567:. This is produced via a process involving environmental freezing and drying which is usually then ground into a fine flour and added to cooked foods. In Bolivia, they grow to be very colorful and decorative, though with their sweet and unique flavor they are rarely used for decoration. When boiled or broiled they remain moist; the texture and flavor are very similar to the meat of the boiled peanut without the skin. Unlike the peanut meat becoming soft and mushy, ulluco remain firm and almost crunchy.
57:
753:, a heterogeneous and complex polysaccharide that is recognized as a type of soluble fiber. The mucilage level varies among tubers, high content gives to the raw tubers a gummy texture. Soaked in water or cut very finely are methods used to remove the greatest amount of mucilage from raw tubes,. The characteristic is also reduced or lost for cooked tubers. In South America, ulluco tubers with high mucilage content are popular for soups because they add a thicker texture.
44:
698:
and yellow tubers are the most popularly eaten in markets in
Ecuador. The attractiveness of the color of cultivars varies among countries and regions. In the New-Zealand market, the preferred skin color was red over plain yellow and mixtures of yellow, green and red. Unusual and unfamiliar colors may explain why some multicolored crops or crops with different colored spots are not appreciated by consumers of New-Zealand.
673:
tubers. However, the ullucus has high genetic diversity, in terms of color, protein content, and tuber yield. It is thought this diversity arises from somatic mutations or from sexual regeneration. Ullucus is primarily bred from seed tubers, but it is also possible by seed and stem cuttings. In New
Zealand there have been experiments to induce mutation by gamma radiation and produce more varieties.
510:
812:. Taken individually, potato, sweet potato, cassava, and yam, rank among the most important food crops in the world in respect of annual volume of production. Together, their annual production is about 736.747 million tonnes (FAO, 2008). Comparing to these staple root and tuber crops, the nutritional value of ulluco is good and promising for the geographical extent of the crop.
742:
656:, Ulluco mild mosaic virus, Ulluco mosaic virus, and Ulluco virus C. Most heirloom ulluco have diseases, but if cultivated from a seed these can be avoided. Ullucus cultivated from clean seed tubers can increase yield by 30-50%. There are clones being developed to eliminate viruses, and these also have been shown to raise yields by 30-50%. The ulluco is susceptible to
549:, remains even when cooked. Because of its high water content, ulluco is not suitable for frying or baking, but it can be cooked in many other ways like the potato. In the pickled form, it is added to hot sauces. They are generally cut into thin strips. In order to increase their shelf life, a typical product is produced by the
584:
hotter regions when covered with shade. They are short day plants which require around 11-13.5 hours of day length. However, due to the inherent diversity of ulluco, sun exposure needs vary among cultivars and location. As the day length shortens, stolons grow out of the stems and then develop into tubers.
697:
The main characteristics that determine the choice of farmers for cultivars are sweetness, storage capacity before consumption, mucilage content and yield. Skin color is also a key parameter to consider while assessing the potential of the ulluco culture. Red tuber plants are the most frost-resistant
609:
Ulluco tubers need to be dug by hand due to their sensitivity to scarring. Due to the importance of their appearance, scuffing of their skin is likely a problem. Under traditional cultivation conditions, yield range from five to nine tons per hectare however in intensive systems, they have been known
774:
pigments in the base form of betacyanins and acid form of betaxanthins. Thirty two types of betalains have been reported in Ulluco, 20 in the form of betaxanthins and the remaining 12 in the form of betacyanins. Red or purple tuber varieties appear to have a high concentration of betacyanins. A high
693:
The majority of accessions are diploids (2n=24). Triploids (2n=36) and tetraploids (2n=48) are rare. With 187 accessions evaluated with 18 morphological descriptors, 108 morphotypes or groups have been identified. Considering that the reproduction of the species is vegetative and that the production
500:
Although it lost some importance due to the influx of
European vegetables following the Spanish conquest in 1531, Ulluco still remains a staple crop in the Andean regions. However, in comparison to the potato which is now cultivated in over 130 countries, outside of South America the ulluco tubers
592:
Ulluco is grown in the highlands and can survive in altitudes of up to 4,200 m (13,800 ft) above sea level. Indigenous Andean farmers regularly grow a large number of different cultivars of ulluco together in the same fields. Ulluco crop is alternated with two other Andean tuber crops
583:
Ulluco is normally propagated vegetatively by planting small whole tubers. However, they are also easily propagated by stem or tuber cuttings. They prefer cooler climates and will produce much better yields in full sun where summer temperatures are relatively cool. They are also known to grow in
672:
The ulluco has a limited ability to produce a seed. It was thought to be infertile until researchers in
Finland produced a seed in the 1980s. This low fertility poses a challenge when trying to breed this crop. This infertility is thought to be due to the long history of cultivation by planting
378:
grows up to 50 cm (20 in) high and forms starchy tubers below ground. These tubers are typically smooth and can be spherical or elongated. Generally they are a similar in size to the potato; however, they have been known to grow up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long. Due to the brightly
815:
The nutritional content for each of the crops listed in the table is measured in its raw state, although staple foods are usually sprouted or cooked before consumption rather than consumed raw. The nutritional composition of the product in sprouted or cooked form may deviate from the values
685:. Potential research into virus free varieties, the photoperiod, and seed producing varieties could expedite this. This could allow for manipulation of colors and other genetic factors. This could also lead to an increased adaptability for ullucus to be grown around the world.
775:
concentration of betaxanthins is responsible for the yellow or orange coloring of the tubers. In comparison to the three other Andean tuber crops - native potato, oca, and mashua - the antioxidant capacity of the ulluco is low. This is in part explained by the absence of
613:
Usually a proportion of the smaller tubers from the harvest are preserved for use as seed tubers the following year. The remainder of the harvest is most often used for consumption however there has been an increasing trend for ulluco use as a cash crop at the markets.
1228:
Arbizu, C., Huamán, Z. and
Golmirzaie, A. (1997). ‘Other Andean Roots and Tubers’ in Fuccillo, D., Sears, L. and Stapleton, P. (1st ed.) Biodiversity in Trust: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources in CGIAR Centres. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
644:(spinach, beet, quinoa) may also be at risk. These viruses pose no risk to human or animal health. The ulluco can be legally imported to the EU with a phytosanitary certificate, but caution is advised. Other viruses of ulluco include the Arracacha virus A,
761:
The proteins contained in the ulluco tubers are a source of amino acids as they contain all the essential amino acids in the human diet: lysine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, tryptophan and methionine+cystine.
718:. It contains also high fiber levels, moderate protein and only little fat (< 2%). Regarding the vitamin content, ulluco tubers contain a significant value of vitamin C (11.5 mg/100 g), higher than the commonly eaten vegetables such as
1490:
Malice M; Villarroel Vogt CL; Pissard A; Arbizu C & JP Baudoin (2009). "Genetic diversity of the andean tuber crop species
Ullucus tuberosus as revealed by molecular (ISSR) and morphological markers". Belgian Journal of Botany 142(1).
660:, a soil organism, at low altitudes and high temperatures. There are fumigants available to fight Verticillium, or, for organic farmers, annual rotations into soil that has not been infected for 2–3 years. Ulluco is also susceptible to
529:
soups and stews, but more contemporary dishes incorporate them into salads along with the ulluco leaves. These tubers have been eaten in the Andean populations since ancient times and still to this day provide an important
1686:
Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: Native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón), oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus
1356:
Pietilä, L. and Jokela, P. (1990). Seed set of ulluco (ullucus tiberosus Loz.). Variation between clones and enhancement of seed production through the application of plant growth regulators. Euphytica 47, pp.
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pigments in Ulluco. These pigments are much more abundant sources of antioxidant compounds than betalains. The stability of the betalains pigments makes ulluco a promising industrial crop of natural pigments.
501:
are still relatively unknown. Initial attempts were made to cultivate it in Europe in the 1850s following the potato blights but were not successful on a large scale due to its requirements for cultivation.
1479:(in Spanish). Valdivia (Chile): Universidad Austral de Chile. Resúmenes de trabajos presentados al VIII Congreso Internacional de Sistemas Agropecuarios y su proyección al tercer milenio. p. 12.
1272:
Scheffer, J.J.C., Douglas, J.A., Martin, R.J., Triggs, C.M., Hallow, S. and Deo, B. (2002). Agronomic requirements of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) – a South
American tuber. Agronomy N.Z. 33, pp 41- 47.
664:, though not as susceptible as the potato. This pathogen can reduce the amount and quality of the yield. Slugs and snails are common pests, though generally only cause cosmetic damage to the ulluco.
393:, which is considered a wild type. While the domesticated varieties are generally erect and have a diploid genome, the subspecies is generally a trailing vine and has a triploid genome.
497:. Illustrations and representations of ulluco on wooden vessels (keros), ceramic urns and sculptures have been used to date the presence and importance of these tubers back to 2250 BC.
610:
to reach 40 tons per hectares. These tubers can be stored year-round in the Andes but are best stored in the dark as exposure to the sun can cause fading of their vibrant colouring.
601:. These different tubers are planted together in relatively small field and harvested after approximately eight months. The different species are then separated following harvest.
1347:
Sperling, C.R. and King, S.R. (1990). ‘Andean tuber crops: Worldwide potential’ in Janick, J. and Simon, J.E. (ed.) Advances in new crops. Portland: Timber press pp. 428-435.
1366:
Flores, H.E., Walker, T.S., Guimarães, R.L. Bais, H.P. and
Vivanco, J.M. (2003)/ Andean root and tuber crops: Underground rainbows. Horticultural Science, 38(2) pp.161-167
1216:
Busch, J. and Savage, G.P. (2000). Nutritional composition of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) tubers. Proceedings on the
Nutrition Society of New Zealand, 25 pp. 55-65.
1649:
Svenson J.; Smallfield B.M.; Joyce NI; Sansom C.; Perry N. (2008). "Betalains in red and yellow varieties of the Andean tuber crop ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)".
1502:
Pietilä, L. & Jokela, P. (1988). "Cultivation of minor tuber crops in Peru and
Bolivia". Journal of Agricultural. Science of Finland 60. pp. 87–92.
1254:
National Research Council (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academic Press.
1238:
Hermann, M. and Heller, J. (1997). Andean roots and tubers: Ahipa, arracacha, maca and yacon. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
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presented. The nutrient composition of the ulluco is given within a range, based on the results of nutritional analyses of ulluco grown in South America.
379:
coloured waxy skin in a variety of yellows, pinks and purples, ullucus tubers are regarded as one of the most striking foods in the Andean markets.
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1941:
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Nutritional value of ulluco, grown in South American countries in comparison to nutrient content of major staple root crops per 100 g portion
622:
The ulluco is popular among Andean farmers for not having pest and disease issues. However, it has the potential to be host to viruses such as
2241:
1967:
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in high-altitude farming systems around 2,500 to 4,000 m (8,200 to 13,100 ft) above sea level. The tubers are usually eaten in
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It is probable that ulluco was brought into cultivation more than 4000 years ago. Biological material from several coastal Peruvian
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and use of the germination of botanical seeds is very rare, morphological diversity of the ulluco can be seen as high.
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1972:
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Ullucus tuberosus Caldas: colección de germoplasma de ulluco conservada en el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP)
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Little is known about the nutrition content of the leaves. They are nutritious and contain 12% protein dry weight.
2202:
1928:
2047:
1763:
Ullucus tuberosus Caldas: colección de germoplasma de ulluco conservada en el Centro Internacional de la Papa
2295:
1618:(in Spanish). Cercado (Bolivia): Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA).
1881:
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Hernández Bermejo, J. E. and León, J. (1994). Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective. Roma: FAO
1815:
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Manrique, I.; Arbizu, C.; Vivanco, F.; Gonzales, R.; Ramírez, C.; Chávez, O.; Tay, D.; Ellis, D. (2017).
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1714:
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1907:
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1982:
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The carbohydrates of ulluco are composed mainly of starch. But there is also a significant amount of
56:
2384:
2379:
1426:
Innovation, National Research Council (U. S. ) Advisory Committee on Technology (January 1, 1989).
1305:
374:. Ulluco was used by the Incas prior to the arrival of Europeans in South America. The scrambling
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522:
2034:
1429:
Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation
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Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation
2150:
2008:
1946:
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17:
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1995:
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8:
2003:
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796:
This table shows the nutrient content of ulluco next to other major staple root crops –
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2021:
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There may be potential for much higher yields of ulluco and a larger role in the world
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51:
1535:
Caracterización físico-química, nutricional y funcional de raíces y tubérculos andinos
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1990:
1824:
1721:(in Spanish). Lima: Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud. pp. 66–67.
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Reyes García, María; Gómez-Sánchez Prieto, Iván; Espinoza Barriento, Cecilia (2017).
1666:
1574:
1433:
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1684:
Campos D; Noratto G; Chirinos R; Arbizu C; Roca W & L Cisneros-Zevallos (2006).
489:
of the ulluco plant, suggesting domestication occurred between the central Andes of
358:. The tuber is the primary edible part, but the leaf is also used and is similar to
346:
Ulluco is one of the most widely grown and economically important root crops in the
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source to people living in the high altitude mountainous regions of South America.
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2100:
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Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs
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730:(19.7 mg/100 g). Dietary value variability is pronounced between cultivars.
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401:
270:
94:
2016:
1800:
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587:
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295:
291:
117:
81:
1455:"Agronomic requirements of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)- a South American tuber"
1453:
Scheffer, JJC; Douglas, JA; Martin, RJ; Triggs, CM; Halloy, S; Deo, B (2002).
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They are a traditional food in Catholic Holy Week celebrations in Bolivia.
535:
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312:, but depending on the region, it has many different names. These include
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1657:(17). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(17): 7730-7: 7730–7.
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636:. This could threaten potato crops, as well as other crops in the family
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1735:. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
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1689:. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86(10): 1481-1488.
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1557:(in Spanish). Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP).
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The major appeal of ulluco is its crisp texture, which, like the
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1704:. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. pp. 46–61.
830:
797:
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1638:. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. pp. 741–745.
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640:(tomatoes, aubergines, peppers). Other species in the family
486:
266:
68:
1520:
Nutritional composition of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) tubers
588:
Fertilization, chemical growth, regulators, field management
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509:
490:
1378:"Preventing the introduction and spread of ulluco viruses"
1699:
1477:
Niveles de ploidía de los ullucus cultivados y silvestres
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741:
1537:(in Spanish). Revista Centro Internacional de la Papa.
1522:. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand.
1501:
517:) in a market stall in Calacala, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
604:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
791:
521:Ullucos are cultivated for their edible tubers by
2336:
1533:Brito, B.; Villacres, E. & Espín S. (2003).
706:Fresh tubers of ulluco are a valuable source of
1203:
1609:Cadima, X.; Zeballos, J.; Foronda, E. (2011).
1307:Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha
1318:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). La Paz, Bolivia.
710:, comparable to one of the most world spread
485:have been found to contain starch grains and
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453:
447:
441:
429:
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307:
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722:(6 mg/100 g) and celery but lower than
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1718:Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos
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1544:
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1475:Mendez M; Arbizu C & M Orrillo (1994).
1293:. National Academy Press. pp. 105–113.
617:
362:. They are known to contain high levels of
1752:" Multilingual taxonomic information"
1651:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1425:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1289:National Research Council (U. S.) (1989).
42:
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1518:Busch, Janette; Savage, Geoffrey (2000).
1700:Q. Liu; J. Liu; P. Zhang; S. He (2014).
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1983:b732363a-f42b-4574-b7d8-b44fef6916ae
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238:Ullucus tuberosus subsp. aborigineus
2355:Crops originating from the Americas
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605:Harvest and postharvest treatment
2048:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167633-1
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250:Ullucus tuberosus f. rubriflorus
55:
2365:Crops originating from Colombia
2350:Monotypic Caryophyllales genera
1725:
1462:Agronomy Society of New Zealand
1446:
1369:
1360:
1350:
1304:Ajacopa, Teofilo Laime (2007).
792:Comparison to staple root foods
770:Ulluco is a crop that contains
290:, a plant grown primarily as a
244:Ullucus tuberosus f. albiflorus
2370:Crops originating from Ecuador
2360:Crops originating from Bolivia
2296:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7024-1
1385:planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk
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1257:
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13:
1:
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745:Ulluco tubers in New Zealand
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7:
2375:Crops originating from Peru
1766:International Potato Center
1598:. Research Pennstate 18, 1.
1174:
756:
667:
557:communities in Peru called
10:
2401:
1733:"Nutrient data laboratory"
1312:Quechua-Spanish Dictionary
634:Andean potato latent virus
339:(in Bolivia and Peru), or
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1784:
1442:– via Google Books.
1376:Everatt, Matthew (2017).
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52:Scientific classification
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34:
726:(17.1 mg/100 g) or
618:Diseases, viruses, pests
1756:University of Melbourne
1596:"Keepers of the Seeds"
1432:. National Academies.
746:
650:Potato leaf roll virus
518:
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1594:Brown, N. M. (1997).
1563:10.4160/9789290604822
1046:Riboflavin (B2) (mg)
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512:
354:, second only to the
202:Chenopodium tuberosum
1702:Root and Tuber Crops
1612:Catálogo de Papalisa
766:Antioxidant activity
579:Climate requirements
483:archaeological sites
302:is derived from the
1412:. 26 February 2018.
821:
646:Papaya mosaic virus
523:subsistence farmers
505:Importance and uses
294:, secondarily as a
226:Ullucus aborigineus
1634:Lim, T.K. (2015).
1026:Thiamin (B1) (mg)
919:Dietary fiber (g)
899:Carbohydrates (g)
819:
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662:Rhizoctonia solani
632:is similar to the
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385:has a subspecies,
240:(Brücher) Sperling
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2265:Open Tree of Life
2009:Ullucus tuberosus
1991:Open Tree of Life
1816:Ullucus tuberosus
1786:Ullucus tuberosus
1778:Taxon identifiers
1663:10.1021/jf8012053
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1066:Niacin (B3) (mg)
1006:Retinol (A) (μg)
658:Verticillium wilt
387:Ullucus tuberosus
383:Ullucus tuberosus
287:Ullucus tuberosus
258:
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214:Melloca peruviana
174:Ullucus tuberosus
156:U. tuberosus
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376:herbaceous plant
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196:Basella tuberosa
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1388:. Retrieved
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959:Protein (g)
859:Energy (kJ)
852:
841:Sweet Potato
814:
802:sweet potato
795:
785:anthocyanins
769:
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536:carbohydrate
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138:
137:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
2345:Basellaceae
2190:iNaturalist
2110:Wikispecies
1916:iNaturalist
1810:Wikispecies
1571:10568/81224
902:14.4 - 15.3
882:83.7 - 87.6
781:carotenoids
683:food system
391:aborigineus
298:. The name
280:, with one
278:Basellaceae
128:Basellaceae
95:Angiosperms
2339:Categories
2022:kew-358073
2017:Plant List
1390:2023-12-24
1197:References
1133:Iron (mg)
979:Sugar (g)
879:Water (g)
777:flavonoids
638:Solanaceae
574:Production
527:indigenous
513:Papalisa (
350:region of
2101:Q17393812
1882:242434521
1324:cite book
1229:pp.39-56.
962:1.1 - 2.6
942:0.1 - 1.4
922:0.9 - 4.9
772:betalains
712:root crop
702:Nutrition
689:Cultivars
630:Tymovirus
625:Tymovirus
593:known as
540:vitamin C
150:Species:
65:Kingdom:
2309:40021421
2304:Tropicos
2095:Wikidata
2056:Tropicos
1947:10762717
1934:167633-1
1801:Q1478038
1795:Wikidata
1671:18662012
1357:139-145.
1175:See also
1107:Minerals
1000:Vitamins
939:Fat (g)
853:Nutrient
757:Proteins
751:mucilage
668:Breeding
449:papalisa
372:carotene
187:Synonyms
124:Family:
108:Eudicots
2221:1074124
2169:3083517
2116:Ullucus
2086:Ullucus
2061:3200027
1895:3083518
1838:Ecocrop
1687:Caldas)
836:Cassava
827:Ulluco
806:cassava
720:carrots
551:Quechua
532:protein
495:Bolivia
468:English
461:melloco
438:Spanish
431:milluku
420:Quechua
389:subsp.
368:calcium
364:protein
360:spinach
322:chungua
318:melloco
304:Quechua
282:species
273:in the
262:Ullucus
228:Brücher
139:Ullucus
134:Genus:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
36:Ullucus
2278:PLANTS
2270:494161
2254:NZOR:
2247:108054
2234:500784
2208:7024-1
2195:431721
2156:134113
2030:PLANTS
1996:631080
1980:NZOR:
1973:108055
1960:506585
1921:431718
1856:595290
1669:
1577:
1436:
1314:]
831:Potato
808:, and
798:potato
728:potato
716:potato
714:, the
599:mashua
565:lingli
555:Aymara
547:jicama
477:Origin
472:Ulluco
455:ulluco
443:olluco
425:ulluku
413:ullucu
407:ulluma
402:Aymara
370:, and
356:potato
348:Andean
341:ulluma
330:olluco
314:illaco
309:ulluku
300:ulluco
275:family
252:Kuntze
246:Kuntze
180:Caldas
144:Caldas
18:Ulluco
2283:ULLUC
2216:IRMNG
2182:12547
2143:1ULLG
2130:63VWG
1942:IRMNG
1908:40814
1869:ULLTU
1830:7DG8L
1616:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1310:[
1191:Yacón
1148:0.54
1101:17.1
1081:0.55
1061:0.03
1041:0.11
954:0.17
560:chuño
487:xylem
306:word
267:genus
265:is a
198:Kunth
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
2291:POWO
2242:NCBI
2229:ITIS
2203:IPNI
2177:GRIN
2164:GBIF
2138:EPPO
2043:POWO
2035:ULTU
2004:PfaF
1968:NCBI
1955:ITIS
1929:IPNI
1903:GRIN
1890:GBIF
1864:EPPO
1843:2120
1667:PMID
1575:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1330:link
1145:0.61
1142:0.27
1139:0.78
1095:20.6
1092:19.7
1089:11.5
1078:0.56
1075:0.85
1072:1.05
1058:0.06
1055:0.05
1052:0.03
1049:0.03
1038:0.08
1035:0.09
1032:0.08
1029:0.05
994:0.5
991:4.18
985:0.78
974:1.5
951:0.05
948:0.28
945:0.09
934:4.1
874:494
783:and
724:yams
597:and
553:and
538:and
493:and
491:Peru
337:lisa
334:papa
326:ruba
234:Moq.
216:Moq.
210:Moq.
204:Ruiz
2317:WFO
2151:FNA
2125:CoL
2069:WFO
1877:FNA
1851:EoL
1825:CoL
1659:doi
1567:hdl
1559:doi
1186:Oca
1168:55
1136:1.1
1128:17
1098:2.4
1069:0.2
988:1.7
971:1.6
968:1.4
965:2.0
928:1.8
925:2.2
914:28
894:70
871:360
868:670
865:322
846:Yam
810:yam
595:oca
563:or
332:or
324:or
269:of
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