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Historically the western part was called Toro, and the central portion includes Bosea, Yirlabe
Hebbyabe, Law and Hailabe provinces. The eastern Futa includes Ngenar and Damga provinces. During the height of Fula power in the region from the 11th to the 17th centuries, Futa Toro included the plains up
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The Futa Toro stretches for about 400 kilometers, but only a narrow band of up to 20 kilometers on either side of the
Senegal River is well watered and fertile. The interior, away from the river, is porous, dry and infertile. Historically, each of the Futa Toro geographical provinces were fertile
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flood plains, and this resource was controlled by kin groups. The long stretch meant the region was divided among many families, and the transmission of property rights from one generation to the next led to many family disputes, political crises and conflicts.
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by 1900. Upon independence, the region's heart, the southern bank of the
Senegal River, was retained by Senegal; in modern parlance, 'Futa Toro' generally means the left bank. The north bank is called
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The word Futa is a general name the Fulbe gave to any area they lived in, while Toro was the actual identity of the region for its inhabitants, likely derived from the ancient kingdom of
226:. In the 1780s Abdul Kader became almaami (religious leader or imam) of Futa Toro but his forces were unable to establish their control over the surrounding states.
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in 1776, which ended
Denanke rule, inspired a series of Islamic reform movements and jihads around the region, led by groups of educated Fula Muslims known as the
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on the north bank, with the royal capital of Takrur, was the heartland. Beginning in the 17th century, however, Futa Toro shrank as the Sahara dried and
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105:. They identified themselves by the language giving rise to the name Haalpulaar'en meaning those who speak Pulaar. The Haalpulaar'en are also known as
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stifled competing commercial centers. A target for conquerors, however, Futa Toro was conquered or vassalized sequentially by the Wagadu, the
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John A. Shoup (31 October 2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An
Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
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Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford
University Press. pp. 500–501.
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Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim
Encounters and Exchanges
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at the time, it became wealthy on the trans-Saharan trade, particularly after the
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The
Almamyate of Futa Toro later became the prime recruiting ground for the
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La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul
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The Fula first arrived in what is now Futa Toro during the reign of the
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regions. Nomadic pastoralists, they mixed with the earlier proto-
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in the early 16th century, breaking this cycle. The rise of the
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Futa Toro was one of the first regions in West Africa to become
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states, and a source of jihad armies and migrants to the
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Futa Toro and West
African kingdoms, c. 18th century.
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Map of the
Imamate of Futa Toro, early 19th century
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362:
410:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–13.
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369:. Oxford University Press. pp. 247–249.
558:A Brief Overview of Western Atlantic Peoples
526:"Futa Toro - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
16:Semidesert region in Senegal and Mauritania
336:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
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504:. Ohio University Press. pp. 77–79.
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342:. Oxford University Press. p. 496.
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407:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
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205:The army of Futa Toro in march (1820).
89:. The people of the area mostly speak
97:language that spans West Africa from
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66:. This region, along the border of
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167:fishing and farming populations.
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241:and anti-colonial rebel al-Hajj
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501:The History of Islam in Africa
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498:; Randall Pouwels (2000).
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433:, Encyclopædia Britannica
363:Sohail H. Hashmi (2012).
43:
583:Geography of Mauritania
404:Boubacar Barry (1998).
573:Regions of West Africa
339:Encyclopedia of Africa
247:French Colonial forces
218:Almamyate of Futa Toro
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290:attacks intensified.
212:founded the state of
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48:𞤆𞤵𞥄𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥄𞤪𞤮
22:
578:Geography of Senegal
554:at Wikimedia Commons
454:Kane, Oumar (2004).
300:Imamate of Futa Toro
278:. The valley of the
58:), often simply the
249:moving from modern
93:, a dialect of the
237:conqueror al-Hajj
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550:Media related to
532:on March 6, 2016.
511:978-0-8214-4461-0
484:978-0-19-533770-9
460:. Paris: Karthala
417:978-0-521-59226-0
376:978-0-19-975504-2
349:978-0-19-533770-9
310:Toucouleur people
257:and is a part of
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196:Jolof Empire
188:Sosso Empire
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192:Mali Empire
182:capture of
107:Toucouleurs
44:فُوتَ تࣷورࣷ
40:Fuuta Tooro
567:Categories
552:Futa Tooro
321:References
259:Mauritania
235:Toucouleur
194:, and the
184:Aoudaghost
72:Mauritania
265:Provinces
239:Umar Tall
180:Almoravid
172:Islamized
121:Geography
56:فوتا تورو
46:,
28:Futa Toro
294:See also
103:Cameroon
464:12 July
315:Chemama
288:Hassani
270:to the
255:Chemama
251:Senegal
223:Torodbe
214:Denanke
143:History
111:Tukolor
99:Senegal
68:Senegal
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284:Berber
272:Tagant
231:jihads
190:, the
176:Takrur
115:Takrur
109:(var.
91:Pulaar
87:Takrur
76:Fulani
52:Arabic
165:Wolof
161:Serer
153:Adrar
136:waalo
32:Wolof
506:ISBN
480:ISBN
466:2023
412:ISBN
371:ISBN
344:ISBN
286:and
274:and
163:and
157:Hodh
155:and
95:Fula
70:and
60:Futa
36:Fula
34:and
233:of
101:to
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