2217:
Dajabón, comunicó al presidente Boyer que la bandera de Haití había sido enarbolada en aquella ciudad y cinco días después, una junta popular organizada en
Santiago denunció la obra de Núñez de Cáceres como "antisocial", llamando en su auxilio a Boyer. (...) En Haití, donde el movimiento unionista de los pueblos del Cibao Central y fronterizos había sido recibido calurosamente, el movimiento independentista de Núñez de Cáceres no encontró simpatía. Por ello, el periódico La Concordia "gazeta del gobierno de Haití" (...) censura la proclamación de la independencia de Núñez de Cáceres, cuestionando la confederación del nuevo Estado con Colombia. El periódico resaltaba que la confederación debió hacerse con Haití pues a su entender era "la confederación legítima preparada por la naturaleza"... (...) Boyer salió de Puerto Príncipe a finales de enero con su ejército que se dividió en dos partes: una que cruzó la frontera por el Norte y otra por el Sur, y el día 9 de febrero de 1822 hizo su entrada a la ciudad de Santo Domingo, donde luego de los actos de recibimiento oficiales de rigor que encabezó el Dr. Núñez de Cáceres, que envolvieron un tedéum en la Catedral y la entrega de la llave de la ciudad, que no quiso aceptar expresando «que no había entrado en ella como conquistador sino por la voluntad de sus habitantes»; poco después, en acto público solemne efectuado en la plaza principal, tomó su primera ejecutoria como Gobernador del territorio antiguamente español, proclamando la abolición de la esclavitud.
1109:
79:
65:
2773:
646:
843:
1313:
333:
1199:
938:
96:
308:
930:(administrative districts) and communes. The departments established in the west were, Nord, Ouest, Sud, and Artibonite, while the east was divided into Ozama and Cibao. This period led to large-scale land expropriations and failed efforts to force production of export crops, impose military services, restrict the use of the Spanish language, and suppress traditional customs . There was also a resurgence of the decades-old rivalries between the governing Haitian elite (
681:
721:
1036:, to send formally enslaved Africans from the United States to Haiti was supported and embraced by the Haitian government in attempts to "blacken" the eastern Dominican side and make Haiti seem like a safe haven for black people. Various trips were made from the United States to Haiti, and in 1824, the largest trip to the Dominican side consisted of 6,000 enslaved Africans, went to Samana, creating the
910:
1040:. Black refugees who had been subjected to slavery in other foreign territories (including Puerto Rico and Martinique) escaped to Santo Domingo and successfully claimed freedom under Haitian law. They testified to local Dominican officials (who now worked for the Haitian government) that they had sought to travel to Santo Domingo because they viewed it as a "free country" after annexation by Haiti.
885:. In contrast, the white and multiracial populations, however, found themselves split on the idea of merging with the neighboring country. After deals with Bolivar fell through and receiving messages of economic and military support from Boyer, Caceres found himself more obliged to side with Creole Haiti. The idea had been gaining some traction among members of the military, and in 1821 Governor
758:, thereby reestablishing Spanish sovereignty. During his government he harshly repressed any independence attempt, acting with total impunity. Sanchez convened the board of Bondillo, which established new laws and declared null and void the Treaty of Basel. So the board confirmed the permanence of Santo Domingo in Spanish hands. Santo Domingo was declared Spanish by Ramírez in July 1809.
612:. On his retreat from Santo Domingo, Dessalines arrived in Santiago on 12 April 1805. While in Santiago, Haitian forces set fire to the town, including churches and convents. The army killed approximately 400 inhabitants including some priests and took prisoners to Haiti. More people were killed on Dessalines' orders in the French-held portions of the island, including the towns of
1075:(ACS) noticed the recruitment effort. Concerned that free blacks could never assimilate to the United States, its members founded their society in 1816 to send American blacks to Africa and elsewhere. It was an uneasy collaboration between abolitionists and slaveholders, who approached the issue from differing viewpoints. The ACS planned colonization in what became
1051:: restrictions of movement, prohibition to run for public office, night curfews, inability to travel in groups, banning of civilian organizations, and the indefinite closure of the state university (on the alleged grounds of its being a subversive organization) all led to the creation of movements advocating a forceful separation from Haiti with no compromises.
1215:
Haitian soldiers tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the
Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong two-pronged attack by Haitians was successfully repelled by an under-equipped Dominican army under the
970:
instituted in 1838. In the rural and rugged mountainous areas, the
Haitian administration was usually too inefficient to enforce its own laws. It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated.
525:
occupied by the French since 1793. However, due to the near chaotic situation in Saint-Domingue resulting from uprisings by mulattos and freedmen since 1791, the expected armed opposition of the
Spanish settlers of Santo Domingo who feared the abolition of slavery if the French were to take over, and
421:
Santo
Domingo was regionally divided with many rival and competing provincial leaders. During this period, the Spanish crown had limited influence in the colony. Dominican military leaders had become rulers, where the "law of machete" governed the land. On November 9, 1821, the former captain general
2308:
arose because of "scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when
889:
discovered that some of the
Dominican military officers in Azua and Santo Domingo had already become part of the plan for unification with Haiti. A defining moment took place on November 15, 1821, when the leaders of several Dominican frontier towns, particularly Dajabón and Montecristi, adopted the
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La actividad de los agentes haitianos, más los pronunciamentos de los pueblos de la zona Norte y de otras en la zona fronteriza, en favor de la unidad con Haití, y los constantes rumores sobre la entrada a la colonia del ejército de Boyer,... (...) El 15 de diciembre, Andrés
Amarante, comandante de
921:
with 12,000 soldiers in
February 1822, against a significantly smaller, untrained army serving some 70,000 Dominican souls (Haiti had a population around 600,000 people). On 9 February 1822, Boyer formally entered the capital city, Santo Domingo after its ephemeral independence. The island was thus
870:
region were opposed to the union with Gran
Colombia and also sided with Haiti. Boyer, on the other hand, had several objectives in the island that he proclaimed to be "one and indivisible": to maintain Haitian independence against potential French or Spanish attack or reconquest and to maintain the
637:
Haitian rebel leaders encouraged fugitive
African slaves to move into Hispaniola and they formed communities such as San Lorenzo de Los Mina, which is currently part of the "city" of Santo Domingo. Fugitives arrived from other parts of the West Indies as well, especially from the various islands of
953:
To raise funds for the huge indemnity of 150 million francs that Haiti agreed to pay the former French colonists, and which was subsequently lowered to 60 million francs, the Haitian government imposed heavy taxes on the Dominicans. Since Haiti was unable to adequately provision its army, the
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rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their meetings to openly challenge the Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country's independence from the Haitian government. After ousting the Haitian
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to recruit emigrants, starting in New York. The organization hoped to resettle 100,000 free blacks within 10 years. Haiti was recommended as the ideal black homeland, due to its moderate weather conditions and black government. After Dewey wrote to Boyer to determine if he was still interested in
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of Spanish colonial power in the New World, had long fallen into decline. The economy was stalled, the land largely unexploited and used for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching, and the population was much lower than in Saint-Domingue. The accounts by the Dominican essayist and politician
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through Cotuí as well as to other territories of the Spanish Antilles. Prisoners rounded up by the troups were forced to accompany the army back to Haiti, where, once they arrived, were either killed or forced to work on plantations. In total, over the course of a few weeks, nearly half of Santo
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However, Ramirez established the slave system, which had been abolished by the Haitians, and the poor population grew in Santo Domingo. So several attempts coup d'état to expel to Sánchez Ramírez of the Santo Domingo's government took place. The people who rebelled against their government were
549:
Under Toussaint Louverture's government, slavery was abolished for the first time on the eastern portion of Hispaniola until the colony was ceded to France. While the French had lost their former colony of Saint-Domingue by 1804, the French commander of the former Spanish side had been able to
901:. The Haitian military had been hardened after decades of conflict with European powers and rival political factions in Haiti, and memories of the numerous racial massacres of the Revolution were still fresh in the mind of Haitian troops, increasing their determination to never lose a battle.
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The ACS sent Boyer questions related to its goal of a colony for American free blacks. Boyer was confident that his government would be able to receive these people. The ACS tried to negotiate to have the Haitian government pay transportation costs for the emigrants. Boyer responded that the
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Sánchez Ramírez, an agricultural landowner, had already fought against the French in the War of the Convention, and in 1803 he had emigrated to Puerto Rico, from where he returned in 1807 to foment the insurrection. To do this, he requested the help of the governor of Puerto Rico,
878:, the Haitian capital. The Dominicans were unaware that Boyer made a concession to the French, and agreed to pay France 150 million gold francs destined to compensated the former French slave owners. Thus, Haiti would essentially be forced into paying reparations for its freedom.
481:
which led to the eventual removal of the French and the independence of Haiti. Following the independence of Haiti, massive portions of the remaining French population were murdered. The eastern portion of the island was preparing itself for an eventual separation from Spain.
445:
seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844. The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, surrendered to the Dominican rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the
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government would pay for those who could not afford it, but the ACS would have to take care of the rest of the finances. Beginning in September 1824, nearly 6,000 Americans, mostly free blacks, migrated to the island within a year, with ships departing from New York,
628:
Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo wrote, "40 children had their throats cut at the church in Moca, and the bodies found at the presbytery, which is the space that encircles the church's altar..." Survivors from the raids fled to western locations including
658:. The white families who stayed on the island did not consider owning slaves due to the political crisis in the island but the few rich white elites that did, fled the colony. Many of these white families that stayed on the island settled in the
747:, and of Dominican settlers who had fled to that island, with whose forces he revolted against the French troops of general and governor Jean-Louis Ferrand, whom he defeated on 11 July 1808 in the battle of Palo Hincado.
653:
Due to the political instability and volatile environment in the island, many of the wealthiest white families in Santo Domingo fled between 1795 and 1820. They settled in Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and Cuba resulting in a
496:
During the second half of the eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue quickly developed into the most prosperous plantation colony of the New World. As a result of the sugar plantations of the French colony worked by
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was also spoken; eventually becoming Haitian territories; however, these cities would often be disputed between the two countries. The boundary was finally set in 1929, and demarcated in 1935–1936.
1211:
occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856. Under the command of
897:, having at their disposal only an untrained infantry force. Haiti's population was eight to ten times larger than that of the Dominican population, and the Dominicans had to also contend with a
862:
A group of Dominican politicians and military officers in the frontier region favored uniting the newly independent nation with Haiti, as they sought political support from Haitian president
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with the French slave-masters who had exploited them before independence, confiscated all church property, deported all foreign clergy, and severed the ties of the remaining clergy to the
1206:
Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. Dominican nationalists led an insurrection against the Haitians. On the morning of 27 February 1844, the gates of
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families" at that era, specially during the slave revolts. Nevertheless, during the Dominican independence movement many whites returned back to the island to reclaim their territory.
534:
decided to delay the occupation until such time as it had enough military and naval forces to take possession of the eastern part of the island. This was to occur in January 1801 when
2731:
1285:
473:, governed by Spain, occupying the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola. By the 1790s, large-scale rebellions erupted in the western portion of the island, spearheaded by men such as
592:. Unable to overpower the Spanish–French defense, and intimidated by the arrival of a French fleet in support of Borgella in Santo Domingo, the army of Dessalines along with
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Support of the unification found itself to be more popular among the Black population who believed that Boyers government would usher an era of social reform, including the
874:
While appeasing the Dominican frontier officers, Jean-Pierre Boyer was already in negotiations with France to prevent an attack by fourteen French warships stationed near
3587:
978:
Haiti's constitution also forbade white elites from owning land, and the major landowning families were forcibly deprived of their properties. Many emigrated to
768:
He suspended the confiscations that the French government had executed against the colony. He also allowed the British to trade in the ports of Santo Domingo.
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to concede. In the most thorough and intense encounter of all, Dominicans armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855.
708:); and immediately they started a series of wars to take over the other's side. The internal military conflicts lasted until 1820 when Haitian president
3432:
2534:, from Girard Alphonse Firire, PhD, "HAITI AND ITS DIASPORA: NEW HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FRONTIERS", 27 August 1999, accessed 15 January 2010
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was known during this period. "Dominican Republic" only began to be used as the most common name for the country in English in the early 20th century.
2031:
1674:
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2823:
818:, the colony's former administrator, and the rebels proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on 1 December 1821. The new nation was known as
1481:
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to gain independence from Haiti. After they revealed themselves as revolutionaries working for Dominican independence, the new Haitian president,
3966:
3951:
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1697:. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive. Imprenta de Garcia hermanos. pp.
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1268:), among others, remained isolated with little communication with the Dominican capital while there were a growing Haitian influence, as the
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united from "Cape Tiburon to Cape Samana in possession of one government." Upon unification of both French-side (Haitï) and Spanish-side (
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had been the indigenous name of the island. On 1 December 1821 a constitutive act was ordered to petition the union of Spanish Haiti with
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538:, then still loyal to France, occupied Santo Domingo in the name of the French Republic. In 1804 the leader of the Haitian revolution,
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finally unified both the South and North of Haiti. After this, Boyer aimed his sights on the struggling Spanish-side of the island.
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2230:
2014:
1988:"José Núñez de Cáceres – Enciclopedia – Virtual de Cáceres. (José Núñez de Cáceres – Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres) (In Spanish)"
1958:
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Several resolutions and written dispositions were expressly aimed at converting average Dominicans into second-class citizens as
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under French rule was to be the chief justification of the freed Haitians in their quest to reunite the island under their rule.
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the French lost the western part of the island, while remaining in control of the eastern part of the island until the Spanish
790:(Foolish Spain), in which the Ramirez government punished all those who promoted or fought for the independence of the colony.
426:, decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spain. Meanwhile the mulatto president of Haiti,
3395:
2916:
501:; sugar had become an indispensable commodity in Europe. By contrast, Santo Domingo, the eastern side that had once been the
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917:
After promising his full support to several Dominican frontier governors and securing their allegiance, Boyer ceremoniously
3780:
1220:. Four years later, Dominican fleets attacked Haitian towns, and land reinforcements in the south to force the determined
1003:
847:
762:
754:, he managed to take the capital of the island. He was therefore appointed captain general and mayor of the island by the
78:
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3052:
3016:
2901:
2833:
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The Dominican nationalists who were against the unification of the island were at a serious disadvantage compared to the
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Ramírez was ill and died on February 11, 1811, at the age of fifty, while still ruling the colony, and was buried in the
559:
415:
1168:
In an uprising timed to preempt Báez, on February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios declared independence from Haiti, backed by
962:), which had arisen with the ranching economy, and some people resented being forced to grow cash crops under Boyer and
926:
Spanish Haiti) nations under the Haitian flag, Boyer divided the island into six departments, that were subdivided into
700:(a title created by Dessalines himself), so they went separate ways: Christophe took the North of Haiti (which he named
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In the Dominican Republic Independence Day is celebrated on February 27, the day of revolt against Haitian occupation.
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675:
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3159:
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3011:
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2640:
2489:
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2334:
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2153:
2100:
1968:
1847:
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705:
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Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.
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1362:
886:
95:
2090:
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1120:
994:, usually with the encouragement of Haitian officials, who acquired their lands. The Haitians, who associated the
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3042:
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of 22 July 1795, ceded its two-thirds of the island to France in exchange for the evacuation of the province of
3946:
3368:
3120:
2395:
1805:
1619:
1088:
receiving American immigrants, Boyer proposed that Haiti would seek blacks exclusively from the United States.
954:
occupying forces largely survived by commandeering or confiscating food and supplies at gunpoint . Attempts to
514:, mulattos, freedmen, and a few black slaves. Saint-Domingue, on the other hand, was nearing a million slaves.
3380:
3375:
3671:
3125:
2923:
2716:
1326:
1193:
1181:
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1033:
1010:, lacking both students and teachers had to close down, and thus the country suffered from a massive case of
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throughout the island, and led to the abolition of slavery as an institution in what became known as the
855:
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438:
202:
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inflicted heavy losses. Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy on May 3, 1844.
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3427:
3417:
3206:
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1485:
1018:
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Ramírez also tried to restore the Dominican economy, but Spain was engaged in the war against the then
597:
546:. Independence did not come easily given the fact that Haiti had been France's most profitable colony.
531:
1360:
To which the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the island were also incorporated by, are today known as
3723:
3594:
3180:
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2706:
2701:
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Jose Nuñez de Cáceres, the first and only governor of The Republic of Spanish Haiti from 1821 to 1822
728:
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387:
313:
2128:
739:, resulting in a victory against the French, and the return of Santo Domingo to Spanish governance.
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963:
527:
326:
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On October 17, 1806, Dessalines was assassinated, an act which was instigated by his own generals
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1936:
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Yves Benot, "Comment Santo Domingo n'a pas été occupé par la République française en 1795–1796",
1165:, was negotiating with the French Consul-General for the establishment of a French protectorate.
1128:
1112:
585:
539:
478:
372:
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Boyer was heavily involved with the massive migration of black Americans to island in 1824. The
645:
430:, offered his support to the frontier governors, and thus they allowed him to enter the city of
3676:
3640:
3474:
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2521:
1719:. Digitized by Harvard University on May 25, 2007. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 212–213.
1590:
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1991:
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On 9 November 1821, Spanish colonial rule over Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group led by
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3422:
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3199:
1837:
1820:
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Under his government, Santo Domingo again traded with the allied countries to Spain, and the
437:
After losing the support of the elites, the Haitian president Boyer was ousted in 1843, with
84:
1940:
1428:
402:
under Spanish administration was first ceded to France and merged with the French colony of
3681:
3666:
3570:
3489:
3479:
3264:
2672:
1766:. Digitized by Indiana University on Aug 28, 2008. Editora Universitaria. pp. 137–139.
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Bulletin, Issue 52. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1892. Digitized 14 August 2012. p. 3.
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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
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In the aftermath of the war between the new French Republic and Spain, the latter, by the
8:
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1407:
398:, that lasted twenty-two years, from February 9, 1822, to February 27, 1844. The part of
158:
1821:
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez One of the Padres de la Patria / Fathers of the Patriotism
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The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola
1457:
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After the annexation of the whole island by Haiti, United States' efforts headed by the
696:. Afterward, both Christophe and Pétion failed to agree on who was going to be the next
693:
605:
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3775:
3745:
3709:
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3442:
3301:
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2116:
1739:
1738:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Multimedios del Caribe. Archived from
1539:
1376:
1331:
1022:
1007:
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447:
411:
351:
165:
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replacing him as president. Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by
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1964:
1843:
1801:
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1604:
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1212:
1132:
1116:
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863:
851:
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709:
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427:
187:
153:
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1909:
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Notas para la historia de Moca: 1er centenario de la Provincia Espaillat (1885–1985)
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repulse the attacks of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, but in 1808, the Dominicans, led by
3904:
3865:
3790:
3765:
3704:
3694:
3654:
3363:
3321:
3291:
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3234:
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934:) and the masses of the black population, most notably throughout the western end.
931:
755:
701:
689:
593:
2449:
2434:"All Spirits Are Roused: The 1822 Antislavery Revolution in Haitian Santo Domingo"
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1833:
1791:
1761:
1639:
1080:
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639:
601:
45:
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2214:(in Spanish) (8th ed.). Santo Domingo: Ediciones Taller. pp. 175–178.
750:
Shortly after, with the help of the English fleet that came to support him from
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987:
875:
783:
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491:
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407:
403:
266:
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with around 10,000 soldiers in February 1822 which lead to the occupation.
3925:
1097:
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882:
731:
a Dominican general commanded the troops that fought against the French in
704:), while Pétion got for himself the South part of Haiti (the newly created
384:
2059:
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region owning land. Historians state that "Santo Domingo lost most of its
510:
cite the Spanish colony's population at around 80,000, mainly composed of
3798:
1963:. Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Editorial Doce Calles. p. 97.
1520:
1240:
983:
971:
Dominican citizens also had more rights than the Haitians who were under
955:
613:
609:
1572:
3494:
2808:
1778:
Memoria de mi salida de la isla de Santo Domingo el 28 de abril de 1805
1453:
First Report of the United States – Board of Geographic Names 1890–1891
1258:
1202:
Depiction of Dominican general Jose M. Cabral in the battle of Santome.
720:
680:
669:
588:, invaded from the southern route in opposition of French-led approved
555:
462:
399:
380:
109:
773:
executed by the army, which was at the service of Ramirez, or sent to
2511:. Mt. Pleasant, Michigan: Central Michigan University. pp. 2–50.
2145:
Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola
1793:
Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola
1093:
625:
566:. However, this short period under which the whole of Hispaniola was
522:
1823:– Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic (DR) – Retrieved 3 November 2012.
909:
1889:"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture"
1449:
1375:"Santo Domingo" is the name under which what today constitutes the
1173:
999:
918:
724:
Portrait of Juan Sánchez Ramírez, painted in the early 19th century
274:
2506:
2313:
transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)
2309:
combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch." (Hoetink,
1717:
Notes on Haiti: Made During a Residence in that Republic, Volume 1
1017:
Although the occupation instated a constitution modeled after the
617:
3191:
1876:. Washington, DC: American University. pp. 37–38, 40, 51–52.
1780:(Memoirs of my leaving the island of Santo Domingo 28 April 1805)
1076:
751:
143:
1842:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santo Domingo: CSIC. pp. 50–51.
1516:
1514:
1123:
are remembered as the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic
2757:
1990:. Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres. July 29, 2010. Archived from
1234:
945:
806:
634:
Domingo's population were slaughtered by the Haitian soldiers.
624:
and approximately 500 people of the northern town of Moca. The
1187:
3222:
1511:
1047:
had done with the Haitian peasantry under the aforementioned
867:
866:
against their enemies. A large faction based in the northern
774:
659:
1591:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1998_num_311_1_2089
1180:
who worked on his estates. This marked the beginning of the
975:'s code rural, and often functioned as their own overseers.
530:
would seize Santo Domingo if the transfer was effected, the
2481:
Peasants and Poverty (Routledge Revivals): A Study of Haiti
1177:
979:
1291:
Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié (1832 – February 1843)
676:
History of Haiti § The_struggle_for_unity_(1806–1820)
1103:
958:
land conflicted with the system of communal land tenure (
2256:""Huyó todo el que pudo" tras invasión haitiana de 1822"
1910:"'Boyer Invades Eastern Hispaniola' by Juan Camilo Vera"
2349:
2032:"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"
1575:(Haiti: A Country Study ed.). Library of Congress.
786:
colonies. His mismanagement led to the period known as
2311:
The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology
2231:"Is it time for France to pay its real debt to Haiti?"
2034:. All Empires Online History Community. Archived from
1127:
In 1838 a group of educated nationalists, among them,
715:
554:, revolted and the following year, with the help of a
1723:
1439:(Dominican Republic) as it is officially designated."
485:
27:
Haitian rule in the Dominican Republic (1822 to 1844)
2088:
1570:
1308:
1272:
circulated and in addition to the Spanish language,
670:
1806: Struggle to unite the South and North of Haiti
1826:
1729:
1690:
1603:
1538:
2419:"Expedition Magazine | the Samana Americans"
2383:
1673:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
1456:. Washington Government Printing Office. p.
1450:United States Geographic Board, ed. (1890–1891).
3938:
2012:
1956:
1606:The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850
1541:The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 3
801:
2630:
2504:
2271:
2228:
2202:
1832:
562:of the city of Santo Domingo. Spanish rule was
1960:Historia de la República Dominicana, Volumen 2
1869:
1730:Martínez Fernández, Héctor (2012-01-28).
1633:
1631:
1587:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
1232:Neighboring towns and cities like Hincha (now
573:
3207:
2616:
2477:
1658:
1434:
465:had been divided into two European colonies:
236:• Dominican Declaration of Independence
2135:
2089:Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999).
1814:
1686:
1684:
1573:"Haiti: Growth and Structure of the Economy"
1400:"Dominican Republic – The first colony"
837:
596:raided through the interior Dominican towns
37:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1952:
1950:
1628:
1188:Aftermath and Dominican Independence (1844)
1054:
410:in 1795. However, with the outbreak of the
3214:
3200:
2623:
2609:
2267:
2265:
2023:
2019:. Imprenta de Garcia Hermanos. p. 22.
2006:
1891:. St. Louis, Missouri: Webster University.
1392:
94:
2546:The African Experience in Spanish America
2198:
2196:
2177:"1818–1843 The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer"
1931:
1929:
1886:
1711:
1681:
1664:
1482:"World Leaders Index: Dominican Republic"
1300:Léo Hérard (1843 – 27 February 1844)
2077:
1947:
1644:. Rutgers University Press. p. 28.
1197:
1107:
944:
936:
908:
841:
805:
719:
679:
644:
584:In February 1805, Haitian forces, under
2262:
2168:
2141:
2054:
2052:
1789:
1637:
1601:
1545:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1536:
1227:
469:, in the west, governed by France; and
461:By the late 18th century the island of
14:
3952:19th century in the Dominican Republic
3939:
2431:
2387:The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects
2193:
1982:
1980:
1926:
1530:
1104:Resistance and subsequent Independence
369:Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue
3195:
2604:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1863:
1759:
1433:"...the Republic of Santo Domingo or
913:Jean-Pierre Boyer, the ruler of Haiti
3433:List of revolutions and coups d'état
2543:
2537:
2322:
2229:Tharoor, Ishaan, ed. (11 May 2015).
2049:
2016:Los restos de Colón en Santo Domingo
1691:del Monte y Tejada, Antonio (1890).
1216:command of the wealthy rancher Gen.
1161:mahogany exporter and deputy in the
2432:Walker, Andrew (12 February 2019).
2210:Período de Integración con Haití".
2174:
1977:
1873:Dominican Republic: A Country Study
1839:Historia de la República Dominicana
1244:), San Rafael de La Angostura (now
1149:, exiled or imprisoned the leading
716:Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo
684:Map of Hispaniola from 1808 to 1820
365:Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo
361:Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo
100:Map of Hispaniola from 1822 to 1844
24:
3967:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
3253:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
3221:
2722:Spanish occupation 1861–1865
2029:
1895:
1571:Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1989).
846:19th-century French print showing
486:First unification under the French
25:
3993:
3977:Former countries in the Caribbean
2594:Dominican Republic-Haiti Boundary
2544:Rout, Leslie B. (July 30, 1976).
1610:. Yale University Press. p.
1337:History of the Dominican Republic
1250:), San Miguel de la Atalaya (now
941:Map of the island of Haiti (1839)
763:Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino
2771:
2508:From North America to Hispaniola
2350:Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1990).
1776:Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo,
1677:from the original on 2014-12-20.
1311:
1176:who commanded a private army of
1172:, a wealthy cattle-rancher from
1139:founded a secret society called
377:Okipasyon ayisyen nan Sen Domeng
331:
306:
77:
63:
2732:U.S. occupation 1916–1924
2587:
2561:
2552:
2515:
2498:
2471:
2425:
2411:
2377:
2343:
2316:
2299:
2248:
2222:
1880:
1783:
1770:
1753:
1705:
1665:Domínguez, Ángel (2014-04-03).
1595:
1579:
1564:
1553:
1029:persisted in Haitian society.
899:severely underdeveloped economy
3369:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
2326:Historical Dictionary of Haiti
2278:. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–52.
2212:Historia del Pueblo Dominicano
1667:"Opinión: El Degüello de Moca"
1499:
1474:
1443:
1422:
1369:
1354:
871:freedom of its former slaves.
858:to compensate French planters.
13:
1:
3972:Dominican War of Independence
2450:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1565438
2272:Coupeau, Steeve, ed. (2008).
1386:
1327:Dominican War of Independence
1288:(9 February 1822 – 1832)
1194:Dominican War of Independence
1182:Dominican War of Independence
1137:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
1121:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
1073:American Colonization Society
1034:American Colonization Society
904:
802:1821: Independence from Spain
735:between 1808 and 1809 in the
580:Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)
544:declared Haiti's independence
456:
248:Dominican War of Independence
2204:Franco Pichardo, Franklin J.
1937:"Governors of Santo Domingo"
1589:, 1998, No. 311, pp. 79–81.
1279:
7:
2569:"Groupe Immobilier d'Haiti"
2548:. CUP Archive. p. 285.
2478:Lundahl, Mats, ed. (2015).
2353:Haiti: State Against Nation
2092:Dominican-Haitian Relations
1760:Julia, Julio Jaime (1985).
1602:Langley, Lester D. (1996).
1429:Hand Book of Santo Domingo:
1410:; Federal Research Division
1304:
1079:for former slaves. In 1817
887:Sebastián Kindelán y Oregon
824:República del Haití Español
574:1805: Haitian slave revolts
10:
3998:
2484:. Routledge. p. 350.
2384:Bryan, Patrick E. (1984).
2060:"Haiti – Historical Flags"
1732:"1805: ¿Degüello en Moca?"
1638:Ricourt, Milagros (2016).
1560:Dominican Independence Day
1286:Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella
1191:
1064:
1058:
1019:United States Constitution
1004:Santo Domingo's university
673:
649:Haitians in Santo Domingo.
577:
532:Committee of Public Safety
526:under the belief that the
489:
3898:
3789:
3731:
3722:
3662:
3653:
3541:
3532:
3450:
3441:
3342:Unification of Hispaniola
3233:
3153:
3086:
3038:
3029:
2972:
2963:
2870:
2861:
2789:
2780:
2769:
2707:Unification of Hispaniola
2639:
2505:Hidalgo, Dennis (2003) .
2390:. Heinemann. p. 43.
2356:. NYU Press. p. 48.
2323:Hall, Michael R. (2012).
2142:Matibag, Eugenio (2003).
2013:Tejera, Emiliano (1878).
1957:Moya Pons, Frank (2010).
1694:Historia de Santo domingo
1319:Dominican Republic portal
1253:Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye
1163:Haitian National Assembly
838:Prelude to the occupation
820:Republic of Spanish Haiti
422:in charge of the colony,
388:Republic of Spanish Haiti
347:
314:Republic of Spanish Haiti
285:
273:
262:
258:
244:
234:
224:
220:
212:
208:
193:
178:
174:
164:
152:
142:
129:
119:
105:
93:
59:
54:
32:
18:Unification of Hispaniola
3455:Administrative divisions
1537:Bethell, Leslie (1984).
1347:
1055:American black migration
964:Joseph Balthazar Inginac
919:marched into the country
416:recaptured Santo Domingo
327:First Dominican Republic
2438:Slavery & Abolition
1870:Thomas E. Weil (1973).
1525:Encyclopædia Britannica
1508:. David Marley, 1998.
856:150 million francs
586:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
540:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
479:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
195:• 1843–1844
180:• 1822–1843
3957:19th-century conflicts
3391:2010s cholera outbreak
3352:Post-imperial Republic
2668:Devastations of Osorio
2148:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1914:islandluminous.fiu.edu
1435:
1295:Charles Rivière-Hérard
1203:
1147:Charles Rivière-Hérard
1124:
950:
949:La Trinitaria meeting.
942:
914:
859:
811:
737:Battle of Palo Hincado
725:
685:
650:
439:Charles Rivière-Hérard
376:
368:
364:
203:Charles Rivière-Hérard
38:
3947:19th century in Haiti
3401:Crisis (2018–present)
1262:), and Veladero (now
1238:), Juana Méndez (now
1201:
1111:
948:
940:
912:
845:
816:José Núñez de Cáceres
809:
765:(UASD) was reopened.
723:
683:
674:Further information:
648:
508:José Núñez de Cáceres
424:José Núñez de Cáceres
130:Common languages
3814:Citadelle Laferrière
3781:Water and sanitation
3520:World Heritage Sites
3265:Atlantic slave trade
3078:Water and sanitation
2525:, Philadelphia, 1824
2275:The History of Haiti
2181:The History of Haiti
1436:República Dominicana
1228:Territorial disputes
1153:. At the same time,
1012:human capital flight
1006:, the oldest in the
883:abolition of slavery
729:Juan Sánchez Ramírez
656:human capital flight
560:ended French control
552:Juan Sánchez Ramírez
536:Toussaint Louverture
475:Toussaint Louverture
250:(end of occupation)
3982:Military occupation
3605:Chamber of Deputies
3588:Commanders-in-chief
2890:Chamber of Deputies
2753:Dominican Civil War
2717:War of Independence
2329:. Scarecrow Press.
1798:Springer Publishing
1790:Matibag, E (2003).
1408:Library of Congress
1256:), Las Caobas (now
988:Spanish possessions
406:as a result of the
226:• Established
159:Military occupation
3886:The Unknown Maroon
3700:Telecommunications
3302:Haitian Revolution
3285:Colonial governors
3258:Colonial governors
3007:Telecommunications
2690:Spanish reconquest
2661:Colonial governors
2632:Dominican Republic
2530:2013-09-10 at the
2306:Terrenos comuneros
2258:. 2 February 2018.
2064:Flags of the World
1943:. 9 November 2006.
1941:El Rincón del Vago
1713:Mackenzie, Charles
1377:Dominican Republic
1332:Haitian Revolution
1204:
1129:Matías Ramón Mella
1125:
1113:Matías Ramón Mella
1023:Dominican Republic
1008:Western Hemisphere
960:terrenos comuneros
951:
943:
915:
860:
812:
726:
686:
651:
412:Haitian Revolution
352:Dominican Republic
39:République d'Haïti
3934:
3933:
3894:
3893:
3871:Sans-Souci Palace
3718:
3717:
3649:
3648:
3612:Political parties
3556:Foreign relations
3528:
3527:
3428:List of massacres
3418:COVID-19 pandemic
3396:Hurricane Matthew
3189:
3188:
3149:
3148:
3025:
3024:
2959:
2958:
2946:Political parties
2907:Foreign relations
2857:
2856:
2763:COVID-19 pandemic
2030:Lancer, Jalisco.
1994:on April 17, 2009
1213:Faustin Soulouque
1155:Buenaventura Báez
1133:Juan Pablo Duarte
1117:Juan Pablo Duarte
986:(these two being
973:Jean-Pierre Boyer
864:Jean-Pierre Boyer
796:National Pantheon
710:Jean-Pierre Boyer
706:Republic of Haiti
443:Juan Pablo Duarte
428:Jean-Pierre Boyer
396:Republic of Haiti
357:
356:
343:
342:
339:
338:
319:
318:
254:February 27, 1844
188:Jean-Pierre Boyer
136:
34:Republic of Haiti
16:(Redirected from
3989:
3914:
3907:
3729:
3728:
3690:
3660:
3659:
3539:
3538:
3448:
3447:
3381:2004 coup d'état
3376:1991 coup d'état
3364:Duvalier dynasty
3275:Peace of Ryswick
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3169:
3162:
3036:
3035:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2868:
2867:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2748:Parsley massacre
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:. Archived from
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1396:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1342:History of Haiti
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1061:Samaná Americans
1038:Samaná Americans
1027:forms of slavery
990:at the time) or
895:Haitian military
854:to agree to pay
791:
778:
756:Junta of Seville
702:Kingdom of Haiti
694:Alexandre Pétion
690:Henri Christophe
606:Alexandre Pétion
594:Henri Christophe
385:then-independent
335:
334:
323:
322:
310:
309:
303:
302:
287:
286:
240:January 16, 1844
230:February 9, 1822
198:
183:
134:
98:
81:
67:
49:
41:
30:
29:
21:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3890:
3876:Public holidays
3866:National anthem
3785:
3714:
3688:
3645:
3578:Law enforcement
3524:
3460:Arrondissements
3437:
3423:2021 earthquake
3386:2010 earthquake
3357:U.S. occupation
3248:Taíno chiefdoms
3229:
3220:
3190:
3185:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3145:
3082:
3068:Public holidays
3021:
2978:
2955:
2853:
2829:Protected areas
2804:Ciudad Colonial
2776:
2767:
2742:Héctor Trujillo
2727:Restoration War
2635:
2629:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2532:Wayback Machine
2520:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2235:Washington Post
2227:
2223:
2208:Capítulo XVIII:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2095:. Basic Books.
2087:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1887:Ernesto Sagás.
1885:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1834:Frank Moya Pons
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
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1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1404:Country Studies
1398:
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1389:
1384:
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1374:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1282:
1230:
1196:
1190:
1106:
1081:Loring D. Dewey
1069:
1063:
1057:
996:Catholic Church
928:arrondissements
907:
840:
804:
781:
771:
718:
698:leader-for-life
678:
672:
640:Lesser Antilles
582:
576:
494:
488:
459:
332:
307:
251:
237:
227:
199:
196:
184:
181:
137:
101:
89:
88:
87:
82:
74:
73:
68:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
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3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3839:Haitian French
3836:
3834:Haitian Creole
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
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3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3629:Prime Minister
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
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3592:
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3590:
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3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:National parks
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3445:
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3408:
3398:
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3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3280:Saint-Domingue
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
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3230:
3219:
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3147:
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2824:Municipalities
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2755:
2750:
2745:
2736:Trujillo Era (
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2684:Era de Francia
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634: articles
2628:
2627:
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2613:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2586:
2575:on 27 May 2014
2560:
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2315:
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2284:
2261:
2247:
2221:
2192:
2175:Corbett, Bob.
2167:
2154:
2134:
2101:
2076:
2048:
2022:
2005:
1976:
1969:
1946:
1939:(in Spanish).
1925:
1894:
1879:
1862:
1848:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1800:. p. 88.
1782:
1769:
1752:
1722:
1704:
1680:
1657:
1651:978-0813584508
1650:
1627:
1620:
1594:
1578:
1563:
1552:
1529:
1510:
1498:
1473:
1469:haiti; island.
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1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1274:Haitian Creole
1229:
1226:
1222:Haitian leader
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1105:
1102:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
906:
903:
890:Haitian flag.
876:Port-au-Prince
839:
836:
803:
800:
784:South American
745:Toribio Montes
717:
714:
671:
668:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
519:Peace of Basel
499:African slaves
492:Era de Francia
490:Main article:
487:
484:
467:Saint-Domingue
458:
455:
408:Peace of Basel
404:Saint Domingue
383:and merger of
373:Haitian Creole
355:
354:
349:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
320:
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107:
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83:
76:
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62:
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51:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3994:
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3777:
3774:
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3762:
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3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Ethnic groups
3749:
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3739:
3737:
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3727:
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3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:External debt
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3641:Supreme Court
3639:
3635:
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3630:
3627:
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3619:
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3488:
3486:
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3478:
3476:
3475:Deforestation
3473:
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3370:
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3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Second Empire
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:1804 massacre
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Le Jeune Case
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
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3255:
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2756:
2754:
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2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:La Trinitaria
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Spanish Haiti
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:Santo Domingo
2654:
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2491:9781317593911
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2363:9780853457558
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2336:9780810878105
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2285:9780313340895
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2182:
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2171:
2157:
2155:9780312294328
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2118:
2104:
2102:9780465000715
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2038:on 2018-04-13
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2009:
1998:September 11,
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1970:9788400092405
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1901:
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1849:9788400092405
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1756:
1742:on 2015-12-08
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1488:on 2015-06-20
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1248:
1247:Saint-Raphaël
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:Pedro Santana
1214:
1209:
1208:Santo Domingo
1200:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Pedro Santana
1166:
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1160:
1156:
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1143:
1142:La Trinitaria
1138:
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1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Gran Colombia
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
969:
965:
961:
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939:
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888:
884:
879:
877:
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869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
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835:
833:
832:Gran Colombia
829:
825:
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817:
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785:
779:
776:
769:
766:
764:
759:
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753:
748:
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740:
738:
734:
733:Santo Domingo
730:
722:
713:
711:
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703:
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695:
691:
682:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
647:
643:
641:
635:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:slave raiding
587:
581:
571:
569:
565:
564:reestablished
561:
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553:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
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493:
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476:
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471:Santo Domingo
468:
464:
454:
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435:
433:
432:Santo Domingo
429:
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392:Santo Domingo
389:
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362:
353:
350:
348:Today part of
346:
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3741:Demographics
3672:Central bank
3566:Human rights
3546:Constitution
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3312:First Empire
3111:Coat of arms
3048:Demographics
2990:Central Bank
2912:Human rights
2897:Constitution
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296:Succeeded by
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3682:Foreign aid
3667:Agriculture
3571:LGBT rights
3490:Environment
3485:Earthquakes
3480:Departments
3411:2022 crisis
2929:enforcement
2917:LGBT rights
2696:España Boba
2673:Slave trade
2125:|work=
1241:Ouanaminthe
1151:Trinitarios
1083:toured the
984:Puerto Rico
788:España Boba
614:Monte Plata
394:) into the
291:Preceded by
3962:Annexation
3941:Categories
3881:Television
3846:Literature
3689:(currency)
3595:Parliament
3561:Government
3495:Hispaniola
3126:Literature
2979:(currency)
2809:Hispaniola
2523:US Gazette
2403:12 October
2397:0435983016
2369:12 October
2240:10 October
2186:2007-12-24
2161:2007-12-24
2108:2007-12-24
2042:2007-12-24
1919:2019-06-15
1807:1403973806
1746:2018-09-08
1621:0300077262
1492:2015-04-26
1387:References
1259:Lascahobas
1085:East Coast
1065:See also:
1049:Code Rural
968:Code Rural
905:Occupation
822:(Spanish:
558:squadron,
556:Royal Navy
463:Hispaniola
457:Background
448:Dominicans
400:Hispaniola
390:(formerly
381:annexation
379:) was the
367:; French:
363:(Spanish:
154:Government
144:Demonym(s)
135:(official)
3861:Mythology
3829:Languages
3776:Squatting
3746:Education
3710:Transport
3617:President
3551:Elections
3443:Geography
3335:1820–1849
3330:1806–1820
3326:Republic
3053:Education
3017:Transport
2997:Companies
2951:President
2902:Elections
2834:Provinces
2819:Mountains
2782:Geography
2650:Cacicazgo
2458:150460930
2206:(2009). "
2127:ignored (
2117:cite book
1736:El Caribe
1363:Dominican
1280:Governors
1265:Belladère
1094:Baltimore
932:mulattoes
626:barrister
523:Guipuzcoa
418:in 1809.
166:President
55:1822–1844
3921:Category
3761:Religion
3583:Military
3534:Politics
3515:Wildlife
3406:Gang war
3243:Timeline
3227:articles
3176:Category
3073:Religion
3063:Language
2941:Politics
2936:Military
2880:Congress
2863:Politics
2849:Wildlife
2528:Archived
2463:9 August
1836:(2010).
1715:(1830).
1675:Archived
1414:June 19,
1305:See also
1174:El Seibo
850:forcing
608:invaded
604:, while
598:Santiago
512:criollos
263:Currency
3905:Outline
3819:Cuisine
3791:Culture
3724:Society
3705:Tourism
3695:Poverty
3687:Gourde
3655:Economy
3500:Islands
3322:Kingdom
3292:Slavery
3270:Maroons
3235:History
3160:Outline
3116:Cuisine
3088:Culture
3031:Society
3012:Tourism
2965:Economy
2875:Cabinet
2839:Regions
2814:Islands
2678:Maroons
2641:History
1547:267–269
1521:"Haiti"
1077:Liberia
1000:Vatican
752:Jamaica
622:La Vega
568:de jure
528:British
246:•
213:History
182:(first)
148:Haitian
138:Spanish
133:French
120:Capital
110:Annexed
3926:Portal
3809:Cinema
3766:People
3756:Health
3600:Senate
3510:Rivers
3470:Cities
3465:Border
3225:
3181:Portal
3141:Sports
3136:People
3106:Cinema
3096:Anthem
3058:Health
3002:Energy
2885:Senate
2844:Rivers
2799:Cities
2794:Border
2758:DOMREP
2738:Rafael
2579:25 May
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848:Mackau
826:), as
631:Higüey
267:Gourde
216:
197:(last)
170:
106:Status
46:French
42:
3912:Index
3856:Music
3851:Media
3736:Crime
3317:State
3223:Haiti
3167:Index
3131:Music
3043:Crime
2985:Banks
2977:Peso
2454:S2CID
1701:–198.
1348:Notes
1178:peons
1157:, an
1045:Boyer
868:Cibao
852:Boyer
828:Haiti
775:Ceuta
660:Cibao
618:Cotuí
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114:Haiti
3824:Flag
3634:List
3622:List
3121:Flag
2740:and
2581:2014
2486:ISBN
2465:2022
2405:2015
2392:ISBN
2371:2015
2358:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2293:2017
2280:ISBN
2242:2015
2150:ISBN
2129:help
2097:ISBN
2071:2017
2000:2010
1965:ISBN
1857:2013
1844:ISBN
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