4688:
4554:
3713:
3646:
3515:
2898:
2500:
70:
63:
50:
38:
679:
489:
1061:, INA's research vessel at the time. The excavation site utilized an underwater telephone booth and air-lifts. The mapping of the site was done by triangulation. Meter tapes and metal squares were used as an orientation aid for excavators. Since the completion of the excavation in September 1994, all efforts have been concentrated on full-time conservation, study, and sampling for analysis in the conservation laboratory of the
1057:, and was then turned over to INA's vice president for Turkey, Cemal Pulak, who directed the excavation from 1985 to 1994. The wreck lay between 44 and 52 meters deep on a steep, rocky slope riddled with sand pockets. Half of the staff members who aided in the excavation lived in a camp built into the southeastern face of the promontory, which the ship most likely hit, while the other half lived aboard the
475:
The origins of the objects aboard the ship range geographically from northern Europe to Africa, as far west as Sicily and
Sardinia, and as far east as Mesopotamia. They appear to be the products of nine or ten cultures. These proveniences indicate that the Late Bronze Age Aegean was the medium of an
441:
dating in order to obtain an absolute date for the ship. A branch loaded on the ship was determined to exhibit tree-rings as late as 1305 BC; but given that no bark has survived it is impossible to determine if it had further, younger rings. It has been assumed that the ship sank not long after that
479:
According to a reconstruction by various scholars, the
Uluburun shipwreck illustrates a thriving commercial sea network of the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean. In this case, a huge mixed cargo of luxury items, royal gifts and raw materials. Based on the findings, it has been suggested that Mycenaean
460:
for the construction phase. Other samples, including perishable items from short-lived species, like rope and dunnage, were construed to have come on board the ship in the phase of the last voyage. The two phases constrained each other, and
Bayesian statistics was used to produce date ranges of
685:
1 gold disk-shaped pendant 2. gold falcon pendant 3. gold goddess pendant 4. faience beads 5. rock crystal beads 6. agate beads 7. faience beads 8. ostrich eggshell beads 9. silver bracelets 10. gold scrap 11. gold chalice 12. accreted mass of tiny faience beads 13. silver scrap
578:
Out of the total number of ingots at least 31 unique two-handled ingots were identified that were most likely shaped this way to assist the process of loading ingots onto specially designed saddles or harnesses for ease of transport over long distances by pack
442:
date. Kuniholm later cautioned that the low quality of the sample does not allow an "especially strong" dating. After a radiocarbon calibration of the entire
Anatolian dendrochronological sequence, Kuniholm suggested a new date, ca. 1327 BC.
421:, at the time an important redistribution centre for the Aegean, has been suggested as a possible destination. According to the excavators of the shipwreck, the probable final destination of the ship was one of the
400:, to send out an inspection team of the Museum and INA archaeologists to locate the wreck site. The inspection team was able to locate several amounts of copper ingots just 50 metres from the shore of Uluburun.
408:
With the evidence provided from the cargo on the ship it can be assumed that the ship set sail from either a
Cypriot or Syro-Palestinian port. The Uluburun ship was undoubtedly sailing to the region west of
375:
Eleven consecutive campaigns of three to four months' duration took place from 1984 to 1994 totaling 22,413 dives, revealing one of the most spectacular Late Bronze Age assemblages to have emerged from the
527:. The ship carried 24 stone anchors. The stone is of a type almost completely unknown in the Aegean, but is often built into the temples of Syria-Palestine and on Cyprus. Brushwood and sticks served as
585:
The oxhide ingots were originally stowed in 4 distinct rows across the ship's hold, which either slipped down the slope after the ship sank or shifted as the hull settled under the weight of the cargo.
659:
have produced a specific clay fabric designation, and it is seemingly the same as that from the
Uluburun shipwreck, of a type that is exclusively associated in Amarna with transporting Pistacia resin.
1477:
Daniel Berger et al, "Why
Central Asia’s Mushiston is not a source for the Late Bronze Age tin ingots from the Uluburun shipwreck", Front. Earth Sci., Sec. Geochemistry Volume 11, 04 August 2023
413:, but her ultimate destination can be concluded only from the distribution of objects matching the types carried on board. It has been proposed that ship's destination was a port somewhere in the
612:
mine in Turkey's Taurus
Mountains. The ingots suffer from corrosion and likely contamination. However, unlike some other tin ingots from the eastern Mediterranean, they do not fit the profile of
3493:
1411:"Isotope systematics and chemical composition of tin ingots from Mochlos (Crete) and other Late Bronze Age sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: An ultimate key to tin provenance?"
1939:
3194:
1409:
Berger, Daniel; Soles, Jeffrey S.; Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra R.; Brügmann, Gerhard; Galili, Ehud; Lockhoff, Nicole; Pernicka, Ernst (2019-06-26). Zerboni, Andrea (ed.).
672:
Chemical composition of cobalt blue glass ingots matches those of contemporary
Egyptian core-formed vessels and Mycenaean pendant beads, which suggests a common source.
515:
appears to be rudimentary, perhaps more of a keel-plank than a keel in the traditional sense. The ship was built with planks and keel of
Lebanese cedar and oak tenons.
472:
due to the unique gold scarab engraved with her name found aboard the ship. For now, a conclusion that the ship sank at the end of the 14th century BC is accepted.
500:
The distribution of the wreckage and the scattered cargo indicates that the ship was between 15 and 16 metres (49 and 52 ft) long. It was constructed by the
546:
The Uluburun ship's cargo consisted mostly of raw materials that were trade items, which before the ship's discovery were known primarily from ancient texts or
2417:
3903:
3819:
3697:
1806:
Mumford, Gregory D. "Mediterranean Area". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Oxford University Press, Inc. 2001, 2005.
1881:
119:
4046:
3908:
3221:
3169:
4731:
93:
Uneven slope of the headland's shelf, 44 m (144 ft) to 52 m (171 ft) deep, with artifacts down to 61 m (200 ft)
1810:
Nicholson, Paul T.; Jackson, Caroline M.; Trott, Katherine M. (1997). "The Ulu Burun Glass Ingots, Cylindrical Vessels and Egyptian Glass".
4716:
3913:
1974:
388:
The shipwreck site was discovered in the summer of 1982 due to Mehmet Çakir's sketching of “the metal biscuits with ears” recognized as
4456:
4436:
2372:
4524:
3569:
4736:
3702:
1285:
Manning, Sturt W. (2009). "Absolute Age of the Uluburun Shipwreck: A Key Late Bronze Age Time-Capsule for the East Mediterranean".
396:(INA) survey team on how to identify ancient wrecks while diving for sponges. Çakir's findings urged Oğuz Alpözen, Director of the
4112:
3606:
1062:
493:
397:
4446:
968:
weights (Uluburun weight assemblage is one of the largest and most complete groups of contemporaneous Late Bronze Age weights).
3973:
3692:
1296:
501:
77:
Site of the wreck 50 m (160 ft) off the eastern shore of Uluburun, and 6 mi (9.7 km) to the southeast of
4394:
608:
In 2022 one third of the tin was found to come from the Mušiston mine in Uzbekistan. The other share likely came from the
62:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4726:
4441:
4345:
3584:
820:
Among the 37 gold pieces are: pectorals, medallions, pendants, beads, a small ring ingot, and an assortment of fragments.
637:
Jars are categorized as the northern type and were most likely made somewhere in the northern part of modern-day Israel.
4776:
1352:
1198:
1159:
669:
Approximately 175 glass ingots of cobalt blue, turquoise, and lavender were found (earliest intact glass ingots known).
1659:
Pulak, Cemal (2005). "Discovering a Royal Ship from the Age of King Tut: Uluburun, Turkey". In Bass, George F. (ed.).
4451:
3841:
1050:
393:
308:
1876:
640:
One jar filled with glass beads, many filled with olives, but the majority contained a substance known as Pistacia (
4476:
4383:
3343:
1935:
331:
4203:
3554:
3179:
2321:
1967:
2242:
1395:
4756:
4193:
3600:
3579:
1677:
4494:
748:
Bronze and copper vessels (four faience drinking cups shaped as rams’ heads and one shaped as a woman's head).
4741:
4537:
4519:
4167:
3199:
1288:
Tree-Rings, Kings and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm
4721:
4461:
4058:
3677:
3616:
3446:
3256:
609:
511:
Even though there has been a detailed examination of Uluburun's hull, there is no evidence of framing. The
4711:
4514:
3891:
3794:
3333:
3092:
1949:, 2017. The Ships that Changed History Symposium, Nautical Archaeology Program, Texas A&M University.
1054:
752:
279:
461:
varying probabilities. The most likely date of the sinking of the ship was rounded up to 1320±15 years.
4761:
4370:
3633:
3476:
3348:
3238:
1996:
1960:
1475:
1767:
186:
Depth differential is 8 m (26 ft) vertical, with scattered artifacts, 17 m (56 ft)
4603:
4532:
4107:
3963:
3896:
3122:
3065:
4024:
4751:
4644:
4364:
4149:
3856:
3383:
3378:
3184:
2915:
2465:
2118:
1983:
4251:
1903:
1889:
Ward, Cheryl (2003). "Pomegranates in Eastern Mediterranean Contexts during the Late Bronze Age".
4746:
4593:
4466:
4122:
4070:
3773:
3564:
3471:
3358:
2993:
2344:
4509:
2933:
352:
dated to the late 14th century BC, discovered close to the east shore of Uluburun (Grand Cape),
4631:
4499:
4144:
3953:
3948:
3878:
3768:
3611:
3483:
3216:
2646:
2597:
2540:
2485:
2339:
1898:
1675:
Bass, George F. (December 1987). "Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age".
1223:
Manning, Sturt W.; Kromer, Bernd; Kuniholm, Peter Ian; Newton, Maryanne W. (21 December 2001).
547:
1342:
1149:
4622:
4504:
4178:
4154:
4009:
3488:
3373:
3271:
3246:
2838:
2717:
2671:
2602:
2567:
1885:
J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J.M. Evans (eds.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Exhibition Catalog.
1702:
Bass, George F.; et al. (1989). "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign".
1188:
613:
2803:
2311:
954:
was found with partially extant ivory hinges. It likely would have had wax writing surfaces.
4598:
4471:
4411:
4264:
4198:
4041:
4029:
3873:
3682:
3441:
3436:
3338:
3298:
3102:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2535:
1779:
1422:
1236:
3628:
8:
4660:
4588:
4416:
4406:
4377:
4245:
4078:
4019:
3589:
3498:
3398:
3388:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3288:
3283:
3204:
3060:
2938:
2883:
2808:
2232:
2196:
634:
At least 149 Canaanite jars (widely found in Greece, Cyprus, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt).
1783:
1426:
1240:
207:
Wooden, single-mast, two-prow (stem, stern) sailing ship with one steering oar on a side
4357:
3814:
3799:
3594:
3549:
3544:
3393:
2943:
2555:
1947:
Uluburun Shipwreck (1320 BC) and the Late Bronze Age Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
1916:
1864:
1856:
1827:
1727:
1719:
1651:
1626:
1618:
1589:
1581:
1515:
1507:
1453:
1410:
1302:
1262:
1225:"Anatolian Tree Rings and a New Chronology for the East Mediterranean Bronze-Iron Ages"
598:
Approximately one ton of tin (when alloyed with the copper would make about 11 tons of
457:
446:
434:
298:
4277:
3938:
3886:
3868:
3809:
3431:
3368:
3363:
3293:
3189:
3149:
3144:
3127:
3097:
2763:
2707:
2701:
2550:
2527:
2349:
2279:
2237:
1920:
1868:
1795:
1731:
1690:
1682:
1630:
1601:
Pulak, Cemal (1988). "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign".
1593:
1519:
1458:
1440:
1348:
1292:
1254:
1194:
1155:
698:
505:
377:
357:
1266:
4583:
4318:
4034:
3778:
3687:
3408:
3403:
3211:
3154:
3137:
3107:
3038:
2813:
2592:
2470:
2397:
2217:
2093:
1908:
1848:
1819:
1787:
1752:
1711:
1647:
1610:
1573:
1564:
Bass, George F (1986). "A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kas): 1984 Campaign".
1499:
1448:
1430:
1244:
1074:
933:
592:
464:
Based on ceramic evidence, it appears that the Uluburun sank toward the end of the
438:
422:
216:
27:
4270:
4139:
3999:
3353:
3313:
3251:
2354:
2289:
2143:
1435:
867:
346:
106:
4051:
1912:
271:
Excavational dives directed by George Bass in 1984, and Cemal Pulak in 1985–1994
4305:
4239:
3994:
3753:
3621:
3426:
3421:
3132:
3085:
3003:
2948:
2676:
2582:
2545:
2392:
2254:
2088:
1741:"Uluburun - the discovery and excavation of the world's oldest known shipwreck"
944:
571:
Raw copper cargo totaling ten tons, consisting of a total of 354 ingots of the
551:
531:
to help protect the ship's planks from the metal ingots and other heavy cargo.
516:
199:
Unknown. The cargo was probably Mycenaean, deduced from the major type of ingot
1946:
1791:
1396:"Findings from 3,300-year-old Uluburun shipwreck reveal complex trade network"
947:
made of green volcanic stone that originates from the modern Bulgarian region.
360:. The shipwreck was discovered in the summer of 1982 by Mehmed Çakir, a local
49:
4705:
4653:
4338:
4298:
4284:
3943:
3758:
3533:
3080:
3075:
3048:
2976:
2873:
2407:
2329:
2078:
2058:
2021:
1799:
1694:
1686:
1478:
1444:
656:
465:
450:
361:
320:
134:
121:
4291:
2614:
1306:
1286:
1249:
1224:
449:
tests on several samples of plant material from the site. A sample from the
4399:
4089:
4083:
3989:
3984:
3923:
3804:
3159:
3033:
3008:
2960:
2953:
2878:
2793:
2429:
2364:
2222:
2160:
2083:
2041:
1462:
1272:
1258:
848:
Bronze female figurine (head, neck, hands, and feet covered in sheet gold).
708:
652:
572:
389:
4324:
365:
4638:
4221:
4160:
3979:
3933:
3918:
3846:
3574:
3053:
2858:
2753:
2560:
2296:
2227:
2133:
2051:
2036:
1026:
1011:
929:
476:
international trade perhaps based on royal gift-giving in the Near East.
4676:
2733:
1053:(INA) began excavating in July 1984 under the direction of its founder,
4173:
4004:
3863:
3851:
3763:
3672:
3261:
3013:
2681:
2656:
2635:
2577:
2439:
2412:
2128:
2008:
1882:
Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.
1860:
1831:
1511:
965:
645:
414:
3928:
1723:
1622:
1585:
4183:
4096:
3112:
3070:
3043:
2853:
2798:
2782:
2640:
2480:
2434:
2359:
2334:
2301:
2155:
2098:
2073:
1757:
1740:
1021:
1006:
913:
858:
842:
780:
641:
555:
469:
349:
1952:
1852:
1823:
1503:
4331:
2833:
2828:
2696:
2651:
2572:
2460:
2455:
2424:
2181:
2138:
2103:
2068:
2016:
1715:
1614:
1577:
986:
835:
831:
724:
721:
712:
678:
621:
488:
2778:
4616:
4063:
3559:
3451:
2848:
2818:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2738:
2691:
2661:
2384:
2191:
2186:
2123:
2063:
2026:
1768:"The provenance of some glass ingots from the Uluburun shipwreck"
951:
909:
898:
824:
817:
Collection of usable and scrap gold and silver Canaanite jewelry.
798:
736:
528:
520:
102:
4667:
4312:
4133:
3117:
3023:
2868:
2823:
2768:
2728:
2712:
2686:
2630:
2475:
2402:
2306:
2274:
2264:
2212:
2113:
2046:
1408:
1036:
981:
925:
905:
894:
873:
786:
599:
524:
508:
similar to those of the Graeco-Roman ships of later centuries.
418:
410:
369:
353:
595:
indicates that most or all of the copper is sourced in Cyprus.
78:
3028:
3018:
2863:
2843:
2788:
2748:
2722:
2666:
2165:
1032:
1016:
1001:
996:
921:
890:
804:
774:
768:
730:
704:
651:
Recent clay fabric analyses of Canaanite jar sherds from the
575:
type (rectangular with handholds extending from each corner).
559:
1638:
Pulak, Cemal (1998). "The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview".
37:
2625:
2284:
2269:
2249:
2150:
2031:
1222:
937:
792:
588:
512:
453:
1839:
Payton, Robert (1991). "The Ulu Burun Writing-Board Set".
1490:
Payton, Robert (2013). "The Ulu Burun Writing-Board Set".
550:. The cargo matches many of the royal gifts listed in the
2259:
991:
917:
880:
617:
541:
This is a list of the cargo as described by Pulak (1998).
178:
180 m (1,900 sq ft), horizontal plot-plan
1273:
The Uluburun Shipwreck - a Dendrochronological Scandal
170:
About 18 m (59 ft) E-W, horizontal plot-plan
162:
About 10 m (33 ft) N-S, horizontal plot plan
2516:
1809:
701:
from Africa (referred to as ebony by the Egyptians).
392:. Turkish sponge divers were often consulted by the
1318:
1316:
480:officials were also aboard accompanying the gifts.
1173:
1171:
1640:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
4703:
1877:The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade
1765:
1663:. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 34–47.
1344:The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History
1313:
258:Collision with the headland, perhaps wind-driven
1738:
1681:. Vol. 172, no. 6. pp. 692–733.
1168:
624:. More recent research disputed these results.
215:In use late 14th century BC; date obtained by
1968:
950:A small (9.5 x 6.2 cm), folding boxwood
468:, but could not have sunk before the time of
319:Objects may be viewed in the exhibit at the
290:Conservation, sampling and study are ongoing
733:opercula (possible ingredient for incense).
242:Mycenaean, Cypriote, judging by the pottery
4510:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
4457:International Congress of Maritime Museums
4437:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3729:
1975:
1961:
1479:https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1211478
1193:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
886:A single armor scale of Near Eastern type.
69:
4570:
4525:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1902:
1756:
1452:
1434:
1248:
456:of the ship was construed as providing a
42:Wooden model of the ship's reconstruction
1190:Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World
1186:
677:
487:
16:14th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck
4495:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1284:
1147:
1141:
1063:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
841:Gold scarab inscribed with the name of
494:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
398:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
321:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
4704:
4447:European Association of Archaeologists
1838:
1766:Jackson, C. M.; Nicholson, P. (2010).
1489:
1340:
605:Tin ingots were oxhide and bun shaped.
4569:
3728:
3703:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3661:
3531:
3530:
2913:
2515:
1994:
1982:
1956:
1658:
1637:
1600:
718:More than a dozen hippopotamus teeth.
4732:Archaeological discoveries in Turkey
1888:
1739:Fawcett, N.; Zietsman, J.C. (2001).
1701:
1674:
1563:
764:More than two dozen sea-shell rings.
4717:Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
4442:Archaeological Institute of America
1180:
394:Institute of Nautical Archaeology's
13:
1668:
1652:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x
1151:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
519:is indigenous to the mountains of
20:Uluburun Late Bronze Age Shipwreck
14:
4793:
4452:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
3842:Coastal defence and fortification
3217:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
2517:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1936:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
1928:
1772:Journal of Archaeological Science
1051:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
827:(largest gold object from wreck).
758:Ivory cosmetics or unguent spoon.
707:in the form of whole and partial
630:Canaanite jars and Pistacia resin
403:
309:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4686:
4552:
4477:Society for American Archaeology
3711:
3644:
3513:
2896:
2498:
68:
61:
48:
36:
4737:1982 archaeological discoveries
3909:Phoenician discovery of America
1812:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1704:American Journal of Archaeology
1603:American Journal of Archaeology
1566:American Journal of Archaeology
1557:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1483:
1469:
1402:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1334:
1325:
1278:
1216:
1207:
582:121 copper bun and oval ingots.
523:, southern Turkey, and central
311:, an international organization
3601:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1:
4520:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
3195:Phoenician maritime expansion
1080:
1044:
971:120 geometric-shaped weights.
425:palaces, in mainland Greece.
4462:Nautical Archaeology Society
1436:10.1371/journal.pone.0218326
1154:. Eisenbrauns. p. 136.
644:) resin, an ancient type of
383:
7:
4515:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
3892:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
3698:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
3555:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
2914:
1995:
1913:10.1080/0043824021000026495
1068:
616:, and generally compare to
250:Crew of the merchant vessel
10:
4798:
4782:Maritime history of Greece
4772:Maritime history of Turkey
4767:Maritime history of Cyprus
4727:Ships preserved in museums
4371:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3662:
3212:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
3205:Circumnavigation of Africa
830:Egyptian objects of gold,
217:dendrochronological dating
4777:Economy of ancient Greece
4684:
4576:
4565:
4550:
4485:
4427:
4230:
4214:
3962:
3897:Samothrace temple complex
3832:
3787:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3709:
3668:
3657:
3642:
3540:
3526:
3511:
3464:
3417:
3270:
3237:
3230:
3168:
2969:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2894:
2613:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2496:
2448:
2383:
2320:
2205:
2174:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1792:10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.040
1347:. John Wiley & Sons.
1341:Demand, Nancy H. (2011).
1271:. Cited in James, Peter,
1187:Tartaron, Thomas (2013).
1148:Richard, Suzanne (2003).
813:Jewelry, gold, and silver
483:
437:was assigned the task of
428:
326:
315:
304:
294:
286:
275:
267:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
226:Sank late 14th century BC
222:
211:
203:
195:
190:
182:
174:
166:
158:
150:
113:
97:
89:
56:
47:
35:
24:
3185:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1031:A few grains of charred
534:
506:mortise-and-tenon joints
492:Lifesize replica at the
4467:RPM Nautical Foundation
4204:Surviving ancient ships
4123:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1934:Continuing work by the
1250:10.1126/science.1066112
1129:Bass, 1986 pp. 269–270.
904:Large number of tools:
548:Egyptian tomb paintings
4500:Giza Solar boat museum
3954:Underwater exploration
3949:Underwater archaeology
3914:Pre-Columbian theories
3769:John Sinclair Morrison
3730:Research and education
3180:Austronesian Expansion
1875:Pulak, Cemal (2008). "
1661:Beneath the Seven Seas
751:Two duck-shaped ivory
688:
497:
4757:Mycenaean archaeology
4571:Legend and literature
4529:Viking ship museums:
4505:Grand Egyptian Museum
4265:Austronesian replicas
4240:Heyerdahl expeditions
4150:Caligula's Giant Ship
4010:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2672:Berenice Troglodytica
901:, and Italian types).
681:
567:Copper and tin ingots
491:
268:Excavation dates
154:Site of a sunken ship
135:36.12861°N 29.68583°E
4742:Shipwrecks of Turkey
4472:Sea Research Society
3874:Maritime archaeology
3683:Ameinias the Phocian
3678:Mediterranean piracy
445:Manning et al. made
247:Associated with
4722:Bronze Age Anatolia
3565:Maritime Jade Route
2718:Kaveri Poompattinam
1784:2010JArSc..37..295J
1678:National Geographic
1427:2019PLoSO..1418326B
1376:Pulak, 1998 p. 213
1367:Pulak, 1998 p. 210.
1241:2001Sci...294.2532M
1111:Pulak, 1998 p. 188.
960:Pan-balance weights
693:Miscellaneous cargo
439:dendrochronological
334:. 23 February 2020.
131: /
21:
4712:Ancient shipwrecks
4113:Bajo de la Campana
3815:Peter Throckmorton
3800:Jean-Yves Empereur
3774:William L. Rodgers
3595:Maritime Silk Road
1541:Pulak, 1998 p. 189
1331:Pulak, 1998 p. 220
1213:Pulak, 1998 p. 214
1102:Pulak, 1998 p. 188
879:Lugged shaft-hole
745:Cypriot oil lamps.
689:
502:shell-first method
498:
458:terminus post quem
447:Radiocarbon dating
435:Cornell University
433:Peter Kuniholm of
343:Uluburun Shipwreck
332:"Uluburun, Turkey"
316:Public access
299:Republic of Turkey
140:36.12861; 29.68583
19:
4762:History of Cyprus
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4561:
4560:
4548:
4547:
4168:Madrague de Giens
3887:Temple of Isthmia
3883:Maritime temples
3869:Marine navigation
3828:
3827:
3820:Shelley Wachsmann
3810:J. Richard Steffy
3720:
3719:
3653:
3652:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3460:
3459:
3190:Ocean exploration
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2551:Rutter (nautical)
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2350:Mortise and tenon
1984:Ancient seafaring
1940:Archived old site
1891:World Archaeology
1841:Anatolian Studies
1550:Bass, 1986 p. 272
1532:Pulak, 2005 p. 35
1492:Anatolian Studies
1385:Pulak, 2005 p. 43
1322:Pulak, 2005 p. 46
1298:978-1-84217-386-2
1177:Pulak, 2005 p. 47
1138:Pulak, 1988 p. 36
1120:Bass, 1986 p. 269
1093:Pulak, 2005 p. 34
854:Weapons and tools
683:Egyptian jewelry
614:tin from Cornwall
378:Mediterranean Sea
368:, a village near
358:Mediterranean Sea
339:
338:
4789:
4690:
4689:
4584:Ark of bulrushes
4567:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4194:Oldest surviving
3904:Nusantao network
3779:Chester G. Starr
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3688:Cilician pirates
3659:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3585:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3580:Iron Age Britain
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3235:
3234:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2814:Ptolemais Theron
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2094:Single-outrigger
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1924:
1906:
1872:
1835:
1803:
1762:
1760:
1758:10.7445/46-0-116
1735:
1698:
1664:
1655:
1634:
1597:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1438:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1252:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1075:History of money
771:(Baltic origin).
742:Cypriot pottery.
593:isotope analysis
335:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
72:
71:
65:
52:
40:
30:for "Grand Cape"
22:
18:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4752:14th century BC
4702:
4701:
4700:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4572:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4487:
4481:
4429:
4428:Institutes and
4423:
4378:Viking replicas
4319:Balangay Voyage
4232:
4226:
4210:
3965:
3958:
3834:
3824:
3783:
3731:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3664:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3536:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3456:
3413:
3266:
3226:
3171:
3164:
2965:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2764:Mueang Phra Rot
2618:
2609:
2518:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2444:
2418:Triangular sail
2379:
2316:
2290:Sail components
2201:
2170:
2144:Tessarakonteres
1999:
1986:
1981:
1931:
1853:10.2307/3642932
1824:10.2307/3822462
1671:
1669:Further reading
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1504:10.2307/3642932
1488:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1421:(6): e0218326.
1407:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1291:. Oxbow Books.
1283:
1279:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1071:
1047:
753:cosmetics boxes
727:(upper shells).
687:
684:
537:
486:
431:
406:
386:
347:Late Bronze Age
330:
234:Late Bronze Age
139:
137:
133:
130:
125:
122:
120:
118:
117:
107:Turquoise Coast
85:
84:
83:
82:
75:
74:
73:
43:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:1982 in Turkey
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4353:Mediterranean
4351:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4306:Alingano Maisu
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4155:De Meern ships
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:Cape Gelidonya
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3788:Archaeologists
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:David Blackman
3750:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Jewish pirates
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Lake Trasimene
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:Mediterranean:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:Maritime pilot
2580:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2546:Portolan chart
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Oared warships
2116:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:Pulak, Camel.
1943:
1930:
1929:External links
1927:
1926:
1925:
1897:(3): 529–541.
1886:
1873:
1836:
1807:
1804:
1778:(2): 295–301.
1763:
1736:
1716:10.2307/505396
1699:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1646:(3): 188–224.
1635:
1615:10.2307/505868
1598:
1578:10.2307/505687
1572:(3): 269–296.
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1482:
1468:
1401:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1354:978-1444342345
1353:
1333:
1324:
1312:
1297:
1277:
1235:(5551): 2535.
1215:
1206:
1200:978-1107002982
1199:
1179:
1167:
1161:978-1575060835
1160:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1055:George F. Bass
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
974:
973:
972:
969:
957:
956:
955:
952:writing-tablet
948:
945:ceremonial axe
941:
902:
887:
884:
877:
871:
865:
862:
851:
850:
849:
846:
839:
834:, silver, and
828:
821:
818:
810:
809:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
765:
762:
759:
756:
749:
746:
743:
740:
734:
728:
719:
716:
702:
682:
676:
675:
674:
673:
670:
662:
661:
660:
649:
638:
635:
627:
626:
625:
606:
603:
596:
586:
583:
580:
576:
552:Amarna letters
544:
543:
536:
533:
517:Lebanese cedar
485:
482:
430:
427:
405:
404:Apparent route
402:
385:
382:
337:
336:
328:
324:
323:
317:
313:
312:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:George F. Bass
277:
276:Archaeologists
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
115:
111:
110:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
76:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4794:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:Metamorphoses
4651:
4649:
4647:
4646:The Histories
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4624:The Histories
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:Marumaru Atua
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:Samudra Raksa
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:Te Au o Tonga
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Blackfriars I
4143:
4141:
4140:Arles Rhône 3
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Thalassocracy
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Shell middens
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3879:Naval warfare
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Lionel Casson
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3723:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Incense trade
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3494:South America
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Sailing ships
3440:
3438:
3437:Oared vessels
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Cape Hermaeum
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3170:Migration and
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:Ancient Egypt
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:Civilizations
2968:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Clinker built
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Boat building
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Navis lusoria
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1904:10.1.1.467.11
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
970:
967:
963:
962:
961:
958:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
847:
844:
840:
838:(soap stone).
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:
691:
690:
680:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
658:
657:Tel el Amarna
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
539:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
495:
490:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
466:Amarna period
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:oxhide ingots
381:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:, Cemal Pulak
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
64:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
23:
4675:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4632:On the Ocean
4630:
4623:
4615:
4612:Literature:
4400:
4382:
4363:
4356:
4346:Aotearoa One
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4231:Experimental
4199:Museum ships
4166:
4159:
4132:
4104:Phoenician:
4095:
4090:Leontophoros
4088:
4052:Butuan boats
4047:Pontian boat
4014:
3985:Dufuna canoe
3924:Shipbuilding
3835:and theories
3805:Boris Rankov
3599:
3532:Economy and
3432:Incendiaries
3279:
3066:Indus Valley
3034:Tarumanagara
2961:Ubaid period
2879:Wadi al-Jarf
2794:Ostia Antica
2398:Fore-and-aft
2365:Shipbuilding
2340:Carvel built
2322:Construction
2280:Steering oar
2161:Sailing ship
2084:Obelisk ship
2042:Dugout canoe
1894:
1890:
1880:
1844:
1840:
1815:
1811:
1775:
1771:
1748:
1744:
1707:
1703:
1676:
1660:
1643:
1639:
1606:
1602:
1569:
1565:
1558:Bibliography
1546:
1537:
1528:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1471:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1307:j.ctt1cfr7x1
1287:
1280:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1058:
1048:
1027:Pomegranates
976:
959:
920:, a pair of
853:
812:
709:hippopotamus
692:
665:Glass ingots
664:
653:18th Dynasty
629:
573:oxhide ingot
566:
545:
540:
510:
499:
478:
474:
463:
444:
432:
407:
387:
374:
362:sponge diver
342:
340:
26:Uluburun is
4639:Argonautica
4626:(Herodotus)
4589:Flood myths
4486:Museums and
4430:conferences
4395:Vital Alsar
4233:archaeology
4042:Austronesia
4035:Hjortspring
4030:Rochelongue
3980:Pesse canoe
3934:Ship burial
3919:Sea Peoples
3852:Lighthouses
3847:Grave goods
3795:George Bass
3575:Spice trade
3172:exploration
2994:Philippines
2989:Austronesia
2982:Old Kingdom
2859:Trincomalee
2809:Prosphorion
2754:Myos Hormos
2598:Micronesian
2589:By region:
2561:Lighthouses
2369:By region:
2134:Quinquereme
2059:Kunlun ship
2052:Penteconter
2037:Dragon boat
1818:: 143–153.
1710:(1): 1–29.
1609:(1): 1–37.
1065:in Turkey.
1012:Black cumin
930:ploughshare
864:Spearheads.
138: /
114:Coordinates
4706:Categories
4648:(Polybius)
4292:Hawaiʻiloa
4174:Nemi ships
4059:Black Sea
4005:Khufu ship
3966:and relics
3864:Marine art
3857:Alexandria
3764:Fik Meijer
3747:Historians
3634:Indo-Roman
3447:Greek navy
3349:Salamis II
3339:Hellespont
3299:Artemisium
3289:Nile Delta
3252:Achaemenid
3145:Achaemenid
3014:Langkasuka
3009:Micronesia
2927:Prehistory
2854:Sounagoura
2682:Chittagong
2657:Barbarikon
2636:Alexandria
2578:Pilot boat
2528:Navigation
2360:Sewn-plank
2355:Lashed-lug
2233:Figurehead
2206:Components
2175:Propulsion
2129:Quadrireme
2110:Polyremes
2089:Outriggers
1847:: 99–106.
1745:Akroterion
1498:: 99–106.
1081:References
1045:Excavation
966:zoomorphic
934:whetstones
914:drill bits
859:Arrowheads
823:Biconical
739:eggshells.
646:turpentine
415:Aegean Sea
305:Management
263:Site notes
105:, off the
4661:Geography
4599:Gilgamesh
4488:memorials
4412:Viracocha
4325:Faʻafaite
4278:Sarimanok
4184:Yassi Ada
4097:Syracusia
4020:Canaanite
3995:Moor Sand
3465:By region
3427:Grappling
3399:Naulochus
3389:Myonessus
3344:Echinades
3329:Arginusae
3324:Cynossema
3309:Naupactus
3304:Eurymedon
3138:Classical
3113:Phoenicia
3108:Mycenaean
3071:Tamilakam
3054:Polynesia
3044:Srivijaya
2839:Satingpra
2799:Palembang
2783:Cattigara
2725:(Kadaram)
2708:Jambukola
2702:Guangzhou
2643:(Podouke)
2641:Arikamedu
2603:Polynesia
2536:Celestial
2449:Armaments
2435:Spritsail
2393:Crab claw
2335:Careening
2302:Sternpost
2156:Reed boat
2099:Catamaran
2074:Multihull
1921:161775993
1899:CiteSeerX
1869:129794402
1800:0305-4403
1732:191385695
1695:643483454
1687:0027-9358
1631:191374689
1594:192966981
1520:129794402
1445:1932-6203
1022:Coriander
1007:Safflower
987:Pine nuts
899:Mycenaean
895:Canaanite
843:Nefertiti
781:Carnelian
767:Beads of
725:carapaces
699:blackwood
642:terebinth
556:El-Amarna
554:found at
470:Nefertiti
423:Mycenaean
384:Discovery
366:Yalıkavak
356:, in the
350:shipwreck
295:Ownership
287:Condition
223:Abandoned
126:29°41′9″E
123:36°7′43″N
4677:Tākitimu
4580:Legend:
4538:Roskilde
4417:Tangaroa
4358:Olympias
4332:Gaualofa
4271:Hōkūleʻa
4246:Kon-Tiki
4079:Ashkelon
4015:Uluburun
3974:Earliest
3740:Scholars
3622:shipping
3422:Boarding
3334:Mytilene
3319:Syracuse
3284:Alashiya
3247:Egyptian
3231:Military
3222:Timeline
3200:Sardinia
3123:Carthage
3039:Kalingga
2999:Sa Huỳnh
2934:Timeline
2884:Zanzibar
2834:Sarapion
2829:Rhacotis
2759:Martaban
2704:(Canton)
2697:Godavaya
2692:Giao Chỉ
2662:Barygaza
2652:Avalites
2573:Piloting
2461:Catapult
2456:Ballista
2430:Mast-aft
2243:Planking
2182:Paddling
2139:Hexareme
2104:Trimaran
2069:Longship
2017:Balangay
1751:: 5–20.
1463:31242218
1415:PLOS ONE
1267:33497945
1259:11743159
1069:See also
836:steatite
832:electrum
761:Trumpet.
722:Tortoise
713:elephant
697:Logs of
655:site of
622:Sardinia
579:animals.
239:Cultures
204:Material
90:Location
81:, Turkey
4617:Odyssey
4594:Genesis
4391:Others
4190:Lists:
4179:Marausa
4129:Roman:
4119:Punic:
4084:Kyrenia
4075:Greek:
4071:Marsala
4064:Sinop D
3939:Tacking
3673:History
3560:Meluhha
3550:Fishing
3545:Whaling
3452:Ramming
3374:Aegates
3369:Drepana
3364:Ecnomus
3294:Salamis
3282:
3272:Battles
3150:Nabatea
3133:Archaic
3103:Nuragic
3093:Somalia
2944:Oceania
2939:Britain
2916:History
2849:Socotra
2819:Qandala
2804:Piraeus
2774:Muziris
2744:Madurai
2739:Manthai
2677:Canopus
2647:Arsinoe
2619:harbors
2568:History
2556:Coastal
2486:Sambuca
2471:Dolphin
2385:Rigging
2197:Poling
2187:Sailing
2124:Trireme
2064:Liburna
2027:Coracle
1997:Vessels
1861:3642932
1832:3822462
1780:Bibcode
1512:3642932
1454:6594607
1423:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1229:Science
1059:Virazon
982:Almonds
977:Edibles
926:chisels
906:sickles
874:Daggers
825:chalice
799:Faience
737:Ostrich
529:dunnage
521:Lebanon
504:, with
327:Website
231:Periods
212:Founded
196:Builder
191:History
103:Antalya
101:Bay of
28:Turkish
4668:Aeneid
4384:Viking
4365:Regina
4134:Alkedo
3990:Abydos
3964:Wrecks
3833:Topics
3663:Piracy
3617:Greece
3477:Odisha
3409:Actium
3404:Mycale
3239:Navies
3128:Greece
3118:Olmecs
3086:Pandya
3061:Minoan
3024:Champa
3004:Lapita
2949:Remote
2869:Tyndis
2824:Quilon
2769:Muscat
2734:Lothal
2729:Korkai
2713:Jeddah
2687:Essina
2631:Adulis
2541:Charts
2476:Harpax
2466:Corvus
2440:Square
2408:Settee
2403:Lateen
2312:Tiller
2307:Strake
2275:Rudder
2265:Paddle
2213:Anchor
2192:Towing
2114:Bireme
2047:Galley
2022:Bangka
1919:
1901:
1879:". In
1867:
1859:
1830:
1798:
1730:
1724:505396
1722:
1693:
1685:
1629:
1623:505868
1621:
1592:
1586:505687
1584:
1518:
1510:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1351:
1305:
1295:
1265:
1257:
1197:
1158:
1037:Barley
1002:Grapes
997:Olives
943:Axes,
936:, and
891:swords
787:Quartz
715:tusks.
610:Kestel
600:bronze
525:Cyprus
484:Vessel
429:Dating
419:Rhodes
411:Cyprus
370:Bodrum
354:Turkey
255:Events
183:Height
159:Length
98:Region
4604:Greek
4407:Abora
4401:Ivlia
4313:Saina
4257:Ra II
4215:Sites
4000:Dokos
3612:Egypt
3534:trade
3499:Rafts
3484:Japan
3472:India
3384:Chios
3354:Mylae
3314:Olpae
3262:Roman
3257:Greek
3155:Aksum
3081:Chera
3076:Chola
3049:Sunda
3029:Kutai
3019:Kedah
2864:Tulum
2844:Sidon
2789:Opone
2779:Óc Eo
2749:Malao
2723:Kedah
2667:Basra
2615:Ports
2593:Inuit
2413:Tanja
2373:Egypt
2223:Cabin
2166:Tomol
2009:Types
1917:S2CID
1865:S2CID
1857:JSTOR
1828:JSTOR
1728:S2CID
1720:JSTOR
1627:S2CID
1619:JSTOR
1590:S2CID
1582:JSTOR
1516:S2CID
1508:JSTOR
1303:JSTOR
1263:S2CID
1033:Wheat
1017:Sumac
938:adzes
922:tongs
889:Four
868:Maces
805:Glass
775:Agate
769:amber
731:Murex
705:Ivory
620:from
560:Egypt
535:Cargo
451:cedar
364:from
345:is a
167:Width
4533:Oslo
4255:and
4161:Isis
4108:Gozo
3629:Rome
3607:Maya
3489:Rome
3394:Nile
3160:Rome
3098:Maya
2954:Near
2874:Tyre
2626:Aden
2425:Junk
2297:Stem
2285:Sail
2270:Rope
2255:Mast
2250:Keel
2238:Hull
2228:Deck
2151:Raft
2032:Dhow
1796:ISSN
1691:OCLC
1683:ISSN
1459:PMID
1441:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1255:PMID
1195:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1049:The
1035:and
992:Figs
928:, a
916:, a
910:awls
793:Gold
711:and
618:ores
589:Lead
513:keel
454:keel
341:The
175:Area
151:Type
3570:Tin
2617:and
2481:Ram
2260:Oar
2218:Bow
1909:doi
1849:doi
1820:doi
1788:doi
1753:doi
1712:doi
1648:doi
1611:doi
1574:doi
1500:doi
1449:PMC
1431:doi
1245:doi
1233:294
964:19
918:saw
881:axe
79:Kaş
4708::
4253:Ra
4222:H3
3976::
1938:.
1915:.
1907:.
1895:34
1893:.
1863:.
1855:.
1845:41
1843:.
1826:.
1816:83
1814:.
1794:.
1786:.
1776:37
1774:.
1770:.
1749:46
1747:.
1743:.
1726:.
1718:.
1708:93
1706:.
1689:.
1644:27
1642:.
1625:.
1617:.
1607:92
1605:.
1588:.
1580:.
1570:90
1568:.
1514:.
1506:.
1496:41
1494:.
1457:.
1447:.
1439:.
1429:.
1419:14
1417:.
1413:.
1315:^
1301:.
1261:.
1253:.
1243:.
1231:.
1227:.
1170:^
932:,
924:,
912:,
908:,
897:,
602:).
562:.
558:,
417:.
380:.
372:.
2785:)
2781:(
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1942:.
1923:.
1911::
1871:.
1851::
1834:.
1822::
1802:.
1790::
1782::
1761:.
1755::
1734:.
1714::
1697:.
1654:.
1650::
1633:.
1613::
1596:.
1576::
1522:.
1502::
1465:.
1433::
1425::
1398:.
1357:.
1309:.
1275:.
1269:.
1247::
1239::
1203:.
1164:.
940:.
893:(
883:.
876:.
870:.
861:.
845:.
807:.
801:.
795:.
789:.
783:.
777:.
755:.
648:.
591:-
496:.
109:.
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