726:. Polygamists were restricted to only four wives. Omar Tall, however, was uninterested in the logistical aspects of inculcating Islam such as building courts, madrassahs, and mosques. The primary function of Omar Tall's state was predatory warfare, slaving, the accumulation of booty, and the reform of morals. In Senegambia, his emphasis during the “jihadic period” is remembered as "not resistance to the Europeans but the “destruction of paganism” in the Western Sudan."
1854:
1865:
685:
446:. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment. Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.
431:, Moors, and others. Many lower-class people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic backgrounds found new social identities and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners.
717:
and other reformist movements, which stressed the importance of Muslim orthopraxy. Omar Tall's state forbade dancing, the use of tobacco, alcohol, charms, pagan ceremonies, and the worship of idols. Many un-Islamic practices were banned. These laws were also very strictly enforced, especially the ban
696:
Omar Tall remains a prominent figure in
Senegal, Guinea, and Mali, though his legacy varies by country. While many Senegalese tend to remember him as a hero of anti-French resistance, Malian sources tend to describe him as an invader who prepared the way for the French by weakening West Africa. Omar
729:
In
November 2019, the French government returned the so-called sword of Omar Tall—which was the sword of Ahmadu Tall, Omar Tall's son—to the government of the Republic of Senegal. The sword was returned five years later. French MPs will vote later on permanently returning the sword.
676:, operating out of Ségou, did much of the work in keeping the empire intact. Nonetheless, the French continued to advance, conquering Nioro in 1891. Omar Tall's jihad state was completely absorbed into the growing French West African empire.
524:, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the
54:
1398:
591:, of the Qadari Sufi order, led a coalition of local states to resist this invasion, denounced as an illegitimate war of Muslims on Muslims. The coalition included
637:. In 1863, the coalition inflicted several defeats on Omar Tall's army, ending up killing Tall's generals Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla and Alfa 'Uthman.
943:
396:
and founded his religious settlement at
Jegunko in 1840. Omar Tall claimed a transcendental personal authority. He denied the importance of adherence to a
319:
653:. In suppressing the revolt during the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, and in June Ba Lobbos's combined force of Fulas and
443:
1350:
1697:
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and Futa Jallon. As his army scored victories, he reinforced his army with the recruits who flocked to
Dinguiraye and English guns purchased in
438:
His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the
Imamate. In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of
1960:
1558:
454:
With his victory in Tamba, Tall proclaimed a jihad against pagans, lapsed
Muslims, European intruders, and the backsliding rulers of
1930:
979:
1335:
Hamdallahi, capitale de l'Empire peul du
Massina, Mali: première fouille archéologique, études historiques et ethnoarchéologiques
368:, Omar Tall befriended the Pasha and healed his son from a deadly fever. The trends set by the Pasha highly inspired Omar Tall.
1519:
1925:
1450:
1281:
1191:
1166:
1141:
866:
567:
Bambara or the
Christian French, he now turned his attention to the smaller Islamic states of the region. Installing his son
301:), the tenth of twelve children. His father was Saidou Tall, from the Torodbe tribe, and his mother was Sokhna Adama Thiam.
1950:
1526:
897:
508:. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the
1066:
423:
Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the
Sahelian population in the mid-19th century, including
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1368:
1955:
1945:
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1551:
408:
who has immediate personal knowledge of the divine truth. Even though Omar Tall never took the title of either
1272:. Paris: International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, UNESCO. p.
1353:[The miracle occurred in Degembere and not in the Bandiagara Escarpment]. SenePlus. 2 February 2014.
261:, precedes Omar Tall's name in many texts, especially those in Arabic. Later he also took on the honorifics
1965:
980:"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858"
380:
from 1831 to 1837, he entered into a polygynous marriage, with one of the women being the daughter of the
1935:
1915:
1702:
1890:
544:
Prevented from expanding in the west by the French, Omar Tall turned East. He conquered the important
333:(commander) of the order with a commission to destroy paganism in the Sudan. He returned in 1830 as a
1975:
1970:
1940:
1905:
1857:
1787:
1544:
1019:"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle"
17:
1472:
1910:
1439:
588:
839:(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 472–473.
1307:
notes and translation by Gaden, Henri; url access restricted to
University of Michigan libraries.
889:
1126:
Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914
556:, followed by Ségou on 10 March 1860. When Segu fell, their king, Ali Diara (Bina Ali), fled to
1677:
858:
404:
or personal religious judgment. He taught that a believer should follow the guidance of a Sufi
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1895:
1829:
1813:
1808:
1774:
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100:
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Le temps des marabouts Itinéraires et stratégies islamiques en Afrique occidentale française
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1920:
1900:
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517:
324:
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8:
1586:
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311:
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A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule: 1800–1915
661:
in February 1864. Omar Tall fled and managed to make it to a cave in Degembere (in the
1980:
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1614:
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Boilley, Pierre (2005). "Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
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357:. This authority would become the basis of the authority necessary to lead Africans.
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107:
1792:
1712:
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1332:
Gallay, Alain; Huysecom, Eric; Honegger, Matthieu; Mayor, Anne (1990). "Vorwort ".
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before embarking on the Hajj in 1828, during which he learned from the scholars of
53:
1662:
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1380:
1247:
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Robinson, David (1987). "The Umarian Emigration of the Late Nineteenth Century".
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families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence.
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Omar Tall’s name is spelt variously: in particular, his first name is commonly
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1884:
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1619:
1351:"Le miracle s'est produit a Degembere et non dans les falaises de Bandiagara"
1239:
771:
626:
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More than 70,000 died in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at
545:
509:
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1208:
587:. This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden.
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1609:
1399:"'La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen'"
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There is some dispute about where exactly the cave in question is located.
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The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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on alcohol. Omar Tall abolished uncanonical taxes and replaced them with
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1305:. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. pp. 190–192, notes 1092 & 1110.
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1097:, a reprint of the 1931 edition, being a translation of the author's
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239:
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fell quickly followed by the final fall of Hamdullahi in May 1862.
600:
432:
409:
361:
334:
306:
167:
Islamic scholar and military commander who founded the short-lived
1067:"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder"
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621:
Now controlling the entire Middle Niger, Omar Tall moved against
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1161:. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishing. pp. 10–11.
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1128:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 83.
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1209:"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader"
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Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in the Masina lands led by
1764:
1365:
Al-hajj Umar Fouti Tall c. 1797–1864 The Tijaniyya jihadist
1331:
572:
560:
taking with him the traditional idols of the royal family.
270:
254:
184:
416:, he was regarded as such by his followers. He became the
1338:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 10.
1095:. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. p. 93.
944:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
253:), reserved for a Muslim who has successfully made the
215:, is often omitted; and the final element of his name,
1502:
Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant
465:
Omar Tall pressed on into what is today the region of
625:, only to be repulsed in 1863 by a combined force of
563:
While Omar Tall's wars thus far had been against the
713:
He remains to this day an influential figure in the
27:
West African scholar and military leader (1794–1864)
1186:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 84.
420:ideal of religious revival and conquest of pagans.
329:, the head of the Tijaniyyah order, who made him a
1488:In the Path of Allah: The Passion of al-Hajj 'Umar
1483:. New York: Humanities Press (1972). SBN 391002066
1438:
1437:Robinson, David; Triaud, Jean-Louis, eds. (1997).
672:succeeded him in retaking Massina, though his son
477:) near the city of Kayes which is today a popular
469:in Mali, conquering several cities and building a
930:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–1592.
1882:
1315:
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1269:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
657:besieged Omar Tall's army there. They captured
293:Omar Tall was born about 1794 in Halwar in the
1436:
848:
614:, the Masina king, was captured and executed.
1552:
1381:"France returns Omar Tall's sword to Senegal"
1310:
1200:
360:When returning from the Hajj, he camped near
1504:. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
1497:. Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
493:, in April 1855, which became his capital.
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1495:The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel
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1093:The Negroes of Africa: History and Culture
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520:. The siege failed on July 18 1857 when
171:, which encompassed much of what is now
160:, present-day Senegal, was a Senegalese
1426:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
1301:La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular
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925:
281:(successor of the seal of saints), and
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273:(pole of the universe), vizier of the
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1213:Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies
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665:) where he died on 14 February 1864.
539:
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649:, cousin of executed Masina monarch
575:of Segu, Omar Tall marched down the
496:Next, Omar Tall turned west towards
449:
353:. El-Hadj took the Tijani honorific
1961:19th-century African businesspeople
1056:
978:Chastanet, Monique (October 1987).
857:. Oxford University Press. p.
220:
140:
46:El Hadji, Khalifa, Amir al-Mu'minin
24:
1698:Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî
906:
392:. In 1837, Omar Tall moved to the
25:
1992:
1508:
1433:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
1105:, published in 1925; and part of
697:Tall also figures prominently in
1863:
1853:
1852:
1760:Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye
853:Islam: A very short introduction
1931:19th-century monarchs in Africa
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1175:
1150:
928:Encyclopedia of African History
203:, although some sources prefer
1582:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
1527:Wolof praise song of Umar Tall
1297:Tyam, Mohammadou Alio (1935).
1266:Ajayi, J. F. Ade, ed. (1989).
1182:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013).
1103:Civilizations négro africaines
971:
934:
875:
842:
13:
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1071:Standard News From The Gambia
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288:
144:
1926:People of French West Africa
1520:Map of the Toucouleur Empire
1184:A Military History of Africa
1124:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
133:ʿUmar ibn Saʿīd al-Fūtī Ṭaʿl
7:
1951:Forced religious conversion
1703:Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello
1243:
1091:Delafosse, Maurice (1968).
512:. Tall besieged the French
129:Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou Tall
30:For the soccer player, see
10:
1997:
1413:
1370:(retrieved 23 August 2020)
481:destination. He conquered
141:حاج عمر بن سعيد الفوتي طعل
29:
1848:
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1788:Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara
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688:Graffiti of Omar Tall in
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355:Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya
279:Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya
223:), is spelt variously as
118:
106:
90:
78:
68:
60:
51:
44:
39:
1431:The Holy War of Umar Tal
1429:Robinson, David, (1985)
1017:Hanson, John H. (1985).
882:Robinson, David (1985).
806:
589:Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti
462:with the spoils of war.
1481:The Segu Tukulor Empire
1363:The Standard (Gambia),
890:Oxford University Press
849:Malise Ruthven (1997).
190:
1678:Ahmad Tijani Ali Cisse
1479:B. O. Oloruntimeehin.
1251:
1099:Les noirs de L'Afrique
693:
394:Imamate of Futa Jallon
1956:Religious persecution
1946:African slave traders
1830:Shia Islam in Senegal
1814:Great Mosque of Touba
1809:Grand Mosque of Dakar
1640:Great Mosque of Touba
1490:. London: Cass, 1989.
1226:10.5070/F7321-2016514
1101:, published in 1921;
687:
663:Bandiagara Escarpment
442:in what was then the
304:Omar Tall attended a
101:Bandiagara Escarpment
1645:Grand Magal of Touba
1515:African Legends page
1486:Willis, John Ralph.
1207:Tall, Hadja (2006).
1157:Okoth, Assa (2006).
295:Imamate of Futa Toro
1966:Senegalese monarchs
1587:Religion in Senegal
1500:Wise, Christopher.
1493:Wise, Christopher.
1405:. 24 November 2019.
1387:. 18 November 2019.
734:Lineage of kingship
668:Omar Tall's nephew
641:Rebellion and death
312:Al Azhar University
86:Futa Tooro, Senegal
40:Oumar Foutiyou Tall
1936:19th-century imams
1916:Senegalese Muslims
1870:Senegal portal
1737:Abdul Qadir Gilani
1615:Mame Diarra Bousso
1109:published in 1927.
892:. pp. 67–71.
722:, land taxes, and
694:
540:Bambara and Masina
372:Gathering strength
32:Omar Tall (soccer)
1891:Toucouleur Empire
1878:
1877:
1625:Sokhna Magat Diop
1452:978-2-8111-0735-2
1424:Africa in History
1283:978-0-520-03917-9
1193:978-0-313-39570-3
1168:978-9966-25-357-6
1143:978-0-8047-1378-8
1023:History in Africa
868:978-0-19-285389-9
799:
798:
790:Succeeded by
759:Succeeded by
752:Toucouleur Empire
489:, the capital of
450:Initial conquests
345:of the Tijaniyya
320:Muhammad al Ghali
169:Toucouleur Empire
155:
126:
125:
98:(aged 67–68)
16:(Redirected from
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1976:Islam in Senegal
1971:Sokoto Caliphate
1941:Tijaniyyah order
1906:Senegalese imams
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1867:
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1793:Darou Hidjiratou
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1568:Islam in Senegal
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610:, after which
581:Massina Empire
579:to attack the
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487:Nioro du Sahel
485:, then seized
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390:Muhammed Bello
384:caliph of the
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197:transliterated
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199:in French as
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19:
1896:1790s births
1823:Other topics
1742:Kunta family
1693:Hassan Cissé
1667:
1610:Amadou Bamba
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1445:. Karthala.
1440:
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1322:, p. 86
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1075:. Retrieved
1073:. 2019-05-31
1070:
1046:. Retrieved
1026:
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995:. Retrieved
990:
986:
973:
951:(2): 97–99.
948:
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749:
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728:
712:
705:
699:Maryse Condé
695:
670:Tidiani Tall
667:
644:
620:
605:
592:
562:
543:
495:
470:
464:
460:Sierra Leone
453:
437:
422:
376:Settling in
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305:
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212:
204:
200:
194:
132:
128:
127:
96:(1864-02-14)
45:
1921:Fula people
1901:1864 deaths
1575:Main topics
1029:: 101–115.
793:Ahmadu Tall
762:Ahmadu Tall
674:Ahmadu Tall
569:Ahmadu Tall
518:Medina Fort
323: [
314:. While in
162:Tijani sufi
156:), born in
148: 1794
113:Ahmadu Tall
73:Ahmadu Tall
1885:Categories
1835:Hamallayya
1655:Tijaniyyah
1107:Les nègres
1077:2022-05-15
1048:27 October
888:. Oxford:
802:References
659:Hamdallahi
593:inter alia
585:Hamdullahi
558:Hamdullahi
554:Sansanding
548:cities of
528:states of
440:Dinguiraye
347:Sufi order
289:Early life
209:patronymic
177:Mauritania
165:Toucouleur
158:Futa Tooro
82:Oumar Tall
1981:Marabouts
1728:Qadiriyya
1718:Tivaouane
1673:Malick Sy
1635:Porokhane
1531:RealAudio
1471:ignored (
1461:cite book
1320:Tall 2006
993:: 106–107
715:Tijaniyya
692:, Senegal
651:Amadu III
612:Amadu III
498:Futa Toro
456:Futa Toro
240:honorific
219:(Arabic:
213:ibn Saʿīd
69:Successor
64:1852–1864
18:Umar Tall
1858:Category
1840:Marabout
1783:Mozdahir
1730:(Xaadir)
1403:Le Monde
1385:BBC News
647:Ba Lobbo
623:Timbuktu
601:Timbuktu
516:army at
514:colonial
433:Marabout
410:mujaddid
362:Damascus
335:marabout
331:muqaddam
307:madrassa
285:(Imam).
119:Religion
1802:Mosques
1602:Mouride
1414:Sources
1043:3171715
655:Kountas
627:Tuaregs
608:Cayawal
565:animist
550:Nyamina
546:Bambara
526:Bambara
502:Gajaaga
483:Bambouk
479:tourist
429:Soninke
418:Torodbe
402:ijtihad
398:madhhab
349:in the
343:khalifa
339:El Hadj
299:Senegal
267:Khalifa
251:el-Hadj
247:al-Hajj
243:El Hadj
173:Senegal
84:c. 1796
1752:Layene
1449:
1280:
1248:French
1190:
1165:
1140:
1041:
997:1 July
965:219842
963:
896:
865:
680:Legacy
633:, and
616:Djenné
597:Masina
530:Kaarta
491:Kaarta
406:shaykh
378:Sokoto
283:Almami
245:(also
207:; the
181:Guinea
137:Arabic
1630:Touba
1533:file)
1244:Fulɓe
1039:JSTOR
983:(PDF)
961:JSTOR
807:Notes
783:Ségou
779:Faama
724:jizya
720:zakat
690:Dakar
635:Fulas
631:Moors
577:Niger
506:Bundu
467:Kayes
414:Mahdi
351:Sudan
327:]
316:Mecca
275:Mahdi
259:Mecca
108:Issue
61:Reign
1775:Shia
1765:Yoff
1473:help
1447:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1252:Peul
1240:Fula
1188:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1050:2023
999:2023
894:ISBN
863:ISBN
744:none
707:Segu
599:and
573:imam
552:and
534:Segu
532:and
504:and
471:tata
425:Fula
382:Fula
271:Qutb
255:Hajj
238:The
229:Taal
225:Tall
217:Tall
205:Umar
201:Omar
191:Name
185:Mali
183:and
91:Died
79:Born
1422:.
1274:620
1221:doi
1130:hdl
1031:doi
953:doi
859:147
781:of
701:'s
583:of
571:as
412:or
257:to
249:or
233:Tal
231:or
221:طعل
1887::
1465::
1463:}}
1459:{{
1401:.
1383:.
1312:^
1276:.
1258:^
1250::
1246:;
1242::
1217:32
1215:.
1211:.
1136:.
1114:^
1069:.
1058:^
1037:.
1027:12
1025:.
1021:.
1007:^
989:.
985:.
959:.
949:20
947:.
908:^
861:.
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629:,
603:.
595:,
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500:,
427:,
388:,
325:fr
277:,
269:,
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227:,
211:,
187:.
179:,
175:,
153:CE
145:c.
143:,
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1529:(
1475:)
1455:.
1286:.
1229:.
1223::
1196:.
1171:.
1146:.
1132::
1080:.
1052:.
1033::
1001:.
991:5
967:.
955::
902:.
871:.
473:(
131:(
34:.
20:)
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