247:
366:
424:
army, having received no pay, left the ranks of the army after the fall of
Vilnius. On August 10 in Riga, Magnus de la Gardie accepted the Lithuanian terms brought by Gabriel Lubieniecki but not without changes, taking the Grand Duchy under his protection on behalf of the Swedish king. The Lithuanian army was to be attached to the Swedish one, the Grand Duchy was to take on the maintenance of the entire army, the Swedes were to take control of all fortresses. The question of the Grand Duchy's relationship to the Crown and Sweden and the fief principalities for the Radziwiłłs was omitted. On August 11, he called on the tsar's commanders to stop further march deep into Lithuania, which is under the protection of the Swedish king.
131:
98:
420:
Crown. The proposals envisioned a union of the three states, or only Sweden and
Lithuania, if Poland found itself under alien ruler. At the same time, both Radzwills demanded the creation of fiefdoms for themselves, separate from the Grand Duchy, and covering much of its territory, as well as parts of the Crown. Meanwhile, the Swedes also held talks with the Russians, to whom they proposed various lines for dividing the Grand Duchy's territory between them.
297:
521:(August 18). Moscow then demanded the renunciation of its claims to Lithuania, in exchange for a guarantee of the inviolability of Courland and Prussia. At the same time, Moscow's deputy Vasily Likhariev arrived in Kėdainiai on August 30, promising to preserve rights, property and religious freedom in exchange for surrender to the tsar. Janusz Radziwiłł rejected these proposals, giving the existing agreement with Sweden as the reason. Field hetman
27:
314:, the only major fortress capable of stopping the march of the Russian army deep into Lithuania, fell. At this point Radziwiłł entered into secret talks with Sweden seeking an agreement with them. But as he was still hoping to establish an alliance between the Commonwealth and Sweden, upon hearing of the ongoing negotiations he set out in the spring of 1655 on an expedition deep into Belarus against the Russian army.
119:
86:
441:. But again conditions were changed, they stipulated the separation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from Sweden, the inviolability of the union with the Crown, joint participation with the Crown in the peace talks, the non-use of Lithuanian troops against Polish ones, only temporary surrender of fortresses, and agreed to a possible union with Sweden, but on an equal basis. On 17 August, Janusz Radziwiłł signed the
584:
he granted them the traitors' estates in
Lithuania. Instead of attempting to join the royal forces, they began plundering Radziwiłł's estates. They then entered into negotiations with Moscow, proposing a truce. This had little effect, and after October 20 Moscow took a further offensive, defeating Sapieha's troops. At the same time, Paweł Sapieha maintained contacts with the Swedes, through the Swedish envoy
279:'s efforts to seize the Polish throne by making a deal with Transylvania. At the same time, he established contacts with Sweden for the first time, seeking to separate Lithuania from the Crown. In the following years, Janusz Radziwiłł grew closer to the king, taking part in battles against the Cossacks in Ukraine. He took advantage of his successes by forcing the king to appoint him
423:
Earlier, on August 3, royal secretary
Krzysztof Scipio del Campo of Jan Kazimierz arrived in Lithuania, with permission for the Lithuanian lords to enter into truce talks with Moscow and Sweden. The proposals for talks were rejected by the tsarist army, which captured Vilnius on August 9. Part of the
610:
The tide of the war soon turned and a popular uprising in Poland broke the power of the
Swedish army. The Swedish occupation of Lithuania sparked a similar uprising in Lithuania. The Swedish defeat and the eventual retreat from the territories of the Commonwealth abruptly ended the plans of Janusz's
583:
The signing of the Kėdainiai Treaty strengthened
Swedish rule in Lithuania in the short term and weakened the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and John II Casimir. King John II Casimir, who was staying in Silesia, took Paweł Sapieha's confederates into the pay of the Crown treasury. On September 10,
574:
would be given two sovereign principalities carved from its lands within the Grand Duchy, and the
Lithuanian nobility would retain its liberties and privileges. Janusz Radziwiłł signed a private agreement with the Swedes, under which he received large territorial concessions and revenues; his nephew
419:
called on the
Swedish army for help. Swedish troops entered Lithuania essentially as allies. The Lithuanian lords probably knew about the events in Ujście. They placed themselves under the protection of the Swedish king, with no obligation to swear an oath of allegiance or sever ties with the Polish
287:
field hetman and treasurer of
Lithuania, and divided the Lithuanian army into two divisions. In the face of the Russian invasion, Radziwiłł refused to take offensive action and demanded that the king conclude a truce with Moscow and enter into alliance talks with Sweden. At the same time, Radziwiłł
529:
On
October 10, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie arrived in Kėdainiai in an attempt to force the nobility to sign the final agreement. Janusz Radziwiłł's position was becoming weaker and weaker, he himself was constrained by private deals with the Swedes, and he was losing supporters. The Samogitian
565:
joining both states. In Lithuania, the king was to be represented by his governor (Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, later Bengt Skytte with the title of legate), who did not have to be a citizen of the Grand Duchy. He was to be assisted in governing by deputies, three from each
449:), which placed the Grand Duchy under Swedish protection. The nobility gathered in Braslaw, 116 in number, also approved the act, along with 38 exulants, 3 clergymen and 3 townsmen. A number of lords, however, refused to endorse the act, among them the bishop of Samogitia,
667:, praised the Lithuanian nobility for trying to secede from Poland and secure the sovereignty of Lithuania. In 1995, Lithuania and Sweden have celebrated the 340th anniversary of the union as a symbol of friendship and historical bonds shared by the two countries.
457:
rejected the act of Josvainiai, remaining loyal to John II Casimir. Soldiers who denounced obedience to the hetmans, as well as the nobility of Brest voivodeship, formed a confederation on August 23 in defense of the Fatherland and King John II Casimir in
650:
Although seen as an act of treason by contemporaries, modern views on the Swedish–Lithuanian accord differ. Some argue that the arrangement with the Swedes was made by Janusz Radziwiłł not out of greed and the political ambition, but rather out of
534:, and Bogusław Radziwiłł in his estates in Podlachia. On September 29, 1655, the army loyal to Janusz Radziwiłł, Cyprian Paweł Brzostowski in his letter to Bogusław Radziwiłł estimates at "under a thousand"; at the time, these were exclusively
525:
was of different opinion, he was ready to make territorial concessions in exchange for the Commonwealth's anti-Swedish alliance with Moscow. Nothing came of the talks, and on September 9 the tsar adopted the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania.
432:
Lubieniecki returned to Janusz Radziwiłł on August 15, who was not fully satisfied with the negotiated terms, but accepted them. And with him 436 people at the Josvainiai convention, among them field hetman Wincenty Gosiewski,
407:
is unknown, but it did not represent much military value. In early July, the king ordered the Crown army to leave Lithuania and head for Prussia. This act removed any hope of an effective defense of the Grand Duchy.
655:. According to another theory, Janusz Radziwiłł was merely attempting to secure a strong ally against Russia. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lacked the resources to fight a war on two fronts, and the
260:
family owned vast areas of land in Lithuania and Poland, and some of its members were dissatisfied with the role of the magnates, who in Poland–Lithuania theoretically had the same rights as the
570:. The armies were to be united, the nobility lost the right to free election and influence over declaring war and making peace. Other rights and religious freedoms were preserved. In addition,
391:
capturing Dyneburg on July 17. At the same time, Russian and Cossack armies took offensives approaching Vilnius. The Lithuanian army was few in number. It consisted of three parts: the
288:
re-established contacts with George II Rákóczi urging him to claim the Polish throne and promising his support. The king in turn planned to deprive him of his Hetman's office.
557:, the Polish–Lithuanian Union was declared null and void. In exchange for military assistance against Russia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania would become a protectorate of
246:
535:
283:
and grand hetman of Lithuania, thus making him the most important dignitary in Lithuania. However, the king, wanting to limit Radziwiłł's omnipotence, made loyal
1431:
659:, which now had its own serious problems and could supply only trifling amounts of money and military forces. However, some Lithuanian intellectuals during the
1272:
489:). The August 17 act was not approved by the Swedes, who did not want war with Moscow, but with the Crown. Nonetheless, the Swedes moved their troops led by
349:
as its ruler. Lithuania was then in turmoil and was being attacked on two separate fronts by Russia and Sweden, and a Ukrainian peasant revolt, known as the
1441:
638:("Traitor"). Their treason against the Commonwealth largely overshadowed the deeds of the next generation's numerous other family members, including
341:. The Crown army, consisting mostly of pospolite ruszenie and devoid of a commander, capitulated before the Swedes. The capitulation, signed at
604:
365:
1224:
Wisner, Henryk (1976). "Działalność wojskowa Janusza Radziwiłła, 1648-1655" [Military activities of Janusz Radziwiłł, 1648-1655].
1265:
513:
Despite the officially proclaimed protection of the Swedish king, the Moscow army continued its march deep into Lithuania, occupying
737:
1401:
1451:
380:. On behalf of the Swedish king, he negotiated with the lords of Lithuania on the terms of their subjugation to the authority of
337:
and the Union. In July 1655, Swedish troops crossed the borders of the Commonwealth. The first attack on July 24 was directed at
267:
Janusz Radziwiłł was the head of the Biržai line of Radziwiłłs and a leader of Lithuanian Protestants. He was a favorite of King
1258:
1180:
530:
nobility, gathered in Kėdainiai, formed a confederation manifesting their separateness. Bishop Jerzy Tyszkiewicz was away in
102:
1193:
In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the mid-17th century
469:
Eventually, most of the Polish-controlled Lithuanian army surrendered to the Swedes, and the state collapsed. Most of the
271:, from whom he received the position of Lithuanian field hetman, but was an ardent opponent of his brother and successor
334:
300:
230:
203:
45:
639:
1201:
322:
373:
1309:
1191:
1282:
345:, severed the relations of the Greater Poland voivodeships with the rest of the state, which had recognized
264:. Eventually, the interests of the wealthy clan, known as the "Family", and the Crown began to drift apart.
1421:
250:
1384:
1374:
660:
622:
With the passing of both cousins, the Radziwiłł family fortunes waned. Bogusław became commonly known as
369:
304:
1426:
498:
381:
346:
330:
183:
90:
416:
1456:
676:
175:
136:
591:
Its main proponent, Janusz Radziwiłł, died only two months after it was signed, on 31 December at
1446:
1349:
1339:
595:, which was then besieged by forces loyal to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania,
490:
453:, and the starosta of Samogitia, Jerzy Karol Hlebowicz. Similarly, the nobility gathered around
1436:
1314:
276:
268:
233:
nobility in Poland and Lithuania put an end to Swedish power and to the Radziwiłłs' influence.
1294:
442:
195:
1319:
1250:
1211:
Wasilewski, Tadeusz (1973). "Zdrada Janusza Radziwiłła w 1655 r. i jej wyznaniowe motywy".
585:
438:
350:
272:
1237:
Wisner, Henryk (1981). "Rok 1655 w Litwie: pertraktacje ze Szwecją i kwestia wyznaniowa".
600:
549:
On 20 October 1655, Janusz Radziwiłł signed an agreement with the Swedes at his castle at
538:. Particularly painful for the hetman was the departure from the ranks of his army by the
8:
554:
191:
155:
342:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
543:
522:
326:
284:
280:
1197:
1176:
1154:
612:
412:
226:
199:
41:
1151:
The Swedish and the Polish-Lithuanian Empires and the formation of the Baltic Region
477:, was occupied by Swedish forces, and the Russians seized most of Lithuania (except
399:. The crown reinforcements constituted a considerable force of up to 5,000 men. The
1389:
1344:
1329:
1324:
450:
388:
318:
187:
163:
494:
463:
1379:
1304:
1146:
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377:
222:
1334:
592:
562:
539:
338:
257:
211:
179:
123:
486:
411:
In view of this, on July 29, Vilnius voivode Janusz Radziwiłł, Vilnius bishop
1415:
616:
531:
656:
502:
207:
1173:
The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721
550:
546:, but these returned to his command later and served him until his death.
70:
652:
296:
588:. He eventually accepted the Swedish king's protection on December 5.
482:
478:
474:
434:
210:
under the Swedish Crown with some of the estates being ruled by the
664:
631:
459:
311:
261:
26:
354:
317:
In 1654, during the Swedish-Russian invasion of Poland, known as
171:
198:
of 17 August, which put Lithuania under Swedish protection, the
567:
558:
553:. According to the treaty, signed by over 1,000 members of the
518:
514:
454:
1137:(in Lithuanian). R. Paknio leidykla. 307 p. ISBN 9986-830-89-3
603:, who immediately succeeded Janusz Radziwiłł to the office of
221:
The agreement was short-lived since the Swedish defeat at the
1076:
627:
1280:
1117:
1115:
943:
941:
779:
755:
353:, was spilling into the Grand Duchy's southern regions from
712:
710:
505:
arrived in Kėdainiai. Negotiations on a new treaty began.
1112:
1088:
1064:
938:
914:
878:
827:
1006:
803:
791:
767:
707:
1054:
1052:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1018:
996:
994:
992:
977:
953:
926:
890:
866:
844:
842:
642:(1625–1680), who served faithfully against the Swedes.
1100:
1049:
1030:
989:
965:
902:
854:
839:
815:
275:. Shortly after his election in 1649, he supported
437:of Samogitia Eustachy Kierdej, and Vilnius canon
376:of the Kingdom of Sweden and Governor-General of
186:, that was signed on 20 October 1655, during the
1413:
206:and to set up the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a
291:
1266:
321:, two notable princes of the Radziwiłł clan,
575:Bogusław similarly, but on a smaller scale.
1189:
360:
1432:1655 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1273:
1259:
1210:
1094:
1082:
1070:
947:
884:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
716:
700:
698:
696:
611:cousin Bogusław, who lost his army in the
1442:Treaties of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
364:
303:(Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) during
295:
245:
241:
16:1655 treaty between Sweden and Lithuania
1135:Senosios Lietuvos istorija (1009–1795)
693:
329:, began negotiations with Swedish King
1414:
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735:
508:
1254:
1170:
403:was of similar size, the size of the
229:and an uprising organised by the pro-
731:
729:
727:
725:
427:
447:Instrumentum Lithuanicae deditionis
395:, the crown reinforcements and the
13:
333:that were aimed at dissolving the
14:
1468:
722:
1239:Odrodzenie I Reformacja W Polsce
1213:Odrodzenie I Reformacja W Polsce
129:
117:
96:
84:
25:
1163:
1140:
1127:
599:. The castle was soon taken by
335:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
46:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
687:
645:
1190:Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2006).
578:
462:, led by voivode of Witebsk
387:Swedish troops also entered
292:Russian and Swedish invasion
204:Lithuanian union with Poland
7:
738:"Janusz Radziwiłł h. Trąby"
670:
370:Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
170:) was an agreement between
44:and legally dissolving the
31:Text of the treaty in Latin
10:
1473:
1452:Lithuania–Sweden relations
682:
640:Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł
236:
200:Swedish–Lithuanian union's
130:
97:
91:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
1398:
1290:
605:Grand Hetman of Lithuania
110:
77:
66:
55:20 October 1655
51:
36:
24:
1171:Frost, Robert I (2000).
1133:Bumblauskas, A. (2005).
634:, and Janusz was called
493:into the strongholds of
361:Secret talks with Sweden
176:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
137:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
42:Swedish–Lithuanian Union
1355:Wehlau – Bromberg
1196:. Södertörns högskola.
491:Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt
415:and Lithuanian equerry
251:Prince Janusz Radziwiłł
202:purpose was to end the
619:on 31 December 1669.
384:
307:
253:
152:Agreement of Kėdainiai
736:Wasilewski, Tadeusz.
615:and died in exile in
473:, along with west of
368:
299:
249:
242:Radziwiłłs' influence
194:. In contrast to the
742:www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl
704:Frost (2000), p. 168
677:Polish–Swedish union
586:Jan Fryderyk Sapieha
351:Khmelnytsky Uprising
310:On October 3, 1654,
178:and the king of the
1422:Second Northern War
1226:Rocznik Białostocki
1175:. Harlow: Longman.
788:, pp. 129–130.
764:, pp. 128–129.
555:Lithuanian nobility
536:foreign contingents
509:Treaty of Kėdainiai
501:. On September 17,
443:Treaty of Kėdainiai
196:Treaty of Kėdainiai
192:Second Northern War
103:Janusz II Radziwiłł
21:
1124:, p. 100-101.
1085:, p. 139-141.
923:, p. 104-105.
836:, p. 105-106.
523:Wincenty Gosiewski
417:Bogusław Radziwiłł
405:pospolite ruszenie
397:pospolite ruszenie
385:
308:
285:Wincenty Gosiewski
281:voivode of Vilnius
254:
148:Union of Kėdainiai
20:Union of Kėdainiai
19:
1427:1655 in Lithuania
1409:
1408:
1182:978-0-582-06429-4
1155:Baltic University
1015:, p. 99-100.
630:") by his fellow
613:Battle of Prostki
601:Paweł Jan Sapieha
428:Act of Josvainiai
413:Jerzy Tyszkiewicz
277:George II Rákóczi
168:Kėdainiai förbund
144:
143:
1464:
1281:Treaties of the
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1186:
1158:
1147:Gerner, Kristian
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1131:
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1110:
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1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1027:, p. 96-97.
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
987:
986:, p. 92-93.
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:, p. 91-92.
957:
951:
945:
936:
935:, p. 90-91.
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
899:, p. 89-90.
894:
888:
882:
876:
875:, p. 88-89.
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864:
858:
852:
846:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
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801:
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789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
752:
750:
749:
733:
720:
714:
705:
702:
661:National Revival
544:armoured banners
517:(August 16) and
451:Piotr Parczewski
382:Charles X Gustav
347:Charles X Gustav
331:Charles X Gustav
223:Battles of Warka
184:Charles X Gustav
135:
133:
132:
122:
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101:
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62:
60:
29:
22:
18:
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1471:
1467:
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1462:
1461:
1457:Personal unions
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1286:
1279:
1249:
1204:
1183:
1166:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1095:Wasilewski 1973
1093:
1089:
1083:Wasilewski 1973
1081:
1077:
1071:Wasilewski 1973
1069:
1065:
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1050:
1042:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
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990:
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954:
948:Wasilewski 1973
946:
939:
931:
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891:
885:Wasilewski 1973
883:
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871:
867:
859:
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828:
820:
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810:Wasilewski 1973
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804:
798:Wasilewski 1973
796:
792:
786:Wasilewski 1973
784:
780:
774:Wasilewski 1973
772:
768:
762:Wasilewski 1973
760:
756:
747:
745:
734:
723:
717:Wasilewski 1973
715:
708:
703:
694:
690:
685:
673:
648:
597:John II Casimir
581:
511:
471:Crown of Poland
439:Jerzy Białłozor
430:
401:wojsko zaciężne
393:wojsko zaciężne
378:Swedish Livonia
363:
294:
262:Polish nobility
244:
239:
128:
118:
116:
95:
85:
83:
58:
56:
40:Establishing a
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:1655 in Sweden
1444:
1439:
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1208:
1202:
1187:
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1167:
1165:
1162:
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1159:
1139:
1126:
1111:
1109:, p. 100.
1099:
1097:, p. 138.
1087:
1075:
1073:, p. 139.
1063:
1048:
1029:
1017:
1005:
988:
976:
964:
952:
950:, p. 137.
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
887:, p. 135.
877:
865:
853:
838:
826:
814:
812:, p. 134.
802:
800:, p. 131.
790:
778:
776:, p. 130.
766:
754:
721:
719:, p. 128.
706:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
672:
669:
647:
644:
593:Tykocin Castle
580:
577:
563:personal union
510:
507:
429:
426:
389:Polish Livonia
362:
359:
339:Greater Poland
293:
290:
243:
240:
238:
235:
188:Swedish Deluge
180:Swedish Empire
160:Kėdainių unija
142:
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124:Swedish Empire
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2:
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1437:1655 treaties
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1300:2nd Kėdainiai
1298:
1296:
1295:1st Kėdainiai
1293:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1276:
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1269:
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1262:
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1256:
1253:
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1203:91-89315-63-4
1199:
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1123:
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1108:
1103:
1096:
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1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1061:, p. 98.
1060:
1055:
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1046:, p. 95.
1045:
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1038:
1036:
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1014:
1009:
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1002:
997:
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974:, p. 93.
973:
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911:, p. 90.
910:
905:
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881:
874:
869:
863:, p. 86.
862:
857:
851:, p. 87.
850:
845:
843:
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830:
824:, p. 85.
823:
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541:
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533:
527:
524:
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516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:and parts of
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
464:Paweł Sapieha
461:
456:
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448:
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273:Jan Kazimierz
270:
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28:
23:
1400:
1299:
1283:Northern War
1242:
1238:
1229:
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1212:
1192:
1172:
1164:Bibliography
1150:
1142:
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868:
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829:
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781:
769:
757:
746:. Retrieved
741:
663:, including
657:Polish Crown
649:
635:
623:
621:
609:
590:
582:
571:
548:
528:
512:
503:Bengt Skytte
468:
446:
431:
422:
410:
404:
400:
396:
392:
386:
316:
309:
301:The Republic
269:Władysław IV
266:
255:
231:Commonwealth
220:
215:
208:protectorate
167:
159:
151:
147:
145:
1285:(1654–1660)
1122:Wisner 1981
1107:Wisner 1981
1059:Wisner 1981
1044:Wisner 1981
1025:Wisner 1981
1013:Wisner 1981
1001:Wisner 1981
984:Wisner 1981
972:Wisner 1981
960:Wisner 1981
933:Wisner 1981
921:Wisner 1976
909:Wisner 1981
897:Wisner 1981
873:Wisner 1981
861:Wisner 1981
849:Wisner 1981
834:Wisner 1976
822:Wisner 1981
744:(in Polish)
653:Realpolitik
499:Radviliškis
487:Aukštaitija
78:Signatories
73:, Lithuania
1416:Categories
1385:Copenhagen
1350:2nd Vienna
1340:1st Vienna
1320:Marienburg
1310:Königsberg
748:2023-11-17
688:References
646:Assessment
617:Königsberg
572:The Family
532:Königsberg
374:Chancellor
319:The Deluge
305:The Deluge
218:) family.
156:Lithuanian
59:1655-10-20
1402:Campaigns
1375:the Hague
1232:: 53–109.
579:Aftermath
561:, with a
551:Kėdainiai
483:Suvalkija
479:Samogitia
475:Lithuania
435:castellan
258:Radziwiłł
212:Radziwiłł
71:Kėdainiai
1370:Valiesar
1365:Roskilde
1360:Taastrup
1315:Tyszowce
1157:. p. 65.
1149:(2002).
671:See also
665:Maironis
460:Virbalis
327:Bogusław
312:Smolensk
172:magnates
67:Location
683:Sources
636:Zdrajca
355:Ukraine
237:History
227:Prostki
216:Radvila
190:of the
174:of the
164:Swedish
111:Parties
57: (
1390:Cardis
1345:Radnot
1330:Labiau
1325:Elbing
1200:
1179:
632:nobles
568:powiat
559:Sweden
540:hussar
519:Grodno
515:Kaunas
495:Biržai
455:Grodno
343:Ujście
323:Janusz
134:
52:Signed
1380:Oliva
1335:Vilna
1305:Rinsk
1243:XXXVI
1217:XVIII
628:Louse
624:Gnida
1198:ISBN
1177:ISBN
542:and
497:and
485:and
325:and
256:The
225:and
146:The
37:Type
150:or
1418::
1241:.
1230:13
1228:.
1215:.
1153:.
1114:^
1051:^
1032:^
991:^
940:^
841:^
740:.
724:^
709:^
695:^
626:("
607:.
466:.
372:,
357:.
182:,
166::
162:,
158::
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1245:.
1219:.
1206:.
1185:.
751:.
445:(
214:(
154:(
61:)
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