2307:. Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member.
2484:, justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is the first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed; however, in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history).
1729:(CSRS). FERS has been the Senate's retirement system since January 1, 1987, while CSRS applies only for those senators who were in the Senate from December 31, 1986, and prior. As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $ 60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $ 35,952.
846:
2203:
vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries. If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a
1938:, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but are not required to. For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates "in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives", so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated.
2103:
speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of the debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam
President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia", "the gentleman from California", or "my distinguished friend the chairman of the Judiciary Committee". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desks.
1339:
extent of information and stability of character, requires at the same time that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to supply these advantages; and which, participating immediately in transactions with foreign nations, ought to be exercised by none who are not thoroughly weaned from the prepossessions and habits incident to foreign birth and education. The term of nine years appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of adopted citizens, whose merits and talents may claim a share in the public confidence, and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of them, which might create a channel for foreign influence on the national councils.
2154:. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body β this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster β a two-thirds majority is required. In practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required
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disproportionate amounts of federal funding when compared to voters from larger states. Ian
Millhiser argues that the points made in favor of the status quo do not hold up since some states vote the same as large states, and that the current system was just a political compromise to unite 13 sovereign nations after the Revolutionary War. He also documents 21st century examples of how this malaportionment has led to the party receiving the most votes losing control of the Senate (and as a result, the Judiciary) and predicts the trend looks set to continue and possibly increase.
891:
139:
125:
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2667:, in his book "America's Constitution: A Biography," explains that the Senate's structure is integral to the federal system, ensuring that smaller states have a voice in the democratic process. Stanford political theorist Bruce E. Cain writes that equal representation in the Senate "fosters a more inclusive and representative democracy, where diverse regional interests are considered in the legislative process" ensuring that legislation must account for a wide array of perspectives, promoting broader national cohesion.
365:
36:
523:
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1658:, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that the Congress shall assemble at least once every year, and allows the Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3, provides that the president has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion.
2446:
2071:" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by the senator who placed it at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration.
1702:
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1643:), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled.
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1858:
2376:, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the
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delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body. It is said that, "in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for
1326:, sets three qualifications for senators: (1) they must be at least 30 years old; (2) they must have been citizens of the United States for at least nine years; and (3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In
2118:. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved.
1475:(also known as a "jungle primary" or "top-two primary") is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election, where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes. In Louisiana, the
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authority to the legislature β not the people or the state generally β it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy.
2060:. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the
2644:
James
Madison emphasized that the Senate serves as a check against the potential tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the interests of smaller states are not drowned out by the more populous ones. This was despite Madison being initially opposed to equal suffrage before coming around to support it.
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The
Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to "check and balance" the powers of other elements of the federal government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the
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The Senate's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the
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The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each
2232:
On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to
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Political scientist
William F. Connelly Jr., in his book "James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship," argues that this structure "provides stability and continuity, balancing the rapidly changing political winds of the House of Representatives". Yale legal
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When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "Yea/Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice
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wrote of the Senate, "the degree of unequal representation in the U.S. Senate is by far the most extreme profound violation of the democratic idea of political equality among citizens." The countermajoritarianism is rooted in two features. First, the Senate's apportionment scheme, which apportions
2193:
was exercised by both major parties in the 2010s to weaken the filibuster for confirmations. Supporters generally consider the filibuster to be an important protection for the minority views and a check against the unfettered single-party rule when the same party holds the
Presidency and a majority
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that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee
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I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the
Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion;
1622:
In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator. Because the 17th
Amendment vests the power to grant that
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It must be acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some instances be injurious as well as beneficial; and that the peculiar defense which it involves in favor of the smaller States, would be more rational, if any interests common to them, and distinct from those of the other
2210:
Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes). To pass a bill, a simple majority (usually 51 votes) is needed. Some news media have confused the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill with
2188:
is frequently debated as the
Constitution specifies a simple majority threshold to pass legislation, and some critics feel the de facto three-fifths threshold for general legislation prevents beneficial laws from passing. Steven Wirls argues that the filibuster, elevated in importance in 1917, was
2102:
Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During a debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to
2086:
explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the quorum as present; instead, quorum calls are generally
1949:
for "president for a time"), who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service. Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically
1913:
Except for the president of the Senate (who is the vice president), the Senate elects its own officers, who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are
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disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the
Constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those
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On the one hand, some claim the U.S. Senate has a bias against Republicans. However, since 1920, Democrats have controlled the Senate for about 58 years. During most of that period Senate Democrats earned a larger share of Senate seats than their share of the national House vote. Since filibuster
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trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand. If the Senate does not approve the release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately
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A senator must be thirty years of age at least; as a representative must be twenty-five. And the former must have been a citizen nine years; as seven years are required for the latter. The propriety of these distinctions is explained by the nature of the senatorial trust, which, requiring greater
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The Senate's structure gives states with smaller populations the same number of senators (two) as states with larger populations. Historian Daniel Wirls contends that this structure makes the Senate "non-democratic", while Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the Senate is America's most minoritarian
2538:
presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the
1743:
By tradition, seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers are used, including comparing their former government service and then their respective
2509:
The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process. However, not all
1626:
In May 2021, Oklahoma permitted its governor again to appoint a successor who is of the same party as the previous senator for at least the preceding five years when the vacancy arises in an even-numbered year, only after the appointee has taken an oath not to run in either a regular or special
1507:
mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator. If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a
1343:
The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate:
2621:
By the beginning of the 21st century, two-thirds of legislatures globally had become unicameral, with the remaining upper houses tending to become more representative or less powerful; in contrast, the U.S. Senate remained an outlier by not following what Ziblatt and Levitsky refer to as a
1448:, depending on the state) with the general election following a few months later. In most of these states, the nominee may receive only a plurality, while in some states, a runoff is required if no majority was achieved. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a
2495:
remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in
1888:
Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Forty-eight of the desks date back to 1819, when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812
2617:
estimating in 2018 that Democrats would need to keep winning the popular vote by more than 6% to maintain control of the Senate. Elizabeth Rusch and Daniel Lazare argue that the Senate's structure gives voters from small states disproportionate influence and allows them to benefit from
2048:
presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by
2371:
provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives". As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate
2238:
sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy. In 1973, the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session.
2302:
Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even
2600:(undemocratic) institution. The disparity in population between the most and least populous states has grown over time. In 1790, Virginia had 10 times the population of Rhode Island, while California had 70 times the population of Wyoming in 2020. U.S. citizens in the
2087:
used to temporarily delay proceedings. Usually, such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.
2074:
Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". A senator may disclose the placement of a hold.
869:. Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.
2161:
If the Senate invokes cloture, the debate does not necessarily end immediately; instead, it is limited to up to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the Senate's history was delivered by
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with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as
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The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a
1399:. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums. Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the
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chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not
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the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during
2217:
erroneously stating "The vote was 58β39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure".
2113:
provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the
759:
began. The Senate's legislative and executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate's majority leader, who on occasion negotiates some matters with the Senate's minority leader. A prominent practice in the Senate is the
2279:. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the
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is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking
790:
and the idea of a proportional "people's house" were widely popular, discussions about Senate representation proved contentious. In the end, some small statesβunwilling to give up their equal power with larger states under the
1713:
of each senator, since 2009, is $ 174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $ 193,400. In 2003, at least 40 senators were millionaires; by 2018, over 50 senators were millionaires (partly due to inflation).
2565:. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected
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Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the
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2003:, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The assistant secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. Another official is the
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States, would otherwise be exposed to peculiar danger. But as the larger States will always be able, by their power over the supplies, to defeat unreasonable exertions of this prerogative of the lesser Statesβ¦
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have never been represented in the Senate. One analysis of democracies by Harvard professors Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky found that only Argentina and Brazil's upper chambers deviate further from the
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Today, whereas a populous state like Texas is granted equal suffrage to smaller states, Texas has a congressional delegation several times larger than many smaller states in the House of Representatives.
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Senate elections. The last time Republicans earned the same was in the 1920s. Equal representation for smaller states was pivotal for the legislative accomplishments of the Clinton presidency, like the
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at the age of 29, which was only 13 days prior to his 30th birthday on November 20, 1972. Therefore, he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973.
1514:
The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states):
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international agreements are considered treaties under U.S. domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude
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1893:. Further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the Union. It is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes their name on the inside of the desk's drawer with a pen.
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federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting president of the United States is being tried, the
1828:
requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as
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Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the
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in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and both Trump trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.
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The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted (one resigned before the Senate could complete the trial). Only three presidents have been impeached:
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Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; each Senator shall have one vote."
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now be bypassed, so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues. See in particular p. 17, for the unreformed Congress, and pp.188β9, for the Stevenson reforms of 1977.
1987:. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate majority leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an
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In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.
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defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.
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Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes.
751:, who is traditionally the most senior member of the Senate's majority party, presides over the Senate, and more often by rule allows a junior senator to take the chair, guided by the
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The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a
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The remaining thirty-eight states provide for gubernatorial appointments, "with the appointed senator serving the balance of the term or until the next statewide general election".
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2181:" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours.
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4843:, the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. "
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1783:, who represents New York, may be identified as "DβNew York" or (D-NY). And sometimes they are identified as to whether they are the junior or senior senator in their state (
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seats based on states rather than population, resulting in a small-state advantage. Second, the filibuster enables a minority of the chamber to block action in the chamber.
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party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength.
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Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate.
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for vice president, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. The Senate conducts trials of officials who have been
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2158:, so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster. However, motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years.
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wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow.
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wherever present, references to page numbers in superscripts refer to the electronic (.pdf) pagination, not as found printed on the bottom margin of displayed pages.
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have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments to the Supreme Court.
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principle than the U.S. Senate does. This disparity in representation between large and small states has increasingly favored Republicans since the 1960s, with
1511:
The Seventeenth Amendment permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place.
14049:
12777:
12545:
12379:
12035:
8538:
8164:
7126:
7046:
6983:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6477:
4338:
1375:
5411:
5350:
3990:
13066:
12633:
12523:
7793:
7520:
6875:
3833:
1962:
1655:
1534:β do not empower their governors to make temporary appointments, relying exclusively on the required special election provision in the Seventeenth Amendment.
2908:
14122:
12401:
10430:
8380:
7847:
7735:
7720:
7463:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7034:
6098:
5018:
2204:
5788:
The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts
5503:
3965:
2502:, although the Senate's advice and consent are required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.
2395:
Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending. As
2056:
Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by
14895:
14210:
14044:
12438:
8174:
7131:
7082:
6550:
6525:
4029:
2558:
1988:
1802:
12978:
12836:
10019:
9802:
8199:
7766:
7062:
6578:
6847:
5573:
3584:
15122:
12540:
12327:
11559:
11321:
11317:
10267:
9678:
9430:
8786:
7820:
7343:
6803:
5763:
4737:
4487:
4311:
4203:
1942:
1508:
special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full-term).
1164:
1020:
748:
236:
14860:
4177:
2695:, at a time when Democrats earned more seats in lower population states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, West Virginia, Nebraska and Iowa.
2591:
The Senate has been characterized as uniquely counter-majoritarian institutions in relation to legislatures in other countries. Political scientist
2480:
of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies,
1654:
The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene β Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2, originally set that date for the third day of December. The
13032:
13005:
12322:
10050:
9988:
9957:
9833:
8499:
7695:
6857:
6835:
6377:
6241:
3420:
3368:
2410:
2389:
2877:
631:
14499:
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13340:
11676:
9523:
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8754:
6978:
6973:
4233:
2527:
to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.
2280:
1105:
1364:
was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. On November 7, 1972,
626:
appointments to high offices, approve or reject treaties, and try cases of impeachment brought by the House. The Senate and the House provide a
13188:
12106:
11593:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11516:
11509:
11502:
11495:
11488:
11481:
11474:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11446:
11439:
11432:
11425:
11418:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11390:
11383:
11376:
11369:
10236:
9740:
9709:
8934:
8086:
7815:
7305:
6852:
6487:
3693:
1961:
sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the
1383:
from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.
1368:
1310:
835:
8773:
4285:
3002:
2291:.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and
1681:
to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators:
13997:
13402:
12638:
11845:
10298:
10081:
9492:
9337:
7613:
7267:
6922:
4427:
3940:
2045:
1958:
1923:
1870:
1433:
grants each state (and Congress, if it so desires to implement a uniform law) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected.
1323:
1030:
842:
in the Senate without that state's consent. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.
642:
615:
13020:
12617:
12433:
12374:
11957:
11915:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
10205:
9895:
9771:
9616:
9554:
9461:
9399:
9306:
9182:
9027:
8965:
8903:
8148:
7401:
7223:
6796:
4120:
2004:
1334:
justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character":
1083:
1044:
1014:
4056:
3614:
1717:
Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully
799:. The Connecticut Compromise provided, among other things, that each stateβregardless of populationβwould be represented by two senators.
14144:
13987:
13882:
13627:
13365:
12485:
12396:
12138:
12123:
12005:
10329:
10174:
9585:
9213:
9089:
9058:
8872:
8810:
8527:
8143:
7859:
7740:
7458:
7411:
7005:
6407:
4797:
2578:
2227:
1999:
In addition to the vice president, the Senate has several officers who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the
1951:
1087:
752:
701:
5309:
4941:
4625:
4255:
3919:
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14341:
13970:
13485:
13480:
13470:
12843:
12572:
11820:
9926:
9647:
9275:
9120:
8841:
8309:
8007:
7648:
7087:
4650:
2110:
2033:
1201:
578:
5057:
1965:. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on
845:
14514:
14139:
14082:
13975:
13804:
13246:
11749:
10112:
9368:
9151:
7448:
7374:
6927:
6815:
6540:
4847:
2685:
2404:
objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.
1984:
1978:
1969:(objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes.
1817:
1038:
756:
328:
305:
282:
259:
4919:
4370:
14186:
13982:
13475:
12963:
12903:
12463:
12118:
12010:
11860:
10474:
10439:
10423:
10143:
9864:
9244:
8713:
8657:
7997:
7963:
7745:
7300:
7295:
7110:
6545:
992:
987:
6293:
1459:, a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority. In
926:
14794:
14092:
14065:
14024:
14019:
13992:
13922:
13809:
13605:
13412:
13000:
12824:
12722:
12354:
11337:
11298:
11102:
10990:
7854:
7730:
7623:
7500:
7290:
5473:
3559:
2704:
2601:
2178:
2134:
705:
5823:(2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on
14774:
14193:
13902:
13585:
13490:
13320:
13268:
13229:
12796:
12791:
12645:
12582:
12535:
12513:
12478:
12133:
11989:
10926:
10807:
10456:
8763:
8448:
8352:
8255:
7658:
7583:
6957:
6503:
6397:
2385:
2130:
2037:
2011:
handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the
1873:
presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a
1422:
1412:
1212:
1133:
952:
885:
850:
761:
717:
635:
603:
14955:
4602:
3338:
14009:
13897:
13767:
13671:
13580:
13504:
13049:
13015:
12030:
12020:
12015:
11873:
11868:
11732:
11697:
11118:
11086:
11070:
11006:
8128:
8113:
8040:
7781:
7673:
7643:
7433:
6520:
6508:
5607:
5550:
5442:
5273:
5240:
5188:
5115:
3798:
3398:
3232:
2561:, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the
2247:
1738:
1101:
974:
959:
6306:
4154:
3458:
14205:
14102:
14039:
14029:
13912:
13703:
13666:
13595:
13427:
13392:
12943:
12673:
12406:
12177:
12128:
12101:
12025:
11984:
10855:
10583:
8687:
8429:
8118:
6370:
3889:
2012:
14990:
14945:
5202:
4572:
4510:
4457:
3246:
1503:
requires that vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a senator must be appointed or elected, the
14285:
14161:
14149:
14087:
13844:
13335:
13234:
12831:
12490:
12386:
12270:
11333:
11287:
11214:
10958:
10416:
9997:
9358:
8747:
8692:
8319:
8123:
8035:
7987:
7810:
7705:
7381:
6791:
6163:
5380:
4086:
2680:
2676:
2672:
1929:
1722:
1256:
1010:
937:
777:
740:
720:
due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less
508:
495:
210:
49:
3308:
2586:
2336:
There are presently three Senate office buildings located along Constitution Avenue, north of the Capitol. They are the
15030:
14134:
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13892:
13654:
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13355:
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12495:
12443:
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11727:
11586:
11134:
10839:
10759:
8076:
7322:
5711:
5672:
5647:
4416:
Every member, when he speaks, shall address the chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.
2535:
1710:
1303:
4867:
3138:
1775:" before their names. Senators are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state; for example,
657:. In total, the Senate consists of 100 members. From its inception in 1789 until 1913, senators were appointed by the
14875:
14464:
14176:
14156:
14107:
14097:
13965:
13887:
13864:
13824:
13688:
13678:
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13530:
13437:
13417:
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12685:
12411:
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10823:
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10599:
10567:
10535:
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8081:
7568:
7077:
7027:
6530:
5688:
5287:
4551:
3952:
3739:
3635:
3294:
2965:
2562:
2515:
1790:
1640:
1392:
1002:
964:
866:
709:
658:
654:
472:
91:
6830:
4346:
3177:
1686:
and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.
14529:
14181:
14127:
14112:
14014:
13849:
13325:
13278:
13273:
13175:
13102:
12802:
12567:
12096:
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11230:
11182:
10887:
10695:
10631:
10615:
10519:
10487:
10387:
10378:
8625:
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8339:
8138:
7958:
7771:
6515:
5342:
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2377:
2234:
2174:
1882:
1878:
1776:
1648:
1180:
713:
697:
412:
385:
339:
316:
293:
270:
247:
221:
129:
6155:
5086:
786:
debated more about how to award representation in the Senate than about any other part of the Constitution. While
15096:
15045:
14975:
14910:
14779:
14709:
14569:
14416:
14406:
14376:
14215:
14004:
13945:
13854:
13745:
13720:
13217:
13207:
12772:
12690:
12628:
12612:
12458:
12453:
12217:
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12187:
12182:
11325:
11098:
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10986:
10727:
10647:
10503:
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8346:
8299:
8012:
6892:
6427:
6363:
2295:
of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to
2040:, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a
1726:
1417:
Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years,
2271:
Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as
15132:
15091:
15010:
14980:
14812:
14629:
14579:
14519:
14454:
14278:
14198:
13872:
13819:
13735:
13725:
13693:
13622:
13610:
13565:
13452:
13350:
13212:
13132:
13122:
12908:
12765:
12468:
12426:
12369:
12143:
12054:
11552:
11150:
10775:
10663:
8740:
8584:
8565:
8548:
8262:
8250:
8133:
8061:
4988:"Recess Appointments To The Federal Judiciary: An Unconstitutional Transformation Of Senate Advice And Consent"
4779:
3961:
3170:"The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890β1913"
2714:
2671:
rules were revised in 1975, the Democratic Party earned filibuster-proof supermajorities three times after the
2341:
2337:
2257:
1279:
1269:
1262:
854:
623:
4819:
716:
by the House. The Senate has typically been considered both a more deliberative and prestigious body than the
15117:
14865:
14820:
14699:
14479:
13950:
13814:
13730:
13661:
13632:
13570:
13460:
13432:
13076:
12448:
12341:
11579:
11166:
11082:
11066:
11022:
10711:
8630:
8485:
8414:
7928:
7628:
7386:
7312:
7067:
7022:
6213:
5704:
Democracy More or Less: America's Political Reform Quandary (Cambridge Studies in Election Law and Democracy)
4536:
2430:
2007:
who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The
1810:
1380:
1296:
910:
17:
14449:
4400:
14802:
14719:
14524:
14444:
14245:
14238:
14171:
14034:
13917:
13839:
13829:
13683:
13644:
13600:
13560:
13517:
13465:
13397:
13370:
13330:
13308:
13117:
12931:
12878:
12811:
12668:
12624:
12552:
12473:
12391:
12202:
12066:
11895:
11803:
11611:
11210:
10579:
10547:
8667:
8652:
8610:
8605:
8492:
8435:
8184:
8045:
7975:
7596:
7396:
7391:
6842:
6421:
6417:
6413:
5770:
4733:
4479:
4315:
4199:
3576:
2998:
2635:
2438:
2008:
1825:
1418:
1246:
1057:
895:
728:
681:
530:
116:
6825:
3421:"Party In Power β Congress and Presidency β A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945β2008"
2082:
to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed as present unless a
1696:
747:; the vice president may vote only if the Senate is equally divided. In the vice president's absence, the
14694:
14396:
14166:
14117:
13932:
13834:
13757:
13639:
13535:
13360:
13345:
13283:
12918:
12873:
12680:
12562:
12416:
11198:
11050:
10942:
10922:
10803:
10791:
10755:
8862:
8570:
8395:
8279:
7992:
7317:
7039:
6902:
3860:
2793:
2345:
2284:
2140:
1647:
comprises Senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2025. There is no constitutional
1569:β provide for gubernatorial appointments, but also require a special election on an accelerated schedule.
1472:
1445:
1274:
685:
6282:
5982:
The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights
3424:
2772:
does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".
14985:
14639:
14539:
14070:
13940:
13772:
13752:
13740:
13550:
13540:
13222:
13127:
12740:
12730:
12257:
12252:
12242:
12237:
11759:
11130:
10970:
8615:
8400:
7327:
6988:
6168:
6065:. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.
3360:
3270:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
2261:
2121:
Within the United States, the Senate is sometimes referred to as "world's greatest deliberative body".
1885:
traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless of which party has a majority of seats.
1636:
1430:
783:
566:
15005:
6277:
4225:
4185:
3191:
Lee, Frances E. (June 16, 2006). "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198".
14669:
14644:
14474:
14411:
14381:
14331:
13649:
12955:
12760:
12755:
12317:
11771:
11226:
11194:
11074:
10867:
10787:
10739:
10675:
10595:
10563:
10551:
10531:
10515:
8677:
8390:
8294:
6232:
5084:
Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation
2016:
1849:
support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party.
792:
227:
14589:
4289:
3682:
3111:
Stewart, Charles; Reynolds, Mark (January 1, 1990). "Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections".
2936:"Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia registers as independent, citing 'partisan extremism'"
14845:
14825:
13762:
13142:
13112:
13107:
13097:
12863:
12819:
12660:
12421:
12207:
12071:
11885:
11825:
11246:
11178:
11114:
10859:
10691:
10643:
10627:
10587:
10499:
8533:
7970:
6820:
6107:
3486:"The Folkways of the United States Senate: Conformity to Group Norms and Legislative Effectiveness"
2761:
2292:
2167:
1052:
4435:
15035:
15000:
14830:
14654:
14346:
13256:
12992:
12750:
11717:
11218:
10974:
10851:
10555:
8520:
8464:
8274:
7884:
7715:
7573:
7563:
7353:
7280:
6897:
6299:
5733:
2639:
2276:
2000:
1504:
1357:
1353:
1078:
802:
First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient
4109:
3539:
3024:
1479:
and candidates receiving a majority of the votes is declared the winner, skipping a run-off. In
56:
15025:
14960:
14950:
14254:
13708:
13058:
12868:
12848:
12650:
12505:
12300:
12247:
12232:
12076:
11764:
11162:
10954:
10938:
10763:
10447:
10396:
9656:
8506:
8424:
8267:
6386:
3653:"Election audit confirms win for Ballot Measure 2 and Alaska's new ranked-choice voting system"
3606:
3042:
2566:
2498:
1349:
796:
595:
476:
164:
6127:
Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
4794:
4052:
14784:
14764:
14739:
14689:
14439:
13907:
13590:
12705:
12262:
12227:
12222:
12165:
12148:
11878:
11341:
11302:
11242:
11106:
11018:
10994:
10978:
10835:
10707:
8372:
7588:
7515:
7428:
7423:
6932:
5821:
Congress and the Nation XII: 2005β2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses
5795:
Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress
5319:
4948:
4632:
3911:
2940:
1906:
1890:
1805:
a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate's history:
1488:
1241:
732:
607:
534:
466:
4657:
4369:
73:
14970:
14940:
14885:
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13387:
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6228:
5049:
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2166:(D-SC), who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the
1616:β the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent.
1456:
721:
395:
4844:
4025:
8:
15055:
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10483:
8682:
8289:
8240:
8002:
7953:
7638:
7505:
5412:"The Senate Has Always Favored Smaller States. It Just Didn't Help Republicans Until Now"
5265:
You call this democracy? : how to fix our government and deliver power to the people
5019:"SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Recess appointments and the Court"
4911:
4840:
2692:
2511:
2450:
2288:
1196:
693:
457:
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5915:
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.
890:
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describes this process; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party
3521:
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6331:
6077:
On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948β2000
3556:
1991:, who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires.
1789:). Unless in the context of elections, they are rarely identified by which one of the
1360:(aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. In 1934,
872:
In contrast to the House of Representatives, the Senate has historically had stronger
14995:
14925:
14890:
14769:
14729:
14679:
14619:
14614:
14494:
14489:
14401:
14386:
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10771:
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5640:
James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship
5603:
5511:
5279:
5269:
5236:
5194:
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5159:
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3290:
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2185:
2094:
has argued that the Senate's arcane rules have rendered it obsolete and ineffective.
2057:
1829:
1476:
1327:
1217:
1117:
838:
stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its
744:
619:
14574:
10408:
5975:
From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938β1952
4893:, Chapter III: "Revenue and Supply". Text common to all printings or "editions"; in
4598:
3097:
2569:. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice.
1491:
is used to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate.
894:
Members of the United States Senate by class from the staggered term system for the
15015:
14870:
14850:
14674:
14559:
14484:
14361:
14351:
14336:
14321:
13698:
13545:
13251:
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12081:
11922:
11905:
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11138:
10843:
10363:
10090:
9916:
9544:
9439:
9420:
8819:
8204:
7603:
7453:
7272:
6341:
6287:
5149:
3497:
3330:
3200:
3069:
2878:"Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits"
2801:
2605:
2421:
2367:
Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution's
1759:
is the senior senator from New York, having served in the senate since 1999, while
1441:
1426:
1361:
1122:
795:βthreatened to secede and won the day by a vote of 5β4 in what became known as the
755:. In the early 1920s, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their
736:
661:
of their respective states. However, since 1913, following the ratification of the
538:
480:
444:
438:
138:
124:
9761:
6346:
5542:
4555:
3857:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election"
3390:
15086:
14965:
14704:
14684:
14659:
14634:
14609:
14599:
14554:
14549:
14504:
14469:
13407:
13183:
13081:
12853:
12153:
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11855:
11776:
11722:
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11042:
10910:
10875:
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10795:
10747:
10683:
10603:
10571:
10539:
9749:
9470:
9315:
9203:
9110:
8955:
8732:
8419:
7369:
7277:
6058:
5970:. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950β52)
5800:
5376:
5259:
5224:
5090:
4871:
4851:
4826:
4801:
4411:
4146:
3956:
3563:
2719:
2664:
2614:
2488:
2362:
1966:
1841:
1644:
666:
622:
to pass or defeat federal legislation. The Senate has exclusive power to confirm
289:
6055:
U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)
3897:
3829:
3770:"Kentucky lawmakers override veto of Mitch McConnell-backed Senate vacancy plan"
1437:
rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state.
14935:
14930:
14915:
14900:
14724:
14564:
14534:
13877:
13777:
13160:
12295:
12285:
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10891:
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10183:
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9687:
9296:
9253:
8974:
8881:
8850:
8513:
7685:
7608:
7535:
5372:
5228:
5079:
4814:
4772:
The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement
3204:
2765:
2746:
2543:
2520:
2434:
2396:
2190:
2163:
1806:
1597:
1138:
980:
839:
6032:
The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787β1841
5283:
5198:
5154:
4078:
3639:
3242:
3139:"When the House and the Senate Are Controlled by Different Parties, Who Wins?"
2328:
15111:
15081:
15076:
14431:
12858:
12158:
11967:
11602:
10914:
10731:
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10319:
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8781:
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7443:
7250:
6256:
6243:
6147:
5515:
5163:
3509:
3081:
2758:
2155:
2091:
1780:
1772:
1756:
1665:; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a
1609:
1550:
1434:
1331:
611:
599:
591:
522:
364:
266:
217:
5504:"America's electoral system gives the Republicans advantages over Democrats"
5343:"'Our moment is now': can Washington DC statehood finally become a reality?"
3304:
15071:
14920:
14855:
14371:
13165:
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3222:
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2547:
2115:
1874:
1821:
1527:
1519:
803:
787:
243:
63:
5600:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
5233:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
3728:
2445:
1444:
is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties (and a select few
14880:
14366:
14305:
14301:
13442:
12973:
12310:
12212:
11952:
11815:
11571:
11026:
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10307:
10276:
10214:
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9842:
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9482:
9284:
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8831:
7681:
7633:
7540:
7495:
6355:
6216:
was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2006
6114:
5968:
The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940β1952
5947:
The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment
3284:
2797:
2754:
2592:
2083:
2068:
1809:, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the
1747:
The senator in each state with the longer time in office is known as the
1554:
1542:
1185:
1159:
873:
312:
159:
6124:
Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
3169:
2953:
Manchin will continue to caucus with Democrats and keep his chairmanship
2189:
prominently and persistently wielded in defense of white supremacy. The
14313:
12305:
12111:
11937:
11932:
11850:
10059:
9594:
9513:
9408:
9389:
9265:
9234:
9222:
9160:
9098:
9079:
9036:
8924:
8893:
5940:
Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789β1990
5781:
First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century
5083:
3517:
2909:"Sanders calls Sinema 'corporate Democrat' who 'sabotaged' legislation"
2785:
2738:
2631:
2481:
2381:
2146:
1934:
1771:
Like members of the House of Representatives, Senators use the prefix "
1460:
1345:
646:
335:
6039:
Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961β1976
5954:
Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation
3124:
3089:
2078:
The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a
1701:
13794:
13787:
10226:
10040:
9935:
9451:
9327:
9172:
7904:
7510:
6294:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present
5933:
The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate
5183:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 2, 40, 44.
3848:
2213:
1813:
1546:
1531:
1468:
1365:
1175:
6316:
3683:"The Term of A Senator β When Does It Begin and End? β Senate 98-29"
3501:
11977:
11927:
10152:
10133:
9885:
9823:
8479:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
7897:
7348:
6320:
6138:
5928:(Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)
4912:"This Is What Happened Last Time a Cabinet Nomination Was Rejected"
4865:
Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions
3729:"U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives"
3073:
3060:
Amar, Vik D. (January 1, 1988). "The Senate and the Constitution".
2846:
2524:
2461:
2304:
2296:
2050:
1601:
1589:
1585:
677:
672:
As the upper chamber of Congress, the Senate has several powers of
2437:
in 1868; by one vote, the Senate exonerated Johnson on charges of
7418:
6310:
5642:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (published June 16, 2010).
2769:
2750:
2531:
2272:
2151:
1901:
1613:
1593:
1577:
1562:
1096:
765:
2514:
without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make
1932:
serves as president of the Senate. They may vote in the Senate (
8284:
7879:
6350:
3224:
The Senate : from white supremacy to governmental gridlock
2781:
2079:
1718:
1661:
A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a
1581:
1538:
1523:
1484:
1154:
3799:"House approves appointment process for U.S. Senate vacancies"
2842:"Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats"
1914:
also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.
1861:
A typical Senate desk on the floor of the United States Senate
1824:
in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators;
614:. Together, the Senate and the House have the authority under
8458:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
6332:
Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978βpresent
4050:
3227:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 40.
2742:
2425:
The Senate has the power to try impeachments; shown above is
2252:
2061:
1946:
1881:
traditionally sits to the presiding officer's right, and the
1857:
1558:
1480:
815:
57:
https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-1/section-3/
5831:
vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.
3289:. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3168:
Joseph S. Friedman, undergraduate student (March 30, 2009).
641:
The composition and powers of the Senate are established by
7530:
5706:. Cambridge University Press (published December 8, 2014).
4947:. US Senate, Congressional Research Service. Archived from
2041:
1866:
1796:
1605:
849:
Graph showing historical party control of the U.S. Senate,
743:
serves as presiding officer and president of the Senate by
5949:. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)
4626:"Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview"
2530:
The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to
2207:. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.
1820:
when faced with expulsion proceedings β for example,
14300:
7251:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
5993:
Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents
5805:
The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate
5180:
The Senate: from white supremacy to governmental gridlock
4897:
it is Vol.4 (1968), p.91; for unchanged text, see p. 13,
3174:
Curej β College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal
1816:. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many
1721:
after five years of service. Senators are covered by the
739:, the nation's capital. Despite not being a senator, the
553:
6272:
5920:
Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998).
5078:
For an example, and a discussion of the literature, see
2710:
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
1763:
is New York's junior senator, having served since 2009.
1677:
The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or
1455:
However, in five states, different methods are used. In
6046:
Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress
5814:
Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees
5774:
The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History
6005:
The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion
4820:
Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics
3884:
3882:
2587:
United States Congress Β§ Outside income and gifts
1425:. Senators are elected by their state as a whole. The
1376:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
10438:
6025:
Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869β1901
1877:
pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. The
8381:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
6099:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
3805:. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs. May 27, 2021.
4371:"Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate"
3879:
15128:Legislative branch of the United States government
8762:
7927:
5006:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository.
4854:", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013).
3167:
1941:The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a
1477:blanket primary is considered the general election
1421:, and occur simultaneously with elections for the
5764:U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)
4147:"Use of the Honorable for U.S. Elected Officials"
3692:. United States Printing Office. pp. 14β15.
865:in 1913, senators were elected by the individual
665:, senators have been elected through a statewide
15109:
13006:Native American recognition in the United States
8500:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
8067:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
6084:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy
5474:"American democracy's Senate problem, explained"
3577:"1801β1850, November 16, 1818: Youngest Senator"
3413:
2993:
2991:
2966:"Sinema Trashes Dems: 'Old Dudes Eating Jell-O'"
1835:
1576:In ten states within the final category above β
6152:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789β1993
5597:
5371:
5223:
5097:, Vol. 108, No. 6. (April 1995), pp. 1221β1303.
4051:Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon (June 13, 2003).
3110:
6143:Historical Almanac of the United States Senate
2384:approved by Parliament have originated in the
14286:
13403:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
11587:
10424:
8748:
6371:
6072:Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)
5625:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
4517:. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006
4480:"Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon"
3821:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
2988:
2491:without the Senate's advice and consent. The
1924:Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
1865:At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a
1304:
643:Article One of the United States Constitution
6300:United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
6091:
6017:The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction
5637:
5574:"America's democracy is failing. Here's why"
4830:, pp. 155β156 (Transaction Publishers 2002).
4768:
4573:"How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate"
4020:
4018:
4016:
2764:with the Democratic Party; independent Sen.
2329:Senate Building, Washington DC, HD from 35mm
8528:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
5381:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
4567:
4565:
3985:
3983:
2579:Democratic backsliding in the United States
2283:considers nominees for judgeships, and the
2228:Closed sessions of the United States Senate
824:
808:
14293:
14279:
11601:
11594:
11580:
10431:
10417:
8755:
8741:
6385:
6378:
6364:
5961:The American Senate: An Insider's History.
5952:Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.
5598:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023).
4450:"World's greatest deliberative body watch"
3767:
3711:
2310:
1391:Originally, senators were selected by the
1311:
1297:
579:Standing Rules of the United States Senate
521:
137:
123:
13016:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
6273:The United States Senate Official Website
6133:Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789β1992
6070:The Invention of the United States Senate
6053:Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat.
5571:
5443:"How to Stop the Minority-Rule Doom Loop"
5440:
5153:
4795:The Invention of the United States Senate
4675:American Dictionary of National Biography
4651:"Secret Sessions of the House and Senate"
4013:
3832:. Massachusetts Great and General Court.
3453:
3451:
3286:The Invention of the United States Senate
2906:
2686:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
2413:, which includes members of both bodies.
2124:
1979:Party leaders of the United States Senate
1324:Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution
708:. If no candidate receives a majority of
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
15123:1789 establishments in the United States
8714:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
6224:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6207:
6007:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
5793:David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins.
5602:. New York: Crown. pp. 4, 206β209.
5471:
4562:
4428:"The World's Greatest Deliberative Body"
4339:"Presiding Loses Its Prestige in Senate"
4110:"Traditions of the United States Senate"
3980:
3483:
3383:
2444:
2420:
2287:considers nominees for positions in the
2251:
1900:
1856:
1797:Expulsion and other disciplinary actions
1700:
1697:United States Congress Β§ Privileges
889:
844:
64:https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1248598962
45:lists the same citations more than once.
13067:List of counties and county equivalents
7481:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
6441:
6041:Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)
6011:
5999:
5987:
5741:from the original on September 11, 2024
5663:Amar, Akhil Reed (September 13, 2005).
5622:
5472:Yglesias, Matthew (December 17, 2019).
5409:
5391:from the original on September 20, 2023
5029:from the original on September 11, 2024
5016:
4857:
4752:
4508:
4336:
4256:"Senate Chamber Desks β Desk Occupants"
3855:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009).
3828:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009).
3793:
3791:
3776:from the original on September 11, 2024
3311:from the original on September 11, 2024
2933:
2705:Divided government in the United States
2135:Reconciliation (United States Congress)
14:
15110:
10457:United States House of Representatives
6958:Caucuses of the United States Congress
6338:Works by or about United States Senate
5963:Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp.
5726:
5553:from the original on December 20, 2022
5540:
5353:from the original on February 13, 2023
5047:
5017:Wermiel, Stephen (February 15, 2013).
4922:from the original on December 10, 2020
4740:from the original on February 10, 2014
4367:
4314:. United States Senate. Archived from
4312:"Glossary Term: president pro tempore"
4288:. United States Senate. Archived from
4157:from the original on November 24, 2020
4144:
4126:from the original on December 11, 2018
4089:from the original on November 12, 2019
4059:from the original on December 23, 2020
3941:United States Constitution, Article VI
3809:from the original on February 13, 2023
3699:from the original on December 22, 2020
3663:from the original on February 19, 2021
3650:
3617:from the original on December 24, 2023
3587:from the original on December 26, 2002
3465:from the original on November 24, 2020
3448:
3423:. uspolitics.about.com. Archived from
3331:"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary:
3149:from the original on November 21, 2023
3005:from the original on November 27, 2022
2416:
2131:Filibuster in the United States Senate
1994:
1690:
1413:List of United States Senate elections
930:Great Seal of the United States Senate
886:List of current United States senators
604:United States House of Representatives
14274:
11575:
11560:Lists of past U.S. state legislatures
10412:
8736:
7926:
7249:
6440:
6359:
6150:, with the Senate Historical Office.
6130:Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830β1993
5825:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
5729:"How Democrats Lost Their Majorities"
5522:from the original on February 6, 2023
5484:from the original on February 6, 2023
5453:from the original on February 6, 2023
5422:from the original on February 4, 2023
5340:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5205:from the original on December 8, 2023
5176:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5108:"Complete list of impeachment trials"
4985:
4786:
4490:from the original on October 14, 2010
4266:from the original on January 21, 2022
4236:from the original on October 26, 2020
4206:from the original on October 18, 2012
4032:from the original on January 14, 2021
3922:from the original on December 8, 2020
3854:
3830:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator"
3827:
3726:
3550:
3371:from the original on November 9, 2020
3341:from the original on January 14, 2012
3282:
3249:from the original on December 8, 2023
3220:
3216:
3214:
2907:Schonfeld, Zach (December 11, 2022).
2854:from the original on December 8, 2020
2248:United States congressional committee
1954:, who whispers what they should do".
1739:Seniority in the United States Senate
1386:
5959:MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker.
5786:Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa,
5701:
5662:
5060:from the original on January 7, 2021
4910:King, Elizabeth (February 3, 2017).
4909:
4648:
4623:
4579:from the original on January 7, 2021
3867:from the original on January 8, 2021
3836:from the original on August 29, 2019
3788:
3401:from the original on August 30, 2010
3267:
3059:
2976:from the original on October 8, 2023
2915:from the original on August 31, 2023
2888:from the original on August 31, 2023
2625:
2015:, who is elected by the Senate, and
1917:
1226:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes
731:is located in the north wing of the
29:
6589:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
6313:(U.S. Government Publishing Office)
6106:The following are published by the
5956:. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.
5790:(1975); new edition every two years
5665:America's Constitution: A Biography
5572:Millhiser, Ian (January 30, 2020).
5541:Lazare, Daniel (December 2, 2014).
5050:"Restore the Senate's Treaty Power"
5048:Bolton, John R. (January 5, 2009).
4805:(Taylor & Francis 2004). p. 188
4734:"Constitution of the United States"
4175:
4053:"Millionaires populate U.S. Senate"
4026:"US Congress Salaries and Benefits"
3912:"Dates of Sessions of the Congress"
3890:"Stevens could keep seat in Senate"
3727:Neale, Thomas H. (April 12, 2018).
3651:Brooks, James (December 14, 2020).
3276:
3190:
3180:from the original on July 24, 2019.
2999:"Constitution of the United States"
2731:
2691:and the Obama presidency, like the
2649:Madison writes about this tradeoff:
1723:Federal Employees Retirement System
938:History of the United States Senate
778:History of the United States Senate
764:on some matters and its remedy the
741:vice president of the United States
598:. The United States Senate and the
24:
6194:
6068:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen.
5906:Congress and the Nation: 1945β1964
5899:Congress and the Nation: 1965β1968
5892:Congress and the Nation: 1969β1972
5885:Congress and the Nation: 1973β1976
5878:Congress and the Nation: 1977β1980
5871:Congress and the Nation: 1981β1984
5864:Congress and the Nation: 1985β1988
5857:Congress and the Nation: 1989β1992
5850:Congress and the Nation: 1993β1996
5843:Congress and the Nation: 1997β2001
5836:Congress and the Nation: 2001β2004
5591:
5441:Jentleson, Adam (April 12, 2021).
5249:
5130:
4792:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen.
4599:"Yea or Nay? Voting in the Senate"
4575:. Nieman Watchdog. July 31, 2009.
4368:Packer, George (January 7, 2009).
3968:from the original on July 28, 2018
3896:. October 28, 2009. Archived from
3738:. Congressional Research Service.
3211:
2784:(for its primary elections only),
2536:chief justice of the United States
2516:congressional-executive agreements
925:
25:
15144:
12412:Director of National Intelligence
10440:Legislatures of the United States
8472:Progress of Civilization Pediment
8326:Congressional Pictorial Directory
7179:By length of service historically
6175:
5829:Congress and the Nation 2009β2012
5638:Connelly Jr., William F. (2010).
5146:American Political Science Review
4986:Pyser, Steven M. (January 2006).
4605:from the original on May 11, 2011
4382:from the original on July 1, 2014
4226:"Senate Chamber Desks β Overview"
4107:
3745:from the original on June 5, 2018
3611:Constitution of the United States
3544:Constitution of the United States
3490:American Political Science Review
3047:Constitution of the United States
3029:Constitution of the United States
2221:
2173:Under certain circumstances, the
2064:of the Senate to maintain order.
2027:
901:
702:other federal executive officials
680:, as well as the confirmation of
14515:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12568:Government Accountability Office
10362:
8340:Official Congressional Directory
7959:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
6324:
6206:
5720:
5695:
5656:
5631:
5310:"Non-voting members of Congress"
5290:from the original on May 2, 2022
4763: This article incorporates
4758:
4649:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008).
4624:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008).
3461:. U.S. Senate official website.
3025:"Article 1, Section 3, Clause 1"
2378:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2323:
2175:Congressional Budget Act of 1974
1972:
836:Article Five of the Constitution
676:. These include the approval of
363:
34:
15097:List of legislatures by country
8149:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
6996:Arab and Middle Eastern members
6893:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
6428:Lists of United States Congress
6347:Congressional Chronicle: Senate
5908:(1965), the first of the series
5827:and the annual CQ almanac. The
5757:
5727:Showah, Robert (July 5, 2022).
5616:
5565:
5534:
5496:
5465:
5434:
5403:
5365:
5334:
5302:
5217:
5170:
5142:"Senate Countermajoritarianism"
5100:
5072:
5041:
5010:
4979:
4966:
4934:
4903:
4883:
4833:
4808:
4726:
4713:
4692:
4667:
4642:
4617:
4591:
4543:
4509:Quinton, Jeff (July 27, 2003).
4502:
4472:
4442:
4420:
4394:
4361:
4330:
4304:
4286:"Glossary Term: vice president"
4278:
4248:
4218:
4192:
4169:
4145:Hickey, Robert (May 18, 2020).
4138:
4101:
4071:
4044:
3945:
3934:
3904:
3761:
3675:
3644:
3629:
3599:
3569:
3532:
3477:
3439:
3353:
3323:
3261:
3184:
3161:
3131:
3104:
3053:
3035:
3017:
2177:provides for a process called "
1755:. For example, majority leader
1727:Civil Service Retirement System
806:. The name is derived from the
650:
15092:List of abolished upper houses
14211:Separation of church and state
12427:National Reconnaissance Office
12370:President of the United States
11553:List of U.S. state legislators
8764:Current United States senators
8251:Congressional Research Service
7998:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
7001:Asian Pacific American members
5783:Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
5410:Drutman, Lee (July 29, 2020).
5341:Greve, Joan E. (May 3, 2021).
4780:Congressional Research Service
4434:. July 5, 1993. Archived from
3772:. Louisville Courier Journal.
2958:
2934:Mascaro, Lisa (May 31, 2024).
2927:
2900:
2870:
2834:
2811:
2775:
2715:Elections in the United States
2356:
2342:Dirksen Senate Office Building
2338:Russell Senate Office Building
2258:Dirksen Senate Office Building
2194:in both the House and Senate.
1818:senators have chosen to resign
1785:
27:Upper house of the US Congress
13:
1:
8486:Surrender of General Burgoyne
7843:Old Brick Capitol (1815β1819)
7006:Asian Pacific American Caucus
6599:Lost re-election in a primary
6317:Works by United States Senate
6048:. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995
5687:: CS1 maint: date and year (
4992:Journal of Constitutional Law
4403:Senate Procedure and Practice
4337:Mershon, Erin (August 2011).
3459:"Direct Election of Senators"
3193:Legislative Studies Quarterly
3113:Legislative Studies Quarterly
2827:
2454:
2241:
1836:Majority and minority parties
879:
851:U.S. House of Representatives
690:justices of the Supreme Court
76:to identify unique citations.
12573:Government Publishing Office
12041:Technological and industrial
8493:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
8436:The Apotheosis of Washington
8170:Chief Administrative Officer
8008:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
6288:Standing Rules of the Senate
6034:. U. of Michigan Press, 1996
5268:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3962:"U.S. Senate Oath of Office"
3484:Matthews, Donald R. (1959).
2636:Pluralism (political theory)
2572:
2439:high crimes and misdemeanors
2351:
2022:
1952:the Senate's parliamentarian
1928:Under the Constitution, the
1840:The "majority party" is the
1732:
1649:limit to the number of terms
1494:
1406:
1011:United States Vice President
896:118th United States Congress
876:of conduct for its members.
117:118th United States Congress
7:
14045:Women's reproductive health
13011:Federally recognized tribes
12874:Public utilities commission
12778:Public Health Service Corps
12681:Code of Federal Regulations
12563:Congressional Budget Office
12417:Central Intelligence Agency
12323:Water supply and sanitation
11750:Declaration of Independence
8658:Health and Fitness Facility
8450:Declaration of Independence
7219:Killed or wounded in office
7040:Congressional Jewish Caucus
7013:Hispanic and Latino members
6334:, via Texas Tech University
6323:(public domain audiobooks)
5995:. Harvard University Press.
5977:. Susquehanna U. Press 2000
5140:Evans, C. Lawrence (2024).
3861:Massachusetts General Court
3361:"Hawaii becomes 50th state"
2794:nonpartisan blanket primary
2698:
2346:Hart Senate Office Building
2285:Foreign Relations Committee
2260:, used for hearings by the
2141:Clay pigeon floor procedure
1896:
1473:nonpartisan blanket primary
861:Before the adoption of the
10:
15149:
13223:Red states and blue states
13128:City commission government
13123:Councilβmanager government
8072:Interparliamentary Affairs
7993:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
7629:Riddick's Senate Procedure
7056:Gender and sexual identity
6169:Government Printing Office
6164:Riddick's Senate Procedure
6019:. Oxford University Press.
5761:
4825:February 12, 2021, at the
4800:February 12, 2021, at the
4559:(Procedure in the Senate).
3562:November 23, 2021, at the
3205:10.3162/036298008784311000
2629:
2576:
2360:
2262:Senate Judiciary Committee
2256:Committee Room 226 in the
2245:
2225:
2138:
2128:
1976:
1921:
1852:
1736:
1694:
1431:United States Constitution
1410:
883:
775:
771:
706:federal uniformed officers
567:United States Constitution
15064:
14811:
14793:
14753:
14430:
14312:
14232:
14058:
13931:
13863:
13516:
13512:
13503:
13451:
13316:
13307:
13203:
13174:
13151:
13090:
13057:
13048:
12991:
12979:Comparison of governments
12954:
12917:
12894:
12810:
12790:
12721:
12659:
12581:
12504:
12362:
12353:
12349:
12340:
12062:
12053:
11998:
11958:Post-Cold War (1991β2008)
11799:drafting and ratification
11772:Articles of Confederation
11685:
11619:
11610:
11547:
11359:
11277:
10473:
10446:
10371:
10360:
8802:
8770:
8701:
8678:Old Supreme Court Chamber
8643:
8593:
8558:
8547:
8391:Congressional Prayer Room
8371:
8308:
8239:
8157:
8106:
8099:
8054:
8028:
8021:
7944:
7940:
7922:
7872:
7838:Congress Hall (1790β1800)
7789:
7780:
7754:
7672:
7551:
7362:
7336:
7260:
7256:
7245:
7184:Current members by wealth
7171:
7119:
7103:
7055:
6966:
6948:
6941:
6915:
6868:
6784:
6777:
6617:
6609:Elected but did not serve
6559:
6496:
6460:
6453:
6449:
6436:
6393:
6092:Official Senate histories
6051:Weller, Cecil Edward Jr.
5924:, 6th ed. Washington DC:
5917:Cambridge U. Press, 2001.
5904:Congressional Quarterly,
5897:Congressional Quarterly,
5890:Congressional Quarterly,
5883:Congressional Quarterly,
5876:Congressional Quarterly,
5869:Congressional Quarterly,
5862:Congressional Quarterly,
5855:Congressional Quarterly,
5848:Congressional Quarterly.
5841:Congressional Quarterly,
5816:U. Press of Kansas, 2004.
5155:10.1017/S0003055424000510
4942:"Recess Appointments FAQ"
4850:October 16, 2015, at the
4535:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3557:Federalist Papers, No. 62
3272:. Ecco. pp. 153β154.
2390:constitutional convention
2322:
2317:
2197:
2097:
1791:three classes of senators
1766:
1751:, while the other is the
1369:was elected to the Senate
793:Articles of Confederation
577:
572:
565:
560:
551:
546:
529:
520:
515:
502:
489:
436:
431:
421:
371:
362:
354:
349:
326:
303:
280:
257:
234:
208:
203:
192:January 3, 2023
186:
181:
171:
153:
148:
136:
122:
115:
108:
14780:Northern Mariana Islands
13998:Prescription drug prices
13118:Mayorβcouncil government
13108:Coterminous municipality
13098:Consolidated city-county
12864:Agriculture commissioner
12514:House of Representatives
12422:National Security Agency
12072:Contiguous United States
11318:Northern Mariana Islands
7971:Architect of the Capitol
7833:Federal Hall (1789β1790)
6974:African-American members
6398:House of Representatives
6108:Senate Historical Office
6082:Zelizer, Julian E., ed.
6063:Congressional Government
5926:Congressional Quarterly.
5922:Congress and Its Members
5913:Cooper, John Milton Jr.
5834:Congressional Quarterly
5819:Congressional Quarterly
5779:Baker, Richard A., ed.,
5627:. Yale University Press.
5089:January 8, 2021, at the
4895:Papers of Woodrow Wilson
4891:Congressional Government
4880:, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919).
4870:January 7, 2021, at the
4515:Backcountry Conservative
4202:. Senate Chamber Desks.
2725:
2299:witnesses and evidence.
2168:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2038:House of Representatives
2036:for operation. Like the
1423:House of Representatives
1047:the United States Senate
909:This article is part of
718:House of Representatives
696:, regulatory officials,
655:staggered six-year terms
638:branches of government.
14083:Criticism of government
13428:Social welfare programs
13021:State-recognized tribes
12006:Outline of U.S. history
11718:Continental Association
8521:Washington at Princeton
8465:Apotheosis of Democracy
7885:Congressional Quarterly
7574:Executive communication
7564:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
7521:Suspension of the rules
7047:Native American members
6473:By shortness of service
6156:essays reprinted online
5938:Hernon, Joseph Martin.
5734:The Wall Street Journal
4685:; in general, Ritchie,
4511:"Thurmond's Filibuster"
4410:March 23, 2019, at the
4028:. Usgovinfo.about.com.
3043:"Seventeenth Amendment"
2804:, for their respective
2792:additionally utilize a
2640:Tyranny of the majority
2472:The president can make
2311:Senate office buildings
2001:secretary of the Senate
1989:assistant leader (whip)
1905:The Senate side of the
1672:
1630:
1505:secretary of the Senate
1379:who had sided with the
1356:(aged 28 in 1816), and
1354:Armistead Thomson Mason
1263:Senate office buildings
606:, comprise the federal
344:since January 20, 2021
321:since January 20, 2021
298:since January 20, 2021
275:since January 20, 2021
211:President of the Senate
143:Flag of the U.S. Senate
130:Seal of the U.S. Senate
14342:Bosnia and Herzegovina
14145:Environmental movement
13988:Health insurance costs
13883:Educational attainment
13408:Federal Reserve System
13366:Science and technology
12869:Insurance commissioner
12407:Intelligence Community
12102:minor outlying islands
11865:Civil rights movement
10448:United States Congress
8688:Webster Page Residence
8663:House Recording Studio
8507:Revolutionary War Door
8268:Register of Copyrights
7849:Biographical Directory
7318:"Necessary and Proper"
6858:Policy Committee Chair
6836:Policy Committee Chair
6387:United States Congress
6202:
6182:Listen to this article
5984:. Harcourt Brace, 1996
5177:Wirls, Daniel (2021).
4765:public domain material
4178:"Too Many Honorables?"
3607:"Fourteenth Amendment"
3566:, Library of Congress.
3540:"Article 1, Section 3"
3283:Wirls, Daniel (2004).
3221:Wirls, Daniel (2021).
2656:
2567:Richard Mentor Johnson
2499:Myers v. United States
2465:
2442:
2406:
2264:
2125:Filibuster and cloture
1910:
1862:
1706:
1688:
1350:John Jordan Crittenden
1341:
1066:Politics and procedure
931:
898:
858:
825:
809:
797:Connecticut Compromise
649:is represented by two
596:United States Congress
252:since January 3, 2023
165:United States Congress
72:Please consider using
15133:National upper houses
14520:Republic of the Congo
13971:Immigrant health care
13486:Transportation safety
13481:Transportation policy
13471:Public transportation
12541:President pro tempore
12397:Executive departments
12166:National Park Service
11821:Territorial evolution
11361:Legislative elections
8787:President pro tempore
8013:Technology Assessment
7434:Dear Colleague letter
7429:Continuing resolution
7424:Concurrent resolution
6903:Republican Conference
6843:Republican Conference
6804:President pro tempore
6536:Born outside the U.S.
6278:Sortable contact data
6257:38.89056Β°N 77.00889Β°W
6201:
6119:The Senate, 1789β1989
5966:McFarland, Ernest W.
5762:Further information:
5623:Farrand, Max (1911).
5379:(September 5, 2023).
5231:(2023). "Chapter 6".
4845:How Our Laws Are Made
4200:"Seating Arrangement"
2941:Associated Press News
2850:. November 14, 2012.
2651:
2622:democratizing trend.
2464:are visible by desks.
2448:
2424:
2401:
2361:Further information:
2255:
2019:, who are appointed.
1943:president pro tempore
1907:United States Capitol
1904:
1891:Burning of Washington
1860:
1704:
1683:
1651:a senator may serve.
1501:Seventeenth Amendment
1452:of the popular vote.
1411:Further information:
1401:Seventeenth Amendment
1336:
1257:Senate Reception Room
1242:United States Capitol
1058:Republican Conference
1021:President pro tempore
929:
893:
863:Seventeenth Amendment
848:
749:president pro tempore
745:virtue of that office
663:Seventeenth Amendment
630:on the powers of the
608:bicameral legislature
535:United States Capitol
467:Instant-runoff voting
237:President pro tempore
48:The reason given is:
15118:United States Senate
14140:Environmental issues
13805:Political ideologies
13704:Indigenous languages
12904:List of legislatures
12701:separation of powers
12402:Independent agencies
12328:World Heritage Sites
11963:September 11 attacks
11886:SpanishβAmerican War
11826:MexicanβAmerican War
11782:Confederation period
11713:Continental Congress
11288:District of Columbia
10464:United States Senate
8577:Mountains and Clouds
8333:Congressional Record
8190:Floor Services Chief
8077:Law Revision Counsel
7828:Continental Congress
7323:Power of enforcement
7286:Contempt of Congress
7189:From multiple states
7142:Mormon (LDS) members
6950:Congressional caucus
6594:Served a single term
6526:Expelled or censured
6468:By length of service
6233:More spoken articles
6167:. Washington, D.C.:
6044:VanBeek, Stephen D.
5973:Malsberger, John W.
5702:Cain, Bruce (2014).
5543:"Abolish the Senate"
5322:on November 23, 2010
5112:United States Senate
4954:on December 29, 2017
4877:Minnesota Law Review
4292:on November 30, 2016
4260:United States Senate
4230:United States Senate
4117:United States Senate
4079:"Wealth of Congress"
3995:United States Senate
3916:United States Senate
3894:Anchorage Daily News
3690:United States Senate
3657:Anchorage Daily News
3581:United States Senate
3393:Article 1, Section 1
3391:"U.S. Constitution:
3268:Litt, David (2020).
3062:The Yale Law Journal
2611:one person, one vote
2602:District of Columbia
2512:executive agreements
2489:congressional recess
2474:certain appointments
2411:conference committee
1985:Senate party leaders
1963:speaker of the House
1705:U.S. Senate salaries
1639:into thirds (called
1489:ranked-choice voting
919:United States Senate
782:The drafters of the
588:United States Senate
110:United States Senate
14720:Trinidad and Tobago
14445:Antigua and Barbuda
13983:Health care finance
13476:Rail transportation
13242:Imperial presidency
12964:State constitutions
12909:List of legislators
12859:Auditor/Comptroller
12832:Lieutenant governor
12558:Library of Congress
12449:Diplomatic Security
12092:Indian reservations
11755:American Revolution
11350:U.S. Virgin Islands
8601:Building Commission
8082:Legislative Counsel
8003:Library of Congress
7964:Comptroller General
7954:Congressional staff
7639:Senatorial courtesy
7028:Hispanic Conference
6443:Members and leaders
6262:38.89056; -77.00889
6253: /
6075:Zelizer, Julian E.
5812:Comiskey, Michael.
5235:. New York: Crown.
5118:on December 2, 2010
4841:Library of Congress
4673:See, for examples,
4460:on February 4, 2021
4454:The Washington Post
4438:on August 11, 2009.
4349:on February 8, 2017
4318:on December 5, 2016
4188:on January 1, 2016.
4151:formsofaddress.info
4001:on January 14, 2021
3427:on November 1, 2012
2693:Affordable Care Act
2504:Recess appointments
2451:U.S. Senate chamber
2417:Checks and balances
2374:appropriation bills
2289:Department of State
2281:Judiciary Committee
2111:rules of the Senate
1995:Non-member officers
1909:in Washington, D.C.
1691:Salary and benefits
1656:Twentieth Amendment
1352:(aged 29 in 1817),
1348:(aged 29 in 1806),
1197:Senatorial courtesy
1045:Party leadership of
1003:Women in the Senate
682:Cabinet secretaries
188:New session started
50:DuplicateReferences
14941:Kingdom of Ireland
14886:Dominican Republic
14530:Dominican Republic
14093:affirmative action
14066:Capital punishment
14025:Poverty and health
14020:Physician shortage
13993:Health care prices
13923:Standard of living
13606:standard of living
13413:Financial position
13040:Hawaiian home land
13028:Indian reservation
13001:Tribal sovereignty
12844:Secretary of state
12713:United States Code
12629:Territorial courts
12601:Associate Justices
12486:Inspector generals
11973:War in Afghanistan
11836:Reconstruction era
11703:Stamp Act Congress
11279:Other legislatures
10475:State legislatures
8673:Old Senate Chamber
8539:VP Bust Collection
8363:United States Code
8295:Jefferson Building
7988:Cap. Guide Service
7855:Divided government
7772:Seal of the Senate
7736:Select and special
7701:Discharge petition
7654:Tie-breaking votes
7619:Recess appointment
7559:Advice and consent
7439:Discharge petition
7382:Appropriation bill
7291:Declaration of war
6483:Non-voting members
6283:Senate Chamber Map
6203:
6013:Ritchie, Donald A.
6001:Ritchie, Donald A.
5989:Ritchie, Donald A.
5095:Harvard Law Review
5054:The New York Times
4769:James V. Saturno.
4723:, pp .44, 175, 209
4702:, p. 44. Zelizer,
4663:on August 6, 2009.
4638:on August 6, 2009.
4108:Baker, Richard A.
3143:The New York Times
2972:. March 23, 2023.
2737:Independent Sens.
2583:Universal suffrage
2493:recess appointment
2478:advice and consent
2466:
2443:
2429:'s drawing of the
2369:Origination Clause
2265:
1983:Each party elects
1911:
1863:
1761:Kirsten Gillibrand
1744:state population.
1707:
1393:state legislatures
1387:Elections and term
1252:Old Senate Chamber
1147:Recess appointment
1074:Advice and consent
932:
899:
867:state legislatures
859:
674:advice and consent
452:Varies in 4 states
15105:
15104:
14757:other territories
14595:Japan (post-1947)
14540:Equatorial Guinea
14268:
14267:
14228:
14227:
14224:
14223:
14194:National security
13903:Income inequality
13783:Statue of Liberty
13586:income inequality
13499:
13498:
13491:Trucking industry
13303:
13302:
13299:
13298:
13230:Foreign relations
13218:Electoral College
13199:
13198:
12987:
12986:
12939:District attorney
12786:
12785:
12613:Courts of appeals
12336:
12335:
12049:
12048:
11990:COVID-19 pandemic
11943:Feminist Movement
11789:American frontier
11708:Thirteen Colonies
11569:
11568:
10406:
10405:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8639:
8638:
8443:Statue of Freedom
8407:Statue of Freedom
8386:Brumidi Corridors
8358:Statutes at Large
8312:Publishing Office
8235:
8234:
8095:
8094:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7868:
7867:
7816:election disputes
7804:speaker elections
7767:Mace of the House
7614:Presiding Officer
7579:Executive session
7526:Unanimous consent
7486:Multiple referral
7471:Lame-duck session
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7167:
7166:
6967:Ethnic and racial
6911:
6910:
6898:Democratic Caucus
6821:Democratic Caucus
6773:
6772:
6199:
6148:Hatfield, Mark O.
6086:(2004) (overview)
6030:Swift, Elaine K.
5771:Baker, Richard A.
5609:978-0-593-44307-1
5275:978-0-358-17692-3
5242:978-0-593-44307-1
5190:978-0-8139-4691-7
4918:. Time USA, LLC.
4839:According to the
4176:Mewborn, Mary K.
3234:978-0-8139-4691-7
3145:. July 11, 2018.
2884:. March 3, 2023.
2819:Louisiana primary
2817:Louisiana uses a
2806:primary elections
2647:Federalist No. 62
2626:Counter-arguments
2563:Electoral College
2559:Twelfth Amendment
2431:impeachment trial
2427:Theodore R. Davis
2334:
2333:
2277:foreign relations
2205:tie-breaking vote
2186:Senate filibuster
2058:unanimous consent
2046:presiding officer
1959:presiding officer
1918:Presiding officer
1871:presiding officer
1830:Robert Torricelli
1667:senator-designate
1627:Senate election.
1397:popular elections
1328:Federalist No. 62
1321:
1320:
1218:Unanimous consent
1118:Executive session
1053:Democratic Caucus
1031:Presiding officer
820:council of elders
659:state legislature
628:check and balance
624:U.S. presidential
620:U.S. Constitution
602:of Congress, the
584:
583:
102:
101:
94:
16:(Redirected from
15140:
14986:Northern Ireland
14951:Japan (pre-1947)
14946:Irish Free State
14295:
14288:
14281:
14272:
14271:
14248:
14241:
14128:African American
14010:Health insurance
13898:Household income
13768:National symbols
13699:American English
13672:Federal holidays
13581:household income
13514:
13513:
13510:
13509:
13314:
13313:
13252:Anti-Americanism
13176:Special district
13103:Independent city
13072:County executive
13055:
13054:
12849:Attorney general
12808:
12807:
12797:Federal District
12380:Executive Office
12360:
12359:
12351:
12350:
12347:
12346:
12107:populated places
12087:federal enclaves
12082:federal district
12060:
12059:
11923:American Century
11906:Great Depression
11901:Roaring Twenties
11861:Women's suffrage
11740:Halifax Resolves
11733:Founding Fathers
11728:military history
11693:Pre-colonial era
11617:
11616:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11573:
11572:
11562:
11555:
11540:
11533:
11526:
11519:
11512:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11414:
11407:
11400:
11393:
11386:
11379:
11372:
11352:
11345:
11329:
11313:
11306:
11290:
11270:
11254:
11238:
11222:
11206:
11190:
11174:
11158:
11142:
11126:
11110:
11094:
11078:
11062:
11046:
11030:
11014:
10998:
10982:
10966:
10950:
10934:
10918:
10902:
10895:
10879:
10863:
10847:
10831:
10815:
10799:
10783:
10767:
10751:
10735:
10719:
10703:
10687:
10671:
10655:
10639:
10623:
10607:
10591:
10575:
10559:
10543:
10527:
10511:
10495:
10466:
10459:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10395:
10386:
10377:
10366:
10349:
10337:
10318:
10306:
10287:
10275:
10256:
10244:
10225:
10213:
10194:
10182:
10163:
10151:
10132:
10120:
10101:
10089:
10070:
10058:
10039:
10027:
10008:
9996:
9977:
9965:
9946:
9934:
9915:
9903:
9884:
9872:
9853:
9841:
9822:
9810:
9791:
9779:
9760:
9748:
9729:
9717:
9698:
9686:
9667:
9655:
9636:
9624:
9605:
9593:
9574:
9562:
9543:
9531:
9512:
9500:
9481:
9469:
9450:
9438:
9419:
9407:
9388:
9376:
9357:
9345:
9326:
9314:
9295:
9283:
9264:
9252:
9233:
9221:
9202:
9190:
9171:
9159:
9140:
9128:
9109:
9097:
9078:
9066:
9047:
9035:
9016:
9004:
8985:
8973:
8954:
8942:
8923:
8911:
8892:
8880:
8861:
8849:
8830:
8818:
8793:
8780:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8734:
8733:
8556:
8555:
8373:Capitol Building
8347:U.S. Gov. Manual
8300:Madison Building
8263:Copyright Office
8227:Sergeant at Arms
8185:Floor Operations
8104:
8103:
8026:
8025:
7942:
7941:
7924:
7923:
7787:
7786:
7604:Morning business
7491:House procedures
7454:Joint resolution
7258:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7127:Buddhist members
6946:
6945:
6782:
6781:
6604:Switched parties
6551:Switched parties
6488:Unseated members
6478:Youngest members
6458:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6342:Internet Archive
6328:
6327:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6223:
6221:
6210:
6209:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6161:Frumin, Alan S.
6121:. Four volumes.
6023:Rothman, David.
6020:
6008:
5996:
5931:Gould, Lewis L.
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5678:
5667:. Random House.
5660:
5654:
5653:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5377:Levitsky, Steven
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5318:. Archived from
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5260:Rusch, Elizabeth
5256:
5247:
5246:
5225:Levitsky, Steven
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5114:. Archived from
5104:
5098:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4983:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4907:
4901:
4887:
4881:
4863:Sargent, Noel. "
4861:
4855:
4837:
4831:
4812:
4806:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4696:
4690:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4656:. Archived from
4655:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4631:. Archived from
4630:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4560:
4558:
4549:Reconciliation,
4547:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4456:. Archived from
4446:
4440:
4439:
4424:
4418:
4401:Martin B. Gold,
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4373:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4345:. Archived from
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4184:. Archived from
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4022:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3997:. Archived from
3987:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3900:on May 28, 2009.
3886:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3768:Morgan Watkins.
3765:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3733:
3724:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3648:
3642:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3573:
3567:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3496:(4): 1064β1089.
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3068:(6): 1111β1130.
3057:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2838:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2802:two-round system
2779:
2773:
2735:
2606:U.S. territories
2459:
2456:
2386:House of Commons
2327:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2032:The Senate uses
2005:sergeant at arms
1883:Republican Party
1879:Democratic Party
1779:majority leader
1442:primary election
1440:In 45 states, a
1427:Elections Clause
1362:Rush D. Holt Sr.
1313:
1306:
1299:
1123:Morning business
906:
905:
828:
812:
737:Washington, D.C.
733:Capitol Building
556:
539:Washington, D.C.
525:
509:November 5, 2024
496:November 8, 2022
481:Two-round system
469:
445:Plurality voting
411:
399:
394:
384:
373:Political groups
367:
228:January 20, 2021
199:
197:
141:
127:
106:
105:
97:
90:
86:
83:
77:
74:named references
38:
37:
30:
21:
15148:
15147:
15143:
15142:
15141:
15139:
15138:
15137:
15108:
15107:
15106:
15101:
15087:Multicameralism
15060:
14807:
14789:
14756:
14749:
14426:
14308:
14299:
14269:
14264:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14220:
14206:Opioid epidemic
14123:Native American
14103:intersex rights
14054:
14050:Life expectancy
14040:Medical deserts
14030:Race and health
13927:
13913:Personal income
13859:
13763:National anthem
13596:personal income
13561:Economic issues
13495:
13447:
13295:
13195:
13184:School district
13170:
13153:Minor divisions
13147:
13086:
13044:
12983:
12969:Statutory codes
12950:
12913:
12890:
12800:
12795:
12782:
12717:
12674:civil liberties
12655:
12646:Other tribunals
12625:District courts
12577:
12536:current members
12519:current members
12500:
12434:Law enforcement
12332:
12045:
11994:
11985:Great Recession
11856:Progressive Era
11846:Native genocide
11777:Perpetual Union
11765:Treaty of Paris
11723:United Colonies
11681:
11606:
11600:
11570:
11565:
11558:
11551:
11543:
11536:
11529:
11522:
11515:
11508:
11501:
11494:
11487:
11480:
11473:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11396:
11389:
11382:
11375:
11368:
11355:
11348:
11332:
11316:
11309:
11293:
11286:
11273:
11257:
11241:
11225:
11209:
11193:
11177:
11161:
11145:
11129:
11113:
11097:
11081:
11065:
11049:
11033:
11017:
11001:
10985:
10969:
10953:
10937:
10921:
10905:
10898:
10882:
10866:
10850:
10834:
10818:
10802:
10786:
10770:
10754:
10738:
10722:
10706:
10690:
10674:
10658:
10642:
10626:
10610:
10594:
10578:
10562:
10546:
10530:
10514:
10498:
10482:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10442:
10437:
10407:
10402:
10393:
10384:
10375:
10367:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10347:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10334:
10323:
10316:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10303:
10292:
10285:
10284:
10280:
10273:
10272:
10261:
10254:
10253:
10249:
10242:
10241:
10230:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10211:
10210:
10199:
10192:
10191:
10187:
10180:
10179:
10168:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10148:
10137:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10118:
10117:
10106:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10086:
10075:
10068:
10067:
10063:
10056:
10055:
10044:
10037:
10036:
10032:
10025:
10024:
10013:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9993:
9982:
9975:
9974:
9970:
9963:
9962:
9951:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9932:
9931:
9920:
9913:
9912:
9908:
9901:
9900:
9889:
9882:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9869:
9858:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9839:
9838:
9827:
9820:
9819:
9815:
9808:
9807:
9796:
9789:
9788:
9784:
9777:
9776:
9765:
9758:
9757:
9753:
9746:
9745:
9734:
9727:
9726:
9722:
9715:
9714:
9703:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9683:
9672:
9665:
9664:
9660:
9653:
9652:
9641:
9634:
9633:
9629:
9622:
9621:
9610:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9591:
9590:
9579:
9572:
9571:
9567:
9560:
9559:
9548:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9529:
9528:
9517:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9497:
9486:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9467:
9466:
9455:
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6059:Wilson, Woodrow
5945:Hoebeke, C. H.
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11099:South Carolina
11095:
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10987:North Carolina
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8703:
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8695:
8690:
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8675:
8670:
8668:Senate chamber
8665:
8660:
8655:
8653:Botanic Garden
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
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8608:
8606:office lottery
8603:
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8562:
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8524:
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8514:Columbus Doors
8510:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8430:Visitor Center
8427:
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8417:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8377:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
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8360:
8355:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8320:Public Printer
8316:
8314:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8290:Adams Building
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8247:
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7862:
7857:
7852:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7811:Senate history
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7790:
7784:
7778:
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7774:
7769:
7764:
7758:
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7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7686:ranking member
7678:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7649:Standing Rules
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7624:Reconciliation
7621:
7616:
7611:
7609:Nuclear option
7606:
7601:
7598:Senate Journal
7594:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7536:Line-item veto
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7501:Reconciliation
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
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7409:
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7394:
7392:Budget process
7389:
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7366:
7364:
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7351:
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7313:Naturalization
7310:
7309:
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7186:
7181:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7154:
7152:Quaker members
7149:
7147:Muslim members
7144:
7139:
7137:Jewish members
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
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7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:
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7071:
7070:
7059:
7057:
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7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7035:Jewish members
7032:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6933:Gerrymandering
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
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6900:
6895:
6890:
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6606:
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6394:
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6375:
6368:
6360:
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6335:
6329:
6314:
6304:
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6302:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6226:
6212:
6205:
6193:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:External links
6174:
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6136:
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6103:
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6056:
6049:
6042:
6037:Valeo, Frank.
6035:
6028:
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6009:
5997:
5985:
5980:Mann, Robert.
5978:
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5810:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5776:Krieger, 1988.
5767:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5719:
5713:978-1107612266
5712:
5694:
5674:978-1400062621
5673:
5655:
5649:978-0742599659
5648:
5630:
5615:
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5274:
5248:
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5216:
5189:
5169:
5129:
5099:
5080:Laurence Tribe
5071:
5040:
5023:SCOTUSblog.com
5009:
4978:
4965:
4933:
4902:
4882:
4856:
4832:
4815:Woodrow Wilson
4807:
4785:
4751:
4736:. Senate.gov.
4725:
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4641:
4616:
4601:. Senate.gov.
4590:
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4419:
4393:
4376:The New Yorker
4360:
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3233:
3210:
3199:(2): 199β222.
3183:
3160:
3130:
3119:(4): 495β523.
3103:
3074:10.2307/796343
3052:
3034:
3016:
3001:. Senate.gov.
2987:
2957:
2926:
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2869:
2832:
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2810:
2774:
2766:Kyrsten Sinema
2747:Bernie Sanders
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2627:
2624:
2574:
2571:
2544:Andrew Johnson
2521:Laurence Tribe
2476:only with the
2435:Andrew Johnson
2418:
2415:
2397:Woodrow Wilson
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2246:Main article:
2243:
2240:
2226:Main article:
2223:
2222:Closed session
2220:
2199:
2196:
2191:nuclear option
2179:reconciliation
2164:Strom Thurmond
2126:
2123:
2099:
2096:
2034:Standing Rules
2029:
2028:Daily sessions
2026:
2024:
2021:
2009:Capitol Police
1996:
1993:
1977:Main article:
1974:
1971:
1930:vice president
1922:Main article:
1919:
1916:
1898:
1895:
1854:
1851:
1837:
1834:
1807:William Blount
1798:
1795:
1768:
1765:
1753:junior senator
1749:senior senator
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1695:Main article:
1692:
1689:
1674:
1671:
1632:
1629:
1598:North Carolina
1574:
1573:
1570:
1535:
1518:Four states β
1496:
1493:
1408:
1405:
1388:
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1254:
1249:
1247:Senate chamber
1244:
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1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
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1202:Standing Rules
1199:
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1172:
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1167:
1162:
1157:
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1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1139:Nuclear option
1136:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1084:Closed session
1081:
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1063:
1062:
1061:
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1055:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
983:
979:
977:
975:Former members
972:
969:
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962:
955:
951:
946:
945:
941:
940:
934:
933:
922:
921:
915:
914:
903:
902:Qualifications
900:
881:
878:
840:equal suffrage
776:Main article:
773:
770:
729:Senate chamber
686:federal judges
645:. Each of the
582:
581:
575:
574:
570:
569:
563:
562:
558:
557:
549:
548:
544:
543:
531:Senate Chamber
527:
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518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
503:
500:
499:
493:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
470:
451:
450:
449:
442:
437:
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
423:Length of term
422:
419:
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417:
416:
401:
400:
389:
375:
372:
369:
368:
360:
359:
356:
352:
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334:
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324:
323:
311:
309:
304:
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288:
286:
281:
278:
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258:
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242:
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216:
214:
209:
206:
205:
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200:
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179:
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158:
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82:September 2024
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66:(refs: 14, 83)
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15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15082:Tricameralism
15080:
15078:
15077:Unicameralism
15075:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15063:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14814:
14810:
14804:
14801:
14800:
14798:
14796:
14795:Non-UN states
14792:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14758:
14755:Dependent and
14752:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14437:
14435:
14433:
14429:
14423:
14422:United States
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14317:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14296:
14291:
14289:
14284:
14282:
14277:
14276:
14273:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14252:
14247:
14243:
14240:
14236:
14235:
14231:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14200:
14197:
14196:
14195:
14192:
14188:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14142:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14135:Energy policy
14133:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14090:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14077:
14076:incarceration
14074:
14073:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13981:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13961:Prenatal care
13959:
13957:
13956:Birth control
13954:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13930:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13893:Homeownership
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13870:
13868:
13866:
13862:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13656:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13625:
13624:
13621:
13617:
13616:working class
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13576:homeownership
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13563:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13502:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13458:
13456:
13454:
13450:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13356:Manufacturing
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13323:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13306:
13292:
13289:
13285:
13284:Third parties
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13271:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13249:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13236:
13233:
13232:
13231:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13215:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13205:
13202:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13185:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13177:
13173:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13150:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13089:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13064:
13062:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13047:
13041:
13038:
13034:
13031:
13030:
13029:
13026:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12990:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12957:
12953:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12920:
12916:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12897:
12893:
12885:
12882:
12881:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12798:
12793:
12789:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12729:
12728:
12726:
12724:
12720:
12714:
12711:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12688:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12675:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12658:
12652:
12651:U.S. attorney
12649:
12647:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12626:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12611:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12596:Chief Justice
12594:
12593:
12592:
12591:Supreme Court
12589:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12532:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12497:
12496:Public policy
12494:
12492:
12491:Civil service
12489:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12435:
12432:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12371:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12339:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12273:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12176:
12172:
12169:
12168:
12167:
12164:
12160:
12159:Sierra Nevada
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12136:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12097:insular zones
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12052:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
11997:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11970:
11969:
11968:War on Terror
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11948:LGBT Movement
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11609:
11604:
11603:United States
11597:
11592:
11590:
11585:
11583:
11578:
11577:
11574:
11561:
11557:
11554:
11550:
11549:
11546:
11539:
11535:
11532:
11528:
11525:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11511:
11507:
11504:
11500:
11497:
11493:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11479:
11476:
11472:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11451:
11448:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11420:
11416:
11413:
11409:
11406:
11402:
11399:
11395:
11392:
11388:
11385:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11289:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11227:West Virginia
11224:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11172:
11168:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10960:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10923:New Hampshire
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10804:Massachusetts
10801:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10585:
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10577:
10573:
10569:
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10561:
10557:
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10549:
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10398:
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10325:
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10309:
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10209:
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9999:
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9897:
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8837:
8833:
8821:
8814:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8783:
8782:Kamala Harris
8777:
8775:
8769:
8765:
8758:
8753:
8751:
8746:
8744:
8739:
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8509:
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8469:
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8459:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8425:Statuary Hall
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8280:Poet Laureate
8278:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:Reading Clerk
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8062:Congr. Ethics
8060:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7794:House history
7792:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7746:Subcommittees
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7731:List (Senate)
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7664:Treaty Clause
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
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7554:
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7529:
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7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7459:Joint session
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7444:Enrolled bill
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7244:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7132:Hindu members
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7094:
7093:current House
7091:
7089:
7088:Issues Caucus
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Apportionment
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420: β
6419:
6416: β
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:Joint session
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6307:Senate Manual
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6234:
6230:
6215:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5942:Sharpe, 1997.
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5508:The Economist
5505:
5499:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5395:September 20,
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5134:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4755:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4556:Β§ 641(e)
4553:
4546:
4538:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4484:The Economist
4481:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4122:
4119:. p. 4.
4118:
4111:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3953:5 U.S.C.
3948:
3942:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3840:September 28,
3835:
3831:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3723:
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3715:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3636:2 U.S.C.
3632:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3431:September 17,
3426:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3296:0-8018-7438-6
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:West Virginia
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2550:in 1998, and
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2433:of President
2432:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2156:supermajority
2153:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2092:George Packer
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1973:Party leaders
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1793:they are in.
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:Chuck Schumer
1778:
1774:
1773:The Honorable
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:Chuck Schumer
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:senator-elect
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:West Virginia
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Massachusetts
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:third parties
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:Ballot access
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1332:James Madison
1329:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1039:Party leaders
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
994:
991:
989:
985:
984:
982:
978:
976:
973:
966:
963:
961:
957:
956:
954:
950:
949:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
935:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
908:
907:
897:
892:
887:
877:
875:
870:
868:
864:
856:
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
821:
817:
813:
811:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
779:
769:
767:
763:
758:
757:floor leaders
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:flag officers
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:United States
609:
605:
601:
600:lower chamber
597:
593:
592:upper chamber
589:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
545:
542:United States
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:Meeting place
514:
510:
507:
504:Next election
501:
497:
494:
491:Last election
488:
482:
478:
474:
471:
468:
463:
459:
456:
455:
446:
443:
440:
439:Voting system
435:
430:
426:
420:
414:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:Minority (49)
397:
390:
387:
381:
380:
379:
378:Majority (51)
376:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
341:
337:
333:
330:
329:Minority Whip
325:
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:Majority Whip
302:
295:
291:
287:
284:
279:
272:
268:
267:Chuck Schumer
264:
261:
256:
249:
245:
241:
238:
233:
229:
223:
219:
218:Kamala Harris
215:
212:
207:
202:
191:
185:
180:
176:
170:
166:
161:
156:
152:
147:
140:
135:
131:
126:
121:
118:
114:
107:
104:
96:
93:
85:
75:
65:
62:
59:(refs: 7, 24)
58:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:U.S. Senators
15072:Bicameralism
15036:Soviet Union
15026:South Africa
14891:East Germany
14841:Burkina Faso
14700:South Africa
14421:
14306:legislatures
14304:of national
14302:Upper houses
14177:Human rights
14157:Gun politics
14108:Islamophobia
14098:antisemitism
13966:Hospice care
13908:Middle class
13888:Homelessness
13865:Social class
13825:Social class
13689:Human rights
13679:Homelessness
13591:middle class
13556:Demographics
13531:Architecture
13438:Unemployment
13418:Labor unions
13166:Town meeting
13143:City council
13138:City manager
12879:State police
12741:Marine Corps
12731:Armed Forces
12706:civil rights
12686:Constitution
12530:
12258:Southwestern
12253:Southeastern
12243:Northwestern
12238:Northeastern
12203:Mid-Atlantic
12193:Great Plains
11911:World War II
11794:Constitution
11698:Colonial era
11677:2008βpresent
11115:South Dakota
11083:Rhode Island
11067:Pennsylvania
11003:North Dakota
10463:
10328:
10297:
10266:
10235:
10204:
10173:
10142:
10111:
10080:
10049:
10018:
9987:
9956:
9925:
9894:
9863:
9832:
9801:
9770:
9739:
9708:
9677:
9657:Cortez Masto
9646:
9615:
9584:
9553:
9522:
9491:
9460:
9429:
9398:
9367:
9336:
9305:
9274:
9243:
9212:
9181:
9150:
9119:
9088:
9057:
9026:
8995:
8987:Hickenlooper
8964:
8933:
8902:
8871:
8840:
8809:
8795:Patty Murray
8785:
8772:
8709:Capitol Hill
8575:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8434:
8405:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
7933:Capitol Hill
7903:
7896:
7889:
7848:
7726:List (House)
7721:List (Joint)
7691:Of the Whole
7597:
7590:
7589:Jefferson's
7476:Magic minute
7229:Slave owners
7212:2000βpresent
7158:Sikh members
7156:
7063:LGBT members
6989:Black Caucus
6765:118th (2023)
6760:117th (2021)
6755:116th (2019)
6750:115th (2017)
6745:114th (2015)
6740:113th (2013)
6735:112th (2011)
6730:111th (2009)
6725:110th (2007)
6720:109th (2005)
6715:108th (2003)
6710:107th (2001)
6705:106th (1999)
6700:105th (1997)
6695:104th (1995)
6690:103rd (1993)
6685:102nd (1991)
6680:101st (1989)
6675:100th (1987)
6402:
6292:
6238:
6162:
6151:
6142:
6118:
6105:
6097:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5809:Knopf, 2002.
5803:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5758:Bibliography
5743:. Retrieved
5732:
5722:
5703:
5697:
5664:
5658:
5639:
5633:
5624:
5618:
5599:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5577:
5567:
5557:December 24,
5555:. Retrieved
5546:
5536:
5524:. Retrieved
5507:
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5477:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5447:The Atlantic
5446:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5415:
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5385:The Atlantic
5384:
5367:
5355:. Retrieved
5347:the Guardian
5346:
5336:
5324:. Retrieved
5320:the original
5315:OpenCongress
5313:
5304:
5294:December 28,
5292:. Retrieved
5264:
5232:
5219:
5209:December 28,
5207:. Retrieved
5179:
5172:
5145:
5122:November 20,
5120:. Retrieved
5116:the original
5111:
5102:
5094:
5074:
5064:February 20,
5062:. Retrieved
5053:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5022:
5012:
5000:. Retrieved
4995:
4991:
4981:
4973:
4968:
4958:November 20,
4956:. Retrieved
4949:the original
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4915:
4905:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4859:
4835:
4818:
4810:
4793:
4788:
4771:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4728:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4683:Carter Glass
4679:John Sherman
4674:
4669:
4658:the original
4644:
4633:the original
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4545:
4519:. Retrieved
4514:
4504:
4492:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:the original
4453:
4444:
4436:the original
4431:
4422:
4415:
4402:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4375:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4347:the original
4342:
4332:
4322:November 10,
4320:. Retrieved
4316:the original
4306:
4296:November 10,
4294:. Retrieved
4290:the original
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4259:
4250:
4240:September 2,
4238:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4194:
4186:the original
4181:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4150:
4140:
4130:February 16,
4128:. Retrieved
4116:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4003:. Retrieved
3999:the original
3994:
3970:. Retrieved
3959:; see also:
3947:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3915:
3906:
3898:the original
3893:
3869:. Retrieved
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3823:
3813:December 21,
3811:. Retrieved
3802:
3780:September 2,
3778:. Retrieved
3763:
3755:
3747:. Retrieved
3735:
3703:November 13,
3701:. Retrieved
3689:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3631:
3621:December 24,
3619:. Retrieved
3610:
3601:
3591:November 17,
3589:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:the original
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3392:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3364:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3332:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3285:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3253:December 28,
3251:. Retrieved
3223:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3173:
3163:
3153:November 21,
3151:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2978:. Retrieved
2969:
2960:
2952:
2945:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2863:
2858:November 28,
2856:. Retrieved
2845:
2836:
2813:
2777:
2733:
2688:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2643:
2620:
2598:
2590:
2556:
2552:Donald Trump
2548:Bill Clinton
2541:
2529:
2508:
2497:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2366:
2335:
2301:
2270:
2266:
2231:
2212:
2211:for example
2209:
2201:
2183:
2172:
2160:
2144:
2120:
2116:calendar day
2108:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2055:
2031:
1998:
1982:
1956:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1887:
1875:semicircular
1864:
1839:
1822:Bob Packwood
1800:
1784:
1770:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1716:
1708:
1684:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1637:1st Congress
1634:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1575:
1528:Rhode Island
1520:North Dakota
1513:
1510:
1498:
1454:
1439:
1419:Election Day
1416:
1390:
1373:
1342:
1337:
1322:
960:by seniority
918:
871:
860:
831:
823:
819:
807:
804:Roman Senate
801:
788:bicameralism
784:Constitution
781:
726:
724:atmosphere.
671:
667:popular vote
640:
587:
585:
561:Constitution
447:in 46 states
403:
402:
377:
244:Patty Murray
103:
88:
79:
44:
15031:South Korea
14976:New Zealand
14906:El Salvador
14836:British Raj
14821:Afghanistan
14785:Puerto Rico
14775:Isle of Man
14690:Saint Lucia
14670:Philippines
14650:Netherlands
14585:Ivory Coast
14417:Switzerland
14407:South Sudan
14182:Immigration
14113:LGBT rights
14015:Food safety
13850:Video games
13443:Wall Street
13423:Public debt
13326:Agriculture
13262:nationalism
12974:Uniform act
12896:Legislative
12803:Territorial
12761:Coast Guard
12756:Space Force
12506:Legislative
12301:Red (South)
12291:Mississippi
12213:New England
12149:Appalachian
12119:Earthquakes
12016:Discoveries
12011:Demographic
11953:Vietnam War
11896:World War I
11891:Imperialism
11841:Indian Wars
11816:War of 1812
11334:Puerto Rico
10852:Mississippi
10580:Connecticut
10397:Independent
8683:Power Plant
8275:Law Library
7976:Cap. Police
7945:Legislative
7634:Senate hold
7541:Pocket veto
7516:Sponsorship
7496:Quorum call
7296:Impeachment
6670:99th (1985)
6665:98th (1983)
6660:97th (1981)
6655:96th (1979)
6650:95th (1977)
6645:94th (1975)
6640:93rd (1973)
6635:92nd (1971)
6630:91st (1969)
6625:90th (1967)
6618:New members
6260: /
6115:Robert Byrd
6101:, 1774β1989
5526:February 6,
5488:February 6,
5457:February 6,
5426:February 4,
5357:January 31,
4998:(1): 61β114
4353:February 8,
4270:January 21,
4093:November 8,
3957:Β§ 3331
3749:October 13,
3667:January 10,
3365:History.com
3315:January 30,
2798:Mississippi
2755:Joe Manchin
2593:Robert Dahl
2482:ambassadors
2458: 1873
2382:money bills
2380:, in which
2357:Legislation
2235:impeachment
2090:Journalist
2084:quorum call
1811:Confederate
1709:The annual
1679:affirmation
1555:Mississippi
1543:Connecticut
1381:Confederacy
1160:Quorum call
698:ambassadors
688:(including
616:Article One
396:Independent
313:Dick Durbin
173:Term limits
160:Upper house
15112:Categories
14971:Mauritania
14861:Costa Rica
14803:Somaliland
14735:Uzbekistan
14710:Tajikistan
14625:Madagascar
14605:Kazakhstan
14216:Xenophobia
14005:Disability
13946:Healthcare
13855:Visual art
13800:Philosophy
13746:television
13736:newspapers
13726:journalism
13716:Literature
13628:attainment
13279:Republican
13274:Democratic
13247:Ideologies
13208:Corruption
12773:NOAA Corps
12696:preemption
12691:federalism
12306:Rio Grande
12208:Midwestern
12188:West Coast
12183:East Coast
12026:Inventions
11938:Space Race
11933:Korean War
11916:home front
11851:Gilded Age
11211:Washington
10955:New Mexico
10939:New Jersey
10548:California
10388:Democratic
10379:Republican
10010:Whitehouse
9793:Gillibrand
9545:Hyde-Smith
9421:Van Hollen
9006:Blumenthal
8820:Tuberville
8646:facilities
8353:Serial Set
8241:Library of
8217:Postmaster
8180:Doorkeeper
8041:Historical
7696:Conference
7674:Committees
7659:Traditions
7584:Filibuster
7337:Privileges
7111:Physicians
7104:Occupation
6853:Vice-Chair
6454:Membership
6245:38Β°53β²26β³N
6229:Audio help
6220:2006-08-04
5284:1124772479
5199:1248598962
4744:January 1,
4494:October 4,
4386:October 4,
4036:October 2,
4005:October 2,
3991:"Salaries"
3972:January 8,
3405:January 8,
3345:January 8,
3243:1248598962
3009:January 8,
2980:August 31,
2919:August 31,
2892:August 31,
2865:Democrats.
2828:References
2790:Washington
2786:California
2739:Angus King
2632:Federalism
2630:See also:
2577:See also:
2557:Under the
2344:, and the
2242:Committees
2147:filibuster
2139:See also:
1935:ex officio
1777:Democratic
1725:(FERS) or
1567:Washington
1465:Washington
1461:California
1358:John Eaton
1346:Henry Clay
1213:Traditions
1134:Filibuster
1102:Committees
884:See also:
880:Membership
857:since 1855
855:Presidency
853:, and the
834:in Latin.
830:, meaning
762:filibuster
653:who serve
554:senate.gov
511:(34 seats)
498:(35 seats)
413:Republican
386:Democratic
336:John Thune
204:Leadership
196:2023-01-03
15051:Venezuela
14981:Nicaragua
14570:Indonesia
14327:Australia
14322:Argentina
14199:Terrorism
13976:Rationing
13873:Affluence
13820:Sexuality
13788:Uncle Sam
13694:Languages
13623:Education
13566:affluence
13526:Americana
13453:Transport
13351:Insurance
13341:Companies
13321:By sector
13213:Elections
12854:Treasurer
12812:Executive
12751:Air Force
12723:Uniformed
12546:President
12363:Executive
12134:Mountains
12067:Territory
12055:Geography
11879:1954β1968
11874:1896β1954
11869:1865β1896
11831:Civil War
11672:1991β2008
11667:1980β1991
11662:1964β1980
11657:1945β1964
11652:1917β1945
11647:1865β1917
11642:1849β1865
11637:1815β1849
11632:1789β1815
11627:1776β1789
11620:By period
11243:Wisconsin
11131:Tennessee
10836:Minnesota
10756:Louisiana
10091:Blackburn
9979:Fetterman
9502:Klobuchar
9316:McConnell
9204:Duckworth
8851:Murkowski
8774:President
8621:Longworth
8551:buildings
8534:VP's Room
8195:Historian
8134:Librarian
8129:Historian
8114:Secretary
8100:Employees
7905:Roll Call
7716:Oversight
7644:Seniority
7511:Saxbe fix
7449:Expulsion
7363:Procedure
7301:Inquiries
7281:(Dormant)
7273:Copyright
7268:Article I
7207:1950β1999
7202:1900β1949
7197:1790β1899
6916:Districts
6831:Secretary
6792:President
6572:seniority
6546:Appointed
6509:seniority
6248:77Β°0β²32β³W
6139:Dole, Bob
5683:cite book
5516:0013-0613
5326:March 22,
5164:0003-0554
5033:March 14,
5002:March 14,
4972:Ritchie,
4926:April 11,
4719:Ritchie,
4698:Ritchie,
4609:April 11,
4464:August 3,
4343:Roll Call
4161:August 3,
4083:Roll Call
3526:143733406
3510:1537-5943
3469:April 23,
3375:March 22,
3082:0044-0094
2800:uses the
2573:Criticism
2546:in 1868,
2462:spittoons
2352:Functions
2214:USA Today
2023:Procedure
1832:in 2002.
1814:secession
1786:see above
1733:Seniority
1547:Louisiana
1532:Wisconsin
1495:Vacancies
1469:Louisiana
1450:plurality
1407:Elections
1395:, not by
1366:Joe Biden
1176:Saxbe fix
1079:Blue slip
714:impeached
647:50 states
632:executive
477:Louisiana
432:Elections
350:Structure
52:detected:
15006:Rhodesia
14996:Portugal
14961:Maldives
14911:Ethiopia
14745:Zimbabwe
14715:Thailand
14695:Slovenia
14665:Paraguay
14545:Eswatini
14510:Colombia
14495:Cameroon
14490:Cambodia
14460:Barbados
14392:Pakistan
14372:Malaysia
14357:Ethiopia
14255:Category
13951:Abortion
13815:Religion
13773:Columbia
13731:internet
13667:Holidays
13662:Folklore
13633:literacy
13571:eviction
13461:Aviation
13433:Taxation
13388:Currency
13381:by state
13291:Scandals
13161:Township
12919:Judicial
12820:Governor
12583:Judicial
12469:Marshals
12342:Politics
12296:Missouri
12286:Columbia
12281:Colorado
12276:Arkansas
12269:Longest
12248:Southern
12233:Northern
12077:counties
12031:Military
12021:Economic
11999:By topic
11978:Iraq War
11928:Cold War
11686:By event
11195:Virginia
11035:Oklahoma
10971:New York
10900:Nebraska
10868:Missouri
10820:Michigan
10788:Maryland
10740:Kentucky
10676:Illinois
10596:Delaware
10564:Colorado
10532:Arkansas
10339:Barrasso
10258:Cantwell
10041:T. Scott
9905:Lankford
9750:Heinrich
9638:Ricketts
9471:Stabenow
9297:Marshall
9254:Grassley
9080:R. Scott
8863:Sullivan
8452:painting
8243:Congress
8165:Chaplain
8119:Chaplain
7898:Politico
7891:The Hill
7741:Standing
7706:Hearings
7682:Chairman
7354:Immunity
7349:Franking
7344:Salaries
7278:Commerce
7120:Religion
6541:Resigned
6321:LibriVox
6231: Β·
6015:(2010).
6003:(2001).
5991:(1991).
5745:July 11,
5739:Archived
5583:June 13,
5551:Archived
5520:Archived
5482:Archived
5451:Archived
5420:Archived
5389:Archived
5351:Archived
5288:Archived
5262:(2020).
5203:Archived
5148:: 1β18.
5087:Archived
5058:Archived
5027:Archived
4974:Congress
4920:Archived
4916:time.com
4868:Archived
4848:Archived
4823:Archived
4798:Archived
4738:Archived
4721:Congress
4700:Congress
4689:, p. 209
4687:Congress
4603:Archived
4583:March 4,
4577:Archived
4552:2 U.S.C.
4531:cite web
4521:June 19,
4488:Archived
4408:Archived
4380:Archived
4264:Archived
4234:Archived
4210:July 11,
4204:Archived
4155:Archived
4121:Archived
4087:Archived
4063:June 19,
4057:Archived
4030:Archived
3966:Archived
3926:June 17,
3920:Archived
3871:July 19,
3865:Archived
3834:Archived
3807:Archived
3774:Archived
3740:Archived
3694:Archived
3661:Archived
3640:Β§ 1
3615:Archived
3585:Archived
3560:Archived
3463:Archived
3399:Archived
3369:Archived
3339:Archived
3309:Archived
3305:51878651
3247:Archived
3178:Archived
3147:Archived
3098:53702587
3003:Archived
2974:Archived
2970:POLITICO
2913:Archived
2886:Archived
2882:NBC News
2852:Archived
2847:Politico
2699:See also
2663:scholar
2525:John Yoo
2305:senility
2297:subpoena
2293:agencies
2051:C-SPAN 2
2013:chaplain
1897:Officers
1602:Oklahoma
1590:Maryland
1586:Kentucky
1165:Salaries
965:by class
911:a series
722:partisan
710:electors
678:treaties
651:senators
636:judicial
15065:Related
15016:Senegal
15001:Prussia
14926:Hungary
14896:Ecuador
14881:Denmark
14866:Croatia
14826:Austria
14813:Defunct
14770:Bermuda
14730:Uruguay
14680:Romania
14640:Namibia
14635:Myanmar
14630:Morocco
14620:Liberia
14615:Lesotho
14590:Jamaica
14575:Ireland
14560:Grenada
14485:Burundi
14480:Bolivia
14465:Belarus
14455:Bahrain
14450:Bahamas
14440:Algeria
14432:Unitary
14402:Somalia
14387:Nigeria
14362:Germany
14337:Belgium
14332:Austria
14314:Federal
14239:Outline
14187:illegal
14172:Smoking
14035:Obesity
13918:Poverty
13840:Theater
13830:Society
13684:Housing
13645:Fashion
13601:poverty
13546:Cuisine
13518:Culture
13505:Society
13466:Driving
13393:Exports
13371:Tourism
13331:Banking
13309:Economy
13269:Parties
13113:Charter
13077:Sheriff
12524:Speaker
12392:Cabinet
12355:Federal
12263:Western
12228:Eastern
12223:Central
12218:Pacific
12178:Regions
12129:Islands
11612:History
11259:Wyoming
11179:Vermont
10884:Montana
10692:Indiana
10628:Georgia
10612:Florida
10516:Arizona
10484:Alabama
10320:Baldwin
10308:Johnson
10277:Manchin
10184:Sanders
10103:Hagerty
9948:Merkley
9781:Schumer
9688:Shaheen
9626:Fischer
9576:Schmitt
9378:Collins
9359:Kennedy
9347:Cassidy
9111:Warnock
8944:Padilla
8913:Boozman
8702:Related
8631:Rayburn
8626:O'Neill
8585:Russell
8566:Dirksen
8415:Rotunda
8256:reports
8124:Curator
8087:Library
8046:Library
8036:Curator
8022:Offices
7947:offices
7821:memoirs
7799:memoirs
7782:History
7569:Classes
7419:Cloture
7397:Censure
7172:Related
6888:Leaders
6876:Speaker
6816:Leaders
6778:Leaders
6567:Members
6531:Classes
6504:Members
6461:Members
6340:at the
6311:GovInfo
6218: (
6189:minutes
6171:, 1992.
5838:(2005);
5547:Jacobin
4976:p. 178.
4889:Wilson
4055:. CNN.
3736:fas.org
3518:1952075
2947:June 6,
2770:Arizona
2751:Vermont
2604:and in
2532:impeach
2399:wrote:
2273:finance
2152:cloture
1853:Seating
1826:censure
1645:Class I
1641:classes
1614:Wyoming
1594:Montana
1578:Arizona
1563:Vermont
1457:Georgia
1429:of the
1280:Russell
1270:Dirksen
1097:Cloture
944:Members
832:old man
810:senatus
772:History
618:of the
610:of the
594:of the
590:is the
547:Website
473:Georgia
427:6 years
194: (
182:History
163:of the
15046:Turkey
15041:Sweden
15021:Serbia
14921:Greece
14851:Ceylon
14685:Rwanda
14675:Poland
14600:Jordan
14550:France
14475:Bhutan
14470:Belize
14397:Russia
14377:Mexico
14352:Canada
14347:Brazil
14260:Portal
14167:Hunger
14118:racism
14059:Issues
13933:Health
13835:Sports
13795:People
13640:Family
13611:wealth
13536:Cinema
13361:Mining
13346:Energy
13091:Cities
13059:County
12993:Tribal
12531:Senate
12375:powers
12271:rivers
12144:ranges
12112:states
12036:Postal
11051:Oregon
10907:Nevada
10724:Kansas
10644:Hawaii
10500:Alaska
10351:Lummis
10289:Capito
10246:Murray
10215:Warner
10165:Romney
10122:Cornyn
10072:Rounds
10029:Graham
9917:Mullin
9855:Cramer
9843:Hoeven
9812:Tillis
9719:Booker
9700:Hassan
9607:Daines
9595:Tester
9564:Hawley
9533:Wicker
9483:Peters
9452:Markey
9440:Warren
9409:Cardin
9192:Durbin
9142:Hirono
9130:Schatz
9099:Ossoff
9037:Carper
9018:Murphy
8975:Bennet
8956:Butler
8925:Cotton
8882:Sinema
8784:(D) β§
8693:Subway
8611:Cannon
8559:Senate
8549:Office
8285:THOMAS
8107:Senate
8029:Senate
7880:C-SPAN
7762:Gavels
7711:Markup
7591:Manual
7412:Senate
7261:Powers
7078:Senate
7074:Women
6979:Senate
6942:Groups
6785:Senate
6584:Former
6521:Former
6497:Senate
6403:Senate
6351:C-SPAN
6079:(2006)
6027:(1966)
5935:(2005)
5901:(1969)
5894:(1973)
5887:(1977)
5880:(1981)
5873:(1985)
5866:(1989)
5859:(1993)
5852:(1998)
5845:(2002)
5797:(2002)
5710:
5671:
5646:
5606:
5514:
5282:
5272:
5239:
5197:
5187:
5162:
4554:
4405:, p.39
3955:
3638:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3333:senate
3303:
3293:
3241:
3231:
3176:(93).
3125:439894
3123:
3096:
3090:796343
3088:
3080:
2796:, and
2788:, and
2782:Alaska
2762:caucus
2753:, and
2638:, and
2585:, and
2340:, the
2198:Voting
2098:Debate
2080:quorum
1847:caucus
1767:Titles
1719:vested
1711:salary
1612:, and
1582:Hawaii
1565:, and
1539:Alaska
1530:, and
1524:Oregon
1485:Alaska
1467:, and
1234:Places
1155:Quorum
913:on the
704:, and
475:&
460:&
458:Alaska
410:
393:
383:
338: (
315: (
292: (
269: (
246: (
226:since
220: (
14966:Malta
14956:Libya
14901:Egypt
14856:China
14846:Burma
14740:Yemen
14705:Spain
14660:Palau
14645:Nepal
14610:Kenya
14580:Italy
14565:Haiti
14555:Gabon
14535:Egypt
14505:Chile
14412:Sudan
14382:Nepal
14367:India
14246:Index
14071:Crime
13941:Aging
13758:Names
13753:Music
13741:radio
13721:Media
13551:Dance
13541:Crime
13376:Trade
13133:Mayor
13082:Clerk
13050:Local
12792:State
12311:Yukon
12154:Rocky
12139:peaks
11147:Texas
10772:Maine
10660:Idaho
10227:Kaine
10196:Welch
10060:Thune
9967:Casey
9936:Wyden
9886:Vance
9874:Brown
9762:LujΓ‘n
9731:Helmy
9669:Rosen
9514:Smith
9285:Moran
9266:Ernst
9235:Braun
9223:Young
9173:Risch
9161:Crapo
9068:Rubio
9049:Coons
8894:Kelly
8832:Britt
8644:Other
8594:House
8396:Crypt
8205:Board
8200:Pages
8175:Clerk
8158:House
8139:Pages
8055:House
7981:Board
7873:Media
7755:Items
7506:Rider
7407:House
7306:Trial
7083:House
6984:House
6869:House
6848:Chair
6826:Chair
6560:House
6422:119th
6418:118th
6414:117th
4952:(PDF)
4945:(PDF)
4899:ibid.
4776:(PDF)
4767:from
4661:(PDF)
4654:(PDF)
4636:(PDF)
4629:(PDF)
4124:(PDF)
4113:(PDF)
3951:See:
3756:NOTE:
3743:(PDF)
3732:(PDF)
3697:(PDF)
3686:(PDF)
3522:S2CID
3514:JSTOR
3121:JSTOR
3094:S2CID
3086:JSTOR
2743:Maine
2726:Notes
2062:gavel
2017:pages
1947:Latin
1803:expel
1559:Texas
1481:Maine
1186:Holds
874:norms
826:senex
816:Latin
573:Rules
462:Maine
355:Seats
14991:Peru
14936:Iraq
14931:Iran
14916:Fiji
14871:Cuba
14655:Oman
14500:Chad
13810:Race
13655:list
13650:Flag
13189:list
13033:list
12944:list
12884:list
12837:list
12825:list
12801:and
12746:Navy
12736:Army
12606:list
12318:Time
12198:Gulf
11538:2024
11531:2023
11524:2022
11517:2021
11510:2020
11503:2019
11496:2018
11489:2017
11482:2016
11475:2015
11468:2014
11461:2013
11454:2012
11447:2011
11440:2010
11433:2009
11426:2008
11419:2007
11412:2006
11405:2005
11398:2004
11391:2003
11384:2002
11377:2001
11370:2000
11311:Guam
11163:Utah
11019:Ohio
10708:Iowa
10390:: 47
10381:: 49
10134:Cruz
9998:Reed
9824:Budd
9390:King
9328:Paul
8616:Ford
8571:Hart
8401:Dome
8310:Gov.
7684:and
7531:Veto
7464:list
7387:Bill
7375:list
7018:list
6923:List
6881:list
6809:list
6797:list
6579:Dean
6516:Dean
6309:via
5747:2024
5708:ISBN
5689:link
5669:ISBN
5644:ISBN
5604:ISBN
5585:2024
5559:2022
5528:2023
5512:ISSN
5490:2023
5459:2023
5428:2023
5397:2023
5359:2023
5328:2011
5296:2022
5280:OCLC
5270:ISBN
5237:ISBN
5211:2022
5195:OCLC
5185:ISBN
5160:ISSN
5124:2007
5066:2017
5035:2022
5004:2022
4960:2007
4928:2020
4746:2012
4681:and
4611:2011
4585:2013
4537:link
4523:2006
4496:2010
4466:2010
4432:Time
4388:2010
4355:2017
4324:2016
4298:2016
4272:2022
4242:2017
4212:2012
4163:2022
4132:2018
4095:2018
4065:2006
4038:2013
4007:2013
3974:2023
3928:2020
3873:2015
3842:2009
3815:2022
3803:OCPA
3782:2023
3751:2018
3705:2015
3669:2021
3623:2023
3593:2007
3506:ISSN
3471:2019
3433:2012
3407:2023
3377:2011
3347:2023
3317:2023
3301:OCLC
3291:ISBN
3255:2022
3239:OCLC
3229:ISBN
3155:2023
3078:ISSN
3011:2023
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