756:
736:
1566:
744:
156:
100:
1382:
1172:
86:
1083:
1335:
466:
441:
1028:
724:
1311:
1286:
1241:
1219:
1101:
1047:
1480:
1436:
1064:
1135:
1514:
1463:
1192:
2180:
1118:
1494:
1153:
1403:
1271:
1350:
607:
abruptly imposed his reforms without even a semblance of consultation with the population, which actually included an influential urban intelligentsia and other segments of the ruling classes who were highly receptive to such innovations. The
Emperor's
620:
and
Luxembourg. Feudal and trade corporation regulations and jurisdictions were modified or abolished, and the authorities abolished the ancient provinces of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, Namur, and Luxembourg, replacing them with 9 circles
2333:
in 1776 served as models for the
Declaration of Independence of Flanders and some of the other provinces between November 1789 and early 1790. Shortly afterwards, the Articles of Confederation served as a model for the
623:
755:
2356:
Realizing the fragility of the new state, Van der Noot approached foreign states for support and suggested a unification with the Dutch
Republic, with little success. Furthermore, the
612:
of 1781 established religious freedom. Another edict in 1784 removed from the
Catholic clergy responsibility for the civil registry, and civil marriage was introduced. Under the
2554:"In Flanders Fields: "Om niet te delen in haar zonden" (Op. 18, 4). Beschouwingen over de rechtvaardiging van secessie bij aantasting van de "vrijheit hunder constitutien""
2557:
2465:
1565:
278:
2653:
2221:
In 1789, a church-inspired popular revolt broke out in reaction to the emperor's centralizing and anticlerical policies. Two factions appeared: the
616:(1780), contemplative religious orders, deemed useless, were dissolved and diocesan seminaries were abolished and replaced by general seminaries in
2094:
1440:
735:
2042:
247:
2380:
succeeded him as emperor. Leopold II quickly moved to recapture the
Austrian Netherlands. On 24 October 1790 imperial troops took the city of
2280:
2520:
Documents
Illustrating the History of Belgium. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, External Trade and Cooperation in Development. Brussels. 1978.
2208:
155:
2648:
2658:
2330:
2395:
The
Austrian restoration and hegemony was historically brief however, as the region was overrun by French armies in 1794 during the
17:
2237:
who initially supported the reforms but then joined the opposition, due to the clumsy way in which the reforms were carried out.
1467:
2673:
2663:
1892:
169:
2524:
2592:
2287:
99:
2553:
2248:, which in January 1789 declared that it no longer recognized the emperor's rule. The leader of the Statisten faction,
639:
345:
2461:
2500:
2420:
2295:
2083:
2020:
1901:
1584:
1453:
2201:
2283:
1602:
2668:
2643:
2377:
2309:
Van der Noot now declared
Brabant independent, and all the other provinces of the Austrian Netherlands (except
2169:
2373:
2322:
674:
604:
567:
322:
85:
1725:
2346:
1707:
1176:
2313:) soon followed suit. On 11 January 1790 they signed a pact, establishing a confederation under the name
2194:
2165:
2161:
1668:
1545:
1068:
613:
400:
266:
2396:
2272:
728:
289:
2105:
1339:
600:
designed to radically modernize and centralize the political, judicial and administrative systems.
1575:
743:
2173:
2072:
1932:
855:
105:
706:
2407:
Though short-lived, the United
Belgian States had long-lasting repercussions. It had given the
2335:
2062:
2009:
1744:
1223:
358:
1942:
1408:
1381:
2408:
2135:
1921:
1842:
1833:
1822:
1790:
1765:
1640:
1315:
1245:
1171:
609:
597:
585:
551:
459:
446:
2436:
2350:
1354:
562:. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the
8:
2419:. In 1830, the inhabitants of the Southern Netherlands successfully revolted against the
2310:
2145:
2125:
1999:
1811:
1800:
1697:
1687:
1416:
1290:
1253:
1196:
232:
2342:
1864:
2625:
2441:
2424:
2249:
2241:
2223:
1911:
1853:
1734:
1554:
1535:
1393:
1122:
1082:
938:
748:
702:
698:
579:
559:
371:
332:
308:
2598:
2588:
2326:
2299:
1386:
1139:
1051:
827:
589:
563:
174:
1334:
2385:
2245:
1964:
1953:
1087:
931:
634:), subdivided in 64 districts. Seigneurial jurisdictions and rights, including the
207:
1755:
2528:
2521:
2392:
followed suit, and by December the entire territory was again in imperial hands.
2234:
2031:
1157:
1032:
913:
678:
666:
643:
627:
524:
212:
202:
91:
63:
2617:
2261:
2253:
2184:
2115:
1650:
1275:
1000:
970:
813:
686:
532:
508:
225:
197:
140:
126:
48:
2602:
1310:
2637:
2389:
2052:
1989:
1874:
891:
846:
767:
655:
593:
544:
412:
237:
1285:
1240:
1218:
1100:
723:
2412:
2388:
to recognize the authority of the emperor. Two days later, the province of
2381:
1046:
1027:
978:
884:
670:
2496:
1479:
1435:
1629:
1484:
1063:
993:
792:
709:
having previously held the title of minister plenipotentiary of Brabant (
2585:
The United States of Belgium: The Story of the First Belgian Revolution
1518:
492:
2531:. (Memo from Belgium, Views and Surveys series, number 180). Page 198.
2353:
which joined the United Belgian States in a semblance of an alliance.
1134:
2229:
1513:
1462:
1191:
948:
635:
2291:
2268:
1615:
1117:
1105:
806:
694:
693:), the confederal government. The Sovereign Congress was seated in
662:
658:
547:
407:
240:
184:
1493:
2303:
1619:
1498:
1402:
799:
697:
and consisted of representatives of each of the eight provinces.
596:'s death in 1780, decreed a series of large-scale reforms in the
555:
487:
2534:
1152:
1677:
1611:
1012:
781:
774:
617:
646:
as the language of administration for the sake of efficiency.
2276:
2257:
1270:
2364:
factions were in constant conflict, bordering on civil war.
1349:
2321:(United Belgian States) and a governing body known as the
2415:, and had sparked a new political idea: the state of
588:, Emperor Joseph II, who became sole ruler of the
2279:was taken on 13 November, and on 17 November the
2264:, the northern (Dutch Republic) part of Brabant.
2635:
2399:, and was annexed by France on 1 October 1795.
2202:
2367:
2267:In October, he invaded Brabant and captured
710:
160:The United Belgian States' territory in 1790
55:
517:
132:
118:
40:
2654:States and territories established in 1790
2209:
2195:
154:
2522:Volume 2: From Prehistoric Times to 1830
2427:, creating the modern state of Belgium.
754:
742:
734:
722:
27:18th century republic in the Netherlands
14:
2636:
759:Surrender of Brussels, 2 December 1790
665:which had their own governments, were
2582:
2540:
2298:withdrew behind the citadel walls of
912:
739:The Battle of Ghent, 13 November 1789
718:
2494:
712:Ministre Plénipotentiaire du Brabant
673:, and were governed directly by the
2336:Treaty of the United Belgian States
642:, Joseph II attempted to introduce
248:President of the Sovereign Congress
24:
2649:Former states in the Low Countries
290:President of the National Congress
25:
2685:
2611:
2271:, defeating the Austrians in the
2227:who opposed the reforms, and the
1585:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
2659:1790 disestablishments in Europe
2178:
1564:
1512:
1492:
1478:
1461:
1434:
1401:
1380:
1348:
1333:
1309:
1284:
1269:
1239:
1217:
1190:
1170:
1151:
1133:
1116:
1099:
1081:
1062:
1045:
1026:
654:The United Belgian States was a
464:
439:
98:
84:
2560:from the original on 2021-02-26
2503:from the original on 2022-09-21
2468:from the original on 2019-12-19
2575:
2546:
2514:
2488:
2479:
2454:
2252:, crossed the border into the
13:
1:
2674:1790 in the Habsburg monarchy
2664:1790 establishments in Europe
2447:
919:
897:
874:
832:
818:
573:
383:• Surrender of Brussels
2543:, pp. 166–167, 179–184.
2315:Verenigde Nederlandse Staten
513:Verenigde Nederlandse Staten
7:
2626:Text of the Treaty of Union
2618:Text of the Treaty of Union
2430:
2331:Declaration of Independence
2256:and raised a small army in
1441:Princip. of the Netherlands
649:
146:"The Kingdom is the Lord's"
10:
2690:
2384:, forcing the province of
2341:Independently, in 1789, a
1533:
1485:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1454:Kingdom of the Netherlands
701:served in the capacity of
614:Edict on Idle Institutions
577:
519:Verenigde Belgische Staten
401:Brabant Revolution coinage
42:Verenigde Belgische Staten
2402:
2397:French Revolutionary Wars
2368:Suppression of the Revolt
2329:in 1581 and the American
1708:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1509:
1507:
1491:
1477:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1400:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1332:
1329:
1308:
1305:
1283:
1268:
1238:
1216:
1080:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
992:
988:
977:
969:
965:
961:
947:
930:
890:
867:
861:
854:
812:
798:
791:
780:
778:
765:
705:, retaining the title of
480:
418:
406:
395:
391:
381:
368:
355:
342:
338:
328:
318:
314:
302:
298:
288:
284:
272:
260:
256:
246:
231:
221:
190:
180:
165:
153:
114:
80:
75:
32:
1340:United States of Belgium
707:minister plenipotentiary
638:, were abolished. As in
558:) established under the
541:United States of Belgium
18:United States of Belgium
1982:20th and 21st centuries
1001:Duchy of Lower Lorraine
2351:established a republic
2349:. The revolutionaries
1224:Burgundian Netherlands
994:Kingdom of Lotharingia
760:
752:
740:
732:
711:
690:
682:
631:
536:
528:
518:
512:
133:
119:
56:
41:
2669:Former confederations
2644:United Belgian States
2587:. Leuven: Leuven UP.
2411:their first taste of
2376:died and his brother
2294:. The remains of the
1409:French First Republic
758:
746:
738:
726:
539:), also known as the
505:United Belgian States
191:Common languages
34:United Belgian States
2583:Judge, Jane (2015).
2462:"Henri de Crumpipen"
2409:Southern Netherlands
2372:On 27 February 1790
2338:of 11 January 1790.
2319:États-Belgiques-Unis
2063:Reign of Leopold III
1834:Southern Netherlands
1791:Northern Renaissance
1316:Austrian Netherlands
1246:Habsburg Netherlands
603:Characteristically,
598:Austrian Netherlands
552:Southern Netherlands
543:, was a short-lived
529:États-Belgiques-Unis
460:Austrian Netherlands
447:Austrian Netherlands
346:Manifesto of Brabant
57:États-Belgiques-Unis
2485:Bitsch, pp. 56, 62.
1943:Reign of Leopold II
1812:Seventeen Provinces
1417:First French Empire
1291:Spanish Netherlands
1254:Seventeen Provinces
751:, 22 September 1790
2527:2022-09-22 at the
2442:Brabant Revolution
2425:Belgian Revolution
2345:had broken out in
2323:Sovereign Congress
2273:Battle of Turnhout
2250:Henri Van der Noot
2185:Belgium portal
2172: •
2168: •
2164: •
2136:Reign of Albert II
1922:Reign of Leopold I
1912:Belgian Revolution
1854:Brabant Revolution
1735:Franco-Flemish War
1536:Brabant Revolution
1499:Kingdom of Belgium
1394:Kingdom of Holland
939:Carolingian Empire
761:
753:
749:Battle of Falmagne
741:
733:
729:Battle of Turnhout
719:Brabant Revolution
703:Head of government
699:Henri Van der Noot
691:Soevereine Congres
675:Sovereign Congress
610:edict of tolerance
584:Influenced by the
580:History of Belgium
560:Brabant Revolution
537:Foederatum Belgium
372:Battle of Falmagne
333:Brabant Revolution
323:Sovereign Congress
309:Henri Van der Noot
279:Henri de Crumpipen
170:Unrecognized state
2594:978-94-6166-263-7
2437:Republic of Liège
2327:Act of Abjuration
2219:
2218:
2154:
2153:
2146:Reign of Philippe
2126:Reign of Baudouin
2095:German occupation
2043:German occupation
2000:Reign of Albert I
1973:
1972:
1883:
1882:
1795:15th–16th century
1774:
1773:
1716:
1715:
1669:Early Middle Ages
1659:
1658:
1641:Ambiorix's revolt
1593:
1592:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1503:
1489:
1473:
1458:
1445:
1421:
1413:
1398:
1391:
1387:Batavian Republic
1360:
1345:
1321:
1296:
1281:
1258:
1250:
1228:
1207:
1187:
1167:
1148:
1130:
1113:
1096:
1078:
1059:
1042:
1005:
998:
986:
975:
953:
943:
936:
926:
904:
881:
839:
828:Germania Inferior
825:
731:, 27 October 1789
683:Congrès souverain
501:
500:
476:
475:
472:
471:
452:
451:
377:22 September 1790
267:François de Nélis
175:Holy Roman Empire
120:Domini Est Regnum
16:(Redirected from
2681:
2630:
2622:
2606:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2458:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2182:
2181:
1986:
1985:
1965:Congo Free State
1933:Treaty of London
1898:
1897:
1865:Liège Revolution
1787:
1786:
1731:
1730:
1674:
1673:
1608:
1607:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1558:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1516:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1443:
1438:
1419:
1411:
1407:associated with
1405:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1226:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1038:
1030:
1003:
996:
984:
973:
951:
941:
934:
932:Frankish Kingdom
924:
921:
917:
902:
899:
895:
887:
879:
876:
872:
849:
837:
834:
830:
823:
820:
816:
809:
802:
784:
763:
762:
714:
626:
521:
468:
467:
456:
455:
443:
442:
436:
435:
420:
419:
173:Vassal state of
158:
144:
136:
130:
122:
102:
88:
67:
59:
52:
44:
30:
29:
21:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2595:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2529:Wayback Machine
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2433:
2405:
2370:
2296:imperial forces
2288:Maria Christina
2275:on 27 October.
2235:Jan Frans Vonck
2215:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2155:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1745:Burgundian rule
1728:
1718:
1717:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1556:
1549:
1538:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1497:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1439:
1414:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1318:
1314:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1251:
1244:
1222:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1025:
999:
983:
980:
922:
916:
914:Frisian Kingdom
900:
894:
885:
877:
871:
847:
835:
826:
821:
807:
805:
800:
794:
782:
766:History of the
721:
652:
622:
582:
576:
497:
465:
440:
387:2 December 1790
384:
374:
364:11 January 1790
361:
359:Treaty of Union
351:24 October 1789
348:
305:
275:
263:
217:
172:
161:
149:
147:
138:
131:
124:
110:
109:
108:
103:
95:
94:
89:
71:
70:
61:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2613:
2612:External links
2610:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2545:
2533:
2513:
2499:. rulers.org.
2487:
2478:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2404:
2401:
2369:
2366:
2284:Albert Casimir
2262:Staats-Brabant
2254:Dutch Republic
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2170:Jewish history
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:Royal Question
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104: •
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093: •
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082: •
2079:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041: •
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030: •
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019: •
2016:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963: •
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952: •
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931: •
1928:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863: •
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852: •
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832: •
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821: •
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810: •
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1754: •
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:51 BC–c.500 AD
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1639: •
1636:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1534:Main article:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1475:
1474:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1399:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1282:
1276:Dutch Republic
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1188:
1168:
1131:
1114:
1079:
1060:
1043:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
990:
989:
987:
976:
971:Middle Francia
967:
966:
963:
962:
960:
958:
955:
954:
945:
944:
929:
927:
910:
909:
907:
905:
889:
882:
865:
864:
862:
860:
858:
853:
851:
844:
841:
840:
814:Gallia Belgica
811:
797:
790:
787:
786:
779:
777:
771:
770:
720:
717:
651:
648:
590:Habsburg lands
575:
572:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
462:
453:
450:
449:
444:
432:
431:
426:
416:
415:
410:
404:
403:
397:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
352:
349:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
329:Historical era
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
235:
229:
228:
226:Roman Catholic
223:
219:
218:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
167:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
145:
112:
111:
104:
97:
96:
90:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
68:
53:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2686:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2497:"Index Ng-Nz"
2495:Schemmel, B.
2491:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2390:West Flanders
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:Ruanda-Urundi
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:Belgian Congo
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:Austrian rule
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1766:Habsburg rule
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:Wars of Liège
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1084:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
991:
982:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
956:
950:
946:
940:
933:
928:
915:
911:
908:
906:
893:
892:Salian Franks
888:
883:
870:
866:
863:
859:
857:
852:
850:
848:Salian Franks
845:
843:
842:
829:
815:
810:
803:
796:
789:
788:
785:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:Low Countries
764:
757:
750:
745:
737:
730:
725:
716:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
611:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:Maria Theresa
591:
587:
586:Enlightenment
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
520:
514:
510:
506:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
481:Today part of
479:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
445:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
409:
408:ISO 3166 code
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
376:
373:
367:
363:
360:
354:
350:
347:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
171:
168:
164:
157:
152:
142:
135:
128:
121:
117:
113:
107:
101:
93:
87:
79:
74:
65:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
38:
31:
19:
2584:
2562:. Retrieved
2548:
2541:Judge (2015)
2536:
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2456:
2416:
2413:independence
2406:
2394:
2371:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2325:. The Dutch
2318:
2314:
2308:
2266:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2073:World War II
1893:19th century
1823:Dutch Revolt
1801:Spanish rule
1783:Early Modern
1698:Carolingians
1688:Merovingians
1589:4300–2200 BC
1070:Bishopric of
868:
653:
602:
583:
554:(modern-day
540:
516:
504:
502:
429:Succeeded by
428:
423:
304:• 1790
274:• 1790
262:• 1790
116:Motto:
115:
106:Coat of arms
2621:(in French)
2576:Works cited
2423:during the
2421:Netherlands
2244:started in
2010:World War I
1875:French rule
1726:Middle Ages
1630:Gallic Wars
1555:History of
1457:(1815–1830)
1444:(1813–1815)
1420:(1804–1815)
1412:(1795–1804)
1397:(1806–1810)
1390:(1795–1806)
1320:(1714–1795)
1295:(1556–1714)
1280:(1581–1795)
1249:(1482–1795)
1227:(1384–1482)
1206:(1059–1443)
1147:(1071–1432)
1112:(1046–1543)
1095:(1183–1430)
869:unpopulated
671:independent
424:Preceded by
319:Legislature
2638:Categories
2629:(in Dutch)
2603:1136323393
2564:2021-01-19
2507:2022-09-21
2472:2019-12-18
2448:References
2378:Leopold II
2343:revolution
2311:Luxembourg
2300:Luxembourg
2233:named for
2032:Atrocities
1954:School War
1902:Dutch rule
1651:Roman rule
1576:Prehistory
1359:(1789–'91)
1257:after 1543
1185:(980–1794)
1165:(981–1421)
1129:(862–1384)
1077:(695–1456)
1058:(880–1432)
997:(855– 959)
923: 6th
901: 5th
878: 5th
836: 5th
822: 5th
656:confederal
578:See also:
574:Background
545:confederal
493:Luxembourg
238:Confederal
233:Government
2374:Joseph II
2281:governors
2230:Vonckists
2140:1993–2013
2106:Holocaust
1969:1885–1908
1947:1865–1909
1879:1793–1815
1827:1568–1648
1805:1556–1714
1770:1482–1556
1749:1384–1482
1739:1297–1305
1158:County of
1140:County of
1123:County of
1052:County of
974:(843–855)
952:(511–687)
949:Austrasia
942:(800–843)
935:(481–843)
667:sovereign
663:provinces
661:of eight
624:‹See Tfd›
605:Joseph II
568:Joseph II
566:Emperor,
222:Religion
148:"Freedom"
2558:Archived
2525:Archived
2501:Archived
2466:Archived
2431:See also
2362:Vonckist
2292:Brussels
2269:Turnhout
2242:uprising
2224:Statists
2166:Military
2162:Timeline
2084:Invasion
2021:Invasion
1712:980–1789
1645:54–53 BC
1634:58–50 BC
1616:Eburones
1546:a series
1544:Part of
1519:Gr D. of
1468:Gr D. L.
1415:part of
1355:R. Liège
1197:Duchy of
1179:of Liège
1177:P.-Bish.
1125:Flanders
1108:Guelders
1106:Duchy of
1088:Duchy of
1041:century)
1039:(11–16th
808:Tubantes
695:Brussels
659:republic
650:Politics
564:Habsburg
548:republic
396:Currency
241:Republic
185:Brussels
134:Libertas
2417:Belgium
2358:Statist
2304:Antwerp
2246:Brabant
2130:1951–93
2120:1944–50
2110:1941–44
2099:1940–44
2077:1940–45
2067:1934–51
2057:1922–62
2047:1914–18
2014:1914–18
2004:1909–34
1994:1908–60
1958:1879–84
1926:1831–65
1916:1830–31
1906:1815–30
1869:1789–91
1858:1789–90
1847:1714–93
1816:1549–81
1760:1465–68
1702:751–987
1692:481–751
1620:Treveri
1603:Ancient
1557:Belgium
1527:(1890–)
1502:(1830–)
1488:(1839–)
1472:(1815–)
1448:
1429:
1426:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1330:
1306:
1299:
1262:
1214:
1142:Hainaut
1090:Brabant
1073:Utrecht
1054:Holland
1035:Freedom
1033:Frisian
981:Francia
817:(55 BC–
801:Chamavi
795:nefates
640:Hungary
556:Belgium
550:in the
488:Belgium
370:•
357:•
344:•
208:Walloon
181:Capital
2601:
2591:
2403:Legacy
1682:
1678:Franks
1624:~51 BC
1618:&
1612:Belgae
1548:on the
1521:Luxem-
1344:(1790)
1199:Luxem-
1013:Frisia
1004:(959–)
985:(843–)
886:Saxons
856:Batavi
783:Belgae
775:Frisii
679:French
644:German
636:corvée
632:Kreise
628:German
618:Leuven
592:after
525:French
294:
252:
213:Picard
203:French
166:Status
137:
123:
64:French
60:
45:
2386:Namur
2382:Namur
2347:Liège
2290:fled
2277:Ghent
2258:Breda
2150:2013~
1523:bourg
1201:bourg
1160:Namur
925:–734)
896:(4th–
873:(4th–
793:Cana–
687:Dutch
533:Latin
509:Dutch
198:Dutch
141:Latin
127:Latin
49:Dutch
2599:OCLC
2589:ISBN
2360:and
2302:and
2286:and
2240:The
2174:LGBT
2088:1940
2036:1914
2025:1914
1937:1839
979:West
831:(83–
747:The
727:The
669:and
503:The
399:See
92:Flag
76:1790
2260:in
824:AD)
715:).
515:or
2640::
2597:.
2556:.
2464:.
2317:/
2306:.
1614:,
1259:)
920:c.
898:c.
875:c.
833:c.
819:c.
689::
685:;
681::
630::
570:.
535::
531:;
527::
523:;
511::
413:BE
2605:.
2567:.
2510:.
2475:.
2210:e
2203:t
2196:v
1252:(
937:—
918:(
903:)
880:)
838:)
804:,
677:(
621:(
507:(
143:)
139:(
129:)
125:(
66:)
62:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)