216:(c) The style was also ‘heroic’. The chief aim was to achieve strong and sounding lines, magnificent epithets, and powerful declamation. This again led to abuse and to mere bombast, mouthing, and in the worst cases to nonsense. In the best examples, such as in Marlowe, the result is quite impressive. In this connexion it is to be noted that the best medium for such expression was blank verse, which was sufficiently elastic to bear the strong pressure of these expansive methods.
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unlettered talent. Jeffrey Knapp argues that some authors have imagined an "all out war" between authors and actors, initiated by the Wits. Knapp criticises
Richard Helgerson for claiming that a form of popular theatre was replaced by an elitist "author's theatre" because of the work of the Wits, arguing that praise for actors and willingness to collaborate are more typical of their careers.
219:(d) The themes were usually tragic in nature, for the dramatists were as a rule too much in earnest to give heed to what was considered to be the lower species of comedy. The general lack of real humour in the early drama is one of its most prominent features. Humour, when it is brought in at all, is coarse and immature. Almost the only representative of the writers of real comedies is Lyly.
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the irregular band of outsiders, players and others, who felt themselves forced into literary and principally dramatic composition, who boast
Shakespeare as their chief, and who can claim as seconds to him not merely the imperfect talents of Chettle, Munday, and others whom we may mention in this chapter, but many of the perfected ornaments of a later time.
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actor-playwrights who, rising from very humble beginnings, but possessing in their fellow
Shakespeare a champion unparalleled in ancient and modern times, borrowed the improvements of the university wits, added their own stage knowledge, and with Shakespeare's aid achieved the master drama of the world."
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In the first place, we have the group of
University Wits, the strenuous if not always wise band of professed men of letters, at the head of whom are Lyly, Marlowe, Greene, Peele, Lodge, Nash, and probably (for his connection with the universities is not certainly known) Kyd. In the second, we have
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The
University Wits, on leaving their universities faced the Elizabethan problem discussed by Francis Bacon in his essay, "Of Seditions and Troubles" — schools were producing more scholars than there were opportunities. The University Wits found employment in theatre, not their first choice, but
246:, has led to the view that the two "branches" Saintsbury describes were in conflict, and that the University Wits resented the rise of the "actor-playwrights", as Shakespeare did not have the elite education the Wits did. However, many scholars believe that the pamphlet was in fact written by
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Jenny Sager argues that "From its conception the term 'University Wits' has provided generations of critics with a sounding board from which to articulate their attitudes towards modern academia", often setting the supposedly snobbish Wits against
Shakespeare and others as representatives of
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line for dramatic purposes, dismissed, cultivated as they were, the cultivation of classical models, and gave
English tragedy its Magna Charta of freedom and submission to the restrictions of actual life only". However, they failed "to achieve perfect life-likeness". It was left to "the
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G. K. Hunter argues that the new "Humanistic education" of the age allowed them to create a "complex commercial drama, drawing on the nationalisation of religious sentiment" in such a way that it spoke to an audience "caught in the contradictions and liberations history had imposed".
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there was little else for them. Their great educations discouraged taking up the humble trades of their fathers — it’s hard to picture the brilliantly educated
Marlowe mending shoes. The fear and bitter anxiety caused by this plight for ambitious graduates is the basis for the three
250:, a writer listed by Saintsbury as one of the "irregular band of outsiders" supposedly resented by the Wits. In the pamphlet "Greene" tells fellow-writers — generally assumed to be Peele, Marlowe and Nashe — to watch out for an upstart who is "beautified with our feathers".
213:(b) Heroic themes needed heroic treatment: great fullness and variety; splendid descriptions, long swelling speeches, the handling of violent incidents and emotions. These qualities, excellent when held in restraint, only too often led to loudness and disorder.
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This diverse and talented loose association of London writers and dramatists set the stage for the theatrical
Renaissance of Elizabethan England. They are identified as among the earliest professional writers in English, and prepared the way for the writings of
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While
Marlowe is the most famous dramatist among them, Greene and Nashe were better known for their controversial, risqué and argumentative pamphlets, creating an early form of journalism. Greene has been called the "first notorious professional writer".
176:(1932) has a chapter on "The Plays of the University Wits", in which he argues that a "pride in university training which amounted to arrogance" was combined with "really valuable ideas and literary methods". In 1931,
160:, and the crude but lively popular entertainments of "miscellaneous farce-and-interlude-writers", to create the first truly powerful dramas in English. The University Wits, "with Marlowe at their head, made the
127:, which were written by Cambridge students in their last year. This is the sting that explains the bitterly competitive feelings between University Wits, and wits who did not attend university.
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The term "University Wits" was taken up by many writers in the 20th century to refer to the group of authors listed by Saintsbury, often using his basic model of dramatic development.
147:, a 19th-century journalist and author. Saintsbury argues that the "rising sap" of dramatic creativity in the 1580s showed itself in two separate "branches of the national tree":
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wrote that "it was left to the so-called University Wits to make the classical tragedy popular and the popular tragedy unified in construction and conscious of its aim."
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426:"The University standard of judgment. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes"
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Edward Gieskes: Writing Robert Greene: Essays on England's First Notorious Professional Writer (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008)
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is also sometimes included in the group, though he was not from either of the aforementioned universities.
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Hunter, G. K. "English Drama 1586-1642 The Age of Shakespeare". Clarendon Press 1997.
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Saintsbury argues that the Wits drew on the ploddingly academic verse-drama of
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George Saintsbury, who coined the term "university wits"
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is a phrase used to name a group of late 16th-century
242:, published as the work of the recently-deceased
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374:English Drama 1586-1642: The Age of Shakespeare
303:Sager, Jenny "Melnikoff, Ed., Robert Greene",
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16:Group of late 16th century English playwrights
335:The Cambridge History of English Literature
174:The Cambridge History of English Literature
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323:History of Elizabethan Literature
272:History of Elizabethan Literature
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35:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
31:Portrait traditionally identified
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337:: General index, Volume 15, p.9
480:English Renaissance dramatists
443:: The Three Groups of English
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361:History of English Literature
305:Early Modern Literary Studies
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239:Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit
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33:as Christopher Marlowe (
396:Shakespeare’s Companies
195:Dido, Queen of Carthage
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307:. Volume: 16. Issue: 1
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470:Literature of England
441:If we ever meet again
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202:Edward Albert in his
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270:Saintsbury, George.
95:from Cambridge, and
348:The Theory of Drama
321:George Saintsbury,
117:William Shakespeare
85:Christopher Marlowe
475:English male poets
449:Yearly Shakespeare
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