Uralic languages - Knowledge

747: 193: 8852: 611: 5748: 1224: 4741: 712:), surveying the geography, peoples and languages of Russia. All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here. Nonetheless, these relationships were not widely accepted. Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with 4646:

As is apparent from the list, Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here, with nearly half the words on the list above identical to their Proto-Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes, such as the conflation of *ś into /s/, or widespread

3259:

Basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts (e.g. eye, heart, head, foot, mouth), family members (e.g. father, mother-in-law), animals (e.g. viper, partridge, fish), nature objects (e.g. tree, stone, nest, water), basic verbs (e.g. live, fall, run, make, see, suck, go, die, swim, know),

3249:

In many Uralic languages, the stress is always on the first syllable, though Nganasan shows (essentially) penultimate stress, and a number of languages of the central region (Erzya, Mari, Udmurt and Komi-Permyak) synchronically exhibit a lexical accent. The Erzya language can vary its stress in words

3111:

are singular if they refer to things which form a single group, e.g. "négy csomó" in Hungarian, "njeallje čuolmma" in Northern Sámi, "neli sõlme" in Estonian, and "neljä solmua" in Finnish, each of which means "four knots", but the literal approximation is "four knot". (This approximation is accurate

677:

parallels between Finnish and Hungarian as well as Sámi. Stiernhielm commented on the similarities of Sámi, Estonian, and Finnish, and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian. These authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno-Ugric, and later

5480:

The linguist Angela Marcantonio has argued against the validity of several subgroups of the Uralic family, as well against the family itself, claiming that many of the languages are no more closely related to each other than they are to various other Eurasian languages (e.g. Yukaghir or Turkic), and

2264:

Extending this approach to cover the Samoyedic languages suggests affinity with Ugric, resulting in the aforementioned East Uralic grouping, as it also shares the same sibilant developments. A further non-trivial Ugric-Samoyedic isogloss is the reduction *k, *x, *w > ɣ when before *i, and after a

3268:

The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.

3088:

markers -j (i) and -t (-d, -q) have a common origin (e.g. in Finnish, Estonian, Võro, Erzya, Sámi languages, Samoyedic languages). Hungarian, however, has -i- before the possessive suffixes and -k elsewhere. The plural marker -k is also used in the Sámi languages, but there is a regular merging of

2260:

The grouping of the four bottom-level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation, with competing models of Finno-Saamic vs. Eastern Finno-Ugric (Mari, Mordvinic, Permic-Ugric; *k > ɣ between vowels, degemination of stops) and Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Saamic, Mari, Mordvinic; *δʲ > *ð

2018:

Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner's model since his original proposal, and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed. Especially in Finland, there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno-Ugric intermediate protolanguage. A recent competing proposal

2900:

three-way distinction in the local case system, with each set of local cases being divided into forms corresponding roughly to "from", "to", and "in/at"; especially evident, e.g. in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian, which have several sets of local cases, such as the "inner", "outer" and "on top"

1353:

were still poorly known, and he was not able to address their position. As they became better known in the early 20th century, they were found to be quite divergent, and they were assumed to have separated already early on. The terminology adopted for this was "Uralic" for the entire family,

793:(1836–1892), who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian. Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto-Finno-Ugric grammar and lexicon. Another late-19th-century Hungarian contribution is that of 5253:

as independent members of a single language family. It is currently widely accepted that the similarities between Uralic and Yukaghir languages are due to ancient contacts. Regardless, the hypothesis is accepted by a few linguists and viewed as attractive by a somewhat larger number.

3104:, but appears overtly only if it is contrastive, while the possessed has a possessive ending indicating the number and person of the possessor: "(Nekem) van egy halam", literally "(To me ) is a fish-my" ("(For me) there is a fish of mine"), i.e. "(As for me,) I have a fish". 402:

is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic, though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages. Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous.

1245:

A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century. It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias, handbooks, and overviews of the Uralic family. Otto Donner's model from 1879 is as follows:

804:(1855–1901), who published extensive comparative material of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s, and whose work is at the base of today's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of the Uralic family. Meanwhile, in the autonomous 2047:

has been used in defense of the traditional family tree. A recent re-evaluation of the evidence however fails to find support for Finno-Ugric and Ugric, suggesting four lexically distinct branches (Finno-Permic, Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic).

5230:

Many relationships between Uralic and other language families have been suggested, but none of these is generally accepted by linguists at the present time: All of the following hypotheses are minority views at the present time in Uralic studies.

1242:. The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed. Doubts about the validity of most or all of the proposed higher-order branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common. 823:, which would lead to Helsinki overtaking St. Petersburg as the chief northern center of research of the Uralic languages. During the late 19th and early 20th century (until the separation of Finland from Russia following the 686:

proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian, of which about 40 are still considered valid. Several early reports comparing Finnish or Hungarian with Mordvin, Mari or Khanty were additionally collected by

2194:

Another proposed tree, more divergent from the standard, focusing on consonant isoglosses (which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages) is presented by Viitso (1997), and refined in Viitso (2000):

2022:

The Finno-Permic grouping still holds some support, though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute. Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno-Samic. The term

2033:) was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari, Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages, but it is now obsolete and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one. 1097:

The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them. (Some of the proposals are listed in the next section.) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches.

3238:

have lost palatalization, but several of them have reacquired it, so Finnic palatalization (where extant) was originally dependent on the following vowel and does not correlate to palatalization elsewhere in

5706:Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мир пуссын аквхольт самын патэ̄гыт, аквтēм вос о̄лэ̄гыт, аквтēм нё̄тмил вос кинсэ̄гыт. Та̄н пуӈк о̄ньщēгыт, номсуӈкве вēрмēгыт, э̄сырма о̄ньщэ̄гыт, халанылт ягпыгыӈыщ-яга̄гиӈыщ вос о̄лэ̄гыт. 5389:

display similarities with the Uralic language group, suggesting a prolonged period of contact in the past, is popular amongst Dravidian linguists and has been supported by a number of scholars, including

5714:

Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir pussyn akvholʹt samyn patè̄gyt, akvtēm vos ōlè̄gyt, akvtēm në̄tmil vos kinsè̄gyt. Tān puňk ōnʹsēgyt, nomsuňkve vērmēgyt, è̄syrma ōnʹsʹè̄gyt, halanylt âgpygyňysʹ-âgāgiňysʹ vos ōlè̄gyt.

8606:

Syrjänen, Kaj, Lehtinen, Jyri, Vesakoski, Outi, de Heer, Mervi, Suutari, Toni, Dunn, Michael, … Leino, Unni-Päivä. (2018). lexibank/uralex: UraLex basic vocabulary dataset (Version v1.0) . Zenodo.

5497:

Criticizing the evidence for the Uralic family as unsystematic and statistically insignificant, yet freely proposing alternate relationships based on even scarcer and even less systematic evidence.

5488:

Misrepresentation of the amount of comparative evidence behind the Uralic family, by arbitrarily ignoring data and mis-counting the number of examples known of various regular sound correspondences

5323:

were formerly popular, based on similarities in vocabulary as well as in grammatical and phonological features, in particular the similarities in the Uralic and Altaic pronouns and the presence of

3096:, instead of the verb "have") and the possessed with or without a possessive suffix. The grammatical subject of the sentence is thus the possessed. In Finnish, for example, the possessor is in the 678:

Uralic family. This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages, unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe, are not part of what is now known as the

5456:

resembles Nostratic in including Uralic, Indo-European, and Altaic, but differs from it in excluding the South Caucasian languages, Dravidian, and Afroasiatic and including Chukotko-Kamchatkan,

5402:, and Mikhail Andronov. This hypothesis has, however, been rejected by some specialists in Uralic languages, and has in recent times also been criticised by other Dravidian linguists, such as 3202:

of consonants; in this context, palatalization means a secondary articulation, where the middle of the tongue is tense. For example, pairs like – , or – are contrasted in Hungarian, as in

5491:

After arguing against the proposal of a Ugric subgroup within Uralic, claiming that this would constitute evidence that Hungarian and the Ob-Ugric languages have no relationship at all

754:

Up to the beginning of the 19th century, knowledge of the Uralic languages spoken in Russia had remained restricted to scanty observations by travelers. Already the Finnish historian

2651:(1995): an original allophonic gradation system between voiceless and voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well. 12077: 5691:

Minden emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van. Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.

8983: 5602:

Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.

5575:

Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.

8558:

Holopainen, S. (2023). "The RUKI Rule in Indo-Iranian and the Early Contacts with Uralic". In Nikolaos Lavidas; Alexander Bergs; Elly van Gelderen; Ioanna Sitaridou (eds.).

5593:

Kaik mehed sünduba joudajin i kohtaižin, ühtejiččin ičeze arvokahudes i oiktusiš. Heile om anttud mel’ i huiktusentund i heile tariž kožuda toine toiženke kut vel’l’kundad.

4799:

No Uralic language has exactly the idealized typological profile of the family. Typological features with varying presence among the modern Uralic language groups include:

5584:

Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil.

1358:" for the non-Samoyedic languages (though "Finno-Ugric" has, to this day, remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family). Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in 6120:

Grünthal, Riho; Heyd, Volker; Holopainen, Sampsa; Janhunen, Juha A.; Khanina, Olesya; Miestamo, Matti; Nichols, Johanna; Saarikivi, Janne; Sinnemäki, Kaius (2022-08-29).

5637:

Veśe lomańt́ńe čačit́ oĺaks di pravasost veśe vejket́eks. Sinst uĺit́ pŕevest-čaŕksčist di viźkste čaŕkod́emast, vejke-vejkeń koŕas pŕaś t́eńst vet́ama bratoń jožo marto.

5629:Весе ломантне чачить олякс ды правасост весе вейкетекс. Сынст улить превест-чарьксчист ды визькстэ чарькодемаст, вейке-вейкень коряс прясь тенст ветяма братонь ёжо марто. 5562:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

5513: 1219:

Traces of Finno-Ugric substrata, especially in toponymy, in the northern part of European Russia have been proposed as evidence for even more extinct Uralic languages.

7590:

Webb, Edward (1860). "Evidences of the Scythian Affinities of the Dravidian Languages, Condensed and Arranged from Rev. R. Caldwell's Comparative Dravidian Grammar".

5620:

Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan ja olmmošárvvu ja olmmošvuoigatvuođaid dáfus. Sii leat jierbmalaš olbmot geain lea oamedovdu ja sii gálggaše leat dego vieljačagat.

9209: 2633:

Note: Proto-Uralic *ś becomes Proto-Sámi *č unless before a consonant, where it becomes *š, which, in the western Sámi languages, is vocalized to *j before a stop.

529:

distinctive in western Eurasia. ... typological properties are eastern-looking overall, fitting comfortably into northeast Asia, Siberia, or the North Pacific Rim

766:

to general knowledge and elucidated in detail the relatedness of Finnish and Komi. Still more extensive were the field research expeditions made in the 1840s by

5427:

associates Uralic, Indo-European, Altaic, Dravidian, Afroasiatic, and various other language families of Asia. The Nostratic hypothesis was first propounded by

4681:

proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian:

5611:

Amād rovzt attõ sindõnd brīd ja īdlizt eņtš vǟrtitõks ja õigiztõks. Näntõn um andtõd mūoštõks ja sidāmtundimi, ja näntõn um īdtuoisõ tuoimõmõst veļkub vaimsõ.

9195: 5494:

Excessive focus on criticizing the work of early pioneer studies on the Uralic family, while ignoring newer, more detailed work published in the 20th century

874:). The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide over a century's worth of editing work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists. 2960: 794: 646:

The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century. Three candidates can be credited for the discovery: the German scholar

5484:

Marcantonio's proposal has been strongly dismissed by most reviewers as unfounded and methodologically flawed. Problems identified by reviewers include:

2643:

The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation

5545: 844: 480: 3230:

has a primary palatal articulation. Original Uralic palatalization is phonemic, independent of the following vowel and traceable to the millennia-old

8974: 8592: 6999:

Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57

779: 7008:

Häkkinen, Jaakko 2007: Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa. Pro gradu -työ, Helsingin yliopiston Suomalais-ugrilainen laitos.

4647:

changes such as the loss of *x and alteration of *ï. Finnish has also preserved old Indo-European borrowings relatively unchanged. (An example is

592:) and living in northeast Ukraine and/or adjacent parts of Russia. In the late 15th century, European scholars noted the resemblance of the names 8053:

Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2004). "Myyttejä uralistiikasta. Angela Marcantonio. The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics". Book review.

11275: 6868: 6794: 647: 5377:

are related at a fairly close level or, in its stronger form, that they are more closely related than either is to any other language family.

4243: 3827: 576:) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia. There are many possible earlier mentions, including the 7114:

Viitso, Tiit-Rein. Finnic Affinity. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I: Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. (2000)

4678: 5410:

describes the theory as "outlandish" and "not meriting a second look" even in contrast to hypotheses such as Uralo-Yukaghir or Indo-Uralic.

3555: 11410: 6010: 4530: 2835:

marked with agglutinative suffixes (13–14 cases on average; mainly later developments: Proto-Uralic is reconstructed with 6 cases), e.g.:

12127: 9377: 4171: 8641: 5647:Быдӧс отирыс чужӧны вольнӧйезӧн да ӧткоддезӧн достоинствоын да правоэзын. Нылӧ сетӧм мывкыд да совесть овны ӧтамӧдныскӧт кыдз воннэзлӧ. 4388: 3968: 3898: 3759: 3690: 6682:"The «Northwestern» group of Finno-Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North" 5655:

Bydös oťirys ćužöny voľnöjjezön da ötkoďďezön dostoinstvoyn da pravoezyn. Nylö śetöm myvkyd da sovesť ovny ötamödnysköt kydź vonnezlö.

5305:

in 1998. Michael Fortescue (2017) presented new evidence in favor for a connection between Uralic and other Paleo-Siberian languages.

3141:

languages, and is present to some degree elsewhere, such as in Mordvinic, Mari, Eastern Khanty, and Samoyedic. It is lacking in Sámi,

477:. Jaakko Häkkinen identifies Proto-Uralic with Eneolithic Garino-Bor (Turbin) culture 3,000–2,500 YBP located in the Lower Kama Basin. 7741:

Georg, Stefan (2023). "Connections between Uralic and other language families". In Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.).

750:

Uralic languages in the Russian Empire (Russian Census of 1897; the census was not held in Finland because it was an autonomous area)

8498: 4459: 4315: 739:. Sajnovics published his results in 1770, arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features. In 1799, the Hungarian 12067: 8398:. The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family: Material of Mythological Reconstruction. Moscow, 1991. (Russian: 8176: 7307: 4104: 4037: 3623: 3482: 3413: 2636:

Note: Proto-Mari *s and *š in only reliably stay distinct in the Malmyž dialect of Eastern Mari. Elsewhere, *s usually becomes *š.

7276: 5733:

Xułyewa mirăt wəł’nâ pa imurtăn wəłty ŝira sêma pitłăt. Ływ numsan̦ăt pa ływeła ełêm atum ut wêrty pa kŭtèłn ływ łəxsăn̦a wəłłăt.

8400:Напольских В. В. Древнейшие этапы происхождения народов уральской языковой семьи: данные мифологической реконструкции. М., 1991. 5725:Хуԯыева мирӑт вәԯьня па имуртӑн вәԯты щира сєма питԯӑт. Ԯыв нумсаңӑт па ԯывеԯа еԯєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԯн ԯыв ԯәхсӑңа вәԯԯӑт. 827:), the Society hired many scholars to survey the still less-known Uralic languages. Major researchers of this period included 8430: 7898: 7833: 7800: 7456: 7141: 7090: 7034: 6981: 6724: 6696: 6246: 6096: 6059: 5978: 5557: 10790: 10371: 4761: 10900: 5506:

Various unorthodox comparisons have been advanced. These are considered at best spurious fringe-theories by specialists:

3260:

basic pronouns (e.g. who, what, we, you, I), numerals (e.g. two, five); derivatives increase the number of common words.

8079:"Sprachwissenschaftliche Spiegelfechterei (Angela Marcantonio: The Uralic language family. Facts, myths and statistics)" 5920:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in German). Vol. 206. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 294. 9872: 758:

had stressed that further progress would require dedicated field missions. One of the first of these was undertaken by

515:

By using linguistic, paleoclimatic and archaeological data, a group of scholars around Grünthal et al. 2022, including

6659: 11057: 8575: 8477: 8385: 8369: 8292: 8265: 8112: 7725: 6952: 6642: 4786: 4768: 282: 237: 8305:(Collective work.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Viksell. (Second, revised edition: Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977.) 7049:

Häkkinen, Kaisa 1984: Wäre es schon an der Zeit, den Stammbaum zu fällen? – Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge 4.

3100:: "Minulla on kala", literally "At me is fish", i.e. "I have a fish", whereas in Hungarian, the possessor is in the 2639:

Note: Proto-Khanty *ɬ in many of the dialects yields *t; Häkkinen assumes this also happened in Mansi and Samoyedic.

485: 12277: 12150: 11403: 11033: 10272: 8005:

Georg, Stefan (2004). "Marcantonio, Angela: The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics". Book review.

7026: 6973: 8027:

Kallio, Petri (2004). "The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics. Angela Marcantonio". Book review.

5276:. This is an old thesis whose antecedents go back to the 18th century. An important restatement of it was made by 10191: 10127: 9370: 7677:

Comparative studies on the nature of Dravidian-Uralian parallels: A peep into the prehistory of language families

5897: 11992: 11980: 735:

to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sámi, while they were also on a mission to observe the

10804: 10046: 8634: 5673:

Jet° x́ibaŕi ńeneć° sojamaŕianta xurkaŕi pravada tńawa, ŋoboj° ńeneća ńidu ńiś° tokalba, ŋibtamba iľewatu tara.

10555: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12207: 12197: 12192: 12057: 11885: 11669: 11664: 11270: 10917: 10052: 9877: 9663: 9657: 9581: 8694: 8159:"Establishing the West-Ugric language family with Minoan, Hattic and Hungarian by a decipherment of Linear A" 5298: 5246: 5240: 2073:

Samoyedic (*op "1", *ketä "2", *näkur "3", *tettə "4", *səmpəleŋkə "5", *məktut "6", *sejtwə "7", *wiət "10")

1365:

The following table lists nodes of the traditional family tree that are recognized in some overview sources.

699: 602:, the names of settlements east of the Ural. They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence. 527:, and reject a homeland in the Volga/Kama region. They further noted that a number of traits of Uralic are " 12287: 12212: 12182: 12037: 11280: 11265: 10964: 10265: 10252: 10023: 9984: 7169: 4652: 2036:

Within Ugric, uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob-Ugric.

5665:Ет хибяри ненэць соямарианта хуркари правада тнява, ӈобой ненэця ниду нись токалба, ӈыбтамба илевату тара. 2341: 2306: 12160: 12062: 11501: 11396: 11260: 11254: 11039: 10312: 10230: 10203: 9907: 9897: 7481:"Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: Recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis" 6681: 5887: 5783:"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic" 5269: 5263: 5144: 4727:

reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language's version of the sentence.

4659: 2051:

One alternative proposal for a family tree, with emphasis on the development of numerals, is as follows:

652: 2019:

instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an "East Uralic" group for which shared innovations can be noted.

12282: 11829: 10826: 10487: 10284: 10082: 9942: 9912: 9902: 9892: 9598: 9363: 9020: 5428: 5273: 4666: 3199: 2660: 828: 12272: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12085: 12007: 12002: 11658: 11644: 11419: 11238: 11045: 11021: 10996: 10969: 10952: 9962: 9917: 9887: 9860: 9431: 9386: 9204: 8627: 5683:'Each person is born with all the rights, one person to another one should relate similarly.' 5314: 5188:

Vowel harmony is present in the Uralic languages of Siberia only in some marginal archaic varieties:

4756: 3079: 615: 12052: 11997: 11768: 11598: 11487: 11285: 11092: 10729: 10717: 10549: 9611: 9604: 9420: 9316: 9099: 9094: 8788: 8659: 5761: 5432: 5294: 5289: 3174: 3137:: this is present in many but by no means all Uralic languages. It exists in Hungarian and various 2268:

Finno-Ugric consonant developments after Viitso (2000); Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti (1988)

692: 7350: 7124:

Sammallahti, Pekka (1988). "Historical phonology of the Uralic Languages". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).

11866: 11761: 11711: 11690: 11681: 11563: 11480: 11440: 10290: 10215: 9618: 9568: 9136: 9104: 8805: 8284: 5403: 5374: 3158: 2751: 1298: 679: 450: 38: 7679:. Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Tamil Studies. Madras. pp. 267–277. 7449:

Language Relations Across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence

6944: 3357: 759: 746: 736: 12022: 12017: 11782: 11754: 11745: 11704: 11304: 11152: 10947: 10723: 10676: 10306: 10223: 9882: 9866: 9674: 9575: 9438: 9414: 9229: 9224: 9122: 8688: 8422: 7133: 6634: 6612:

Russian figures from the 2010 census. Others from EU 2012 figures or others of comparable date.

5615: 5529: 3403: 2728: 1287: 1058: 809: 805: 755: 17: 10942: 9311: 8882: 7717: 6163:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians" 5966: 5935: 5931: 5781:

Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08).

12174: 12047: 12027: 11775: 11570: 11508: 11350: 11248: 10937: 10740: 10530: 10519: 10481: 10088: 10062: 9967: 9957: 9640: 9556: 9407: 9342: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9048: 8510: 7873: 6755:"Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies" 6719:. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 55–68. 6236: 6030: 5642: 5518: 5468:

in 2000–2002. Similar ideas had earlier been expressed by Heinrich Koppelmann in 1933 and by

5370: 5364: 3231: 3108: 2879:

unique Uralic case system, from which all modern Uralic languages derive their case systems.

2775: 2687: 1355: 1319: 1239: 1198:

There is also historical evidence of a number of extinct languages of uncertain affiliation:

683: 532: 434: 428: 399: 331:

spoken in the European parts of the Russian Federation. Still smaller minority languages are

97: 11051: 10776: 8414: 7709: 7125: 6968:

Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2002). "Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret". In Grünthal, Riho (ed.).

6626: 6301: 3092:

Possessions are expressed by a possessor in the adessive or dative case, the verb "be" (the

12155: 12145: 12135: 11985: 11839: 11652: 11536: 11325: 11082: 10890: 10863: 10846: 10814: 10712: 10426: 10351: 10278: 10057: 10034: 10006: 9937: 9848: 9629: 9015: 7508:

Georg, Stefan; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (March 1999).

7204:

Honkola, T.; Vesakoski, O.; Korhonen, K.; Lehtinen, J.; Syrjänen, K.; Wahlberg, N. (2013).

6691:. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. pp. 109–127. 5794: 5453: 5448: 5351:)). These theories are now generally rejected and most such similarities are attributed to 4957: 3367: 3166: 3093: 3059: 2904:

the Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g. Hungarian

2901:

systems in Hungarian, while in Finnish the "on top" forms have merged to the "outer" forms.

1212: 816: 799: 614:

The Uralic/Siberian origin of Hungarians was long hypothesized by European scholars. Here,

11210: 8: 12202: 11975: 11960: 11895: 11697: 11619: 11529: 11522: 11473: 11431: 11102: 11006: 10906: 10895: 10857: 10836: 10734: 10693: 10468: 10450: 10444: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10318: 10301: 10040: 9706: 9693: 9587: 9537: 9394: 9153: 9043: 8961: 8395: 8235: 8216: 5678: 5424: 5419: 5386: 5297:

is an expanded form of the Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis. It associates Uralic with Yukaghir,

3325: 3295: 3112:

only for Hungarian among these examples, as in Northern Sámi the noun is in the singular

2769: 2682: 2204: 1350: 1312: 1190: 1126: 849: 832: 446: 356: 192: 149: 119: 7262:

Austerlitz, Robert (1990). "Uralic Languages" (pp. 567–576) in Comrie, Bernard, editor.

6902:. Tietolipas (in Finnish). Vol. 20. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. pp. 5–8. 6197: 6162: 5798: 2261:

between vowels) vs. Permic-Ugric. Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno-Permic grouping.

767: 740: 11936: 11890: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11016: 11011: 11001: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10958: 10927: 10922: 10875: 10869: 10820: 10765: 10688: 10572: 10536: 10497: 10439: 10246: 10241: 9952: 9711: 9680: 9646: 9634: 9593: 9468: 9272: 9081: 9071: 9010: 8676: 8180: 7642: 7607: 7572: 7537: 6937: 6862: 6788: 5817: 5782: 5686: 5436: 5340: 5250: 4705: 3310: 3243: 3063: 2973: 2708: 2703: 1267: 1262: 1154: 908: 871: 824: 775: 300: 134: 11113: 11076: 7283: 7206:"Cultural and climatic changes shape the evolutionary history of the Uralic languages" 6297: 6081: 6049: 5469: 3124:

case, such that the number points to a part of a larger mass, like "four of knot(s)".)

784: 728: 197:

Distribution of the undisputed branches of the Uralic family at the early 20th century

183: 12140: 12117: 12112: 12090: 12032: 11810: 11733: 11626: 11027: 10932: 10912: 10851: 10831: 10542: 10503: 10474: 10462: 10399: 10345: 10323: 10296: 10236: 10209: 10028: 9989: 9979: 9947: 9820: 9746: 9728: 9722: 9624: 9542: 9456: 9279: 9236: 8851: 8833: 8817: 8800: 8795: 8682: 8571: 8530: 8473: 8436: 8426: 8415: 8381: 8365: 8288: 8261: 8108: 7968: 7904: 7894: 7839: 7829: 7806: 7796: 7773: 7765: 7721: 7710: 7646: 7541: 7529: 7509: 7480: 7462: 7452: 7391: 7227: 7147: 7137: 7126: 7086: 7030: 6977: 6948: 6913: 6776: 6730: 6720: 6692: 6638: 6627: 6346: 6252: 6242: 6202: 6184: 6143: 6102: 6092: 6055: 5974: 5822: 5606: 5597: 5533: 5523: 5332: 5302: 5207: 5189: 5182: 4751: 4685: 3337: 3189: 3150: 3038: 3028: 2811:

Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include:

2627: 1234:

All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of

1207: 938: 688: 658: 619: 454: 352: 344: 308: 11118: 11107: 11087: 9425: 8860: 8143: 6917: 6540:

Szabó, László (1969). "Die Erforschung der Verhältnisses Finnougrisch–Samojedisch".

3290: 2780: 1329: 1106: 332: 109: 12102: 12095: 12042: 11970: 11965: 11922: 11845: 11789: 11727: 11633: 11605: 11591: 11577: 11494: 11466: 11454: 11335: 11195: 11185: 11180: 11134: 11128: 11097: 10990: 10885: 10809: 10747: 10699: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10595: 10579: 10514: 10509: 10492: 10433: 10327: 10259: 10170: 10137: 10105: 10001: 9973: 9922: 9843: 9827: 9813: 9795: 9788: 9774: 9734: 9716: 9686: 9508: 9491: 9219: 9089: 9030: 8783: 8776: 8761: 8756: 8667: 8607: 8563: 8522: 7980: 7947: 7942: 7930: 7634: 7625:

Burrow, T. (1944). "Dravidian Studies IV: The body in Dravidian and Uralian".

7599: 7564: 7521: 7217: 6192: 6174: 6133: 5947: 5893: 5845: 5812: 5802: 5570: 5465: 5352: 5320: 4695: 3332: 3305: 3285: 3275: 3235: 3142: 2905: 2832: 2786: 2734: 2044: 1334: 1293: 1146: 1118: 923: 863: 840: 725: 674: 340: 304: 253: 211: 129: 114: 11175: 11123: 10115: 8942: 8932: 8709: 8549:. In Robert Mailhammer; Theo Vennemann gen. Nierfeld; Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.). 7756:

Pedersen, Holger (1903). "Türkische Lautgesetze" [Turkish Phonetic Laws].

6091:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. 3352: 3347: 3342: 3234:. It is different from Slavic palatalization, which is of more recent origin. The 3154: 3082:, in the Samoyedic, Ob-Ugric and Sámi languages and reconstructed for Proto-Uralic 3052: 1013: 836: 11929: 11880: 11834: 11717: 11612: 11584: 11543: 11460: 11330: 11205: 11190: 11159: 10880: 10841: 10706: 10652: 10524: 10386: 10152: 10147: 10012: 9927: 9808: 9801: 9781: 9763: 9668: 9651: 9450: 9247: 9241: 9111: 9063: 9053: 8992: 8839: 8739: 8567: 8542: 8343: 7984: 7346: 7165: 6677: 5807: 5753: 5720: 5660: 5539: 5391: 5218: 4724: 3377: 3320: 3181: 3170: 3146: 2886: 2739: 2714: 2697: 2664: 2648: 1273: 1256: 1235: 1178: 1043: 998: 983: 859: 732: 555: 524: 509: 389: 368: 364: 324: 316: 144: 87: 81: 66: 8413:

Wickman, Bo (1988). "The History of Uralic Linguistics". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).

8217:"Мā янытыл о̄лнэ мир мāгыс хансым мāк потыр - Всеобщая декларация прав человека" 6625:

Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.).

5840:

Rantanen, Timo; Vesakoski, Outi; Ylikoski, Jussi; Tolvanen, Harri (2021-05-25),

588:, described by Herodotus as notably red-haired (a characteristic feature of the 12107: 11875: 11388: 11340: 11200: 11169: 11140: 10771: 10657: 10640: 10590: 10585: 10456: 10393: 10163: 10157: 10077: 10072: 10018: 9995: 9740: 9562: 9519: 9502: 9496: 9474: 9462: 9336: 9265: 9190: 9183: 9174: 9167: 9161: 9116: 8969: 8827: 8810: 8726: 8714: 8699: 8357: 8236:"Хӑннєхә вәԯты щир оԯӑңӑн декларация нєпек - Всеобщая декларация прав человека" 5701: 5624: 5579: 5461: 5457: 5399: 5277: 5197: 5193: 3392: 3382: 3362: 3315: 3045: 2765: 2719: 1278: 1202: 1166: 1028: 855: 717: 713: 385: 360: 312: 139: 70: 62: 31: 8901: 8888: 8876: 7777: 7638: 7525: 6780: 5912: 2164:

Finno-Mordvinic (replacement *kümmen "10" (*luki- "to count", "to read out"))

573: 12266: 11224: 11164: 11146: 10662: 10646: 10600: 10357: 10177: 10142: 10132: 10110: 10067: 9932: 9513: 9445: 9129: 9038: 9002: 8822: 8766: 8746: 8732: 8719: 8534: 7931:"Angela Marcantonio, The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics" 7908: 7893:. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. Oxford: Blackwell. 7843: 7810: 7769: 7533: 7466: 7395: 7325: 7151: 6754: 6734: 6350: 6256: 6188: 6147: 6106: 5914:

Finnisch-ugrische Sprachforschung von der Renaissance bis zum Neupositivismus

5588: 5395: 5328: 5324: 5214: 5084: 3387: 3372: 3300: 3138: 3134: 3097: 3034: 3019: 2964: 2956: 2936: 2925: 2921: 2825: 2756: 2744: 1307: 1134: 968: 953: 589: 516: 497: 411: 328: 320: 124: 9355: 8906: 8551:

The Linguistic Roots of Europe: Origin and Development of European Languages

8440: 7105:

Viitso, Tiit-Rein. Keelesugulus ja soome-ugri keelepuu. Akadeemia 9/5 (1997)

5862: 3207: 3025:

use of postpositions as opposed to prepositions (prepositions are uncommon).

2663:

study by Honkola, et al. (2013) classifies the Uralic languages as follows.

778:, respectively. Reguly's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist 12012: 11820: 11554: 10121: 8979: 8704: 8611: 8526: 8303:

Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages.

7355: 7231: 6663: 6595: 6206: 5951: 5849: 5826: 5407: 5052: 3280: 790: 771: 662: 336: 8937: 8927: 8895: 8771: 7376: 7245: 6179: 6138: 6121: 2847:

Hungarian: 18 cases (together 34 grammatical cases and case-like suffixes)

610: 519:, traced back the Proto-Uralic homeland to a region East of the Urals, in 169: 8100: 7062: 6768: 6033:(1990). "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). 3185: 3101: 2940: 2932: 2917: 2909: 2025: 820: 721: 670: 669:

of Tuscany, was clearly the most modern of these: he established several

549:

The first plausible mention of a people speaking a Uralic language is in

466: 442: 407: 8947: 8911: 7320: 6812:(in German). Leipzig: G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung. pp. 9–21. 2935:

suffix exists in various cases in many Uralic languages, e.g. Hungarian

12187: 11906: 11856: 11722: 9768: 8352:Хелимский Е.А. Компаративистика, уралистика. Лекции и статьи. М., 2000. 8322:

Comrie, Bernhard. 1988. "General Features of the Uralic Languages." In

8272: 7859:

Die Eurasische Sprachfamilie: Indogermanisch, Koreanisch und Verwandtes

7826:

Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family

7793:

Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family

7409:

Rédei, Károly (1999). "Zu den uralisch-jukagirischen Sprachkontakten".

3113: 867: 666: 627: 474: 470: 296: 74: 8201: 7611: 7576: 7555:

Tyler, Stephen (1968). "Dravidian and Uralian: The lexical evidence".

7222: 7205: 7009: 6515: 6489: 6463: 6437: 724:

of the epoch". Still, in spite of this hostile climate, the Hungarian

3193: 3121: 3022:, which exists in many Uralic languages (notably absent in Hungarian) 1359: 581: 458: 177: 163: 8553:. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European. Vol. 6. pp. 77–102. 8546: 8458:('Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages'). Paris. 8279:. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). 8276: 8158: 473:. According to E. Itkonen, the ancestral area extended to the 8619: 8547:"The Language Contact Situation in Prehistoric Northeastern Europe" 7603: 7568: 5747: 4599:

Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation (

3169:

are used in writing Uralic languages, the languages do not exhibit

3117: 763: 635: 501: 380: 259: 217: 8417:

The Uralic Languages: Description, History, and Foreign Influences

8078: 5225: 4635:

in other languages represent the high rounded vowel ; the letters

11423: 8560:

Internal and External Causes of Language Change: The Naxos Papers

7828:. Vol. 2: Lexicon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 7795:. Vol. 1: Grammar. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 7128:

The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences

6689:

The Slavicization of the Russian North (Slavica Helsingiensia 27)

5839: 665:. Fogel's unpublished study of the relationship, commissioned by 550: 520: 505: 491: 11864: 8472:

LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 39. München: LINCOM Europa.

7203: 7180: 7085:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 13. 6827:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Tietosanakirjaosakeyhtiö. pp. 7–12. 11515: 11364:

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.

11345: 11243: 8348:

Comparative Linguistics, Uralic Studies. Lectures and Articles.

7696:

bibliography of articles supporting and opposing the hypothesis

6773:

Die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der Finnisch-ugrischen sprachen

4953: 3085: 2821: 2265:

vowel (cf. *k > ɣ above), or adjacent to *t, *s, *š, or *ś.

585: 577: 462: 348: 292: 6306:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 8–27, 34. 6119: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2077: 5780: 4615:), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ( 3162: 3120:

case and in Finnish and Estonian the singular noun is in the

1223: 774:(1819–1858), who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the 743:

published the most complete work on Finno-Ugric to that date.

623: 598: 568: 384:) hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the 5331:

in some. For example, the word for "language" is similar in

465:. E. N. Setälä and M. Zsirai place it between the 6900:

Suomalais-ugrilaisen kielen- ja historiantutkimuksen alalta

3089:

final -k and -t in Sámi, so it can come from either ending.

3037:

is also used to express possession in some languages, e.g.

2140:

Finno-Khantic (reshaping *kolmi "3" on the analogy of "4")

638:. The Ural Mountains in the middle of the maps are labeled 271: 268: 262: 8456:

Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques

8163:

WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications

7507: 6576: 6552: 6417: 6405: 6357: 6322: 6275: 5653: 303:(which alone accounts for approximately 60% of speakers), 8331:

The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction.

8326:, edited by Denis Sinor, pp. 451–477. Leiden: Brill. 7969:"The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics" 6393: 6310: 2691: 2676: 378:

derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (

299:. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are 256: 226: 220: 214: 8600:

Martin Joachim Kümmel, Seminar for Indo-European Studies

7707: 7428:

Bergsland, Knut (1959). "The Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis".

6886:. Translated by G. F. Cushing. London: André Deutch Ltd. 6122:"Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread" 5373:(or "Indo-Euralic") hypothesis suggests that Uralic and 2064: 2057: 7891:

The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics

7758:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

7064:

Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa

6717:

The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics

6345:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 64–71. 453:, or to the east and southeast of the Urals. Historian 8593:"Early Indo-Iranic loans in Uralic: Sounds and strata" 7627:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

6564: 6381: 6369: 6263: 5992: 5990: 5566:

Comparison of the text in prominent Uralic languages:

808:, a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the 531:". Uralic-speakers may have spread westwards with the 7716:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 7329:, pp. 73–74, December 24, 2005 – January 6, 2006 6710: 6708: 4627:) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter 490:

has suggested a homeland in western and northwestern

283: 274: 238: 229: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7674: 5743: 5731: 5671: 5481:

that in particular Hungarian is a language isolate.

265: 223: 8470:

Contact-induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics.

7177:

Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum

5987: 5712: 5635: 1122:(Fennic, Baltic Finnic, Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic) 1101:Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics. 406:Uralic languages are known for their often complex 311:. Other languages with speakers above 100,000 are 8378:Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828–1918 7351:"The Udmurtian code: saving Finno-Ugric in Russia" 6936: 6838:Setälä, E. N. (1926). "Kielisukulaisuus ja rotu". 6705: 5973:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 155. 5696:Comparison of the text in other Uralic languages: 5546:Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 7955: 7878:. University of California Press. pp. 30–34. 7321:"The Finno-Ugrics: The dying fish swims in water" 7170:"Proto-Uralic gradation: Continuation and traces" 6939:Classification and Index of the World's Languages 6089:The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society 5319:Theories proposing a close relationship with the 710:The Northern and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia 457:places its origin in the forest zone between the 12264: 11418: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7282:. Estonian Institute. p. 14. Archived from 6943:. New York/Oxford/Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 6934: 6629:Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages 895:Relative numbers of speakers of Uralic languages 705:Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia 642:("The mountains called the Girdle of the Earth") 539: 8485:The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages. 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7689: 7660:Zvelebil, Kamil (2006). "Dravidian Languages". 7659: 6970:Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan 6620: 6618: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6011:"On the Homeland of the Uralic Language Family" 5226:Proposed relations with other language families 3250:to give specific nuances to sentential meaning. 584:living in what is now European Russia, and the 8364:('Uralic Peoples'). Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva. 8039: 7554: 5892:(in German). Paris: A. Schubart. p. 182. 2841:Estonian: 14 cases (15 cases with instructive) 11404: 9385: 9371: 8635: 8409:('Uralic Etymological Dictionary'). Budapest. 8127: 8061: 8013: 7408: 7057: 7055: 5842:Geographical database of the Uralic languages 2853:Komi: in certain dialects as many as 27 cases 1229: 37:"Uralic" redirects here. For other uses, see 12248:Families with more than 30 languages are in 11374:Families with more than 30 languages are in 8317:Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages. 7991: 7915: 7451:. Open linguistics series. London: Cassell. 7069:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 92 6995: 6993: 6615: 6490:"Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése III" 6068: 2667:from Honkola, et al. (2013) are also given. 2146:Finno-Permic (reshaping *kektä > *kakta) 812:was created in 1850, first held by Castrén. 703: 8233: 8214: 8202:"Article 1 of the UDHR in Uralic languages" 8099: 7888: 7266:. Oxford University Press, Oxford (p. 573). 7123: 6714: 6516:"Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése IV" 6464:"Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése II" 6228: 4665:, unchanged since loaning save for loss of 3271: 3226:has a primary alveolar articulation, while 3180:Large vowel inventories. For example, some 3058:'my dog' (literally 'dog of me'). Separate 819:was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of 11411: 11397: 9378: 9364: 8642: 8628: 8557: 8508: 8448: 8380:. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. 7966: 7856: 7653: 7108: 7099: 7052: 6912: 6867:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6748: 6746: 6744: 6037:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 5967:"Finnish among the Finno-Ugrian languages" 5930: 5206:A number of umlaut processes are found in 2189: 2158:Finno-Saamic (*kakteksa, *ükteksa "8, 9") 1222: 7946: 7871: 7823: 7790: 7446: 7427: 7313: 7221: 6990: 6935:Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M. (1977). 6296: 6196: 6178: 6137: 6035:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 5816: 5806: 5464:, and Eskimo–Aleut. It was propounded by 5301:, and Eskimo–Aleut. It was propounded by 4787:Learn how and when to remove this message 4672: 3206:"swan". Some Sámi languages, for example 2654: 572:(usually interpreted as referring to the 8375: 8281:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 7755: 7592:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7510:"Telling general linguists about Altaic" 7164: 7020: 6807: 6752: 6676: 6657: 6624: 6570: 6438:"Az ugor-szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése" 6399: 6387: 6316: 6269: 6219: 6079: 5885: 3165:subdialect of North Estonian. (Although 745: 609: 580:(perhaps related to Yugra) described by 9080: 8515:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 8412: 8130:Etrusco: Una forma arcaica di ungherese 8052: 7875:An Introduction to the Uralic Languages 7080: 6967: 6897: 6822: 6741: 6582: 6558: 6533: 6423: 6411: 6375: 6363: 6328: 6303:An Introduction to the Uralic languages 6281: 6008: 5964: 5940:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 2882:nominative singular has no case suffix. 682:family. In 1717, the Swedish professor 417: 14: 12265: 8541: 8156: 8076: 8026: 7624: 7345: 6888:. English translation of Hajdú (1962). 6837: 6767: 6596:"Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXXV" 6513: 6487: 6461: 6435: 6340: 6234: 6029: 5327:in both sets of languages, as well as 5272:hypothesis associates Uralic with the 523:, specifically somewhere close to the 11392: 9359: 8623: 8562:. Springer Nature. pp. 315–346. 8271: 8093: 8004: 7928: 7861:(in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winter. 7740: 7430:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 7374: 6881: 6852: 6539: 6292: 6290: 6241:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. 6160: 6047: 5996: 5910: 5558:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5203:Only recently lost in modern Estonian 3184:varieties have over twenty different 2885:accusative and genitive suffixes are 2039: 716:tribes, an attitude characterized by 544: 8649: 8462: 8407:Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 8256:Abondolo, Daniel M. (editor). 1998. 8215:Помбандеева, Светлана (2014-09-17). 8144:"Uralic languages | Britannica" 7743:The Uralic languages. Second Edition 7589: 7083:Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys 6810:Finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft 6235:Sebeok, Thomas A. (15 August 2002). 6082:"Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" 5501: 5475: 5431:in 1903 and subsequently revived by 4734: 3263: 355:in northwesternmost Russia; and the 7010:http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 6054:. London: Deutsch. pp. 62–69. 5833: 5774: 3242:Lack of phonologically contrastive 3210:, distinguish three degrees: plain 3008:(short form for tema) in Estonian, 3000:(short form for tämā) in Livonian, 1184:Ostyak, Handi, Hantõ, Хӑнты, Ӄӑнтәӽ 500:suggests a homeland in between the 27:Language family of Northern Eurasia 24: 9341:Languages between parentheses are 8491: 8487:Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln. 8260:. London and New York: Routledge. 6287: 6051:Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples 5380: 5234: 2955:'more towards the shore'), Erzyan 1989: 1984: 1969: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1855: 1850: 1818: 1813: 1790: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1699: 1684: 1679: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 445:, west of the Urals, close to the 25: 12314: 8585: 8499:Contacts: Programme and Abstracts 8405:Rédei, Károly (editor). 1986–88. 8319:Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 8234:Решетникова, Раиса (2014-09-17). 7791:Greenberg, Joseph Harold (2000). 7708:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). 7694:. The Hauge: Mouton. p. 22. 6884:Finno-Ugric Languages and Peoples 6660:"Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages" 5283: 5249:hypothesis identifies Uralic and 2976:, including one pronoun for both 877: 605: 8850: 8227: 8208: 8194: 8169: 8150: 7857:Koppelmann, Heinrich L. (1933). 7027:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 6974:Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 6343:A Guide to the World's Languages 6009:Dziebel, German (October 2012). 5746: 5257: 4739: 252: 210: 191: 8497:Preda-Balanica, Bianca Elena. " 8310:Survey of the Uralic Languages. 8136: 8121: 7882: 7865: 7850: 7817: 7784: 7749: 7734: 7701: 7692:Comparative Dravidian Phonology 7683: 7668: 7618: 7583: 7548: 7501: 7473: 7440: 7421: 7402: 7368: 7339: 7300: 7269: 7256: 7238: 7210:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 7197: 7158: 7132:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 7117: 7074: 7043: 7014: 7002: 6961: 6928: 6906: 6891: 6875: 6846: 6831: 6816: 6801: 6761: 6670: 6651: 6606: 6588: 6507: 6481: 6455: 6429: 6334: 6213: 6154: 6113: 6041: 6023: 5971:Mood in the Languages of Europe 5911:Stipa, Günter Johannes (1990). 5551: 4710:(Egy) élő hal úszik a víz alatt 3254: 2236:Ugric (*s *š *ś > *ɬ *ɬ *s) 1362:as primary branches of Uralic. 1301:(Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari) 858:), Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen ( 720:as due to "the wild unfettered 291:), are spoken predominantly in 9345:of the language on their left. 8007:Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen 7948:10.1080/00437956.2003.11432539 7745:. Routledge. pp. 176–209. 6842:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. 6687:. In Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). 6633:. London: Routlegde. pp. 6220:Anderson, J.G.C., ed. (1938). 6002: 5958: 5924: 5904: 5879: 5855: 5358: 5308: 4717:A living fish swims underwater 881: 13: 1: 8509:Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). 8250: 8083:Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen 7967:Bakro-Nagy, Marianne (2005). 7824:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2002). 7675:Andronov, Mikhail S. (1971). 7447:Fortescue, Michael D (1998). 7411:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 7025:. Tietolipas. Vol. 215. 6972:. Tietolipas. Vol. 180. 5442: 4950:Grammatical vowel alternation 4730: 2820:extensive use of independent 1999: 1994: 1979: 1974: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1908: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1845: 1840: 1825: 1808: 1803: 1785: 1780: 1760: 1704: 1694: 1689: 1674: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1575: 1570: 1550: 1532: 1489: 1441: 1110:(Sami, Saami, Samic, Saamic, 700:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg 560: 540:History of Uralic linguistics 8568:10.1007/978-3-031-30976-2_11 8157:Revesz, Peter (2017-01-01). 7985:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.01.008 7889:Marcantonio, Angela (2002). 6715:Marcantonio, Angela (2002). 5898:2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2m66bs0q 5808:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648 5732: 5713: 5672: 5654: 5636: 5413: 5142: 5113: 5082: 5047: 5020:inner and outer local cases 5016: 4987: 4948: 4919: 4890: 4861: 4832: 4643:are the front vowels and . 3173:, a different type of vowel 3128: 691:and edited by his assistant 388:, and was first proposed by 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 8454:Sauvageot, Aurélien. 1930. 8029:Anthropological Linguistics 7264:The World's Major Languages 7179:. Jyväskylä. Archived from 6087:. In Jussi Ylikoski (ed.). 5739: 4759:. The specific problem is: 3107:expressions that include a 2806: 2230:Permian–Ugric (*δ > *l) 2152:Finno-Volgaic (*śećem "7") 661:, and the Swedish courtier 640:Montes dicti Cingulus Terræ 422: 86:One of the world's primary 10: 12319: 12068:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric 8421:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 8338:Finnugor népek és nyelvek. 7384:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 7377:"Arealógia és urálisztika" 6600:Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura 6523:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 6497:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 6471:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 6445:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 6224:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6161:Török, Tibor (July 2023). 5724: 5705: 5664: 5646: 5628: 5446: 5417: 5362: 5312: 5287: 5261: 5238: 3192:has over twenty different 2814: 2665:Estimated divergence dates 2661:computational phylogenetic 1230:Traditional classification 433:Proposed homelands of the 426: 36: 29: 12236: 12173: 12126: 12076: 11956: 11949: 11904: 11855: 11819: 11744: 11680: 11643: 11553: 11430: 11359: 11318: 11295: 11234: 11223: 11067: 10800: 10789: 10757: 10684: 10675: 10564: 10381: 10370: 10337: 10199: 10190: 10098: 9856: 9842: 9756: 9551: 9533: 9484: 9402: 9393: 9387:Primary language families 9327: 9289: 9257: 9152: 9062: 9029: 9001: 8960: 8920: 8868: 8859: 8848: 8666: 8657: 8399: 8351: 8340:Budapest: Gondolat kiadó. 8277:"Chapter 1: Proto-Uralic" 8132:. Bologna, IT: Il Mulino. 7872:Collinder, Björn (1965). 7639:10.1017/s0041977x00072517 7526:10.1017/S0022226798007312 7308:Kihnu murraku vokaalidest 7021:Lehtinen, Tapani (2007). 6916:(1968). "L'ouralien". In 6857:(in Hungarian). Budapest. 6855:Finnugor népek és nyelvek 6753:Salminen, Tapani (2002). 6658:Salminen, Tapani (2015). 6542:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 5886:Klaproth, Julius (1823). 5241:Uralic–Yukaghir languages 4716: 4677:The Estonian philologist 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3153:, while it does exist in 2569: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2537: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2499: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2406: 2374: 2339: 2304: 2273: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1012: 1007: 997: 992: 982: 977: 967: 962: 952: 947: 937: 932: 922: 917: 907: 903: 899: 894: 831:(studying especially the 632:Iuhra inde Ungaroru origo 616:Sigismund von Herberstein 190: 176: 162: 157: 103: 93: 82:Linguistic classification 80: 56: 51: 46: 10204:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan 8789:Siberian Ingrian Finnish 8660:List of Uralic languages 8376:Korhonen, Mikko (1986). 8350:Moscow. 2000. (Russian: 8315:Collinder, Björn. 1960. 8308:Collinder, Björn. 1957. 8301:Collinder, Björn. 1955. 8077:Laakso, Johanna (2004). 7690:Zvelebil, Kamil (1970). 6808:Szinnyei, Josef (1910). 6341:Ruhlen, Merritt (1987). 5767: 5762:List of Uralic languages 5433:Vladislav Illich-Svitych 5385:The hypothesis that the 5290:Uralo-Siberian languages 5181:Clearly present only in 5049:Determinative inflection 4700:Elävä kala ui veden alla 1714:Voegelin & Voegelin 693:Johann Georg von Eckhart 622:shows in the top right " 246:), sometimes called the 12278:Agglutinative languages 12245:have no living members. 12128:East and Southeast Asia 11371:have no living members. 8449:External classification 8285:Oxford University Press 7712:The Dravidian Languages 7662:Encyclopædia Britannica 7310:". University of Tartu. 7081:Bartens, Raija (1999). 7061:Häkkinen, Jaakko 2009: 6898:Itkonen, Erkki (1966). 6823:Itkonen, T. I. (1921). 6775:(in German). Helsinki. 6514:Halász, Ignácz (1894). 6488:Halász, Ignácz (1893). 6462:Halász, Ignácz (1893). 6436:Halász, Ignácz (1893). 6080:Janhunen, Juha (2009). 5965:Tommola, Hannu (2010). 5610: 5592: 5583: 5404:Bhadriraju Krishnamurti 5264:Eskimo–Uralic languages 4762:Unusable on mobile site 2871:Northern Mansi: 6 cases 2190:Phonological isoglosses 2114: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2066: 2059: 789:(1810–1891) and German 451:Indo-European languages 339:; other members of the 39:Uralic (disambiguation) 11351:Unclassified languages 11305:list of sign languages 10273:Northeastern Tasmanian 8612:10.5281/zenodo.1459402 8527:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272 8511:"The Uralic Languages" 8503:University of Helsinki 8128:Alinei, Mario (2003). 7514:Journal of Linguistics 5952:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272 5936:"The Uralic Languages" 5850:10.5281/ZENODO.4784188 5690: 5619: 5601: 5574: 5274:Eskimo–Aleut languages 4709: 4699: 4690:Elav kala ujub vee all 4689: 4673:Mutual intelligibility 4611:) (In Northern Sámi, ( 2874:Eastern Mansi: 8 cases 2862:Northern Sámi: 6 cases 2655:Honkola, et al. (2013) 1349:At Donner's time, the 1172:Vogul, Ма̄ньси, Маньсь 810:University of Helsinki 806:Grand Duchy of Finland 756:Henrik Gabriel Porthan 751: 704: 657:, the Swedish scholar 643: 11326:Constructed languages 8333:Bloomington, Indiana. 8105:The History of Basque 7375:Hájdu, Péter (1975). 7306:Türk, Helen (2010). " 6882:Hajdu, Peter (1975). 6853:Hájdu, Péter (1962). 6825:Suomensukuiset kansat 6238:Portrait Of Linguists 6180:10.3390/genes14071345 6139:10.1075/dia.20038.gru 6048:Hajdú, Péter (1975). 5519:Sino-Uralic languages 5365:Indo-Uralic languages 5315:Ural–Altaic languages 4651:("pig"), loaned from 3167:double dot diacritics 3060:possessive adjectives 1215:(until 16th century?) 1130:(Mordvin, Mordvinian) 749: 613: 435:Proto-Uralic language 429:Proto-Uralic homeland 12303:Languages of Estonia 12298:Languages of Hungary 12293:Languages of Finland 9873:Binanderean–Goilalan 8695:Northeastern coastal 8396:Napolskikh, Vladimir 8336:Hajdu, Péter. 1963. 8329:Décsy, Gyula. 1990. 8324:The Uralic Languages 8258:The Uralic Languages 7929:Aikio, Ante (2003). 7023:Kielen vuosituhannet 6976:. pp. 104–108. 5932:Bakró-Nagy, Marianne 5449:Eurasiatic languages 4892:Consonant gradation 4769:improve this article 4755:to meet Knowledge's 2963:, and Northern Sámi 2407:Consonant gradation 2218:Eastern Finno-Ugric 862:), Toivo Lehtisalo ( 817:Finno-Ugrian Society 760:Anders Johan Sjögren 441:The vicinity of the 418:Origin and evolution 12288:Languages of Russia 11886:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 11670:Northwest Caucasian 11665:Northeast Caucasian 11155:(Maku-Auari/Jukude) 11058:Tequiraca–Canichana 10901:Harákmbut–Katukinan 9664:Northwest Caucasian 9658:Northeast Caucasian 9582:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 8483:Wickman, Bo. 1955. 7347:Pullum, Geoffrey K. 7277:"Estonian Language" 7246:"Livonian pronouns" 6666:on 10 January 2019. 6585:, pp. 810–811. 6561:, pp. 799–800. 6426:, pp. 803–804. 6414:, pp. 801–803. 6366:, pp. 796–798. 6331:, pp. 795–796. 6284:, pp. 793–794. 5799:2022PLoSO..1769648R 5420:Nostratic languages 5387:Dravidian languages 5299:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 5051:(verbal marking of 5018:Distinction between 4653:Proto-Indo-European 3064:possessive pronouns 3029:possessive suffixes 2850:Inari Sámi: 9 cases 2647:found) is noted by 2340:Medial lenition of 2305:Medial lenition of 2205:consonant gradation 1351:Samoyedic languages 833:Mordvinic languages 702:published his book 533:Seima-Turbino route 357:Samoyedic languages 12151:Austronesian–Ongan 11950:Proposed groupings 10777:Tarascan/Purépecha 10266:Northern Tasmanian 10024:South Bougainville 9985:North Bougainville 8677:Bjarmian languages 8362:Uralilaiset kansat 8057:(2/2004): 314–320. 7252:. 8 February 2020. 6914:Austerlitz, Robert 5514:Hungarian-Etruscan 5437:Aharon Dolgopolsky 4723:However, linguist 4660:Proto-Indo-Iranian 3228:⟨lj⟩ 3224:⟨'l⟩ 3220:⟨lj⟩ 3216:⟨'l⟩ 3046:colloquial Finnish 2974:grammatical gender 2040:Lexical isoglosses 825:Russian Revolution 776:Ob-Ugric languages 762:, who brought the 752: 737:1769 Venus transit 644: 566:), mentioning the 545:Early attestations 508:drainage areas in 12283:Language families 12260: 12259: 12169: 12168: 12161:Sino-Austronesian 11945: 11944: 11420:Language families 11386: 11385: 11336:Language isolates 11314: 11313: 11219: 11218: 10785: 10784: 10671: 10670: 10366: 10365: 10313:Western Tasmanian 10231:Eastern Tasmanian 10186: 10185: 9908:East Geelvink Bay 9838: 9837: 9529: 9528: 9353: 9352: 9337:extinct languages 9148: 9147: 9021:Northwestern Mari 8956: 8955: 8468:Künnap, A. 2000. 8463:Linguistic issues 8432:978-90-04-07741-6 8275:(24 March 2022). 8177:"UN Human Rights" 8009:. 26/27: 155–168. 7900:978-0-631-23170-7 7835:978-0-8047-4624-3 7802:978-0-8047-3812-5 7458:978-0-304-70330-2 7223:10.1111/jeb.12107 7143:978-90-04-07741-6 7092:978-952-5150-22-3 7036:978-951-746-896-1 6983:978-951-746-332-4 6726:978-0-631-23170-7 6698:978-952-10-2852-6 6402:, pp. 44–46. 6319:, pp. 29–30. 6248:978-1-4411-5874-1 6098:978-952-5667-11-0 6061:978-0-233-96552-9 5980:978-90-272-0587-2 5730: 5711: 5682: 5670: 5652: 5634: 5556:Article 1 of the 5524:Cal-Ugrian theory 5502:Other comparisons 5476:Uralic skepticism 5303:Michael Fortescue 5175: 5174: 4863:Consonant length 4797: 4796: 4789: 4757:quality standards 4748:This article may 4641:⟨ö⟩ 4637:⟨ä⟩ 4633:⟨ü⟩ 4629:⟨y⟩ 4625:⟨l⟩ 4621:⟨ć⟩ 4617:⟨ś⟩ 4613:⟨ž⟩ 4609:⟨č⟩ 4605:⟨š⟩ 4601:⟨ž⟩ 4597: 4596: 4568:миськыны (миськ-) 4563:мыськыны (мыськ-) 4553:муськемс (муськ-) 3264:Selected cognates 3212:⟨l⟩ 3157:and elsewhere in 3151:standard Estonian 2916:), Northern Sámi 2844:Finnish: 15 cases 2833:grammatical cases 2626:*Only present in 2623: 2622: 2131:"7"; replacement 2006: 2005: 1290:(Permian-Finnic) 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 689:Gottfried Leibniz 659:Georg Stiernhielm 248:Uralian languages 202: 201: 88:language families 16:(Redirected from 12310: 12273:Uralic languages 12228:Proto-Euphratean 11954: 11953: 11862: 11861: 11830:Great Andamanese 11413: 11406: 11399: 11390: 11389: 11232: 11231: 11186:Huaorani/Waorani 11070:(extant in 2000) 11034:Esmeralda–Yaruro 10805:Andoque–Urequena 10798: 10797: 10682: 10681: 10488:Plateau Penutian 10379: 10378: 10354:(Northern Daly?) 10197: 10196: 10083:Northwest Papuan 10047:Trans–New Guinea 9913:East New Britain 9888:Central Solomons 9854: 9853: 9599:Great Andamanese 9549: 9548: 9400: 9399: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9213: 9199: 9078: 9077: 8987: 8866: 8865: 8854: 8777:Siberian Finnish 8723: 8651:Uralic languages 8644: 8637: 8630: 8621: 8620: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8554: 8538: 8521:(3): 1001–1027. 8444: 8420: 8401: 8391: 8353: 8344:Helimski, Eugene 8298: 8244: 8243: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8179:. Archived from 8173: 8167: 8166: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8146:. 10 April 2024. 8140: 8134: 8133: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8074: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8037: 8036: 8024: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7989: 7988: 7979:(7): 1053–1062. 7964: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7715: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7485: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7386:(in Hungarian). 7381: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7317: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7216:(6): 1244–1253. 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7185: 7174: 7166:Helimski, Eugene 7162: 7156: 7155: 7131: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7078: 7072: 7059: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6942: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6792: 6784: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6750: 6739: 6738: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6686: 6678:Helimski, Eugene 6674: 6668: 6667: 6662:. Archived from 6655: 6649: 6648: 6632: 6622: 6613: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6525:(in Hungarian). 6520: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6499:(in Hungarian). 6494: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6473:(in Hungarian). 6468: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6447:(in Hungarian). 6442: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6298:Collinder, Björn 6294: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6182: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6141: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6086: 6077: 6066: 6065: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6031:Golden, Peter B. 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5946:(3): 1001–1027. 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5810: 5778: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5735: 5729:romanized: 5728: 5726: 5716: 5710:romanized: 5709: 5707: 5677: 5675: 5669:romanized: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5651:romanized: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5633:romanized: 5632: 5630: 5466:Joseph Greenberg 5355:or coincidence. 5353:language contact 5321:Altaic languages 4802: 4801: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4718: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 3272: 3236:Finnic languages 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3161:, as well as in 2887:nasal consonants 2865:Udmurt: 16 cases 2856:Moksha: 13 cases 2343: 2308: 2271: 2270: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2069: 2062: 2045:Lexicostatistics 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1368: 1367: 1226: 892: 891: 886: 885: 882: 853: 845:Artturi Kannisto 803: 788: 770:(1813–1852) and 768:Matthias Castrén 741:Sámuel Gyarmathi 707: 656: 565: 562: 489: 341:Finnic languages 335:of the northern 287: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 206:Uralic languages 195: 186: 172: 44: 43: 21: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12232: 12223:Paleo-Laplandic 12218:Pre-Finno-Ugric 12165: 12122: 12086:Greater Siangic 12072: 12058:Uralic–Yukaghir 12008:Ibero-Caucasian 12003:Elamo-Dravidian 11941: 11900: 11851: 11815: 11740: 11676: 11659:North Caucasian 11639: 11549: 11488:Paleo-Sardinian 11426: 11417: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11355: 11341:Mixed languages 11310: 11291: 11226: 11215: 11069: 11063: 10918:Katembri–Taruma 10792: 10781: 10753: 10667: 10560: 10373: 10362: 10333: 10182: 10094: 10053:Turama–Kikorian 9963:Lower Mamberamo 9918:East Strickland 9846: 9834: 9752: 9540: 9535: 9525: 9480: 9389: 9384: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9323: 9317:Proto-Samoyedic 9285: 9253: 9207: 9193: 9144: 9100:Southern Khanty 9095:Northern Khanty 9076: 9058: 9025: 8997: 8977: 8975:Shoksha dialect 8952: 8916: 8855: 8846: 8801:Karelian proper 8717: 8662: 8653: 8648: 8617: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8578: 8494: 8492:Further reading 8465: 8451: 8433: 8388: 8358:Laakso, Johanna 8295: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8232: 8228: 8221:Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос 8213: 8209: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8155: 8151: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8098: 8094: 8081:. Book review. 8075: 8062: 8051: 8040: 8025: 8014: 8003: 7992: 7971:. Book review. 7965: 7956: 7933:. Book review. 7927: 7916: 7901: 7887: 7883: 7870: 7866: 7855: 7851: 7836: 7822: 7818: 7803: 7789: 7785: 7754: 7750: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7706: 7702: 7688: 7684: 7673: 7669: 7664:(DVD ed.). 7658: 7654: 7623: 7619: 7588: 7584: 7553: 7549: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7459: 7445: 7441: 7426: 7422: 7407: 7403: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7361: 7359: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7330: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7301: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7257: 7250:Virtual Livonia 7244: 7243: 7239: 7202: 7198: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7172: 7163: 7159: 7144: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7079: 7075: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6933: 6929: 6918:Martinet, André 6911: 6907: 6896: 6892: 6880: 6876: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6836: 6832: 6821: 6817: 6806: 6802: 6786: 6785: 6766: 6762: 6751: 6742: 6727: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6684: 6675: 6671: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6602:(in Hungarian). 6594: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6538: 6534: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6218: 6214: 6159: 6155: 6118: 6114: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6069: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5999:, pp. 1–4. 5995: 5988: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5889:Asia Polyglotta 5884: 5880: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5838: 5834: 5793:(6): e0269648. 5779: 5775: 5770: 5754:Language portal 5752: 5745: 5742: 5554: 5504: 5478: 5470:Björn Collinder 5451: 5445: 5429:Holger Pedersen 5422: 5416: 5392:Robert Caldwell 5383: 5381:Uralo-Dravidian 5367: 5361: 5317: 5311: 5292: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5247:Uralic–Yukaghir 5243: 5237: 5235:Uralic-Yukaghir 5228: 5050: 5019: 4951: 4834:Palatalization 4793: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4766: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725:Geoffrey Pullum 4675: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631:and the letter 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4541:mõskma (mõsk-) 4521: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4470:kuulma (kool-) 4450: 4434: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4403: 4379: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4239: 4233: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4096: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4029: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3965:'vein / sinew' 3960: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3890: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3804: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3751: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3682: 3666: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3600: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3547: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3474: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3266: 3257: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3171:Germanic umlaut 3131: 2984:; for example, 2859:Nenets: 7 cases 2838:Erzya: 12 cases 2831:a large set of 2817: 2809: 2804: 2657: 2439:Development of 2258: 2203:Saamic–Fennic ( 2192: 2187: 2042: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1378: 1347: 1322:(Finno-Saamic, 1236:language change 1232: 1112:Lappic, Lappish 1087: 1086: 1078: 1065: 1050: 1035: 1020: 1005: 990: 975: 960: 945: 930: 915: 880: 847: 829:Heikki Paasonen 797: 782: 733:Maximilian Hell 729:János Sajnovics 650: 634:), east of the 626:from where the 618:'s 1549 map of 608: 563: 547: 542: 525:Minusinsk Basin 510:Central Siberia 483: 431: 425: 420: 394:Asia Polyglotta 390:Julius Klaproth 369:Western Siberia 343:, ranging from 285: 255: 251: 240: 213: 209: 198: 182: 168: 67:Northern Europe 58: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12316: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12246: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12132: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12093: 12082: 12080: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12053:Uralo-Siberian 12050: 12045: 12040: 12038:Serbi–Mongolic 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11998:Dravido-Korean 11995: 11993:Dené–Yeniseian 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11981:Dené–Caucasian 11978: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11926: 11919: 11911: 11909: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11750: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11667: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11599:Hurro-Urartian 11595: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11559: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11481:Paleo-Corsican 11477: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11384: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11266:Indo-Pakistani 11263: 11258: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11229: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11132: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10965:Piaroa–Saliban 10962: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10866: 10861: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10761: 10759: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10732: 10730:Tequistlatecan 10727: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10466: 10459: 10454: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10376: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10253:Marrku–Wurrugu 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10212: 10207: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10119: 10113: 10108: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9817: 9811: 9806: 9798: 9793: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9615: 9612:Hurro-Urartian 9608: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9584: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9560: 9552: 9546: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9443: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9360: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9201: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137:Southern Mansi 9133: 9126: 9119: 9117:Northern Mansi 9109: 9108: 9107: 9105:Eastern Khanty 9102: 9097: 9086: 9084: 9075: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8966: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8872: 8870: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8724: 8712: 8707: 8700:South Estonian 8697: 8692: 8680: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8604: 8587: 8586:External links 8584: 8583: 8582: 8576: 8555: 8545:(2015-01-01). 8539: 8506: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8481: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8431: 8410: 8403: 8393: 8386: 8373: 8355: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8269: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8226: 8207: 8193: 8168: 8149: 8135: 8120: 8113: 8092: 8060: 8038: 8012: 7990: 7954: 7941:(3): 401–412. 7914: 7899: 7881: 7864: 7849: 7834: 7816: 7801: 7783: 7764:(3): 535–561. 7748: 7733: 7726: 7700: 7682: 7667: 7652: 7633:(2): 328–356. 7617: 7604:10.2307/592159 7582: 7569:10.2307/411899 7563:(4): 798–812. 7547: 7500: 7472: 7457: 7439: 7420: 7401: 7367: 7349:(2005-12-26), 7338: 7312: 7299: 7268: 7255: 7237: 7196: 7157: 7142: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7091: 7073: 7051: 7042: 7035: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6982: 6960: 6953: 6927: 6905: 6890: 6874: 6845: 6830: 6815: 6800: 6760: 6740: 6725: 6704: 6697: 6669: 6650: 6643: 6614: 6605: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6532: 6506: 6480: 6454: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6378:, p. 798. 6368: 6356: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6247: 6227: 6212: 6153: 6132:(4): 490–524. 6112: 6097: 6067: 6060: 6040: 6022: 6001: 5986: 5979: 5957: 5923: 5903: 5878: 5854: 5832: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5717: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5658: 5640: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5560:(in English): 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5528:Dené-Finnish ( 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5477: 5474: 5447:Main article: 5444: 5441: 5439:in the 1960s. 5418:Main article: 5415: 5412: 5400:Kamil Zvelebil 5382: 5379: 5363:Main article: 5360: 5357: 5313:Main article: 5310: 5307: 5295:Uralo-Siberian 5288:Main article: 5285: 5284:Uralo-Siberian 5282: 5262:Main article: 5259: 5256: 5239:Main article: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5198:Eastern Khanty 5194:Southern Mansi 5186: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115:Negative verb 5112: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4921:Vowel harmony 4918: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4795: 4794: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4703: 4693: 4674: 4671: 4669:, *ś > s.) 4667:palatalization 4595: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4558:мушкаш (мушк-) 4556: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467:koolma (kool-) 4465: 4464:kuolla (kuol-) 4462: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4326:minemä (min-) 4324: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182:mass (massa-) 4180: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4019:(tɛ̮̄n)/(tǟn) 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3979:suuń (soonõ-) 3977: 3974: 3973:suoni (suone-) 3971: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3838:silm (silmä-) 3836: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3218:, and palatal 3214:, palatalized 3200:Palatalization 3197: 3178: 3159:South Estonian 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3105: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3026: 3023: 3017: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2929: 2902: 2898: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868:Veps: 24 cases 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2829: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2762:(core branch) 2760: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2706: 2685: 2669: 2656: 2653: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2074: 2053: 2041: 2038: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1456:T. I. Itkonen 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1296: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1265: 1248: 1231: 1228: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1143: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 988: 986: 980: 979: 976: 973: 971: 965: 964: 961: 958: 956: 950: 949: 946: 943: 941: 935: 934: 931: 928: 926: 920: 919: 916: 913: 911: 905: 904: 902: 900: 897: 896: 890: 889: 879: 878:Classification 876: 731:traveled with 718:Merritt Ruhlen 607: 606:Uralic studies 604: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 513: 495: 478: 427:Main article: 424: 421: 419: 416: 386:Ural Mountains 333:Sámi languages 200: 199: 196: 188: 187: 180: 174: 173: 166: 160: 159: 158:Language codes 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 140:Mansi (Mansic) 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 105: 101: 100: 95: 94:Proto-language 91: 90: 84: 78: 77: 71:Eastern Europe 63:Central Europe 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 32:Urali language 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12315: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12251: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12125: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12075: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063:Eskimo–Uralic 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11938: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867:Paleosiberian 11863: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11762:Austroasiatic 11759: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11712:Austroasiatic 11709: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11691:Indo-European 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11617: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11564:Indo-European 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11441:Indo-European 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11409: 11407: 11402: 11400: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11276:Original Thai 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11222: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11066: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11040:Hibito–Cholón 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10788: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10556:Yuman–Cochimí 10554: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10291:Southern Daly 10289: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10216:Darwin Region 10213: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9898:Demta–Sentani 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9619:Indo-European 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9569:Austroasiatic 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9539: 9532: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9374: 9369: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9344: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290:Reconstructed 9288: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9230:Tundra Nenets 9228: 9226: 9225:Forest Nenets 9223: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9130:Eastern Mansi 9127: 9125: 9124: 9123:Western Mansi 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8689:Laiuse Romani 8686: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8638: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8579: 8577:9783031309762 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8543:Kallio, Petri 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8517:(in French). 8516: 8512: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478:3-89586-964-3 8475: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8394: 8389: 8387:951-653-135-0 8383: 8379: 8374: 8371: 8370:951-0-16485-2 8367: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8294:9780198767664 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266:0-415-08198-X 8263: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8203: 8197: 8183:on 2016-08-10 8182: 8178: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8114:0-415-13116-2 8110: 8107:. Routledge. 8106: 8102: 8096: 8088: 8085:(in German). 8084: 8080: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7760:(in German). 7759: 7752: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7727:0-521-77111-0 7723: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7489: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7328: 7327: 7326:The Economist 7322: 7316: 7309: 7303: 7289:on 2013-09-27 7285: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7186:on 2011-10-02 7182: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7102: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7056: 7046: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6954:9780444001559 6950: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6901: 6894: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6864: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6644:9780700711970 6640: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6621: 6619: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6573:, p. 49. 6572: 6571:Korhonen 1986 6567: 6560: 6555: 6547: 6544:(in German). 6543: 6536: 6529:(4): 443–469. 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503:(4): 436–447. 6502: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477:(3): 260–278. 6476: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6400:Korhonen 1986 6396: 6390:, p. 32. 6389: 6388:Korhonen 1986 6384: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6317:Korhonen 1986 6313: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6272:, p. 29. 6271: 6270:Korhonen 1986 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616:Northern Sami 5614: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396:Thomas Burrow 5393: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5375:Indo-European 5372: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329:vowel harmony 5326: 5325:agglutination 5322: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270:Eskimo–Uralic 5265: 5258:Eskimo-Uralic 5255: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5232: 5220: 5217:, but not in 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Passive voice 5083: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4791: 4788: 4780: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4591:масась (мас-) 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497:кулыны (кул-) 4496: 4491: 4486: 4482:куломс (кул-) 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4399:elämä (elä-) 4398: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354:мыныны (мын-) 4353: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4323:minema (min-) 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4254:kusi (kusõ-) 4253: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240:'to urinate' 4237: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179:maks (maksa-) 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976:soon (soone-) 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3835:silm (silma-) 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3606:(ľɑ̄ŋ)/(ľäŋ) 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3424:tuli (tulõ-) 3423: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3404:Tundra Nenets 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353:Northern Sámi 3351: 3349: 3348:Southern Sámi 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3261: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Baltic-Finnic 3136: 3135:Vowel harmony 3133: 3132: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098:adessive case 3095: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053:Northern Sámi 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020:negative verb 3018: 3016:in Hungarian. 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2961:approximative 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924:, and Nenets 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2826:agglutination 2823: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2752:Finno-Volgaic 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375:Degemination 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2076:Finno-Ugric ( 2075: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299:Finno-Volgaic 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1059:Tundra Nenets 1056: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1002: 1000: 996: 987: 985: 981: 972: 970: 966: 957: 955: 951: 942: 940: 936: 927: 925: 921: 912: 910: 906: 901: 898: 893: 888: 887: 884: 883: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 851: 846: 842: 838: 837:Yrjö Wichmann 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815:In 1883, the 813: 811: 807: 801: 796: 795:Ignácz Halász 792: 786: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 701: 696: 694: 690: 685: 681: 680:Indo-European 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 654: 649: 641: 637: 633: 630:originated" ( 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 603: 601: 600: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570: 558: 557: 552: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:Juha Janhunen 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:Juha Janhunen 496: 493: 487: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439: 438: 436: 430: 415: 413: 412:vowel harmony 409: 404: 401: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289: 279: 249: 245: 244: 234: 207: 194: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 83: 79: 76: 75:Northern Asia 72: 68: 64: 61: 55: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 12249: 12242: 12241:Families in 12198:Pre-Goidelic 12193:Pre-Germanic 12023:Indo-Semitic 12018:Indo-Pacific 12013:Indo-Hittite 11928: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11844: 11821:Indian Ocean 11788: 11783:Austronesian 11781: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11755:Sino-Tibetan 11753: 11732: 11710: 11705:Sino-Tibetan 11703: 11696: 11689: 11657: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11509:North Picene 11507: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11439: 11375: 11368: 11367:Families in 11302: 11253: 11151: 11139: 10989: 10957: 10948:Pano-Tacanan 10905: 10868: 10856: 10827:Arutani–Sape 10819: 10764: 10746: 10739: 10724:Oto-Manguean 10722: 10705: 10698: 10645: 10633: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10578: 10571: 10548: 10541: 10529: 10502: 10480: 10473: 10461: 10449: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10392: 10385: 10344: 10311: 10307:Western Daly 10285:Pama–Nyungan 10283: 10271: 10264: 10251: 10229: 10224:Eastern Daly 10222: 10214: 10169: 10045: 10033: 10011: 9994: 9972: 9943:Kaure–Kosare 9903:Doso–Turumsa 9893:Chimbu–Wahgi 9883:Bulaka River 9867:Austronesian 9865: 9826: 9819: 9800: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9700: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9675:Sino-Tibetan 9673: 9656: 9639: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9586: 9576:Austronesian 9574: 9567: 9555: 9501: 9439:Nilo-Saharan 9437: 9430: 9415:Austronesian 9413: 9406: 9332: 9307:Proto-Finnic 9297:Proto-Uralic 9278: 9271: 9264: 9246: 9203: 9189: 9182: 9173: 9166: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9049:Komi-Permyak 8921:Western Sámi 8894: 8887: 8875: 8869:Eastern Sámi 8832: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8687: 8675: 8650: 8616: 8599: 8559: 8550: 8518: 8514: 8502: 8484: 8469: 8455: 8416: 8406: 8377: 8361: 8347: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8280: 8257: 8239: 8229: 8220: 8210: 8196: 8185:. Retrieved 8181:the original 8171: 8162: 8152: 8138: 8129: 8123: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8082: 8054: 8032: 8028: 8006: 7976: 7972: 7938: 7934: 7890: 7884: 7874: 7867: 7858: 7852: 7825: 7819: 7792: 7786: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7742: 7736: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7676: 7670: 7661: 7655: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7520:(1): 65–98. 7517: 7513: 7503: 7491:. Retrieved 7488:ResearchGate 7487: 7475: 7448: 7442: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7370: 7360:, retrieved 7356:Language Log 7354: 7341: 7331:, retrieved 7324: 7315: 7302: 7291:. Retrieved 7284:the original 7271: 7263: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7188:. Retrieved 7181:the original 7176: 7160: 7127: 7119: 7110: 7101: 7082: 7076: 7068: 7063: 7045: 7022: 7016: 7004: 6969: 6963: 6938: 6930: 6921: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6883: 6877: 6854: 6848: 6839: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6772: 6769:Donner, Otto 6763: 6716: 6688: 6672: 6664:the original 6653: 6628: 6608: 6599: 6590: 6583:Wickman 1988 6578: 6566: 6559:Wickman 1988 6554: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6526: 6522: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6483: 6474: 6470: 6457: 6448: 6444: 6431: 6424:Wickman 1988 6419: 6412:Wickman 1988 6407: 6395: 6383: 6376:Wickman 1988 6371: 6364:Wickman 1988 6359: 6342: 6336: 6329:Wickman 1988 6324: 6312: 6302: 6282:Wickman 1988 6277: 6265: 6237: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6088: 6050: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6014:. Retrieved 6004: 5970: 5960: 5943: 5939: 5926: 5913: 5906: 5888: 5881: 5870:. Retrieved 5866: 5857: 5841: 5835: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5695: 5643:Komi-Permyak 5565: 5561: 5555: 5530:Sino-Tibetan 5510:Finno-Basque 5505: 5483: 5479: 5452: 5423: 5408:Stefan Georg 5384: 5368: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5318: 5293: 5267: 5244: 5229: 5176: 5053:definiteness 4989:Dual number 4798: 4783: 4774: 4767:Please help 4760: 4749: 4722: 4676: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4598: 4492:кувны (кул-) 4487:колаш (кол-) 4449:илесь (иль-) 4396:elama (ela-) 4378:минзь (мин-) 4349:мунны (мун-) 4320:mennä (men-) 4298:(kho̰ś-üt́) 4251:kusi (kuse-) 4248:kusi (kuse-) 3906:süli (süle-) 3903:syli (syle-) 3770:käsi (käe-) 3764:käsi (käte-) 3756:'hand, arm' 3421:tuli (tule-) 3418:tuli (tule-) 3281:Proto-Uralic 3267: 3258: 3255:Lexicography 3232:Proto-Uralic 3203: 3186:monophthongs 3175:assimilation 3163:Kihnu Island 3071: 3067: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3013: 3012:() in Komi, 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988:in Finnish, 2985: 2981: 2977: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2913: 2894: 2890: 2810: 2768:(2900 YBP) ( 2729:Finno-Permic 2672: 2658: 2644: 2642: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2200:Finno-Ugric 2193: 2132: 2128: 2070:"5" / "10") 2050: 2043: 2035: 2031:Volga-Finnic 2030: 2024: 2021: 2017: 1364: 1348: 1324:Finno-Lappic 1323: 1288:Finno-Permic 1270:(Ob-Ugrian) 1251: 1244: 1240:Proto-Uralic 1233: 1221: 1218: 1197: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1125: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1096: 814: 791:Josef Budenz 780:Pál Hunfalvy 772:Antal Reguly 753: 709: 697: 684:Olof Rudbeck 663:Bengt Skytte 648:Martin Fogel 645: 639: 631: 597: 593: 567: 564: 98 AD 554: 548: 528: 461:and central 455:Gyula László 432: 408:case systems 405: 398: 393: 379: 375: 373: 347:in northern 337:Fennoscandia 247: 205: 203: 104:Subdivisions 98:Proto-Uralic 59:distribution 12048:Ural-Altaic 12028:Indo-Uralic 11840:Sentinelese 11571:Afroasiatic 11537:Eteocypriot 11261:Germanosign 11165:Mura-Pirahã 11046:Lule–Vilela 11022:Bora-Witoto 10997:Uru–Chipaya 10970:Ticuna–Yuri 10953:Peba–Yaguan 10938:Nambikwaran 10741:Uto-Aztecan 10677:Mesoamerica 10531:Uto-Aztecan 10520:Tsimshianic 10482:Palaihnihan 10352:Malak-Malak 10089:Papuan Gulf 10063:West Papuan 9968:Lower Sepik 9958:Lakes Plain 9861:Arai–Samaia 9849:the Pacific 9557:Afroasiatic 9432:Niger–Congo 9408:Afroasiatic 9273:Meshcherian 9208: [ 9194: [ 9016:Meadow Mari 8978: [ 8718: [ 8273:Aikio, Ante 8101:Trask, R.L. 7598:: 271–298. 7390:: 147–152. 6840:Suomen suku 6451:(1): 14–34. 6173:(7): 1345. 6126:Diachronica 5536:and Uralic) 5371:Indo-Uralic 5359:Indo-Uralic 5309:Ural-Altaic 5147:word order 4771:if you can. 4679:Mall Hellam 4425:улыны (ул-) 4415:илаш (ила-) 4393:elää (elä-) 4344:мияш (мий-) 4208:мус (муск-) 4203:мус (муск-) 3865:син (синм-) 3860:син (синм-) 3767:käsi (käe-) 3102:dative case 3074:, are rare. 2931:the Uralic 2906:superessive 2776:Finno-Samic 2731:(3700 YBP) 2711:(1900 YBP) 2700:(3300 YBP) 2688:Finno-Ugric 2127:Hungarian ( 1671:Austerlitz 1628:E. Itkonen 1356:Finno-Ugric 1320:Finno-Samic 1213:Meshcherian 969:Komi-Zyrian 848: [ 821:Otto Donner 798: [ 783: [ 722:Romanticism 671:grammatical 651: [ 484: [ 481:Péter Hajdú 471:Kama Rivers 443:Volga River 400:Finno-Ugric 12267:Categories 12188:Pre-Celtic 12156:East Asian 12146:Austro-Tai 12136:Andamanese 11986:Eurasiatic 11907:North Asia 11857:North Asia 11769:Hmong–Mien 11723:Burushaski 11682:South Asia 11653:Kartvelian 11620:Philistine 11530:Eteocretan 11474:Tartessian 11255:Francosign 11103:Chiquitano 11083:Alacalufan 10891:Guaicuruan 10864:Chapacuran 10847:Cahuapanan 10815:Araucanian 10718:Mixe–Zoque 10713:Misumalpan 10427:Comecrudan 10279:Nyulnyulan 10058:Upper Yuat 10035:Torricelli 10007:Senu River 9938:Foja Range 9844:New Guinea 9769:Burushaski 9630:Kartvelian 9605:Hmong–Mien 9421:Khoe–Kwadi 9312:Proto-Sámi 9044:Komi-Yazva 8312:Stockholm. 8251:References 8240:Хӑнты ясӑң 8187:2023-02-20 8089:: 296–307. 8035:: 486–490. 7778:5919317968 7362:2009-12-21 7333:2013-01-19 7293:2013-04-16 7190:2012-02-24 6922:Le langage 6781:1014980747 6548:: 317–322. 6016:2019-03-21 5997:Aikio 2022 5872:2024-01-22 5867:Ethnologue 5552:Comparison 5454:Eurasiatic 5443:Eurasiatic 4777:April 2024 4731:Comparison 4527:'to wash' 4520:хась (ха-) 4420:овны (ол-) 4385:'to live' 3931:сыв (сыл-) 3446:тыв (тыл-) 3208:Skolt Sámi 3194:diphthongs 3114:accusative 3066:, such as 2992:in Votic, 2972:a lack of 2951:'out' and 2939:, Finnish 2908:, Finnish 2789:(1200 YBP) 2759:(3200 YBP) 2300:Samoyedic 1800:Michalove 1585:Collinder 868:Kai Donner 839:(studying 667:Cosimo III 628:Hungarians 475:Baltic Sea 367:spoken in 297:North Asia 57:Geographic 12213:Pre-Vedic 12203:Pre-Greek 12175:Substrata 12078:Arunachal 11976:Nostratic 11961:Alarodian 11896:Yeniseian 11746:East Asia 11698:Dravidian 11555:West Asia 11523:Tyrsenian 11286:Tanzanian 11227:languages 11124:Hodï/Joti 11068:Isolates 11007:Yanomaman 10943:Otomákoan 10907:Jirajaran 10896:Guajiboan 10858:Catacaoan 10837:Barbacoan 10766:Cuitlatec 10735:Totonacan 10694:Jicaquean 10573:Chimariko 10469:Muskogean 10451:Kalapuyan 10445:Iroquoian 10420:Chumashan 10413:Chinookan 10406:Chimakuan 10324:Yangmanic 10319:Worrorran 10302:Wagaydyic 10192:Australia 10041:Trans-Fly 9707:Yeniseian 9694:Tyrsenian 9588:Dravidian 9343:varieties 9335:indicate 9154:Samoyedic 9072:Hungarian 9011:Hill Mari 8962:Mordvinic 8834:Krevinian 8772:Meänkieli 8762:Fingelska 8535:0035-0818 8055:Virittäjä 7909:803186861 7844:895918332 7811:491123067 7770:0341-0137 7647:246637174 7542:144613877 7534:1469-7742 7467:237319639 7396:0029-6791 7152:466103653 6863:cite book 6789:cite book 6735:803186861 6351:923421379 6257:956101732 6189:2073-4425 6148:0176-4225 6107:0355-0230 5719:Northern 5700:Northern 5687:Hungarian 5472:in 1965. 5425:Nostratic 5414:Nostratic 5341:Mongolian 5278:Bergsland 4814:Hungarian 4808:Samoyedic 4715:English: 4706:Hungarian 4511:(khåləŋ) 4456:'to die' 4440:(ilto̰ŋ) 4369:(mińo̰ŋ) 4362:минуӈкве 4259:(gadtje-) 4238:'urine' / 3895:'fathom' 3807:кат, коат 3311:Hungarian 3129:Phonology 3122:partitive 3049:mun koira 2953:rannemmas 2920:, Erzyan 2783:(800 YBP) 2770:Mordvinic 2704:Hungarian 2683:Samoyedic 2483:ɟ ❬gy❭, j 2291:Hungarian 2282:Mordvinic 2239:Hungarian 2167:Mordvinic 2080:üki/*ükti 1966:Janhunen 1923:Salminen 1880:Lehtinen 1837:Häkkinen 1413:Szinnyei 1374:Author(s) 1360:ISO 639-5 1313:Mordvinic 1263:Hungarian 1259:(Ugrian) 1194:(Samoyed) 1191:Samoyedic 1155:Hungarian 1150:(Permian) 1127:Mordvinic 909:Hungarian 698:In 1730, 582:Herodotus 459:Oka River 437:include: 374:The name 301:Hungarian 178:Glottolog 164:ISO 639-5 150:Samoyedic 135:Hungarian 120:Mordvinic 12208:Vasconic 12183:Atlantic 11937:Eskaleut 11891:Yukaghir 11806:Koreanic 11801:Tungusic 11796:Mongolic 11734:Harappan 11645:Caucasus 11627:Sumerian 11502:Ligurian 11319:See also 11296:Isolates 11271:Japanese 11211:Yuracaré 11093:Candoshi 11052:Macro-Jê 11017:Zaparoan 11012:Zamucoan 11002:Witotoan 10985:Tucanoan 10980:Tiniguan 10975:Timotean 10959:Quechuan 10928:Matacoan 10923:Mascoian 10913:Jivaroan 10876:Chibchan 10870:Charruan 10821:Arawakan 10758:Isolates 10689:Chibchan 10565:Isolates 10537:Wakashan 10498:Salishan 10440:Eskaleut 10346:Giimbiyu 10338:Isolates 10247:Jarrakan 10242:Iwaidjan 10099:Isolates 9953:Kutubuan 9821:Sumerian 9757:Isolates 9712:Yukaghir 9681:Tungusic 9647:Mongolic 9635:Koreanic 9594:Eskaleut 9485:Isolates 9469:Ubangian 9302:homeland 9280:Muromian 9237:Nganasan 9082:Ob-Ugric 8943:Southern 8933:Northern 8818:Livonian 8796:Karelian 8683:Estonian 8441:16580570 8360:. 1992. 8103:(1997). 7557:Language 7493:22 March 7232:23675756 7168:(1995). 6771:(1879). 6680:(2006). 6300:(1965). 6222:Germania 6207:37510249 6198:10379071 5934:(2012). 5863:"Uralic" 5827:35675367 5787:PLOS ONE 5740:See also 5607:Livonian 5598:Estonian 5333:Estonian 5280:(1959). 5251:Yukaghir 5208:Livonian 5190:Nganasan 5183:Nganasan 4811:Ob-Ugric 4805:Feature 4750:require 4686:Estonian 4433:ялтуӈкве 4312:'to go' 4295:хос-вить 4266:(gožža-) 4257:gadtjedh 4223:(majət) 4168:'liver' 4101:'blood' 4086:(täuˈt) 4083:ласм (?) 3741:(pit́ī) 3738:пить аня 3672:(kho̰l) 3479:'water' 3464:(täuˈt) 3461:тав, тов 3393:Southern 3383:Northern 3338:Estonian 3222:, where 3190:Estonian 3118:genitive 3056:mu beana 3039:Estonian 3035:genitive 2965:locative 2957:illative 2937:illative 2926:locative 2922:inessive 2822:suffixes 2807:Typology 2709:Ob-Ugric 2649:Helimski 2628:Nganasan 2056:Uralic ( 2000:✗ 1995:✗ 1990:✓ 1985:✓ 1980:✗ 1975:✗ 1970:✓ 1957:✗ 1952:✗ 1947:✗ 1942:✗ 1937:✗ 1932:✗ 1927:✗ 1914:✓ 1909:✗ 1904:✓ 1899:✓ 1894:✓ 1889:✓ 1884:✓ 1871:✗ 1866:✗ 1861:✗ 1856:✓ 1851:✓ 1846:✗ 1841:✗ 1826:✗ 1819:✓ 1814:✓ 1809:✗ 1804:✗ 1791:✓ 1786:✗ 1781:✗ 1776:✓ 1771:✓ 1766:✓ 1761:✗ 1757:Kulonen 1748:✓ 1743:✓ 1738:✓ 1733:✓ 1728:✓ 1723:✓ 1718:✓ 1705:✗ 1700:✓ 1695:✗ 1690:✗ 1685:✓ 1680:✓ 1675:✗ 1662:✓ 1657:✓ 1652:✓ 1647:✓ 1642:✓ 1637:✓ 1632:✓ 1619:✗ 1614:✗ 1609:✗ 1604:✓ 1599:✓ 1594:✓ 1589:✓ 1576:✗ 1571:✗ 1566:✓ 1561:✓ 1556:✓ 1551:✗ 1546:✓ 1533:✗ 1528:✓ 1523:✓ 1518:✓ 1513:✓ 1508:✓ 1503:✓ 1490:✗ 1485:✓ 1480:✓ 1475:✓ 1470:✓ 1465:✓ 1460:✓ 1447:✓ 1442:✗ 1437:✓ 1432:✓ 1427:✓ 1422:✓ 1417:✓ 1385:Ob-Ugric 1304:Volgaic 1268:Ob-Ugric 1208:Muromian 1140:Cheremis 939:Estonian 764:Vepsians 636:Ob River 620:Moscovia 594:Hungaria 556:Germania 447:Urheimat 423:Homeland 396:(1823). 381:Urheimat 353:Karelian 345:Livonian 309:Estonian 184:ural1272 12243:italics 12141:Austric 12118:Kho-Bwa 12113:Hrusish 12091:Siangic 12033:Karasuk 11933: ? 11846:Kenaboi 11811:Japonic 11776:Kra–Dai 11737: ? 11728:Kusunda 11634:Elamite 11606:Kassite 11592:Kaskian 11495:Camunic 11467:Iberian 11424:Eurasia 11369:italics 11346:Pidgins 11331:Creoles 11281:Swedish 11249:Chinese 11196:Urarina 11181:Puinave 11135:Itonama 11129:Irantxe 11098:Chimane 11028:Chimuan 10933:Nadahup 10852:Cariban 10832:Aymaran 10793:America 10635:Waikuri 10628:Tonkawa 10621:Timucua 10614:Takelma 10607:Siuslaw 10596:Kutenai 10580:Esselen 10543:Wintuan 10504:Shastan 10475:Na-Dene 10463:Maiduan 10400:Caddoan 10374:America 10328:Wagiman 10326:(incl. 10297:Tangkic 10237:Garawan 10210:Bunuban 10171:Tambora 10138:Maybrat 10106:Abinomn 10029:Teberan 9990:Pauwasi 9980:Mairasi 9948:Kiwaian 9828:Tambora 9814:Shompen 9796:Kusunda 9789:Kenaboi 9775:Elamite 9747:Siangic 9729:Kho-Bwa 9723:Hrusish 9641:Kra–Dai 9625:Japonic 9534:Eurasia 9509:Sandawe 9492:Bangime 9457:Songhay 9333:Italics 9205:Karagas 8840:Kukkuzi 8784:Ingrian 8757:Finnish 8740:Kraasna 8505:(2019). 7436:: 1–29. 7417:: 1–58. 6920:(ed.). 5818:9176854 5795:Bibcode 5681: 5571:Finnish 5542:-Uralic 5534:Na-Dené 5177:Notes: 4823:Mordvin 4752:cleanup 4696:Finnish 4663:*porśos 4658:or pre- 4656:*porḱos 4531:*mośke- 4409:е̄лле 4402:jieledh 4337:мэ̄ннэ 4329:mïnnedh 4185:mueksie 4151:выр (?) 4034:'bone' 3940:öl(el) 3848:чалльм 3841:tjelmie 3731:fészek 3711:пе̄ссь 3687:'nest' 3620:'fish' 3499:(vii-) 3489:(vete-) 3410:'fire' 3388:Eastern 3333:Finnish 3326:Samoyed 3296:Mordvin 3276:English 3239:Uralic. 3109:numeral 3042:mu koer 2959:, Komi 2897:, etc.) 2815:Grammar 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