revive him. The loon tried second, but its attempt ended with
229:
uses the term to refer to North
America, writing that it synthesizes both indigenous and colonizer cultures, by translating the indigenous name into the colonizer's languages (the Spanish "Isla Tortuga" being proposed as a name as well). Snyder argues that understanding North America under the name
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Nanapush then took out his bow and again sang, and the turtle started to grow. It kept growing, and
Nanapush sent out animals to try to get to the edge to see how long it had grown. First, he sent the bear, and the bear returned in two days saying he had reached the end. Next, he sent out the deer,
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King provides us with his own telling of the story using a woman named Charm as his Sky Woman. Charm is from a different planet and is described as being curious to a fault, often asking the animals of her planet questions they deem to be too nosy. When she becomes pregnant, she develops a craving
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First, he created helper spirits, the
Grandfathers of the North, East, and West, and the Grandmother of the South. Together, they created the Earth just as Kishelamà kânk had dreamt it. One of their final acts was creating a special tree. From the roots of this tree came the first man, and when the
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The same bear tooth later caused a fight between two evil spirits, a giant toad and an evil snake. The toad was in charge of all the waters, and amidst the fighting he ate the tooth and the snake. The snake then proceeded to bite his side, releasing a great flood upon the Earth. Nanapush saw this
356:
Christopher B. Teuton book provides a comprehensive look into
Cherokee oral traditions and art to bring them into the contemporary moment. He put together his collection with three friends, also master storytellers, who get together to swap stories from around the 14 Cherokee states. The first
327:
King emphasizes that the Turtle Island creation story creates "a world in which creation is a shared activity...a world that begins in chaos and moves toward harmony." He explains that understanding and continuing to tell this story creates a world that values these ideas and relationships with
207:
In Susan M. Hill's version of the story, the muskrat or other animals die in their search for land for the Sky Woman (named Mature Flower in Hills's telling). This is a representation of the
Haudenosaunee beliefs of death and chaos as forces of creation, as we all give our bodies to the land to
112:
The Lenape believe that before creation there was nothing, an empty dark space. However, in this emptiness, there existed a spirit of their creator, Kishelamà kânk. Eventually in that emptiness, he fell asleep. While he slept, he dreamt of the world as we know it today, the Earth with mountains,
361:
starts with a telling of the Sky Woman story. Notably, this telling of Turtle Island has the water beetle dive for the earth necessary for the sky woman, where often you will see a muskrat or otter. Turtle Island is a running theme throughout the book, as it is the beginning of life and story.
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the same fate. Lastly, the muskrat tried. He stayed down the longest, and came up dead as well, but he had some Earth on his nose that
Nanapush put on the Turtles back. Because of his accomplishment, Nanapush told the muskrat he was blessed and his kind would always thrive in the land.
267:. At Canadian universities, many courses, student and academic meetings, as well as convocation and other celebrations begin with a spoken acknowledgement of the traditional Indigenous territories, sometimes including reference to Turtle Island, in which they are taking place.
208:
become soil, which in turn continues to support life. This concept plays out again when the Mature Flower's daughter dies during childbirth, becoming the first person to be buried on the turtle's back and whose burial post helped grow various plants such as
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forests, and animals. He also dreamt up man, and he saw the ceremonies man would perform. Then he woke up from his dream to the same nothingness he was living in before. Kishelamà kânk then started to create the Earth as he had dreamt it.
133:
who came back in two weeks saying he had reached the end. Finally, he sent the wolf, and the wolf never returned because the land had gotten so big. Lenape tradition said wolves howl because call for their ancestor to come back home.
702:
224:
The name Turtle Island has been used by many
Indigenous cultures in North America, and both native and non-native activists, especially since the 1970s when the term came into wider usage. American author and ecologist
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fell down to the earth when it was covered with water, or more specifically, when there was a "great cloud sea". Various animals tried to swim to the bottom of the ocean to bring back dirt to create land.
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According to Converse and Parker, the Iroquois faith shared with other religions the "belief that the Earth is supported by a gigantic turtle." In the
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of Turtle Island will help shift conceptions of the continent. Turtle Island has been used by writers and musicians, including Snyder for his
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nature. Without that understanding, we fail to uphold the relationships forged by Charm, the twins, and the animals that created the earth.
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continued to multiply until it became a huge expanse of land. Thus, when Iroquois cultures refer to the earth, they often call it
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181:. This dirt began to multiply and also caused the turtle to grow bigger. The turtle continued to grow bigger and bigger and the
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There are a number of contemporary works which continue to use and/or tell the story of the Turtle Island creation story.
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has put into practice the acknowledgment of indigenous territory and claims, particularly at institutions located within
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is a children's storybook written by Carole Lindstrom in 2020 in response to the building of the
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542:, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 2 pp. 306â308, (including further references within the cited text)
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A number of contemporary works continue to use and/or tell the Turtle Island creation story.
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Name for Earth or North America used by Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States
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to refer to the larger region beyond their empire, between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean
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Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants
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story of the "Great Turtle" was first recorded by Europeans between 1678 and 1680 by
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And Grandma Said...: Iroquois Teachings, As Passed Down Through the Oral Tradition
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703:"A Return to Roots: New Boise Nonprofit pursues cultivation of earth and mind"
404:â a name used by the Guna people and others to refer to the American continent
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At Home on the Earth: Becoming Native to Our Place: A Multicultural Anthology
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Turtle Island consequently speaks to various spiritual and cultural beliefs.
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Lessons from Turtle Island: Native Curriculum in Early Childhood Classrooms
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The Clay We Are Made Of: Haudenosaunee Land Tenure on the Grand River
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410:â Nahuatl name for the historical and cultural region of Mexico
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succeeded in gathering dirt, which was placed on the back of a
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Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America
582:
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Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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tree bent down and kissed the ground, woman sprang from it.
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911:
Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice, eds. (2000).
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209:
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515:
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309:
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950:(Paperback, Ebook). St. Paul, Minnesota: Redleaf Press.
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Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)
787:
785:
783:
1065:
Robinson, Amanda; Filice, Michelle (November 6, 2018).
640:
510:
780:
797:
677:
Turtle Island Cooperative Farm & Research Center
1034:Porter, Tom; Forrester, Lesley; Ka-Hon-Hes (2008).
736:"CAUT Guide to Acknowledging Traditional Territory"
422:â the legendary ancestral home of the Aztec peoples
1035:
809:
1099:(Paperback, Ebook). Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
1097:Cherokee Stories of the Turtle Island Liars' Club
350:Cherokee Stories of the Turtle Island Liars' Club
2526:
944:Jones, Guy W.; Moomaw, Sally (October 2, 2002).
248:; and the Turtle Island Research Cooperative in
70:indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
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876:Myth and Legends of the New York State Iroquois
220:Indigenous rights activism and environmentalism
1064:
1006:
865:
827:
634:
588:
504:
485:
392:Turtles in North American Indigenous Mythology
2442:
2252:
1520:
1180:
1601:Constitution of the United States of America
1471:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
910:
603:
263:or covered by perpetual decrees such as the
1007:Lindstrom, Carole; Goade, Michaela (2020).
986:The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative
943:
767:TCTSY - Trauma Center Trauma-Sensitive Yoga
732:Canadian Association of University Teachers
519:
257:Canadian Association of University Teachers
200:, while the name for an everyday turtle is
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2259:
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1527:
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1187:
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244:jazz string quartet; Tofurky manufacturer
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551:
2489:Turtle Island (Native American folklore)
2389:Turtle Island (Native American folklore)
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533:Why the World is on the Back of a Turtle
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36:
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619:Porter, Forrester & Ka-Hon-Hes 2008
14:
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815:
271:Names in Indigenous American languages
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1882:Organization of American States (OAS)
1508:
1168:
1095:Teuton, Christopher B (August 2016).
887:
752:
646:
301:
156:, depicts the story of Turtle Island.
1595:American Declaration of Independence
1139:Robinson, Amanda; Filice, Michelle.
983:
843:Barnhill, David Landis, ed. (1999).
791:
673:"Turtle Island Research Cooperative"
443:â the practice of political renaming
1809:Countries and dependent territories
1342:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
24:
1101:University of North Carolina Press
279:: Mishiike Minisi, Mikinoc Waajew
25:
2576:
1451:Anishinabek Educational Institute
1132:
2309:
2301:Tyrannosaurus in popular culture
1708:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
416:â the MÄori name for New Zealand
196:, the mythical turtle is called
136:
41:Satellite image of Turtle Island
724:
670:
2467:Cultural depictions of turtles
2379:Cultural depictions of turtles
2296:Stegosaurus in popular culture
1042:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
851:. pp. xiv, 297â306, 327.
849:University of California Press
552:Weiner, Zack; Ershadi, Julie.
545:
525:
32:Turtle Island (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1302:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
1123:: CS1 maint: date and year (
990:University of Minnesota Press
661:, pp. xiv, 297â306, 327.
457:
166:Haudenosaunee (or "Iroquois")
103:Northeastern Woodlands tribes
18:Turtle Island (North America)
2540:Iroquois legendary creatures
2119:Philosophy (indigenous)
1461:Canadian residential schools
894:University of Manitoba Press
701:Rasmussen, B. (2017-01-23).
339:Robin Wall Kimmerer's book,
7:
2457:Turtles in human activities
1622:Mexican War of Independence
428:â Nahuatl name used by the
385:
62:Indigenous rights activists
58:American Indigenous peoples
10:
2581:
2535:Geography of North America
1877:North American Union (NAU)
1739:Three Mile Island accident
988:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
828:Lindstrom & Goade 2020
635:Converse & Parker 1906
589:Converse & Parker 1906
505:Robinson & Filice 2018
486:Converse & Parker 1906
82:
29:
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2025:Universities and colleges
2008:
2001:
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1858:
1799:
1790:
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1484:
1466:Hannahville Indian School
1441:
1408:
1370:
1223:
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1146:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1072:The Canadian Encyclopedia
867:Converse, Harriet Maxwell
531:Miller, Jay. (June 1974)
447:Turtle Island (Lake Erie)
78:
64:. The name is based on a
2560:Native American toponymy
2284:Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
1553:Peopling of the Americas
1476:U.S. residential schools
1456:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
965:Kimmerer, Robin (2013).
888:Hills, Susan M. (2017).
847:. Berkeley, California:
604:Johansen & Mann 2000
352:by Christopher B. Teuton
2152:Countries by population
2114:Music (indigenous)
1892:Transatlantic relations
1009:We are Water Protectors
520:Jones & Moomaw 2002
375:We Are Water Protectors
367:We Are Water Protectors
311:The Truth About Stories
291:: KhĂŠya WĂta, UnÄi Maka
2479:Turtle excluder device
1642:Canadian Confederation
1272:Grand Medicine Society
1017:Holtzbrinck Publishing
892:. Winnipeg. Manitoba:
871:Parker, Arthur Caswell
380:Dakota Access Pipeline
335:by Robin Wall Kimmerer
232:Pulitzer Prize-winning
157:
42:
2338:Serpents in the Bible
1632:California Gold Rush
1583:British North America
1568:European colonization
984:King, Thomas (2008).
969:. Milkweed Editions.
881:New York State Museum
441:Geographical renaming
242:Turtle Island Quartet
144:
60:, as well as by some
40:
2555:Mythological islands
1872:American imperialism
1627:MexicanâAmerican War
1332:Seven fires prophecy
1013:Roaring Brooks Press
879:. Albany, New York:
707:turtleislandfrcenter
357:chapter of the book
30:For other uses, see
2358:Serpent (symbolism)
2268:Reptiles in culture
1607:American Revolution
1352:Traditional beliefs
917:. Westport, Conn.:
369:by Carole Lindstrom
342:Braiding Sweetgrass
333:Braiding Sweetgrass
246:Turtle Island Foods
99:The story is shared
72:of North America.
2416:Reptilian humanoid
2169:indigenous peoples
1932:Telecommunications
1745:IranâContra affair
1679:Stock market crash
1647:Mexican Revolution
1612:Louisiana Purchase
1385:Birch bark scrolls
1357:Underwater panther
992:. pp. 12â25.
896:. pp. 16â25.
302:Contemporary works
158:
68:common to several
43:
2550:Legendary turtles
2522:
2521:
2472:fictional turtles
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2196:
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1997:
1996:
1993:
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1900:
1899:
1854:
1853:
1781:COVID-19 pandemic
1563:Pre-Columbian era
1502:
1501:
1110:978-0-8078-3749-8
928:978-1-4294-7618-8
903:978-0-88755-717-0
794:, pp. 12â25.
649:, pp. 16â25.
591:, pp. 31â32.
160:According to the
95:Jasper Danckaerts
16:(Redirected from
2572:
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2437:
2428:
2427:
2384:Bixi (mythology)
2343:Rod of Asclepius
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2209:
2006:
2005:
1958:GDP (per capita)
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1865:
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1797:
1796:
1751:Chiapas conflict
1714:Civil Rights Act
1685:Great Depression
1669:Roaring Twenties
1529:
1522:
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1506:
1505:
1418:Birchbark biting
1229:myth and stories
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709:. Archived from
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679:. Archived from
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563:. Archived from
561:lenapenation.org
558:
554:"Creation Story"
549:
543:
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517:
508:
502:
489:
483:
285:: A'nowara'kĂł:wa
277:Anishinaabemowin
234:book of poetry,
107:Iroquois peoples
85:Lenape mythology
21:
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2406:Crocodile tears
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2205:
2192:
2188:Life expectancy
2138:
2029:
1989:
1946:
1896:
1887:Pan-Americanism
1850:
1786:
1775:Great Recession
1757:NAFTA agreement
1703:Mexican miracle
1652:Progressive Era
1539:
1533:
1503:
1498:
1480:
1437:
1404:
1366:
1219:
1201:
1193:
1155:
1153:
1151:Historic Canada
1141:"Turtle Island"
1135:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1081:
1079:
1077:Historic Canada
1067:"Turtle Island"
1058:
1027:
1000:
977:
958:
929:
919:Greenwood Press
904:
859:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
781:
771:
769:
763:"North America"
761:
760:
753:
743:
741:
738:
729:
725:
716:
714:
699:
695:
686:
684:
669:
665:
657:
653:
645:
641:
633:
629:
617:
610:
602:
595:
587:
583:
573:
571:
570:on 5 March 2016
567:
556:
550:
546:
530:
526:
518:
511:
503:
492:
484:
469:
460:
388:
371:
354:
337:
315:
304:
297:: Ragwis Yuwena
273:
265:Haldimand Tract
222:
194:Seneca language
139:
87:
81:
56:, used by some
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2565:Creation myths
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Turtle farming
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Crocodile farm
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Snake charming
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
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2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2231:
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2228:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:classification
2161:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1980:Internet users
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1942:Transportation
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Extreme points
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:(2001âpresent)
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1720:Apollo program
1717:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538: articles
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
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1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:Ottawa dialect
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Medicine wheel
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Gitche Manitou
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1134:
1133:External links
1131:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1092:
1062:
1056:
1031:
1025:
1004:
998:
981:
975:
962:
956:
941:
927:
908:
902:
885:
863:
857:
839:
838:
833:
832:
820:
808:
796:
779:
751:
723:
693:
663:
651:
639:
627:
608:
593:
581:
544:
524:
509:
490:
466:
465:
464:
459:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
394:
387:
384:
370:
364:
353:
347:
336:
330:
314:
313:by Thomas King
308:
303:
300:
299:
298:
292:
286:
280:
272:
269:
221:
218:
162:oral tradition
138:
135:
105:, notably the
83:Main article:
80:
77:
48:is a name for
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Turtle racing
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:Snake worship
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:Jurassic Park
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:Ethnic groups
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1986:
1985:Minimum wages
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:by population
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:War on terror
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Turtle Island
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Paleo-Indians
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:North America
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
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1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Turtle Island
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Little people
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:9781436335652
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1026:9781250203557
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
999:9780816646272
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
976:9781571313560
972:
968:
963:
959:
957:9781929610259
953:
949:
948:
942:
938:
934:
930:
924:
920:
916:
915:
909:
905:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
858:9780520216846
854:
850:
846:
841:
840:
836:
835:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
804:Kimmerer 2013
800:
793:
788:
786:
784:
768:
764:
758:
756:
737:
733:
727:
713:on 2018-01-22
712:
708:
704:
697:
683:on 2018-01-22
682:
678:
674:
667:
660:
659:Barnhill 1999
655:
648:
643:
637:, p. 31.
636:
631:
624:
620:
615:
613:
606:, p. 90.
605:
600:
598:
590:
585:
566:
562:
555:
548:
541:
537:
534:
528:
521:
516:
514:
506:
501:
499:
497:
495:
488:, p. 33.
487:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
467:
462:
461:
453:
450:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
397:Aspidochelone
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
376:
368:
363:
360:
351:
346:
344:
343:
334:
329:
325:
321:
319:
312:
307:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
237:Turtle Island
233:
228:
217:
215:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
187:Turtle Island
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:Haudenosaunee
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
76:
73:
71:
67:
66:creation myth
63:
59:
55:
54:North America
51:
47:
46:Turtle Island
39:
33:
19:
2514:World turtle
2504:Turtle steak
2394:World Turtle
2288:
2144:Demographics
2107:Social media
2060:Architecture
1951:Countries by
1763:9/11 attacks
1691:World War II
1674:Cristero War
1282:Jingle dress
1277:Jiibayaabooz
1252:Dreamcatcher
1154:. Retrieved
1144:
1096:
1087:
1080:. Retrieved
1070:
1044:Xlibris Corp
1037:
1011:. New York:
1008:
985:
966:
946:
913:
889:
875:
844:
837:Bibliography
823:
811:
799:
770:. Retrieved
766:
742:. Retrieved
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
696:
685:. Retrieved
681:the original
676:
666:
654:
642:
630:
584:
572:. Retrieved
565:the original
560:
547:
535:
527:
452:World Turtle
373:
372:
366:
358:
355:
349:
340:
338:
332:
326:
322:
316:
310:
305:
261:unceded land
254:
250:Boise, Idaho
235:
223:
214:strawberries
206:
201:
197:
191:
186:
159:
154:Ernest Smith
145:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
88:
74:
45:
44:
2499:Turtle soup
2183:Immigration
2074:Mass media
1922:Agriculture
1699:(1947â1991)
1693:(1939â1945)
1665:(1918â1920)
1663:Spanish flu
1659:(1914â1918)
1657:World War I
1617:War of 1812
1428:Ribbon work
1307:Mudjekeewis
1262:Elbow witch
1215:Clan system
1196:Anishinaabe
1156:February 6,
1082:February 6,
1046:. pp.
816:Teuton 2016
621:, pp.
574:16 December
318:Thomas King
283:KanyenĘźkĂŠha
227:Gary Snyder
148:(1936), by
2529:Categories
2098:Newspapers
2088:Video game
2083:Television
2018:endangered
1968:per capita
1733:Oil crisis
1578:New France
1400:Potawatomi
1380:Algonquian
1257:Drumkeeper
1247:Deer Woman
717:2018-01-21
687:2018-01-21
671:n/a, n/a.
647:Hills 2017
458:References
426:Cemanahuac
359:Beginnings
198:Hah-nu-nah
2348:Snakebite
2276:Dinosaurs
2102:magazines
2070:Etiquette
2053:Sculpture
2013:Languages
1841:Mountains
1792:Geography
1725:Apollo 11
1637:Civil War
1573:New Spain
1443:Education
1423:Quillwork
1372:Languages
1337:Shingebis
1327:Pukwudgie
1312:Nanabozho
1119:cite book
937:154239396
792:King 2008
436:Discworld
402:Abya Yala
295:Tuscarora
170:Sky Woman
146:Sky Woman
101:by other
2509:Turtling
2333:Caduceus
2328:Basilisk
2216:Category
2124:Religion
2048:Painting
1860:Politics
1697:Cold War
1225:Religion
873:(1906).
744:19 April
463:Specific
414:Aotearoa
386:See also
202:ha-no-wa
2207:Outline
2157:density
2134:Symbols
2065:Cuisine
2035:Culture
2002:Society
1937:Tourism
1906:Economy
1831:Islands
1826:Geology
1783:(2020â)
1753:(1990s)
1747:(1980s)
1687:(1930s)
1545:History
1486:Housing
1362:Wendigo
1317:Nokomis
1292:Manitou
1237:Aayaase
1199:culture
772:22 July
408:Anahuac
175:Muskrat
164:of the
152:artist
2411:Dragon
2320:Snakes
2221:Portal
2129:Sports
1927:Energy
1846:Rivers
1804:Cities
1777:(2008)
1765:(2001)
1759:(1994)
1741:(1979)
1735:(1973)
1727:(1969)
1716:(1964)
1710:(1963)
1681:(1929)
1603:(1787)
1597:(1776)
1494:Wigwam
1433:Wampum
1390:Ojibwe
1322:Powwow
1242:Baykok
1207:Family
1107:
1054:
1023:
996:
973:
954:
935:
925:
900:
855:
430:Mexica
420:AztlĂĄn
289:Lakota
240:; the
179:turtle
150:Seneca
91:Lenape
79:Lenape
2372:Other
2093:Radio
1836:Lakes
1050:â53.
739:(PDF)
623:52â53
568:(PDF)
557:(PDF)
50:Earth
2226:Maps
2100:and
2078:Film
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