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eventually allow him to approach her. If his efforts are successful and he is accepted, the pair will be seen preening each other's head and scratching each other around the tail. These actions serve to strengthen their pair bond. Eventually, the male mounts the female and performs the actual act of mating by joining of the cloacae. For bonded pairs, this mating ritual is much shorter and the female may even approach the male. Once they are ready for nesting, breeding pairs separate from their groups and search for a suitable nest cavity (usually in trees).
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feather is covered by the white of the feather immediately medial (nearer to the body) and above. Similarly, areas of larger tail feathers that are covered by other tail feathers – and the innermost covered areas of the larger crest feathers – are yellow. Short white feathers grow from and closely cover the upper legs. The feathers of this species and others create a powder similar to talcum powder that easily transfers to clothing.
516:
indicates that catch quotas issued by the
Indonesian government were 'exceeded by up to 18 times in some localities' in 1991, with at least 6,600 umbrella cockatoos being taken from the wild by trappers – although fewer birds have been taken from the wild in recent years, both in numerical terms and
365:
The white cockatoo is around 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs about 400 g (14 oz) for small females and up to 800 g (28 oz) for big males. The male white cockatoo usually has a broader head and a bigger beak than the female. They have brown or black eyes and a dark grey
458:
Like all cockatoos, the white cockatoo nests in hollows of large trees. Its eggs are white and there are usually two in a clutch. During the incubation period – about 28 days – both the female and male incubate the eggs. The larger chick becomes dominant over the smaller chick and takes more of the
440:
group) are thought to be introductions, while a local introduced population breeds on Taiwan. It occurs in primary, logged, and secondary forests below 900m. It also occurs in mangroves and plantations including coconut and agricultural land. It remains locally common: in 1991–1992, the population
369:
The feathers of the white cockatoo are mostly white. However, both upper and lower surfaces of the inner half of the trailing edge of the large wing feathers are a yellow color. The yellow color on the underside of the wings is most notable because the yellow portion of the upper surface of the
444:
Recent observations indicate that rapid declines are on-going, and are predicted to increase in the future (Vetter 2009). CITES data show significant harvest rates for the cage bird trade during the early 1990s. Annual harvests have declined in actual terms and as a proportion of the remaining
462:
Juveniles reach sexual maturity in 3–4 years. As part of the courtship behavior, the male ruffles his feathers, spreads his tail feathers, extends his wings, and erects his crest. He then bounces about. Initially, the female ignores or avoids him, but – provided he meets her approval – will
476:, langsat and rambutan. As they also feed on corn growing in fields, they do considerable damage and are therefore considered crop pests by farmers. (BirdLife International, 2001) They also eat large insects, such as crickets (order Orthoptera) and small lizards such as
380:
The maximal lifespan of the white cockatoo is poorly documented. A few zoos report that they live 40–60 years in captivity. Anecdotal reports suggest it can live longer. Lifespan in the wild is unknown but believed to be as much as ten years less.
471:
In the wild, white cockatoos feed on berries, seeds, nuts, fruit and roots. When nesting, they include insects and insect larvae. In their natural habitat, umbrella cockatoos typically feed on various seeds, nuts and fruits, such as papaya,
480:. Captive birds are usually provided a parrot mix containing various seeds, nuts and dried fruits and vegetables. Additionally, they need to be offered many fresh vegetables, fruits and branches (with leaves) for chewing and entertainment.
261:, which has a semicircular shape (similar to an umbrella, hence the alternative name). The wings and tail have a pale yellow or lemon color which is exposed when they fly. It is similar to other species of white cockatoo such as
598:
441:
was estimated at 42,545–183,129 birds (Lambert 1993), although this may be an underestimate as it was largely based on surveys from Bacan and not
Halmahera where the species may have been more common.
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feet with two toes facing forward and two facings backward, which enable it to grasp objects with one foot while standing on the other, for feeding and manipulation.
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The illegal trade of protected parrots violates
Indonesian Act Number 5, 1990 (a wildlife law concerning Natural Resources and the Ecosystems Conservations).
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beak. When mature some female white cockatoos can have reddish/brown irises, while the irises of the adult male are dark brown or black.
872:
Handbook of the Birds of the World – Volume 4 ("Cacatuidae"): Sandgrouse to
Cuckoos. del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J. Lynx Edicions.
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ProFauna suggest that significant levels of trade in wild-caught white cockatoos still occur, with 200+ taken from the wild in north
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population in recent years, but illegal trade continues and is likely to have been underestimated (S. Metz in litt. 2013)
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endemic to tropical rainforest on islands of
Indonesia. When surprised, it extends a large and striking head
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Cacatua alba - 3 Weeks - Eyes first starting to open. Still has egg tooth. Full crop after being hand-fed.
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food. The chicks leave the nest about 84 days after hatching. and are independent in 15–18 weeks.
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341:. The term "white cockatoo" has also been applied as a group term to members of the subgenus
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Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of
Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
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The
Indonesian parrot Project: conservation of cockatoos and other Indonesian parrots
766:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568.
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list which gives it protection by restricting export and import of wild-caught birds.
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This article is about the species. For the genus of (mostly) white cockatoos, see
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With extended crest, demonstrating the semi-circular shape of the crest feathers
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The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
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is endemic to lowland tropical rainforest on the
Moluccan islands of
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Cacatua alba - First Born - Fresh out of shell and not even dry yet.
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and the Sultan of
Babylon in 1229 with a gift of a white cockatoo.
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In common with other cockatoos and parrots, the white cockatoo has
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The white cockatoo was first described in 1776 by German zoologist
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Cacatua alba - 6 Weeks - Pin feathers developing. Egg tooth gone.
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496:. Its numbers in the wild have declined owing to capture for the
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819:"BirdLife International (2011) Species factsheet: Cacatua alba"
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Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)
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in 2007. Approximately 40% of the parrots (white cockatoo,
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an organization for the protection of animals in Indonesia
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Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)
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when taken as a proportion of the entire population.
572:, a fact which in turn influenced the depictions of
792:
The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds
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741:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684789A131915204.en
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838:
836:
1240:Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)
794:. London, England: Hermes House. p. 204.
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640:White cockatoo with a minor plucking problem.
1677:Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
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541:) caught in Halmahera are smuggled to the
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903:information for people buying a cockatoo
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1289:Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo)
349:as well as larger groups including the
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858:"Indonesia Ministry of Forestry 1990".
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1235:White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo)
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329:for "white". It lies in the subgenus
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628:White cockatoo chicks. (hand reared)
521:supported surveys by the Indonesian
727:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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866:
808:
25:
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1149:Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)
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488:The white cockatoo is considered
1657:IUCN Red List endangered species
1213:Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo
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716:BirdLife International (2018).
281:The white cockatoo is known as
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253:, is a medium-sized all-white
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1:
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315:Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
1092:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo
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848:Retrieved 8 September 2011.
842:ProFauna Indonesia (2008).
564:They were quite popular in
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1687:Endemic birds of Indonesia
896:BirdLife Species Factsheet
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321:is a feminine form of the
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1067:Red-tailed black cockatoo
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1014:Cockatiel colour genetics
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734:: e.T22684789A131915204.
576:with a white parrot. The
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101:Scientific classification
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34:. For the 1935 film, see
1203:Sulphur-crested cockatoo
1097:Carnaby's black cockatoo
821:. Birdlife International
580:was also sealed between
385:Distribution and habitat
276:
267:sulphur-crested cockatoo
1672:Birds described in 1776
1198:Citron-crested cockatoo
1102:Baudin's black cockatoo
271:salmon-crested cockatoo
263:yellow-crested cockatoo
514:BirdLife International
1667:Birds of North Maluku
1072:Glossy black cockatoo
616:With crest retracted.
249:), also known as the
585:Emperor Frederick II
1299:Red-vented cockatoo
1262:Long-billed corella
484:Conservation status
317:. Its species name
71:Conservation status
1230:Blue-eyed cockatoo
1131:Gang-gang cockatoo
535:violet-necked lory
504:. It is listed in
36:The White Cockatoo
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1590:Open Tree of Life
1367:Taxon identifiers
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1294:Solomons cockatoo
1208:Eleonora cockatoo
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773:978-3-11-028642-7
335:within the genus
251:umbrella cockatoo
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18:Umbrella cockatoo
16:(Redirected from
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1218:Mathews cockatoo
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1634:Cacatua-alba
1419:Cacatua_alba
1405:Cacatua alba
1375:Cacatua alba
1374:
1308:
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1234:
1180:
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1122:
1115:Pink or grey
1081:
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823:. Retrieved
791:
782:
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745:. Retrieved
731:
725:
720:Cacatua alba
719:
689:Cacatua alba
688:
570:Tang dynasty
563:
555:
502:habitat loss
487:
470:
461:
457:
443:
422:North Maluku
390:Cacatua alba
389:
388:
379:
372:
368:
364:
346:
345:, the genus
342:
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246:Cacatua alba
245:
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222:Cacatua alba
221:
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204:C. alba
203:
202:
190:
178:
40:
1512:iNaturalist
1399:Wikispecies
1039:Probosciger
825:6 September
747:12 November
568:during the
543:Philippines
506:appendix II
361:Description
230:Müller, PLS
62:Pairi Daiza
1651:Categories
1629:Xeno-canto
1312:(subgenus)
1309:Lophochroa
1255:(subgenus)
1186:(subgenus)
960:Appearance
952:Cacatuidae
700:References
582:Holy Roman
490:Endangered
420:group) in
375:zygodactyl
325:adjective
186:Subgenus:
168:Cacatuidae
86:Endangered
64:, Belgium
1682:Cockatoos
1009:Cockatiel
1001:Nymphicus
944:Cockatoos
527:Halmahera
426:Indonesia
394:Halmahera
303:Indonesia
293:) in the
198:Species:
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
1603:Species+
1556:22684789
1530:10716639
1445:22684789
1440:BirdLife
1384:Wikidata
1345:Snowball
1251:Licmetis
1141:Eolophus
907:ProFauna
790:(2003).
574:Guan Yin
547:Surabaya
454:Breeding
449:Behavior
414:Mandioli
410:Kasiruta
353:and the
309:Taxonomy
255:cockatoo
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
1662:Cacatua
1504:2479870
1481:whicoc1
1468:whicoc1
1427:Avibase
1390:Q463135
1182:Cacatua
1171:Cacatua
978:Species
591:Gallery
560:History
551:Jakarta
508:of the
492:by the
467:Feeding
402:Ternate
347:Cacatua
343:Cacatua
338:Cacatua
332:Cacatua
232:, 1776)
191:Cacatua
179:Cacatua
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
32:Cacatua
1595:579824
1569:141836
1543:554842
1517:117191
1488:ECOS:
1458:113957
1340:Cookie
948:family
901:MyToos
876:
798:
770:
478:skinks
474:durian
406:Tidore
269:, and
1582:71395
1525:IRMNG
1476:eBird
1465:BOW:
1350:Crest
1162:White
1083:Zanda
1030:Black
993:Small
968:Genus
566:China
519:RSPCA
510:CITES
418:Bacan
398:Bacan
327:albus
323:Latin
299:Papua
277:Names
259:crest
1621:3026
1608:8068
1564:NCBI
1551:IUCN
1538:ITIS
1499:GBIF
1491:9024
1453:BOLD
874:ISBN
827:2011
796:ISBN
768:ISBN
749:2021
732:2018
693:MHNT
549:and
537:and
500:and
494:IUCN
434:Bisa
432:and
412:and
319:alba
290:ayot
284:ayab
239:The
148:Aves
1616:TSA
1414:ADW
736:doi
523:NGO
438:Obi
430:Obi
297:of
60:At
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