R-value (insulation)

1629:, which occurs because of changes in air density with temperature. Insulation greatly retards natural convection making conduction the primary mode of heat transfer. Porous insulations accomplish this by trapping air so that significant convective heat loss is eliminated, leaving only conduction and minor radiation transfer. The primary role of such insulation is to make the thermal conductivity of the insulation that of trapped, stagnant air. However this cannot be realized fully because the glass wool or foam needed to prevent convection increases the heat conduction compared to that of still air. The minor radiative heat transfer is obtained by having many surfaces interrupting a "clear view" between the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation such as visible light is interrupted from passing through porous materials. Such multiple surfaces are abundant in batting and porous foam. Radiation is also minimized by low emissivity (highly reflective) exterior surfaces such as aluminum foil. Lower thermal conductivity, or higher R-values, can be achieved by replacing air with argon when practical such as within special closed-pore foam insulation because 1616:

words, compressing a fiberglass batt decreases the R-value of the batt but increases the R-value per inch.) Another important factor to consider is that studs and windows provide a parallel heat conduction path that is unaffected by the insulation's R-value. The practical implication of this is that one could double the R-value of insulation installed between framing members and realize substantially less than a 50 percent reduction in heat loss. When installed between wall studs, even perfect wall insulation only eliminates conduction through the insulation but leaves unaffected the conductive heat loss through such materials as glass windows and studs. Insulation installed between the studs may reduce, but usually does not eliminate, heat losses due to air leakage through the building envelope. Installing a continuous layer of rigid foam insulation on the exterior side of the wall sheathing will interrupt thermal bridging through the studs while also reducing the rate of air leakage.

1887:+ 273.16). Therefore, such transfer is at its most significant when the objective is to cool (i.e. when solar radiation has produced very warm surfaces). On the other hand, the conductive and convective heat loss modes play a more significant role during the cooler months. At such lower ambient temperatures the traditional fibrous, plastic and cellulose insulations play by far the major role: the radiative heat transfer component is of far less importance, and the main contribution of the radiation barrier is in its superior air-tightness contribution. In summary: claims for radiant barrier insulation are justifiable at high temperatures, typically when minimizing summer heat transfer; but these claims are not justifiable in traditional winter (keeping-warm) conditions. 1315:, sometimes called a k-value or lambda-value (lowercase λ). The thermal conductivity (k-value) is the ability of a material to conduct heat; hence, the lower the k-value, the better the material is for insulation. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) has a k-value of around 0.033 W/(m⋅K). For comparison, phenolic foam insulation has a k-value of around 0.018 W/(m⋅K), while wood varies anywhere from 0.15 to 0.75 W/(m⋅K), and steel has a k-value of approximately 50.0 W/(m⋅K). These figures vary from product to product, so the UK and EU have established a 90/90 standard which means that 90% of the product will conform to the stated k-value with a 90% confidence level so long as the figure quoted is stated as the 90/90 lambda-value. 135: 1650:

additional insulation in the wall will only minimally improve the overall R-value. As such, the least well insulated section of a wall will play the largest role in heat transfer relative to its size, similar to the way most current flows through the lowest resistance resistor in a parallel array. Hence ensuring that windows, service breaks (around wires/pipes), doors, and other breaks in a wall are well sealed and insulated is often the most cost effective way to improve the insulation of a structure, once the walls are sufficiently insulated.

2013: 2005: 2573: 1955:(CFC) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HFCs). However, over time these gases diffuse out of the foam and are replaced by air, thus reducing the effective R-value of the product. There are other foams which do not change significantly with aging because they are blown with water or are open-cell and contain no trapped CFCs or HFCs (e.g., half-pound low-density foams). On certain brands, twenty-year tests have shown no shrinkage or reduction in insulating value. 4459:

value. At the point of transaction, some consumers will be able to get the requisite R-value information from the label on the insulation package. However, since the evidence shows that packages are often unavailable for inspection prior to purchase, no labeled information would be available to consumers in many instances. As a result, the Rule requires that a fact sheet be available to consumers for inspection before they make their purchase.

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least 5 °C is required for a reliable result according to ISO 9869 norms, but shorter measurement durations give a reliable indication of the R-value as well. The progress of the measurement can be viewed on the laptop via corresponding software and obtained data can be used for further calculations. Measuring devices for such heat flux measurements are offered by companies like FluxTeq, Ahlborn, greenTEG and Hukseflux.

2663: 1645:. The heat transfers can be worked out by thinking of resistance in series with a fixed potential, except the resistances are thermal resistances and the potential is the difference in temperature from one side of the material to the other. The resistance of each material to heat transfer depends on the specific thermal resistance /, which is a property of the material (see table below) and the thickness of that layer. A 1963:

that moisture absorption and loss of blowing agent (in closed-cell spray polyurethane foam) were major causes of R-Value loss. Fiberglass and extruded polystyrene retained over 97% of their initial R-values while, aerogels and closed-cell polyurethane saw a reduction of 15% and 27.5%, respectively. Results suggest an exponential decay law over time applies to R-values for closed-cell polyurethanes and aerogel blankets.

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practice, this linear relationship does not always hold for compressible materials such as glass wool and cotton batting whose thermal properties change when compressed. So, for example, if one layer of fiberglass insulation in an attic provides R-20 thermal resistance, adding on a second layer will not necessarily double the thermal resistance because the first layer will be compressed by the weight of the second.

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typically flexible insulators that come in fibers, like fiberglass. Loose-fill insulation comes in loose fibers or pellets and should be blown into a space. Rigid foam is more expensive than fiber, but generally has a higher R-value per unit of thickness. Foam-in-place insulation can be blown into small areas to control air leaks, like those around windows, or can be used to insulate an entire house.

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walls/floors/roofs etc. It is expressed in watts per meter squared kelvin W/(m⋅K). This means that the higher the U-value the worse the thermal performance of the building envelope. A low U-value usually indicates high levels of insulation. They are useful as it is a way of predicting the composite behavior of an entire building element rather than relying on the properties of individual materials.

239:. It is expressed in watts per square metre kelvin. The higher the U-value, the lower the ability of the building envelope to resist heat transfer. A low U-value, or conversely a high R-Value usually indicates high levels of insulation. They are useful as it is a way of predicting the composite behaviour of an entire building element rather than relying on the properties of individual materials. 1933:) over a range of electromagnetic spectra (including visible and UV light), their thermal advantages are mainly related to their emissivity in the infra-red range. Emissivity values are the appropriate metric for radiant barriers. Their effectiveness when employed to resist heat gain in limited applications is established, even though R-value does not adequately describe them. 1991:

of an existing building. Especially in older or historic buildings the R-values defined before construction might be very different from the actual values. This greatly affects energy efficiency analysis. To obtain reliable data, R-values are therefore often determined via U-value measurements at the

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Like resistance in electrical circuits, increasing the physical length (for insulation, thickness) of a resistive element, such as graphite for example, increases the resistance linearly; double the thickness of a layer means double the R-value and half the heat transfer; quadruple, quarters; etc. In

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However, this generalization comes at a price because R-values that include non-conductive processes may no longer be additive and may have significant temperature dependence. In particular, for a loose or porous material, the R-value per inch generally depends on the thickness, almost always so that

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Research has been conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center on the long-term degradation of insulating materials. Values on the degradation were obtained from short-term laboratory testing on materials exposed to various temperature and humidity conditions. Results indicate

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The question of how to quantify performance of other systems such as radiant barriers has resulted in controversy and confusion in the building industry with the use of R-values or 'equivalent R-values' for products which have entirely different systems of inhibiting heat transfer. (In the U.S., the

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There are many factors that come into play when using R-values to compute heat loss for a particular wall. Manufacturer R-values apply only to properly installed insulation. Squashing two layers of batting into the thickness intended for one layer will increase but not double the R-value. (In other

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If the interior of a home is at 20 °C and the roof cavity is at 10 °C then the temperature difference is 10 °C (or 10 K). Assuming a ceiling insulated to RSI 2.0 (R = 2 m⋅K/W), energy will be lost at a rate of 10 K / (2 K⋅m/W) = 5 watts for every square meter

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Increasing the thickness of an insulating layer increases the thermal resistance. For example, doubling the thickness of fiberglass batting will double its R-value, perhaps from 2.0 m⋅K/W for 110 mm of thickness, up to 4.0 m⋅K/W for 220 mm of thickness. Heat transfer through an

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This approach is based on three or more temperature measurements inside and outside of a building element. By synchronizing these measurements and making some basic assumptions, it is possible to calculate the heat flux indirectly, and thus deriving the U-value of a building element. The following

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Thermography is applied in the building sector to assess the quality of the thermal insulation of a room or building. By means of a thermographic camera thermal bridges and inhomogeneous insulation parts can be identified. However, it does not produce any quantitative data. This method can only be

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For the most part, testing the R-value of insulation is done at a steady temperature, usually about 70 °F (21 °C) with no surrounding air movement. Since these are ideal conditions, the listed R-value for insulation will almost certainly be higher than it would be in actual use, because

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The U.S. Department of Energy has recommended R-values for given areas of the USA based on the general local energy costs for heating and cooling, as well as the climate of an area. There are four types of insulation: rolls and batts, loose-fill, rigid foam, and foam-in-place. Rolls and batts are

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is usually used in the U.S. and Canada to express the heat flow through entire assemblies (such as roofs, walls, and windows). For example, energy codes such as ASHRAE 90.1 and the IECC prescribe U-values. However, R-value is widely used in practice to describe the thermal resistance of insulation

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properties of the barrier. R-values are used in describing the effectiveness of insulating material and in analysis of heat flow across assemblies (such as walls, roofs, and windows) under steady-state conditions. Heat flow through a barrier is driven by temperature difference between two sides of

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To account for other components in a wall such as framing, first calculate the U-value (= 1/R-value) of each component, then the area-weighted average U-value. An average R-value is 1/(average U-value). For example, if 10% of the area is 4 inches of softwood (R-value 5.6) and 90% is 2 inches of

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that is composed of several layers will have several thermal resistors in the analogous with circuits, each in series. Analogous to a set of resistors in parallel, a well insulated wall with a poorly insulated window will allow proportionally more of the heat to go through the (low-R) window, and

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The rule mandates that specific R-value information for home insulation products be disclosed in certain ads and at the point of sale. The purpose of the R-value disclosure requirement for advertising is to prevent consumers from being misled by certain claims which have a bearing on insulating

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in combination with two temperature sensors. By measuring the heat that is flowing through a building element and combining this with the inside and outside temperature, it is possible to define the R-value precisely. A measurement that lasts at least 72 hours with a temperature difference of at

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This has led to controversy as how to rate the insulation of these products. Many manufacturers will rate the R-value at the time of manufacture; critics argue that a more fair assessment would be its settled value. The foam industry adopted the long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) method, which

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The primary purpose of the rule is to ensure that the home insulation marketplace provides this essential pre-purchase information to the consumer. The information gives consumers an opportunity to compare relative insulating efficiencies, to select the product with the greatest efficiency and

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that describes how well a building element conducts heat or the rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square metre of a structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure. The elements are commonly assemblies of many layers of components such as those that make up

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In practice the above surface values are used for floors, ceilings, and walls in a building, but are not accurate for enclosed air cavities, such as between panes of glass. The effective thermal resistance of an enclosed air cavity is strongly influenced by radiative heat transfer and distance

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While research is lacking on the long-term degradation of R-value in insulation, recent research indicates that the R-values of products may deteriorate over time. For instance, the compaction of loose-fill cellulose creates voids that reduce overall performance; this may be avoided by densely

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The R-value is a measure of an insulation sample's ability to reduce the rate of heat flow under specified test conditions. The primary mode of heat transfer impeded by insulation is conduction, but insulation also reduces heat loss by all three heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and

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In Germany, after the law Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEv) introduced in 2009 (October 10) regarding energy savings, all new buildings must demonstrate an ability to remain within certain boundaries of the U-value for each particular building material. Further, the EnEv describes the maximum

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Correct attention to air sealing measures and consideration of vapor transfer mechanisms are important for the optimal function of bulk insulators. Air infiltration can allow convective heat transfer or condensation formation, both of which may degrade the performance of an insulation.

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You can list a range of R-value per inch. If you do, you must say exactly how much the R-value drops with greater thickness. You must also add this statement: "The R-value per inch of this insulation varies with thickness. The thicker the insulation, the lower the R-value per inch."

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and can be found by taking the inverse of the R-value. It is a property that describes how well building elements conduct heat per unit area across a temperature gradient. The elements are commonly assemblies of many layers of materials, such as those that make up the

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The Australian Government explains that the required total R-values for the building fabric vary depending on climate zone. "Such materials include aerated concrete blocks, hollow expanded polystyrene blocks, straw bales and rendered extruded polystyrene sheets."

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may be R-14 at −12 °C (10 °F) and R-12 at 43 °C (109 °F). Nevertheless, in construction it is common to treat R-values as independent of temperature. Note that an R-value may not account for radiative or convective processes at the material's

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For example, in winter it might be 2 °C outside and 20 °C inside, making a temperature difference of 18 °C or 18 K. If the material has an R-value of 4, it will lose 0.25 W/(°C⋅m). With an area of 100 m, the heat energy being lost is

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federal government's R-Value Rule establishes a legal definition for the R-value of a building material; the term 'equivalent R-value' has no legal definition and is therefore meaningless.) According to current standards, R-values are most reliably stated for

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A definition of R-value based on apparent thermal conductivity has been proposed in document C168 published by the American Society for Testing and Materials. This describes heat being transferred by all three mechanisms—conduction, radiation, and convection.

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This is an important consideration in building construction because heat energy arrives in different forms and proportions. The contribution of radiative and conductive heat sources also varies throughout the year and both are important contributors to

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products, layers, and most other parts of the building enclosure (walls, floors, roofs). Other areas of the world more commonly use U-value/U-factor for elements of the entire building enclosure including windows, doors, walls, roof, and ground slabs.

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foam), or for an assembly of materials (e.g. a wall or a window). In the case of materials, it is often expressed in terms of R-value per metre. R-values are additive for layers of materials, and the higher the R-value the better the performance.

2092:. Placing the temperature sensors on the inside and outside surfaces of the building element allows one to determine the inside surface temperature, outside surface temperature, and the temperature difference between them. In some cases the 891:

within the material. In such cases, it is useful to introduce an "apparent thermal conductivity", which captures the effects of all three kinds of processes, and to define the R-value more generally as the thickness of a sample divided by its

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There are weaknesses to using a single laboratory model to simultaneously assess the properties of a material to resist conducted, radiated, and convective heating. Surface temperature varies depending on the mode of heat transfer.

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As long as the materials involved are dense solids in direct mutual contact, R-values are additive; for example, the total R-value of a barrier composed of several layers of material is the sum of the R-values of the individual

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Because the units are usually not explicitly stated, one must decide from context which units are being used. In this regard, it helps to keep in mind that I-P R-values are 5.68 times larger than the corresponding SI R-values.

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There will be other losses through the floor, windows, ventilation slots, etc. But for that material alone, 450 W is going out, and can be replaced with a 450 W heater inside, to maintain the inside temperature.

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resist conducted heat poorly. Materials such as reflective foil have a high thermal conductivity and would function poorly as a conductive insulator. Radiant barriers retard heat transfer by two means: by reflecting

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with thickness). For similar reasons, the R-value per inch also depends on the temperature of the material, usually increasing with decreasing temperature (polyisocyanurate again being an exception); a nominally R-13

903: 1861:(and hence the observed energy flux and calculated R-value) will be dependent on the relative contributions of radiation, conduction, and convection, even though the total energy contribution remains the same. 1281:) of a material or assembly. The U.S. construction industry prefers to use R-values, however, because they are additive and because bigger values mean better insulation, neither of which is true for U-factors. 602:

the barrier, and the R-value quantifies how effectively the object resists this drive: The temperature difference divided by the R-value and then multiplied by the exposed surface area of the barrier gives the

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through the building element. Recording all of the available data allows one to study the dependence of the R-value and U-value on factors like the inside temperature, outside temperature, or position of the

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Debate remains among representatives from different segments of the U.S. insulation industry during revision of the U.S. FTC's regulations about advertising R-values illustrating the complexity of the issues.

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rates the R-value based on a 15-year weighted average. However, the LTTR effectively provides only an eight-year aged R-value, short in the scale of a building that may have a lifespan of 50 to 100 years.

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When determining the overall thermal resistance of a building assembly such as a wall or roof, the insulating effect of the surface air film is added to the thermal resistance of the other materials.

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foam), or for an assembly of materials (e.g. a wall or a window). In the case of materials, it is often expressed in terms of R-value per unit length (e.g. per inch of thickness). The latter can be

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R-values expressed in I-P units are approximately 5.68 times as large as R-values expressed in SI units. For example, a window that is R-2 in the I-P system is about RSI 0.35, since 2/5.68 ≈ 0.35.

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directly against the substrate to reduce the undesirable effects of air leakage. Other construction technologies are also used to reduce or eliminate infiltration such as air sealing techniques.

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Experimentally, thermal conduction is measured by placing the material in contact between two conducting plates and measuring the energy flux required to maintain a certain temperature gradient.

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houses have very thick walls and thus are well insulated. Snow is roughly R-1 per inch. Brick has a very poor insulating ability at a mere R-0.2 per inch; however it does have a relatively good

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is more complex. With a good radiant barrier in place, most heat flow is by convection, which depends on many factors other than the radiant barrier itself. Although radiant barriers have high

855:"this window has an R-value of 2"; "this is a window with R = 2" (and similarly with RSI-values, which also include the possibility "this window provides RSI 0.35 of resistance to heat flow"). 825:

in the case of low-density building thermal insulations, for which R-values are not additive: their R-value per inch is not constant as the material gets thicker, but rather usually decreases.

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If we assume idealized heat transfer between the air on each side and the surface of the insulation, the surface temperature of the insulator would equal the air temperature on each side.

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specific location (in situ). There are several potential methods to this, each with their specific trade-offs: thermography, multiple temperature measurements, and the heat flux method.

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Convection will alter the rate of heat transfer between the air and the surface of the insulator, depending on the flow characteristics of the air (or other fluid) in contact with it.

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is about 5.68 times larger than when expressed in SI units, so that, for example, a window that is R-2 in I-P units has an RSI of 0.35 (since 2/5.68 = 0.35). For R-values there is

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potential for energy savings, to make a cost-effective purchase and to consider the main variables limiting insulation effectiveness and realization of claimed energy savings.

2645:(EPS) at R-4 per inch. Loose cellulose, fibreglass (both blown and in batts), and rock wool (both blown and in batts) all possess an R-value of roughly R-2.5 to R-4 per inch. 2559:. To the extent that all heat transfer processes (conduction, convection, and radiation) contribute to the measurements, the derived R-value represents an apparent R-value. 2107: 2525: 2234: 1444: 1144: 698: 485: 332: 6454: 6061: 2096:

itself can serve as one of the temperature sensors. The R-value for the building element is the temperature difference between the two temperature sensors divided by the

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In countries where the SI system is generally in use, the R-values will also normally be given in SI units. This includes the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

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has the next highest R-value (about R-10 to R-30 per inch), followed by polyurethane (PUR) and phenolic foam insulations with R-7 per inch. They are followed closely by

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In labels, fact sheets, ads, or other promotional materials, do not give the R-value for one inch or the "R-value per inch" of your product. There are two exceptions:

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is an extremely good thermal insulator, which at a pressure of one-tenth of an atmosphere has an R-value of R-40/m, compared to R-3.5/m for a fiberglass blanket.

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conditions. The measure is therefore equally relevant for lowering energy bills for heating in the winter, for cooling in the summer, and for general comfort.

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depends on thickness. The addition of materials to enclose the insulation such as drywall and siding provides additional but typically much smaller R-value.

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Typical R-values are given for various materials and structures as approximations based on the average of available figures and are sorted by lowest value.

1687:. The SI unit of thermal resistivity is K⋅m/W. Thermal conductivity assumes that the heat transfer of the material is linearly related to its thickness. 6239: 4919:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2013). "Heat, air, and moisture control in building assemblies—Fundamentals".

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is conventionally defined as the rate of thermal conduction through a material per unit area per unit thickness per unit temperature differential (Δ

250: 4592: 2451: 2583: 6217: 6158: 6104: 5799: 4451:(FTC) governs claims about R-values to protect consumers against deceptive and misleading advertising claims. It issued the R-Value Rule. 832:) are usually not explicitly stated, and so it is important to determine from context which units are being used: an R-value expressed in 3613: 5544: 5913: 1304: 231: 5821: 3306: 4767: 415: 5587: 5319: 5236: 1731:

silica aerogel (R-value 20), the area-weighted U-value is 0.1/5.6 + 0.9/20 ≈ 0.0629 and the weighted R-value is 1/0.0629 ≈ 15.9.

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for the temperature difference per unit of heat flow rate. Further confusion arises because some publications use the character

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Ristinen, Robert A., and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

5861: 995:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}^{\prime }={\frac {\Delta x}{k^{\prime }}}={\frac {1}{U_{\text{val}}}}=\Delta x\cdot r^{\prime },} 72: 6354: 6308: 5783: 5478: 5447: 5360: 5086: 5010: 4934: 4875: 4844: 4706: 1762: 1560:

I-P values are commonly given in the United States and Canada, though in Canada normally both I-P and RSI values are listed.

53: 5882: 5651: 5195: 5125: 5052: 4976: 5964: 5722: 3409: 79: 4480:

You can do this if actual test results prove that the R-values per inch of your product does not drop as it gets thicker.

1666:(W/m) of ceiling. The RSI-value used here is for the actual insulating layer (and not per unit thickness of insulation). 6394: 1975:

One of the primary values of spray-foam insulation is its ability to create an airtight (and in some cases, watertight)

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Faced fibreglass batt insulation can be stapled to the stud faces or slightly inset, but avoid compressing the batts

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To find the average heat loss per unit area, simply divide the temperature difference by the R-value for the layer.

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needed to sustain one unit of heat flow rate. Confusion sometimes arises because some publications use the term

6395:

Information on the calculations, meanings, and inter-relationships of related heat transfer and resistance terms

6303:(I–P ed.). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE). 2009. 1603:

with a fixed voltage. However, this holds only approximately because the effective thermal conductivity of some

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Straw bales perform at about R-2.38 to 2.68 per inch, depending on orientation of the bales. However, typical

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In calculating the R-value of a multi-layered installation, the R-values of the individual layers are added:

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2013). "Units and Conversions".

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of the material. Low-emissivity surfaces such as shiny metal foil will reduce heat transfer by radiation.

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needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier under

867:, the lower its R-value. On the other hand, the thicker the material, the higher its R-value. Sometimes 5745: 5148: 6193: 5175:

A Handbook on Low-Energy Buildings and District-Energy Systems: Fundamentals, Techniques and Examples

5105:

A Handbook on Low-Energy Buildings and District-Energy Systems: Fundamentals, Techniques and Examples

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A Handbook on Low-Energy Buildings and District-Energy Systems: Fundamentals, Techniques and Examples

4956:

A Handbook on Low-Energy Buildings and District-Energy Systems: Fundamentals, Techniques and Examples

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to denote the temperature difference per unit of heat flux, but other publications use the character

2503: 2212: 1413: 1122: 676: 463: 310: 6162: 5605: 4448: 4395:

for a comparison of R-values for windows, with some effective R-values that include an air cavity.

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insulation, such as polyurethane and polyisocyanurate are blown into form with heavy gases such as

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away from its irradiated surface and by reducing the emission of radiation from its opposite side.

1872: 6409: 6389: 6108: 1875:, radiative heat transfer is related to the fourth power of the absolute temperature (measured in 5807: 5464: 4738: 4616: 3871: 2649: 1755: 1311:

In most countries the properties of specific materials (such as insulation) are indicated by the

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is the temperature difference (K) between the warmer surface and colder surface of the barrier,

376: 6341: 5142: 5072: 4996: 4861: 4797: 4732: 2591: 2420: 1871:

In the hot season, solar radiation predominates as the source of heat gain. According to the

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to denote the temperature difference per unit of heat flow rate. This article uses the term

371:(K) is the temperature difference between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier, 5210: 2060:

on either the inside or outside surface of the building element allows one to determine the

5832: 5775: 5352: 5078: 5002: 4867: 4555: 4530: 4272: 2745: 2387: 2354: 1988: 1810: 1802: 1684: 1604: 1530: 1312: 864: 752: 611: 8: 6439: 5927: 5187: 5117: 5044: 4968: 4535: 4500: 2448:

The U-value can be calculated as well by taking the reciprocal of the R-value. That is,

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coefficient for each new material if parts are replaced or added to standing structures.

597:

In any event, the greater the R-value, the greater the resistance, and so the better the

168: 6414: 6344:, ICC ES Report ESR-1236 Thermal and Moisture Protection - ICC Evaluation Services, Inc. 5569: 5494: 2197:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}={\frac {\Delta T}{\phi _{q}}}={\frac {T_{o}-T_{i}}{q/A}},} 5990: 4664: 2324: 2294: 1813:

is the rate of heat flux through a unit area at the installed thickness and any given Δ

1680: 1626: 1240: 880: 876: 799: 730: 598: 545: 539: 532: 514: 492: 409: 199: 172: 134: 6329: 5409: 4428:

R-10.7 (heat transfer down), R-6.7 (heat transfer horizontal), R-5 (heat transfer up)

6304: 6298: 5907: 5779: 5474: 5443: 5356: 5191: 5152: 5121: 5082: 5048: 5006: 4972: 4930: 4871: 4840: 4809: 4742: 4702: 4668: 4628: 4392: 3717: 3231: 2342: 2081: 1976: 1520: 884: 236: 2689:

gives R-values normalised to a 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) thickness and sorts by

2985: 2958: 2930: 2556: 2547: 2312: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2065: 2057: 2049: 1401:{\displaystyle U={\frac {1}{R}}={\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{A}}{\Delta T}}={\frac {k}{L}},} 1249: 5862:"CE71 – Insulation materials chart – thermal properties and environmental ratings" 5533:"Insulation". U.S. Department of Energy. USA.gov. October 2010. 14 November 2010. 5532: 851:

All of the following mean the same thing: "this is an R-2 window"; "this is an R2

5629: 5433: 4920: 4550: 4540: 4420: 4119: 3383: 1922: 1902: 1866: 1646: 6390:

Table of Insulation R-Values at InspectApedia includes original source citations

5889: 5647: 2012: 27:

Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat

6332:, Regarding reflective insulation used under slab where no air space is present 5968: 5676: 5664: 4545: 2659:

Note that the above examples all use the U.S. (non-SI) definition for R-value.

1907: 1835: 1600: 1545: 845: 563: 5407: 5376: 893: 6423: 4520: 1890: 1847:

In response to thermal radiation, surface temperature depends on the thermal

888: 868: 4430:

Ask for the R-value tests from the manufacturer for your specific assembly.

1797: 590:

for the temperature difference per unit of heat flow rate and uses the term

6015: 5024: 5022: 4560: 4510: 3690: 3639: 3512: 2653: 2638: 1926: 1625:

radiation. The primary heat loss across an uninsulated air-filled space is

1507: 863:

The more a material is intrinsically able to conduct heat, as given by its

818: 795: 211: 195: 184: 176: 6133:"ICC Legacy Report ER-2833 – Cocoon Thermal and Sound Insulation Products" 4477:

You can do this if you suggest using your product at a one-inch thickness.

2004: 3820: 3436: 2807: 2642: 1918:

materials. All of the products quoted at the end are examples of these.

1809:). The inverse of conductivity is resistivity (or R per unit thickness). 1523: 167:) is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of 5305: 5019: 1987:

The deterioration of R-values is especially a problem when defining the

4570: 4525: 4515: 3949: 3897: 3357: 3060: 2633:

have the highest R-value, approximately R-45 (in U.S. units) per inch;

2542:

The derived R-value and U-value may be accurate to the extent that the

2030:

Difference between inside and outside temperature, ideal > 15 K

1952: 1930: 1896: 1848: 1769: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1573: RSI-value (in SI) ≈ R-value (in I-P) × 0.1761102 896:. Some equations relating this generalized R-value, also known as the 5212: 5165: 2641:(PIR) at R-5.8, graphite impregnated expanded polystyrene at R-5, and 1571: R-value (in I-P) ≈ RSI-value (in SI) × 5.678263 408:

The R-value per unit of a barrier's exposed surface area measures the

5771:

Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects

5646:

Stephenson, L. D.; Heffron, Andrew; Mehnert, Brenda B. (2015-05-01).

5183: 5179: 5113: 5109: 5074:

Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects

5040: 5036: 4998:

Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects

4964: 4960: 4836: 4805: 4624: 2551: 2543: 2278: 2097: 2073: 2069: 2061: 1447: 571: 401: 180: 4948: 4946: 1744: 35: 5347:

McQuiston, Faye C.; Parker, Jerald D.; Spitler, Jeffrey D. (2005).

4024: 3922: 5991:"Rice hulls in construction – Appropedia: The sustainability wiki" 5723:"R-Value of Straw Bales Lower Than Previously Reported – EBN: 7:9" 5217:, The Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA) 5211:

The Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA),

4661:

Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practices

2662: 210:

units are used. An R-value can be given for a material (e.g. for

5302:"European phenolic foam association: Properties of phenolic foam" 5095: 4990: 4988: 4943: 3743: 2859: 2780: 2666: 2634: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4375:

Outdoor surface, any position, moving air 3.4 m/s (summer)

4361:

Outdoor surface, any position, moving air 6.7 m/s (winter)

4286: 661:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {\Delta T\cdot A}{R_{\text{val}}}},} 5439: 5349:

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design

4926: 4257: 4238: 2730: 2711: 2690: 2536: 2441: 2412: 2379: 2237: 2048:

The R-value of a building element can be determined by using a

1876: 1824:

most situations with insulation are under different conditions

1551:

Some sources use "RSI" when referring to R-values in SI units.

1504: 1219: 1161: 1110: 1076:) of the sample (measured on a path parallel to the heat flow), 1040: 335: 154: 4985: 4590: 5648:"Prediction of Long Term Degradation of Insulating Materials" 5066: 5064: 4755: 2834:

Polyurethane rigid panel (CFC/HCFC-expanded) aged 5–10 years

2532: 2316: 2286: 2245: 1630: 1223: 1114: 1073: 339: 295:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}={\frac {\Delta T}{\phi _{q}}},} 158: 6105:"Portfolio of Spray Foam Insulation Products | Icynene" 5466:

Scientific Unit Conversion: A Practical Guide to Metrication

5258: 2886:

Polyurethane rigid panel (pentane-expanded) aged 5–10 years

1836:

Surface temperature in relationship to mode of heat transfer

829: 4657:"Appendix: Terminology update: Symbols mean specific terms" 4268: 4261: 4242: 2741: 2734: 2715: 2528: 2491:{\displaystyle U_{\text{val}}={\frac {1}{R_{\text{val}}}}.} 2346: 2282: 2241: 1948: 1526: 1511: 1325:

with SI units of W/(m⋅K) and U.S. units of BTU/(h⋅°F⋅ft)

1227: 1157: 1106: 1044: 607: 343: 164: 6278:"Home Design & Remodeling | Department of Energy" 5761: 5697: 5456: 5140: 5061: 1891:

The limitations of R-values in evaluating radiant barriers

1641:

Heat transfer through an insulating layer is analogous to

1496: 1477:

is the material's coefficient of thermal conductivity and

1270:, which may be an important factor for some applications. 6218:"Evergreen Insulation - Types of insulation and R-Values" 5928:"R-Value Table, Insulation Values For Selected Materials" 5134: 4768:"gSKIN® Application Note: U-Value Measurement Case Study" 2582:

deal primarily with North America and do not represent a

1798:

Thermal conductivity versus apparent thermal conductivity

6368: 6132: 5747:

Aerogel Research at LBL: From the Lab to the Marketplace

2026:

requirements have to be fulfilled for reliable results:

2001:

used to approximate the U-value or the inverse R-value.

1599:

insulating layer is analogous to adding resistance to a

5408:

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) (2018),

5320:"Indicators of Insulation Quality: U-value and R-value" 4832:

Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Design for Efficiency

2910:

Foil-faced polyurethane rigid panel (pentane-expanded)

811: 207: 5346: 5252: 4829:

Kreider, Jan F.; Curtiss, Peter S.; Rabl, Ari (2010).

1105:

is the apparent thermal conductivity of the material (

594:

for the temperature difference per unit of heat flux.

171:, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5438:. Vol. Fundamentals (SI ed.). Atlanta, GA: 5425: 5238:

Big News: The R-Value of Insulation Is Not a Constant

4925:. Vol. Fundamentals (SI ed.). Atlanta, GA: 2506: 2454: 2423: 2390: 2357: 2327: 2297: 2256: 2215: 2110: 1456: 1416: 1331: 1218:

is the apparent thermal resistivity of the material (

1172: 1125: 1084: 1055: 1013: 906: 755: 733: 708: 679: 620: 548: 517: 495: 466: 418: 379: 354: 313: 253: 6210: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 2020: 562:, quantifies the temperature difference per unit of 247:

This relates to the technical/constructional value.

179:. R-value is the temperature difference per unit of 6455:

Customary units of measurement in the United States

6240:"Papercrete Thermal Test Report (includes R-Value)" 4584: 1473:is the temperature difference across the material, 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5938: 5721: 5401: 4828: 4822: 2519: 2490: 2432: 2403: 2370: 2333: 2303: 2269: 2228: 2196: 1465: 1438: 1400: 1210: 1138: 1097: 1064: 1031: 994: 761: 739: 717: 692: 660: 554: 523: 501: 479: 447: 392: 363: 326: 294: 5716: 5714: 4715: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4234: 3159:Extruded expanded polystyrene (XPS) high-density 2707: 817:An R-value can be given for a material (e.g. for 6421: 6272: 6270: 6161:. Buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov. Archived from 5414:, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) 5259:Building Science Corporation (23 January 2013), 4425:Zero (For assembly without adjacent air space.) 4281: 3282:Extruded expanded polystyrene (XPS) low-density 6369:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)" 6054: 5859: 3333:Molded expanded polystyrene (EPS) high-density 2961:rigid panel (pentane-expanded) aged 5–10 years 1982: 1947:packing at initial installation. Some types of 747:is the exposed surface area (m) of the barrier, 6191: 5711: 4795: 4641: 4211: 4084: 3856: 3675: 3651: 3624: 3598: 3394: 3291: 3267: 3243: 3168: 3144: 3120: 3072: 3021: 1211:{\displaystyle r^{\prime }={k^{\prime }}^{-1}} 769:is the heat flow rate (W) through the barrier. 448:{\displaystyle {\frac {R_{\text{val}}}{A}}=R,} 6373:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) 6267: 6004: 5959: 5957: 4798:"4.10 Thermal Bridges in Building Structures" 4690: 4619:. In Kreith, Frank; Goswami, D. Yogi (eds.). 4287:Non-reflective surface R-values for air films 4216: 4089: 4065: 4060: 4041: 4036: 4014: 4009: 3990: 3985: 3966: 3961: 3939: 3934: 3910: 3887: 3882: 3861: 3837: 3810: 3805: 3784: 3779: 3760: 3755: 3733: 3728: 3707: 3702: 3680: 3656: 3629: 3603: 3577: 3553: 3548: 3529: 3524: 3501: 3496: 3472: 3453: 3448: 3425: 3420: 3399: 3373: 3347: 3323: 3296: 3272: 3248: 3221: 3216: 3197: 3192: 3173: 3149: 3125: 3101: 3096: 3077: 3050: 3045: 3026: 3002: 2997: 2975: 2970: 2947: 2900: 2895: 2876: 2848: 2824: 2819: 2796: 2791: 2769: 2764: 2580:The examples and perspective in this article 1576: 822: 5800:"Panasonic U-Vacua Vacuum Insulation Panels" 5228: 5204: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4734:A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units 4608: 4162:Insulated glass (double glazed, soft low-e) 4142:Insulated glass (double glazed, hard low-e) 3832: 3572: 3477: 3368: 3342: 3318: 2942: 2871: 2843: 1485:is referred to as unit surface conductance. 604:total rate of heat flow through the barrier, 6012:"Products | Johns Manville Insulation" 5737: 5623:"Thermal resistance and polyiso insulation" 4898:"The Promise of Energy-Efficient Buildings" 4853: 4835:(Revised Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 4614: 4439: 3915: 1633:has a lower thermal conductivity than air. 798:term for what is in other contexts called " 570:for the temperature difference per unit of 6232: 6037:"Green Building Materials, Green Products" 5954: 5462: 4912: 3789: 2444:) between the inside and outside surfaces. 1857:With multiple modes of heat transfer, the 142:insulation with its R-value visible (R-21) 5983: 5340: 4884: 4784: 4686: 4684: 2618:Learn how and when to remove this message 1785:Learn how and when to remove this message 509:is the barrier's exposed surface area (m) 202:"per unit area." It is sometimes denoted 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 6400:American building material R-value table 5650:. Defense Technical Information Center. 4796:Kośny, Jan; Yarbrough, David W. (2017). 3976:Aerated/cellular concrete (5% moisture) 2661: 2011: 2003: 1683:of thermal resistivity and its inverse, 1679:R-value should not be confused with the 1657: 1548:, so the same I-P unit is used in both. 1248:it decreases with increasing thickness ( 1238:quantifies the physical quantity called 1032:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}^{\prime }} 133: 5767: 5750:, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 5654:from the original on September 29, 2021 5070: 4994: 2933:rigid panel (pentane-expanded) initial 1497:Units: metric (SI) vs. inch-pound (I-P) 1256:) being an exception; its R-value/inch 14: 6422: 6194:"Conventions for U-value calculations" 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6127: 6125: 5912:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5726:. Buildinggreen.com. September 1, 1998 5234: 5171: 5101: 5028: 4952: 4895: 4681: 4663:. Vol. Second. Philadelphia, PA: 4621:CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering 1517:whereas the I-P (inch-pound) unit is 574:, but other publications use the term 6014:. Jminsulation.com.au. Archived from 4866:(Illustrated ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 4730: 4654: 4617:"9.6 Principles of Load Calculations" 4266: 4255: 2739: 2728: 2039:No radiation heat nearby measurements 1278: 1273:The R-value is the reciprocal of the 1047:) across the thickness of the sample, 783:0.25 W/(K⋅m) × 18 °C × 100 m = 450 W. 242: 5743: 4902:Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review 4859: 4597:, United States Department of Energy 4591:United States Department of Energy, 3012:Closed-cell polyurethane spray foam 2566: 2411:is the outside surface temperature ( 1767:adding citations to reliable sources 1738: 1501:The SI (metric) unit of R-value is 1481:is its thickness. In some contexts, 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 6300:2009 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals 6176: 6146: 6122: 5842: 5262:RR-0002: The Thermal Metric Project 5147:(2010 ed.). Washington, D.C.: 5141:International Code Council (2010). 4804:(Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 4802:CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering 4691:Rathore, M. M.; Kapuno, R. (2011). 4659:. In Strehlow, Richard Alan (ed.). 4623:(Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 4398: 3952:and other loose-fill wood products 3410:Cotton batts (blue jean insulation) 2673: 2378:is the inside surface temperature ( 2088:divided by the surface area of the 2072:through the building element. The 2043: 1941: 1284: 858: 24: 5144:Residential Code of New York State 4615:Rabl, Ari; Curtiss, Peter (2005). 4333:Horizontal (e.g., a flat ceiling) 4319:Horizontal (e.g., a flat ceiling) 2424: 2127: 2068:as a representative value for the 1690: 1457: 1373: 1193: 1178: 1090: 1056: 1024: 984: 970: 940: 928: 917: 709: 630: 355: 270: 25: 6466: 6383: 5822:"Spaceloft Insulation Data Sheet" 5698:"Thermal Monitoring of Buildings" 5377:"Efficient Windows Collaborative" 5235:Bailes, Allison (24 April 2013), 2021:Multiple temperature measurements 1305:overall heat transfer coefficient 232:overall heat transfer coefficient 4182:Insulated glass (triple glazed) 2571: 2562: 2104:. The mathematical formula is: 1936: 1743: 1669: 175:flow of heat, in the context of 34: 6361: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6291: 6097: 6080: 6029: 5967:. June 12, 2008. Archived from 5965:"The Icynene Insulation System" 5920: 5875: 5814: 5792: 5690: 5669: 5639: 5616: 5598: 5580: 5562: 5537: 5526: 5505: 5487: 5471:Springer Science+Business Media 5469:(Second ed.). London, UK: 5383: 5369: 5351:(Sixth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 5312: 5294: 5276: 4896:Krause, Carolyn (Summer 1980). 3770:Wood panels, such as sheathing 2440:is the temperature difference ( 1995: 1966: 1921:Calculating the performance of 1754:needs additional citations for 1619: 789: 45:needs additional citations for 6135:. ICC Evaluation Services, Inc 5677:"U-value and building physics" 5645: 5265:, Building Science Corporation 4462: 4391:between the two surfaces. See 3258:High-density fiberglass batts 2520:{\displaystyle U_{\text{val}}} 2229:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}} 1734: 1674: 1439:{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{A}} 1139:{\displaystyle U_{\text{val}}} 887:) significantly contribute to 693:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}} 480:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}} 327:{\displaystyle R_{\text{val}}} 13: 1: 6430:Building insulation materials 6088:"sheep's wool specifications" 5774:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 5463:Cardarelli, François (1999). 5077:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 5001:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 4699:Jones & Bartlett Learning 4697:(2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: 4577: 4506:Building insulation materials 4282:Typical R-values for surfaces 2016:Heat flux measurement results 1699: R-value 1514:(K⋅m/W or, equally, °C⋅m/W), 894:apparent thermal conductivity 828:The units of an R-value (see 794:Note that the R-value is the 6410:Insulation R-value Explained 6159:"Buildings Energy Data Book" 5495:"Insulation | YourHome" 5327:U-value and building physics 5172:Harvey, L. D. Danny (2006). 5102:Harvey, L. D. Danny (2006). 5029:Harvey, L. D. Danny (2006). 4953:Harvey, L. D. Danny (2006). 4800:. In Chhabra, Ray P. (ed.). 4467:The R-value Rule specifies: 2810:(CFC/HCFC-expanded) initial 2680:list of insulation materials 2008:Heat flux measurement set-up 1983:R-value in-situ measurements 1593: 7: 4493: 4300:Direction of heat transfer 2594:, discuss the issue on the 2311:is the surface area of the 1098:{\displaystyle k^{\prime }} 900:, to other quantities are: 588:absolute thermal resistance 540:Absolute thermal resistance 533:absolute thermal resistance 410:absolute thermal resistance 10: 6471: 5864:. Energysavingtrust.org.uk 5149:International Code Council 2858:Polyurethane rigid panel ( 1894: 1636: 1610: 1577:Different insulation types 1288: 5768:Lechner, Norbert (2015). 5071:Lechner, Norbert (2015). 4995:Lechner, Norbert (2015). 4694:Engineering Heat Transfer 4231: 4228: 4225: 3563:Rock and slag wool batts 3087:Urea-formaldehyde panels 2704: 2701: 2698: 2270:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}} 1859:final surface temperature 1039:is the apparent R-value ( 814:(metric) units are used. 393:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}} 69:"R-value" insulation 5993:. Appropedia. 2013-02-23 5391:"Public Codes Cyberregs" 4860:Chen, C. Julian (2011). 4449:Federal Trade Commission 4412:Apparent R-Value (max.) 4409:Apparent R-Value (min.) 4347:Vertical (e.g., a wall) 4336:Downward (e.g., summer) 2682:used around the world. 2433:{\displaystyle \Delta T} 1901:Unlike bulk insulators, 1466:{\displaystyle \Delta T} 1065:{\displaystyle \Delta x} 806:It is sometimes denoted 718:{\displaystyle \Delta T} 364:{\displaystyle \Delta T} 6192:Brian Anderson (2006). 6062:"What is Green Living?" 5636:magazine, February 2002 5592:www.electro-optical.com 5545:"Insulation Fact Sheet" 4863:Physics of Solar Energy 4739:Oxford University Press 4099:Uninsulated glass pane 3796:Fiberglass rigid panel 3309:loose-fill (pour-fill) 2631:Vacuum insulated panels 700:is the R-value (K⋅m/W), 5744:Kahn, Jeffery (1991), 5570:"Consumer Information" 5329:. greenTEG. 2016-03-17 4929:. pp. 25.5–25.6. 4731:Fenna, Donald (2002). 4322:Upward (e.g., winter) 3666:Fiberglass loose-fill 2754:Vacuum insulated panel 2670: 2521: 2492: 2434: 2405: 2372: 2335: 2305: 2271: 2230: 2198: 2017: 2009: 1536:For R-values there is 1519: 1503: 1467: 1440: 1402: 1212: 1140: 1099: 1066: 1033: 996: 834:I-P (inch-pound) units 763: 741: 719: 694: 662: 556: 525: 503: 487:is the R-value (m⋅K⋅W) 481: 449: 394: 365: 328: 296: 143: 6415:Understanding R-Value 6405:Working with R-values 6068:on September 29, 2008 5860:Energy Saving Trust. 5411:Insulating Your House 4655:Ellis, Wayne (1988). 4566:Thermal transmittance 4421:Reflective insulation 3207:Phenolic rigid panel 2665: 2522: 2493: 2435: 2406: 2404:{\displaystyle T_{o}} 2373: 2371:{\displaystyle T_{i}} 2336: 2306: 2272: 2231: 2199: 2015: 2007: 1658:Calculating heat loss 1643:electrical resistance 1468: 1441: 1403: 1291:Thermal transmittance 1275:thermal transmittance 1213: 1148:thermal transmittance 1141: 1100: 1067: 1034: 997: 764: 762:{\displaystyle \phi } 742: 720: 695: 663: 557: 526: 504: 482: 450: 395: 366: 329: 297: 137: 6435:Building engineering 5838:on October 18, 2012. 5810:on 15 February 2020. 5804:b2b-api.panasonic.eu 5634:Professional Roofing 5606:"FSEC-CR-1231-01-ES" 5574:Consumer Information 5435:2013 ASHRAE Handbook 5188:Taylor & Francis 5118:Taylor & Francis 5045:Taylor & Francis 5005:. pp. 683–685. 4969:Taylor & Francis 4922:2013 ASHRAE Handbook 4556:Thermal conductivity 4531:Passive solar design 4235:R-value at 1 m 3588:Cellulose loose-fill 3063:clothing insulation 3036:Phenolic spray foam 2708:R-value at 1 m 2693:value of the range. 2643:expanded polystyrene 2600:create a new article 2592:improve this article 2504: 2452: 2421: 2388: 2355: 2325: 2295: 2254: 2213: 2108: 1873:Stefan–Boltzmann law 1803:Thermal conductivity 1763:improve this article 1685:thermal conductivity 1605:insulating materials 1531:British thermal unit 1454: 1414: 1329: 1313:thermal conductivity 1170: 1123: 1082: 1053: 1011: 904: 865:thermal conductivity 753: 731: 706: 677: 618: 546: 515: 493: 464: 416: 404:through the barrier. 377: 352: 311: 251: 54:improve this article 5513:"Bundesgesetzblatt" 5499:www.yourhome.gov.au 4536:Sol-air temperature 4501:Building insulation 3614:Cellulose wet-spray 2862:-expanded) initial 2687:R-value at 1 m 2033:Constant conditions 1953:chlorofluorocarbons 1811:Thermal conductance 1028: 921: 6445:Thermal protection 6280:. Energysavers.gov 6247:masongreenstar.com 5932:coloradoenergy.org 5628:2012-06-09 at the 3640:Rock and slag wool 3463:Sheep's wool batt 3439:(EPS) low-density 3183:Polystyrene board 2671: 2517: 2488: 2430: 2401: 2368: 2331: 2301: 2267: 2226: 2194: 2036:No solar radiation 2018: 2010: 1701:(outside air film) 1681:intrinsic property 1627:natural convection 1463: 1436: 1398: 1321:is the inverse of 1208: 1136: 1095: 1072:is the thickness ( 1062: 1029: 1014: 992: 907: 842:US customary units 800:thermal resistance 759: 737: 715: 690: 658: 599:thermal insulating 576:thermal resistance 568:thermal resistance 552: 521: 499: 477: 445: 390: 361: 324: 292: 243:R-value definition 200:thermal resistance 144: 6310:978-1-61583-001-5 5785:978-1-118-58242-8 5632:by John Clinton, 5480:978-1-4471-0805-4 5449:978-1-936504-46-6 5362:978-0-471-47015-1 5241:, Energy Vanguard 5088:978-1-118-58242-8 5012:978-1-118-58242-8 4936:978-1-936504-46-6 4877:978-0-470-64780-6 4846:978-1-4398-8250-4 4708:978-0-7637-7752-4 4491: 4490: 4437: 4436: 4393:insulated glazing 4388: 4387: 4297:Surface position 4279: 4278: 3718:Cementitious foam 3232:Urea-formaldehyde 2628: 2627: 2620: 2602:, as appropriate. 2514: 2483: 2480: 2462: 2343:rate of heat flow 2334:{\displaystyle q} 2304:{\displaystyle A} 2223: 2189: 2144: 2118: 2082:rate of heat flow 1989:energy efficiency 1795: 1794: 1787: 1721:(inside air film) 1521:degree Fahrenheit 1427: 1393: 1380: 1363: 1346: 1241:thermal insulance 1156:of the material ( 1133: 1021: 965: 962: 945: 914: 796:building industry 740:{\displaystyle A} 687: 653: 650: 555:{\displaystyle R} 524:{\displaystyle R} 502:{\displaystyle A} 474: 434: 428: 346:) is the R-value, 321: 287: 261: 237:building envelope 196:building industry 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6462: 6377: 6376: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6249:. Archived from 6244: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6155: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6107:. Archived from 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6064:. Archived from 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5971:on June 12, 2008 5961: 5952: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5888:. Archived from 5887: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5831:. Archived from 5826: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5806:. Archived from 5796: 5790: 5789: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5610:www.fsec.ucf.edu 5602: 5596: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5547:. Archived from 5541: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5442:. p. 38.1. 5429: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5393:. Archived from 5387: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5304:. Archived from 5298: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5214:LTTR/QualityMark 5208: 5202: 5201: 5197:978-184407-243-9 5186:, an imprint of 5182:, an imprint of 5169: 5163: 5162: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5127:978-184407-243-9 5116:, an imprint of 5112:, an imprint of 5099: 5093: 5092: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054:978-184407-243-9 5043:, an imprint of 5039:, an imprint of 5026: 5017: 5016: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4978:978-184407-243-9 4967:, an imprint of 4963:, an imprint of 4950: 4941: 4940: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4893: 4882: 4881: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4793: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4764: 4753: 4752: 4728: 4713: 4712: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4588: 4470: 4469: 4403: 4402: 4399:Radiant barriers 4294: 4293: 4218: 4213: 4202:Poured concrete 4122:(double glazed) 4091: 4086: 4067: 4062: 4043: 4038: 4016: 4011: 3992: 3987: 3968: 3963: 3941: 3936: 3917: 3912: 3889: 3884: 3863: 3858: 3839: 3834: 3812: 3807: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3762: 3757: 3735: 3730: 3709: 3704: 3682: 3677: 3658: 3653: 3631: 3626: 3605: 3600: 3579: 3574: 3555: 3550: 3531: 3526: 3503: 3498: 3479: 3474: 3455: 3450: 3435:Molded expanded 3427: 3422: 3401: 3396: 3384:Fiberglass batts 3375: 3370: 3349: 3344: 3325: 3320: 3298: 3293: 3274: 3269: 3250: 3245: 3223: 3218: 3199: 3194: 3175: 3170: 3151: 3146: 3127: 3122: 3103: 3098: 3079: 3074: 3052: 3047: 3028: 3023: 3004: 2999: 2986:Polyisocyanurate 2977: 2972: 2959:polyisocyanurate 2949: 2944: 2931:polyisocyanurate 2902: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2850: 2845: 2826: 2821: 2798: 2793: 2771: 2766: 2696: 2695: 2674:Typical R-values 2639:polyisocyanurate 2623: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2557:heat flux sensor 2548:heat flux sensor 2527:is the U-value ( 2526: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2313:heat flux sensor 2310: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2236:is the R-value ( 2235: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2102:heat flux sensor 2094:heat flux sensor 2090:heat flux sensor 2086:heat flux sensor 2078:heat flux sensor 2066:heat flux sensor 2058:heat flux sensor 2050:heat flux sensor 2044:Heat flux method 1942:Insulation aging 1923:radiant barriers 1903:radiant barriers 1790: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1747: 1739: 1567:More precisely, 1472: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1339: 1285:U-factor/U-value 1250:polyisocyanurate 1236:apparent R-value 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1182: 1181: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1001: 999: 998: 993: 988: 987: 966: 964: 963: 960: 951: 946: 944: 943: 934: 926: 920: 915: 912: 898:apparent R-value 859:Apparent R-value 854: 805: 784: 777: 768: 766: 765: 760: 746: 744: 743: 738: 724: 722: 721: 716: 699: 697: 696: 691: 689: 688: 685: 667: 665: 664: 659: 654: 652: 651: 648: 642: 628: 561: 559: 558: 553: 530: 528: 527: 522: 508: 506: 505: 500: 486: 484: 483: 478: 476: 475: 472: 454: 452: 451: 446: 435: 430: 429: 426: 420: 412:of the barrier. 399: 397: 396: 391: 389: 388: 370: 368: 367: 362: 333: 331: 330: 325: 323: 322: 319: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 286: 285: 276: 268: 263: 262: 259: 138:Installed faced 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6420: 6419: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6357:. 26 July 2013. 6353: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6177: 6168: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6114: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5883:"Archived copy" 5881: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5865: 5858: 5843: 5835: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5778:. p. 676. 5766: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5640: 5630:Wayback Machine 5621: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5473:. p. 308. 5461: 5457: 5450: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5081:. p. 508. 5069: 5062: 5055: 5027: 5020: 5013: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4917: 4913: 4894: 4885: 4878: 4870:. p. 276. 4858: 4854: 4847: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4756: 4749: 4729: 4716: 4709: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4653: 4642: 4635: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4551:Thermal comfort 4541:Superinsulation 4496: 4483: 4465: 4445: 4401: 4313: 4307:(hr⋅ft⋅°F/Btu) 4306: 4289: 4284: 4236: 4120:Insulated glass 2709: 2676: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2589: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2046: 2023: 1998: 1985: 1969: 1944: 1939: 1916:bulk insulation 1899: 1893: 1867:thermal comfort 1838: 1800: 1791: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1760: 1748: 1737: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691:Multiple layers 1677: 1672: 1660: 1647:thermal barrier 1639: 1622: 1613: 1596: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1533:(°F⋅ft⋅h/BTU). 1518: 1502: 1499: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1430: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1385: 1372: 1366: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1338: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1293: 1287: 1263:fiberglass batt 1252:(colloquially, 1199: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1008: 983: 979: 959: 955: 950: 939: 935: 927: 925: 916: 911: 905: 902: 901: 861: 852: 803: 792: 782: 775: 754: 751: 750: 732: 729: 728: 707: 704: 703: 684: 680: 678: 675: 674: 647: 643: 629: 627: 619: 616: 615: 606:as measured in 547: 544: 543: 516: 513: 512: 494: 491: 490: 471: 467: 465: 462: 461: 425: 421: 419: 417: 414: 413: 384: 380: 378: 375: 374: 353: 350: 349: 318: 314: 312: 309: 308: 281: 277: 269: 267: 258: 254: 252: 249: 248: 245: 140:fiberglass batt 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6385: 6384:External links 6382: 6379: 6378: 6360: 6355:"R-Value Rule" 6346: 6334: 6322: 6309: 6290: 6266: 6231: 6220:. 27 July 2013 6209: 6175: 6145: 6121: 6096: 6079: 6053: 6041:Greendepot.com 6028: 6003: 5982: 5953: 5937: 5919: 5874: 5841: 5813: 5791: 5784: 5760: 5736: 5710: 5689: 5668: 5638: 5615: 5597: 5579: 5561: 5536: 5525: 5504: 5486: 5479: 5455: 5448: 5424: 5400: 5397:on 2016-03-04. 5382: 5368: 5361: 5339: 5311: 5308:on 2016-05-23. 5293: 5288:www.isover.com 5275: 5251: 5227: 5203: 5196: 5190:. p. 51. 5178:. London, UK: 5164: 5158:978-1609830014 5157: 5133: 5126: 5120:. p. 40. 5108:. London, UK: 5094: 5087: 5060: 5053: 5047:. p. 40. 5035:. London, UK: 5018: 5011: 4984: 4977: 4971:. p. 39. 4959:. London, UK: 4942: 4935: 4911: 4883: 4876: 4852: 4845: 4839:. p. 28. 4821: 4815:978-1498715270 4814: 4783: 4754: 4747: 4737:. Oxford, UK: 4714: 4707: 4701:. p. 22. 4680: 4673: 4667:. p. 97. 4640: 4633: 4607: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4546:Thermal bridge 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4461: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378:Any direction 4376: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4364:Any direction 4362: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3487:Icynene spray 3484: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2738: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2675: 2672: 2626: 2625: 2586:of the subject 2584:worldwide view 2579: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2510: 2487: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2458: 2446: 2445: 2429: 2426: 2416: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2365: 2361: 2350: 2330: 2320: 2300: 2290: 2264: 2260: 2249: 2219: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2114: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2019: 1997: 1994: 1984: 1981: 1968: 1965: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1908:radiant energy 1892: 1889: 1837: 1834: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1751: 1749: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1717:(plasterboard) 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1638: 1635: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1601:series circuit 1595: 1592: 1578: 1575: 1546:Imperial units 1498: 1495: 1462: 1459: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1286: 1283: 1232: 1231: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1165: 1129: 1118: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1061: 1058: 1048: 1026: 1017: 991: 986: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 958: 954: 949: 942: 938: 933: 930: 924: 919: 910: 860: 857: 846:imperial units 802:" "for a unit 791: 788: 771: 770: 758: 748: 736: 726: 714: 711: 701: 683: 657: 646: 641: 638: 635: 632: 626: 623: 564:heat flow rate 551: 537: 536: 520: 510: 498: 488: 470: 444: 441: 438: 433: 424: 406: 405: 387: 383: 372: 360: 357: 347: 317: 291: 284: 280: 275: 272: 266: 257: 244: 241: 230:(m⋅K)) is the 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6467: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Heat transfer 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6342:ICC ES Report 6338: 6331: 6326: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6294: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6256:on 2014-07-07 6252: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6219: 6213: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6165:on 2014-02-27 6164: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6111:on 2014-07-23 6110: 6106: 6100: 6089: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6018:on 2014-02-26 6017: 6013: 6007: 5992: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5895:on 2014-10-21 5891: 5884: 5878: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5699: 5693: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5551:on 2007-01-12 5550: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4674:0-8031-1183-5 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4634:0-8493-0866-6 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Heat transfer 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4394: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806:Polyurethane 2805: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2563:Sample values 2560: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2508: 2498: 2485: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2443: 2427: 2417: 2414: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2381: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1937:Deterioration 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1789: 1786: 1778: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1752:This section 1750: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1670:Relationships 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:no difference 1534: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1460: 1449: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1203: 1200: 1189: 1183: 1174: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1127: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1015: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 989: 980: 976: 973: 967: 956: 952: 947: 936: 931: 922: 908: 899: 895: 890: 889:heat transfer 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869:heat transfer 866: 856: 849: 847: 843: 839: 838:no difference 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 801: 797: 787: 778: 756: 749: 734: 727: 712: 702: 681: 673: 672: 671: 668: 655: 644: 639: 636: 633: 624: 621: 613: 609: 605: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 549: 541: 534: 518: 511: 496: 489: 468: 460: 459: 458: 455: 442: 439: 436: 431: 422: 411: 403: 400:(W/m) is the 385: 381: 373: 358: 348: 345: 341: 337: 315: 307: 306: 305: 302: 289: 282: 278: 273: 264: 255: 240: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 160: 156: 152: 150: 141: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6372: 6363: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6314:. Retrieved 6299: 6293: 6282:. Retrieved 6258:. Retrieved 6251:the original 6246: 6234: 6222:. Retrieved 6212: 6201:. Retrieved 6167:. Retrieved 6163:the original 6137:. Retrieved 6113:. Retrieved 6109:the original 6099: 6082: 6070:. Retrieved 6066:the original 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6040: 6031: 6020:. Retrieved 6016:the original 6006: 5995:. Retrieved 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5969:the original 5931: 5922: 5897:. Retrieved 5890:the original 5877: 5866:. Retrieved 5833:the original 5828: 5816: 5808:the original 5803: 5794: 5770: 5763: 5752:, retrieved 5746: 5739: 5728:. Retrieved 5702:. Retrieved 5692: 5681:. Retrieved 5671: 5658:29 September 5656:. Retrieved 5641: 5633: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5553:. Retrieved 5549:the original 5539: 5528: 5519: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5465: 5458: 5434: 5427: 5416:, retrieved 5410: 5403: 5395:the original 5385: 5371: 5348: 5342: 5331:. Retrieved 5326: 5314: 5306:the original 5296: 5287: 5278: 5267:, retrieved 5261: 5254: 5243:, retrieved 5237: 5230: 5219:, retrieved 5213: 5206: 5174: 5167: 5143: 5136: 5104: 5097: 5073: 5031: 4997: 4955: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4862: 4855: 4831: 4824: 4801: 4775:. Retrieved 4748:019-860522-6 4733: 4693: 4660: 4620: 4610: 4599:, retrieved 4593: 4586: 4561:Thermal mass 4511:Condensation 4484: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4441:R-Value Rule 4440: 4429: 4389: 4290: 3847:Vermiculite 3691:Polyethylene 3513:polyurethane 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2658: 2654:thermal mass 2647: 2629: 2614: 2608:January 2010 2605: 2581: 2546:through the 2541: 2499: 2447: 2205: 2100:through the 2084:through the 2076:through the 2064:through the 2056:Placing the 2055: 2047: 2024: 1999: 1996:Thermography 1986: 1974: 1970: 1967:Infiltration 1961: 1957: 1945: 1927:reflectivity 1920: 1912: 1900: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1806: 1801: 1781: 1772: 1761:Please help 1756:verification 1753: 1729: 1713:(insulation) 1697: 1694: 1678: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1640: 1623: 1620:Primary role 1614: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1535: 1516: 1508:square-metre 1500: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1409: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1272: 1267: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1151: 1003: 897: 872: 862: 850: 827: 819:polyethylene 816: 807: 793: 790:Usage, units 779: 772: 669: 603: 596: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 567: 538: 456: 407: 303: 246: 227: 223: 219: 217: 212:polyethylene 203: 191: 189: 185:steady-state 177:construction 161: 148: 147: 145: 131: 116: 110:January 2024 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6199:. Bre.co.uk 6046:24 February 5588:"FAQ - EOI" 5520:www.bgbl.de 4443:in the U.S. 4350:Horizontal 4221:0.43–0.87 3823:loose-fill 3821:Vermiculite 3746:loose-fill 3642:loose-fill 3515:spray foam 3437:polystyrene 2988:spray foam 2957:Foil-faced 2929:Foil-faced 2808:rigid panel 2550:equals the 1735:Controversy 1709:(sheathing) 1524:square-foot 614:per hour. 6440:Insulators 6424:Categories 6330:FTC Letter 6316:2023-01-03 6284:2014-02-23 6260:2014-07-21 6203:2014-02-23 6169:2014-02-23 6139:2014-02-23 6115:2014-07-17 6022:2014-02-23 5997:2014-02-23 5899:2014-10-14 5868:2014-02-23 5730:2018-10-03 5704:2016-06-15 5683:2016-03-17 5679:. greenTEG 5555:2007-01-10 5418:5 February 5333:2016-03-17 5269:5 February 5245:5 February 5221:5 February 4777:2024-05-13 4773:. greenTEG 4601:5 February 4578:References 4571:Tog (unit) 4526:Passivhaus 4516:Cool roofs 4415:Reference 4229:Thickness 4168:0.63–0.75 4148:0.63–0.75 4128:0.63–0.75 3950:Wood chips 3898:Papercrete 3872:Straw bale 3539:Cardboard 3511:Open-cell 3358:Rice hulls 3135:Urea foam 3061:Thinsulate 2702:Thickness 2678:This is a 2650:straw bale 1931:emissivity 1897:Cool roofs 1895:See also: 1849:emissivity 1289:See also: 881:convection 877:conduction 871:processes 823:misleading 173:conductive 169:insulation 80:newspapers 6224:27 August 5975:August 9, 5829:starch.dk 5700:. FluxTeq 5184:Routledge 5180:Earthscan 5114:Routledge 5110:Earthscan 5041:Routledge 5037:Earthscan 4965:Routledge 4961:Earthscan 4837:CRC Press 4806:CRC Press 4625:CRC Press 4463:Thickness 4406:Material 4226:Material 3833:0.38–0.42 3729:0.35–0.69 3676:0.44–0.65 3652:0.44–0.65 3625:0.52–0.67 3599:0.52–0.67 3573:0.52–0.68 3395:0.55–0.76 3292:0.63–0.82 3268:0.63–0.88 3244:0.70–0.81 3217:0.70–0.88 3169:0.88–0.95 3097:0.88–1.06 3073:0.28–0.51 3046:0.85–1.23 3022:0.97–1.14 2998:0.76–1.46 2820:1.23–1.41 2699:Material 2596:talk page 2552:heat flux 2544:heat flux 2425:Δ 2279:heat flux 2259:ϕ 2163:− 2136:ϕ 2128:Δ 2098:heat flux 2074:heat flux 2070:heat flux 2062:heat flux 1929:(and low 1775:July 2008 1723:= R-value 1719:+ R-value 1715:+ R-value 1711:+ R-value 1707:+ R-value 1703:+ R-value 1675:Thickness 1594:Thickness 1488:The term 1458:Δ 1448:heat flux 1425:˙ 1374:Δ 1361:˙ 1258:increases 1201:− 1194:′ 1179:′ 1091:′ 1057:Δ 1025:′ 985:′ 977:⋅ 971:Δ 941:′ 929:Δ 918:′ 885:radiation 879:(namely, 808:RSI-value 757:ϕ 710:Δ 637:⋅ 631:Δ 622:ϕ 572:heat flux 402:heat flux 382:ϕ 356:Δ 279:ϕ 271:Δ 204:RSI-value 198:term for 181:heat flux 5908:cite web 5652:Archived 5626:Archived 4494:See also 4314:(K⋅m/W) 4232:R-value 4188:1.2–1.5 4070:1.3–1.8 4025:Hardwood 3923:Softwood 3838:2.13–2.4 3549:0.52–0.7 3111:Drywall 2774:208–346 2765:5.28–8.8 2705:R-value 2590:You may 1540:between 1490:U-factor 1297:U-factor 1279:U-factor 853:window"; 840:between 220:U-factor 5754:4 March 5284:"Foams" 4908:(3): 6. 4267:(ft·°F· 4185:3.2–3.8 4165:1.6–1.9 4145:1.6–1.9 4125:1.6–1.9 4027:(most) 3925:(most) 3911:2.6–3.2 3744:Perlite 3681:2.5–3.7 3657:2.5–3.7 3400:3.1–4.3 3307:Icynene 3297:3.6–4.7 3078:1.6–2.9 3027:5.5–6.5 3003:4.3–8.3 2924:45–48 2919:1.1–1.2 2860:pentane 2781:aerogel 2779:Silica 2740:(ft·°F· 2667:Aerogel 2635:aerogel 2341:is the 2277:is the 2206:where: 2080:is the 1877:kelvins 1725:(total) 1705:(brick) 1637:General 1611:Factors 1446:is the 1303:is the 1301:U-value 1268:surface 1254:polyiso 1153:U-value 1146:is the 1004:where: 810:if the 776:layers. 670:where: 592:R-value 531:is the 457:where: 304:where: 224:U-value 206:if the 194:is the 192:R-value 94:scholar 18:U-value 6307: 6072:May 8, 5782: 5477: 5446: 5440:ASHRAE 5359: 5194: 5155: 5124: 5085: 5051: 5009: 4975: 4933: 4927:ASHRAE 4874: 4843: 4812: 4745: 4705: 4671: 4631: 4384:0.044 4370:0.030 4075:Glass 4051:Brick 3892:16–22 3866:16–17 3842:15–17 3790:17 (9) 3738:14–27 3685:17–26 3661:17–26 3634:20–26 3608:20–26 3582:20–27 3578:3–3.85 3558:20–28 3404:22–30 3352:22–32 3301:25–32 3277:25–35 3253:28–32 3226:28–35 3178:26–40 3106:35–42 3082:11–20 3055:33–48 3031:38–45 3007:30–57 2829:48–56 2691:median 2500:where 2415:), and 1505:kelvin 1410:where 804:area." 610:or in 151:-value 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6254:(PDF) 6243:(PDF) 6197:(PDF) 6091:(PDF) 5893:(PDF) 5886:(PDF) 5836:(PDF) 5825:(PDF) 5776:Wiley 5516:(PDF) 5353:Wiley 5323:(PDF) 5079:Wiley 5003:Wiley 4868:Wiley 4771:(PDF) 4381:0.25 4367:0.17 4356:0.12 4353:0.68 4342:0.16 4339:0.92 4328:0.11 4325:0.61 4253:(in) 4250:(cm) 4212:0.014 4114:0.98 4105:0.25 4094:0.98 4085:0.025 4061:0.030 4046:5.5 4000:Snow 3944:7.7 3916:18–22 3734:2–3.9 3693:foam 3630:3–3.8 3604:3–3.8 3273:3.6–5 3249:4–4.6 3234:foam 3174:5–5.4 3154:36.4 3051:4.8–7 2770:14–66 2726:(in) 2723:(cm) 2598:, or 1631:argon 875:than 873:other 830:below 608:watts 535:(K⋅W) 226:(in W 101:JSTOR 87:books 6305:ISBN 6226:2021 6074:2009 6048:2019 5977:2009 5914:link 5780:ISBN 5756:2021 5660:2021 5475:ISBN 5444:ISBN 5420:2018 5357:ISBN 5271:2018 5247:2018 5223:2018 5192:ISBN 5153:ISBN 5122:ISBN 5083:ISBN 5049:ISBN 5007:ISBN 4973:ISBN 4931:ISBN 4872:ISBN 4841:ISBN 4810:ISBN 4743:ISBN 4703:ISBN 4669:ISBN 4665:ASTM 4629:ISBN 4603:2018 4447:The 4305:U.S. 4217:0.08 4205:2.54 4191:0.67 4177:100 4174:5.11 4171:0.90 4151:0.67 4131:0.35 4111:0.91 4108:0.16 4090:0.14 4078:2.54 4054:2.54 4042:0.71 4037:0.12 4030:2.54 4019:7.1 4010:0.18 4003:2.54 3995:7.1 3986:0.18 3979:2.54 3971:7.1 3962:0.18 3955:2.54 3940:1.41 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R-value (insulation)

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