164:
176:
140:
17:
222:
is the
Barbell horn. Barbell horns are able to amplify ultrasonic amplitudes while retaining large output diameters and radiating areas. It is, therefore, possible to directly reproduce laboratory optimization studies in a commercial production environment by switching from Converging to Barbell horns while maintaining high ultrasonic amplitudes. If correctly scaled up, the processes generate the same reproducible results on the plant floor as they do in the laboratory.
25:
259:
Consumer products, automotive components, medical devices and most all industries utilize
Ultrasonics. Metal inserts may be secured in plastic and dissimilar materials can often be bonded with proper tooling design. Ultrasonic horns come in a variety of shapes and designs, but all must be tuned to a
263:
Ultrasonic welding utilizes high frequency, vertical motion to produce heat and the flow of thermoplastic material at the interface of mated parts. Pressure is maintained after the delivery of energy is stopped to allow re-solidification of interwoven plastic at the joint, securing the parts with a
221:
reactors, ultrasonic homogenizers and ultrasonic milling systems intended for the treatment of large volumes of liquids at high ultrasonic amplitudes (ultrasonic mixing, production of nanoemulsions, solid particle dispersing, ultrasonic nanocrystallization, etc.), the preferred ultrasonic horn type
197:
Frequently, an ultrasonic horn has a transitional section with a longitudinal cross-section profile that converges towards the output end. Thus, the horn’s longitudinal oscillation amplitude increases towards the output end, while the area of its transverse cross-section decreases. Ultrasonic horns
130:
Ultrasonic horns may be classified by the following main features: 1) Longitudinal cross-section shape – stepped, exponential, conical, catenoidal, etc. 2) Transverse cross-section shape – round, rectangular, etc. 3) Number of elements with different longitudinal cross-section profile – common and
122:
horn, which has a large rectangular transverse cross-section and a variable-shape longitudinal cross-section, and more complex composite horns. The devices from this group are used with solid treated media. The length of the device must be such that there is mechanical resonance at the desired
123:
ultrasonic frequency of operation – one or multiple half wavelengths of ultrasound in the horn material, with sound speed dependence on the horn’s cross-section taken into account. In a common assembly, the ultrasonic horn is rigidly connected to the ultrasonic
61:
operating at the low end of the ultrasonic frequency spectrum (commonly between 15 and 100 kHz). The device is necessary because the amplitudes provided by the transducers themselves are insufficient for most practical applications of power
225:
Maximum achievable ultrasonic amplitude depends, primarily, on the properties of the material from which an ultrasonic horn is made as well as on the shape of its longitudinal cross-section. Commonly, the horns are made from
192:
A horn in an ultrasonic drill from 1955. The horn, the long tapering steel rod at center, couples the ultrasonic transducer in the housing at top to the tool which presses against the workpiece on the worktable at
320:
206:, cutting, making surgical tools, molten metal treatment, etc. Converging ultrasonic horns are also commonly included in laboratory liquid processors used for a variety of process studies, including
189:
181:
Longitudinal cross-section of a round full-wave
Barbell horn, where L1, L3, L5 – cylindrical sections, L2 – exponential transitional section, L4 – conical transitional section
102:). Ultrasonic processing of liquids relies of intense shear forces and extreme local conditions (temperatures up to 5000 K and pressures up to 1000 atm) generated by acoustic
131:
composite. A composite ultrasonic horn has a transitional section with a certain longitudinal cross-section shape (non-cylindrical), positioned between cylindrical sections.
311:
Peshkovsky, S.L. and
Peshkovsky, A.S., "Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: Acoustic horn design principles", Ultrason. Sonochem., 2007. 14: p. 314–322.
264:
homogeneous or mechanical bond. This process offers an environmentally friendly means of assembly as opposed to conventional adhesives or mechanical fasteners.
169:
Longitudinal cross-section of a round composite converging half-wave ultrasonic horn, where L1,L3 – cylindrical sections, L2 – catenoidal transitional section
114:
The ultrasonic horn is commonly a solid metal rod with a round transverse cross-section and a variable-shape longitudinal cross-section - the
145:
Longitudinal cross-sections of simple half-wavelength ultrasonic horns: 1 – conical, 2 – exponential or catenoidal, 3 - stepped.
299:
Peshkovsky, S.L. and
Peshkovsky, A.S., "Shock-wave model of acoustic cavitation", Ultrason. Sonochem., 2008. 15: p. 618–628.
57:) is a tapering metal bar commonly used for augmenting the oscillation displacement amplitude provided by an ultrasonic
422:
403:
340:
66:. Another function of the ultrasonic horn is to efficiently transfer the acoustic energy from the ultrasonic
367:
356:
79:
331:
Abramov, O.V., "High-intensity ultrasonics: theory and industrial applications", 1999: CRC Press. 692.
163:
175:
260:
specific operating frequency; the most common being 15 kHz, 20 kHz, and 40 kHz.
203:
75:
8:
441:
95:
238:
or powdered metals. The most common and simple to make transitional section shapes are
199:
71:
418:
399:
139:
378:
20:
Conventional
Converging Ultrasonic Horn, produced by Industrial Sonomechanics, LLC
239:
235:
231:
227:
99:
87:
341:"Ultrasonic Horn Designs and Properties", Industrial Sonomechanics website, 2011
396:
Applied
Sonochemistry: The Uses of Power Ultrasound in Chemistry and Processing
198:
of this type are used primarily as parts of various ultrasonic instruments for
16:
435:
368:"Ultrasonic Liquid Processor Systems", Industrial Sonomechanics website, 2011
218:
207:
83:
357:"Barbell Horn Ultrasonic Technology", Industrial Sonomechanics website, 2011
28:
Full-wave
Barbell Ultrasonic Horn, produced by Industrial Sonomechanics, LLC
217:
In high-power industrial ultrasonic liquid processors, such as commercial
24:
412:
188:
124:
103:
67:
63:
58:
49:
42:
243:
211:
91:
393:
70:
into the treated media, which may be solid (for example, in
285:
413:
Yatish T. Shah; A. B. Pandit; V. S. Moholkar (1999).
295:
293:
290:
433:
334:
307:
305:
157:- distributions of amplitude and deformation
361:
302:
394:T. J. Mason; J. Phillip Lorimer (2002).
187:
78:) or liquid (for example, in ultrasonic
23:
15:
434:
352:
350:
348:
286:Industrial Sonomechanics website, 2011
281:
279:
277:
345:
13:
387:
274:
14:
453:
118:horn. Another group includes the
379:"Ultrasonics", ToolTex.com, 2013
234:, such as 440C, and, sometimes,
174:
162:
138:
415:Cavitation Reaction Engineering
249:
372:
325:
314:
214:, dispersing and many others.
109:
1:
267:
7:
254:
10:
458:
74:, ultrasonic cutting or
127:using a threaded stud.
194:
29:
21:
191:
27:
19:
204:ultrasonic soldering
76:ultrasonic soldering
321:Sonic Power website
230:, such as Ti6Al4V,
200:ultrasonic welding
195:
72:ultrasonic welding
30:
22:
449:
428:
409:
381:
376:
370:
365:
359:
354:
343:
338:
332:
329:
323:
318:
312:
309:
300:
297:
288:
283:
178:
166:
142:
55:ultrasonic probe
457:
456:
452:
451:
450:
448:
447:
446:
432:
431:
425:
406:
390:
388:Further reading
385:
384:
377:
373:
366:
362:
355:
346:
339:
335:
330:
326:
319:
315:
310:
303:
298:
291:
284:
275:
270:
257:
252:
236:aluminum alloys
232:stainless steel
228:titanium alloys
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
179:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
143:
112:
100:cell disruption
36:(also known as
34:ultrasonic horn
12:
11:
5:
455:
445:
444:
430:
429:
423:
410:
404:
389:
386:
383:
382:
371:
360:
344:
333:
324:
313:
301:
289:
272:
271:
269:
266:
256:
253:
251:
248:
212:emulsification
180:
173:
172:
168:
161:
160:
147:In all figures
144:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
111:
108:
92:emulsification
80:homogenization
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
454:
443:
440:
439:
437:
426:
424:0-306-46141-2
420:
416:
411:
407:
405:3-527-30205-0
401:
398:. Wiley-VCH.
397:
392:
391:
380:
375:
369:
364:
358:
353:
351:
349:
342:
337:
328:
322:
317:
308:
306:
296:
294:
287:
282:
280:
278:
273:
265:
261:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
190:
177:
165:
156:
152:
148:
141:
132:
128:
126:
121:
117:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:sonochemistry
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
44:
39:
38:acoustic horn
35:
26:
18:
417:. Springer.
414:
395:
374:
363:
336:
327:
316:
262:
258:
250:Applications
224:
219:sonochemical
216:
208:sonochemical
196:
154:
150:
146:
129:
119:
115:
113:
54:
47:
41:
37:
33:
31:
110:Description
442:Ultrasound
268:References
244:catenoidal
125:transducer
104:cavitation
68:transducer
64:ultrasound
59:transducer
50:waveguide
48:acoustic
43:sonotrode
436:Category
255:Plastics
96:spraying
240:conical
193:bottom.
88:milling
421:
402:
120:block
419:ISBN
400:ISBN
242:and
155:e(z)
153:and
151:V(z)
116:rod
98:or
32:An
438::
347:^
304:^
292:^
276:^
246:.
210:,
202:,
149::
106:.
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
53:,
46:,
40:,
427:.
408:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
