860:, p. 30: "The features common to Yukagir and Uralic are so numerous and so characteristic that they must be remainders of a primordial unity. The case system of Yukagir is almost identical with that of Northern Samoyed. The imperative of the verbs is formed with the same suffixes as in Southern Samoyed and the most conservative of the Fenno-Ugric languages. The two negative auxiliary verbs of the Uralic languages are also found in Yukagir. There are striking common traits in verb derivation. Most of the pronominal stems are more or less identical. Yukagir has half a hundred words in common with Uralic, in addition to those that may fairly be suspected of being loanwords. This number is not lower than should be expected on the assumption that Yukagir is akin to Uralic. In Yukagir texts one may find sentences of up to a dozen words that consist exclusively or almost exclusively of words that also occur in Uralic. Nothing in the phonologic or morphologic structure of Yukagir contradicts the hypothesis of affinity, and Yukagir agrees well with Uralic as far as the syntax is concerned."
606:
terms, and many verbs - these kinds of words are very rarely borrowed from other languages and are very resistant to loaning. According to Peter S. Piispanen, these proposed common words include the
Yukaghir numeral "irke" 'one' compared to Proto-Uralic *ikte 'one', the first and second person singular pronouns in Proto-Yukaghir "*mət" 'I' and "*tət" 'you', compared to Proto-Uralic "*mon" 'I' and "*te/*ton" 'you' alongside the Yukaghir demonstrative pronoun root *ta- compared to the Proto-Uralic root *ta-. However, even basic vocabulary can be borrowed in cases of extensive contact.
598:. Aikio (2014) agrees with Rédei and Häkkinen that Uralic–Yukaghir is unsupported and implausible, and that common vocabulary shared by the two families is best explained as the result of borrowing from Uralic into Yukaghir, although he rejects many of their (especially Rédei's) examples as spurious or accidental resemblances and puts the date of borrowing much later, arguing that the loanwords he accepts as valid were borrowed from an early stage of Samoyedic (preceding Proto-Samoyedic; thus roughly in the 1st millennium BC) into Yukaghir, in the same general region between the
586:) into Yukaghir. Rédei (1999) assembled a large corpus of what he considered as loans from Uralic into Yukaghir. Häkkinen (2012) argues that the grammatical systems show too few convincing resemblances, especially the morphology, and proposes that putative Uralic–Yukaghir cognates are in fact borrowings from an early stage of Uralic (c. 3000 BC; he dates Proto-Uralic to c. 2000 BC) into an early stage of Yukaghir, while Uralic was (according to him) spoken near the
704:, pp. 287: "Das Jukagirische zeigt zahlreiche Anklänge an das Finnougrische Beweisen tut das zunächst gar nichts, aber es kann veranlassen, weiter zu prüfen." ('Yukaghir shows numerous points of resemblance to Finno-Ugric For the moment, this does not prove anything, but it can motivate further research.')
605:
Proponents of the theory have attempted to respond to criticisms with arguments that Uralic correspondences are found very extensively in function words and in the most used vocabulary which is allegedly very rarely borrowed. In particular, demonstrative pronouns, personal pronouns, numbers, kinship
581:
The Uralic–Yukaghir hypothesis is rejected by many researchers as unsupported. While most agree that there is a core of common vocabulary that cannot be simply dismissed as chance resemblances, it has been argued that these are not the result of common inheritance, but rather due to contact between
105:
728:, p. 92: "Wir haben gesehen, daß das Jukagirische eine so starke uralische Schicht besitzt, daß man es als diesem Sprachgebiet zugehörig ansehen kann." ('We have seen that Yukhagir has such a strong Uralic stratum, that we can consider it to belong the latter's speech area.')
252:
Collinder based his case for a genetic relationship between Uralic and
Yukaghir on lexical and grammatical evidence; the latter included according to him similarities between pronouns, nominal case suffixes, and verb inflection.
200:
Similarities between Uralic and
Yukaghir were first pointed out by Paasonen (1907) and Lewy (1928), although they did not consider these to be sufficient evidence for a genetic relationship between the two.
1291:
Pedersen, Holger (1933). "Zur Frage nach der
Urverwandtschaft des Indoeuropäischen mit dem Ugrofinnischen" [On the question of the original relationship between Indo-European and Ugro-Finnish].
2197:
1434:
Istoriko-kul'turnye kontakty narodov altajskoj jazykovoj obshchnosti: Tezisy dolkadov XXIX sessii
Postojannoj Mezhdunarodnoj Altaisticheskoj Konferencii PIAC, Vol. 2: Lingvistika
161:
Yukaghir is a small family of languages spoken in eastern
Siberia. It formerly extended over a much wider area (Collinder 1965:30) and it consists of two surviving languages,
217:. The hypothesis was further elaborated by Collinder in subsequent publications, and also by other scholars including Harms (1977), Nikolaeva (1988) and Piispanen (2013).
904:
1530:
2247:
2187:
1177:
2392:
979:
964:
2402:
1360:
1251:
1202:
1166:
1147:
1128:
1109:
863:
210:
2397:
2270:
1523:
1401:
Hyllested, Adam. 2010. "Internal
Reconstruction vs. External Comparison: The Case of the Indo-Uralic Laryngeals."
2112:
2100:
954:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2005:
1789:
1784:
1498:
1446:
Nikolaeva, Irina. 1988. "On the correspondence of Uralic sibilants and affricates in
Yukaghir" (in Russian).
618:, the split between Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic branches might have occurred somewhere in the area between the
185:
2332:
2302:
2157:
1006:"The Uralic–Yukaghir lexical correspondences: genetic inheritance, language contact or chance resemblance?"
582:
Yukaghir and Uralic speakers, which resulted in borrowing of vocabulary from Uralic languages (especially
2412:
2280:
2182:
1621:
1516:
1265:[On the question of the original relationship of the Finnish-Ugric and Indo-European languages].
666:"Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis"
573:
In
Yukaghir numbers also share similarities such as Proto-Uralic "ükte/*ikte" and Yukaghir "irke" 'one'.
1949:
202:
189:
166:
162:
2407:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2205:
2127:
2122:
1778:
1764:
1539:
1439:
Nikolaeva, Irina. 1987. "On the reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir: Inlaut consonantism" (in
Russian).
640:
213:
between Uralic and Yukaghir was first argued for in detail in 1940, independently by Karl Bouda and
2172:
2117:
1888:
1718:
1607:
626:, following an earlier split between Proto-Uralic and Proto-Yukaghir somewhere in Eastern Siberia.
173:
1262:
1986:
1881:
1831:
1810:
1801:
1683:
1600:
1560:
1396:
Language Relations Across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
1484:
Tailleur, O.G. 1959. "Plaidoyer pour le youkaghir, branche orientale de la famille ouralienne."
1087:
Collinder, Björn (1965a). "Hat das Uralische Verwandte? Eine sprachvergleichende Untersuchung".
2142:
2137:
1902:
1874:
1865:
1824:
2294:
2167:
2147:
1895:
1690:
1628:
1214:"Possessivisch und Passivisch. Bemerkungen zum Verbalausdruck in der sprachlichen Typenlehre"
635:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2105:
1959:
1772:
1656:
229:
1140:
Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 2: Lexicon
1121:
Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1: Grammar
8:
2322:
2095:
2080:
2015:
1817:
1739:
1649:
1642:
1593:
1551:
615:
583:
237:
206:
1307:"The Uralic-Yukaghiric Connection Revisited: Sound Correspondences of Geminate Clusters"
1286:. Translated by John Webster Spargo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1263:"Zur Frage von der Urverwandschaft der finnisch-ugrischen und indoeuropäischen Sprachen"
1216:[Possessive and passive. Notes on verbal expression in linguistic type theory].
2056:
2010:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1382:
Die uralo-jukagirische Frage. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der sprachlichen Urverwandschaft.
1005:
155:
132:
77:
1416:
905:
The Uralic-Yukaghiric connection revisited: Sound Correspondences of Geminate Clusters
214:
2260:
2237:
2232:
2210:
2152:
1930:
1853:
1746:
1405:, eds. J.E. Rasmussen & T. Olander, 111–136. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
1356:
1247:
1198:
1195:
Studies in descriptive and historical linguistics. Festschrift for Winfred P. Lehmann
1162:
1143:
1124:
1105:
960:
665:
151:
1197:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 301–316.
2222:
2215:
2162:
2090:
2085:
2042:
2035:
1965:
1909:
1847:
1753:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1614:
1586:
1574:
1567:
1318:
1274:
1021:
645:
241:
233:
147:
128:
72:
1455:
Congressus septimus internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum. Pars 1 A. Sessiones plenares
1387:
Bouda, Karl. 1940. "Die finnisch-ugrisch-samojedische Schicht des Jukagirischen."
2049:
2000:
1954:
1837:
1732:
1704:
1663:
1580:
1037:
Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic: Comparative Phonology, Morphology, and Vocabulary
587:
228:(1987), and is accepted as a unit in controversial long-range proposals such as "
181:
138:
Uralic is a large and diverse family of languages spoken in northern and eastern
124:
57:
42:
872:, pp. 146, 158, 178, 215, 238, 274, 300, 325, 336, 344, 354, 379, 384, 458.
2227:
1995:
1508:
1474:
225:
46:
256:
The following list of lexical correspondences is taken from Nikolaeva (2006).
2386:
1422:
1408:
599:
244:(2008), both based on evidence collected by earlier scholars like Collinder.
1246:. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
2132:
1940:
1674:
623:
430:
The following list of lexical correspondences is taken from Aikio (2019).
176:
proposal include Uralo-Yukaghir as one of its two branches, alongside the
1069:]. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 8. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
595:
1502:
1323:
1306:
1237:] (PhD dissertation) (in Russian). Moscow: Institute of Linguistics.
2307:
2026:
1976:
1842:
1026:
591:
1334:
91:
886:. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
883:
619:
1432:
Nikolaeva, Irina. 1986. "Yukaghir-Altaic parallels" (in Russian).
209:
language family, and also noted some similarities between them. A
104:
1543:
1453:
Rédei, K. 1990. "Zu den uralisch-jukagirischen Sprachkontakten."
1284:
Linguistic Science in the Nineteenth Century: Methods and Results
143:
50:
1984:
1635:
139:
1213:
1045:
1046:"Die finnisch-ugrisch-samojedische Schicht des Jukagirischen"
1104:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
953:
Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (15 November 2023).
827:
1353:
A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification
1477:. 1962. "Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait."
1074:
Collinder, Björn (1957). "Uralo-jukagirische Nachlese".
1427:
After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000 – 5000 BC.
956:
Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics
743:
839:
779:
707:
815:
803:
767:
683:
1460:
Sauvegeot, Au. 1963. "L'appartenance du youkaguir."
922:
755:
731:
205:(1931) included Uralic and Yukaghir in his proposed
1355:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1157:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2005). Croft, William (ed.).
1142:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1123:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
527:*puδe ‘place on or above’, *puδe-nmē- ‘tall, high’
1338:[On Uralic-Yukagirian language contacts].
1333:
1235:The Problem of Uralo-Yukaghir Genetic Relationship
719:
695:
220:Uralic–Yukaghir is listed as a language family in
1467:Sauvegeot, Au. 1969. "La position du youkaguir."
934:
910:
791:
2384:
1538:
1159:Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method
1335:"Zu den uralisch-jukagirischen Sprachkontakten"
952:
1411:. 2009. "Proto-Uralic—what, where, and when?"
959:. University of California Press. p. 48.
146:. Among the better-known Uralic languages are
1524:
1231:Проблема урало-юкагирских генетических связей
1193:Harms, Robert (1977). Hopper, Paul J. (ed.).
2368:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1178:"Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir"
980:Предыстория народов уральской языковой семьи
1436:, pp. 84–86. Tashkent: Akademija Nauk.
1531:
1517:
1099:
1086:
875:
857:
785:
773:
1322:
1304:
1241:
1228:
1156:
1137:
1118:
1073:
1060:
1025:
869:
833:
821:
809:
761:
749:
737:
1403:Internal Reconstruction in Indo-European
1290:
1281:
1260:
1175:
1089:Acta Societatis Linguisticae Upsaliensis
928:
713:
689:
1503:Online Documentation of Kolyma Yukaghir
1413:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia
1102:An Introduction to the Uralic Languages
1034:
845:
2385:
1350:
1294:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
1182:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
890:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1512:
1331:
1311:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
1192:
1043:
1003:
940:
916:
899:
897:
881:
797:
725:
123:, is a highly controversial proposed
1211:
888:Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
701:
247:
1244:A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir
590:region and Yukaghir near the Upper
13:
1384:Stockholm: Almqvist & Viksell.
1374:
894:
476:*käliw ‘brother- or sister-in-law’
14:
2424:
1492:
109:The Uralic and Yukaghir languages
1441:Jazyk-mif-kul'tura narodov Sibir
903:Peter S. Piispanen (Stockholm).
222:A Guide to the World's Languages
103:
989:
973:
946:
851:
1076:Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift
994:
658:
495:*köj ‘fellow, boy, young man’
1:
1398:London and New York: Cassell.
1340:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen
1267:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen
1138:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2002).
1119:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2000).
1010:Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen
576:
463:*āl- ‘place under or below’
7:
1161:. Oxford University Press.
629:
609:
535:*pöń- / *peń- ‘put; leave’
380:'mountain, rock' / 'stone'
10:
2429:
2403:Proposed language families
2188:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1448:Sovetskoe Finnougrovedenie
1394:Fortescue, Michael. 1998.
1100:Collinder, Björn (2021) .
1035:Bomhard, Allan R. (2008).
492:*koji ‘male, man, husband’
195:
2393:Uralic–Yukaghir languages
2356:
2293:
2246:
2196:
2076:
2069:
2024:
1975:
1939:
1864:
1800:
1763:
1673:
1550:
1469:Ural-altaische Jahrbücher
1462:Ural-altaische Jahrbücher
1305:Piispanen, Peter (2013).
1282:Pedersen, Holger (1931).
1261:Paasonen, Heikki (1907).
1242:Nikolaeva, Irina (2006).
1229:Nikolaeva, Irina (1988).
1176:Häkkinen, Jaakko (2012).
1061:Collinder, Björn (1940).
281:'sharp' / 'narrow, thin'
102:
90:
85:
66:
58:Linguistic classification
56:
36:
31:
26:
21:
2398:Paleo-Siberian languages
1351:Ruhlen, Merritt (1987).
1063:Jukagirisch und Uralisch
651:
564:*wixi- ‘take, transport’
62:Proposed language family
16:Proposed language family
2365:have no living members.
2248:East and Southeast Asia
1479:American Anthropologist
1443:, 43–48. Jakutsk: JaGU.
479:*keľ- ‘brother-in-law’
1332:Rédei, Károly (1999).
1415:258. pp. 57–78.
1389:Ungarische Jahrbücher
1218:Ungarische Jahrbücher
1067:Yukagirian and Uralic
1050:Ungarische Jahrbücher
907:. SUSA/JSFOu 94, 2013
641:Ural–Altaic languages
636:Indo-Uralic languages
444:*aŋi ‘mouth, opening’
180:languages (sometimes
1429:Orion Publishing Co.
1273:: 13–31 – via
1212:Lewy, Ernst (1928).
1044:Bouda, Karl (1940).
1014:Finno-Ugric research
1004:Aikio, Ante (2014).
882:Aikio, Ante (2019).
567:*weɣ- ‘lead, carry’
524:*pidi- ‘long / high’
468:*kälä- ‘wade / rise’
314:'young man' / 'man'
211:genetic relationship
2006:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1790:Northwest Caucasian
1785:Northeast Caucasian
1324:10.33340/susa.82515
616:Vladimir Napolskikh
511:*ńim / *nim ‘name’
186:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2413:Yukaghir languages
2271:Austronesian–Ongan
2070:Proposed groupings
1505:by Irina Nikolaeva
1457:, 27–36. Debrecen.
1027:10.33339/fuf.86078
836:, pp. 279–81.
551:*aľ- ‘melt, thaw’
267:Proto-Finno-Ugric
236:(2000, 2002) and "
172:Proponents of the
2380:
2379:
2289:
2288:
2281:Sino-Austronesian
2065:
2064:
1540:Language families
1380:Angere, J. 1956.
966:978-0-520-91279-3
858:Collinder (1965b)
786:Collinder (1965b)
774:Collinder (1965a)
602:and Lake Baikal.
571:
570:
428:
427:
248:Proposed evidence
142:and northwestern
114:
113:
2420:
2408:Uralic languages
2348:Proto-Euphratean
2074:
2073:
1982:
1981:
1950:Great Andamanese
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1366:
1347:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1301:
1287:
1278:
1275:Internet Archive
1257:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1189:
1172:
1153:
1134:
1115:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1040:
1039:. Leiden: Brill.
1031:
1029:
983:
977:
971:
970:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
901:
892:
891:
879:
873:
870:Nikolaeva (2006)
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
834:Greenberg (2000)
831:
825:
822:Piispanen (2013)
819:
813:
810:Nikolaeva (1988)
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
762:Collinder (1957)
759:
753:
750:Piispanen (2013)
747:
741:
738:Collinder (1940)
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
662:
646:Borean languages
484:*kani- ‘go away’
433:
432:
259:
258:
234:Joseph Greenberg
119:, also known as
107:
19:
18:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2352:
2343:Paleo-Laplandic
2338:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2285:
2242:
2206:Greater Siangic
2192:
2178:Uralic–Yukaghir
2128:Ibero-Caucasian
2123:Elamo-Dravidian
2061:
2020:
1971:
1935:
1860:
1796:
1779:North Caucasian
1759:
1669:
1608:Paleo-Sardinian
1546:
1537:
1495:
1475:Swadesh, Morris
1377:
1375:Further reading
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:978-080471894-3
1317:(94): 165–197.
1254:
1253:978-311018689-5
1205:
1204:978-902720905-4
1169:
1168:978-019925771-3
1150:
1149:978-080474624-3
1131:
1130:978-080473812-5
1112:
1111:978-052036929-0
997:
992:
987:
986:
978:
974:
967:
951:
947:
939:
935:
929:Häkkinen (2012)
927:
923:
915:
911:
902:
895:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
714:Pedersen (1931)
712:
708:
700:
696:
690:Paasonen (1907)
688:
684:
674:
672:
664:
663:
659:
654:
632:
612:
579:
503:*mel- ‘breast’
439:Proto-Yukaghir
266:
262:Proto-Yukaghir
250:
215:Björn Collinder
203:Holger Pedersen
198:
167:Kolyma Yukaghir
163:Tundra Yukaghir
125:language family
117:Uralic–Yukaghir
110:
43:Northern Europe
38:
22:Uralic–Yukaghir
17:
12:
11:
5:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Uralo-Siberian
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Serbi–Mongolic
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Dravido-Korean
2115:
2113:Dené–Yeniseian
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:Dené–Caucasian
2098:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1719:Hurro-Urartian
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1601:Paleo-Corsican
1597:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:External links
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:64, 1262–1291.
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:Mithen, Steven
1420:
1417:Online article
1409:Janhunen, Juha
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1368:
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1361:
1348:
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1302:
1288:
1279:
1258:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1173:
1167:
1154:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1041:
1032:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
972:
965:
945:
933:
921:
909:
893:
884:"Proto-Uralic"
874:
862:
850:
848:, p. 176.
846:Bomhard (2008)
838:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
752:, p. 167.
742:
730:
718:
716:, p. 338.
706:
694:
692:, pp. 19.
682:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
638:
631:
628:
611:
608:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
561:
560:
559:*wonč- ‘root’
557:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
543:*olo- ‘steal’
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
471:*kile- ‘wade’
469:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
455:*eme ‘mother’
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
426:
425:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
404:
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393:
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389:
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371:
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356:
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316:
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312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
298:
294:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
265:Proto-Uralic /
263:
249:
246:
226:Merritt Ruhlen
197:
194:
174:Uralo-Siberian
121:Uralo-Yukaghir
112:
111:
108:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
86:Language codes
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
47:Eastern Europe
40:
34:
33:
32:(hypothetical)
29:
28:
27:Uralo–Yukaghir
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2390:
2388:
2371:
2367:
2364:
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2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
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2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Eskimo–Uralic
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:Paleosiberian
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:Austroasiatic
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:Austroasiatic
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:Indo-European
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
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1756:
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1742:
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1737:
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1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:Indo-European
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
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1626:
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1612:
1610:
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1603:
1602:
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1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:Indo-European
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1497:
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1466:
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1459:
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1407:
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1400:
1397:
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1386:
1383:
1379:
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1372:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:(in German).
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
982:(in Russian).
981:
976:
968:
962:
958:
957:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
918:
913:
906:
900:
898:
889:
885:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
842:
835:
830:
823:
818:
811:
806:
799:
794:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
703:
698:
691:
686:
671:
667:
661:
657:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
614:According to
607:
603:
601:
600:Yenisei River
597:
593:
589:
585:
574:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:*pi̮ni- ‘put’
531:
530:
526:
523:
522:
519:*ńel- ‘lick’
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
498:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
447:*aŋa ‘mouth’
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
431:
423:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
322:*sewe-/*seɣe-
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
307:
306:
302:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
274:
273:
269:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
245:
243:
242:Allan Bomhard
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
193:
191:
187:
184:, (formerly)
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
106:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2369:
2362:
2361:Families in
2318:Pre-Goidelic
2313:Pre-Germanic
2177:
2143:Indo-Semitic
2138:Indo-Pacific
2133:Indo-Hittite
2048:
2041:
2034:
1964:
1941:Indian Ocean
1908:
1903:Austronesian
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1875:Sino-Tibetan
1873:
1852:
1830:
1825:Sino-Tibetan
1823:
1816:
1809:
1777:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1629:North Picene
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1499:Bibliography
1485:
1478:
1471:41, 344–359.
1468:
1464:35, 109–117.
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1370:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1020:(62): 7–76.
1017:
1013:
1009:
998:
990:Bibliography
975:
955:
948:
941:Aikio (2014)
936:
924:
917:Rédei (1999)
912:
887:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
798:Harms (1977)
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
726:Bouda (1940)
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:. Retrieved
670:ResearchGate
669:
660:
624:Irtysh River
613:
604:
580:
572:
436:Proto-Uralic
429:
421:*wacV/*wančV
399:*kore/*ko:re
391:'run, jump'
255:
251:
221:
219:
199:
190:Eskimo-Aleut
177:
171:
160:
137:
127:composed of
120:
116:
115:
96:
67:Subdivisions
39:distribution
2168:Ural-Altaic
2148:Indo-Uralic
1960:Sentinelese
1691:Afroasiatic
1657:Eteocypriot
1488:6, 403–423.
1391:20, 80–101.
995:Works cited
702:Lewy (1928)
596:Lake Baikal
487:*qon- ‘go’
452:*emä / *ämä
396:*qa:r/*qajr
2387:Categories
2308:Pre-Celtic
2276:East Asian
2266:Austro-Tai
2256:Andamanese
2106:Eurasiatic
2027:North Asia
1977:North Asia
1889:Hmong–Mien
1843:Burushaski
1802:South Asia
1773:Kartvelian
1740:Philistine
1650:Eteocretan
1594:Tartessian
1300:: 308–325.
1224:: 274–289.
1095:: 109–180.
1082:: 105–130.
592:Lena River
230:Eurasiatic
37:Geographic
2333:Pre-Vedic
2323:Pre-Greek
2295:Substrata
2198:Arunachal
2096:Nostratic
2081:Alarodian
2016:Yeniseian
1866:East Asia
1818:Dravidian
1675:West Asia
1643:Tyrsenian
1450:2, 81–89.
1188:: 91–101.
1056:: 80–101.
594:and near
584:Samoyedic
577:Criticism
556:*wanča(w)
292:'mother'
238:Nostratic
207:Nostratic
156:Hungarian
92:Glottolog
2328:Vasconic
2303:Atlantic
2057:Eskaleut
2011:Yukaghir
1926:Koreanic
1921:Tungusic
1916:Mongolic
1854:Harappan
1765:Caucasus
1747:Sumerian
1622:Ligurian
1425:. 2003.
675:22 March
630:See also
622:and the
620:Ob River
610:Urheimat
369:'shout'
358:'steal'
270:Meaning
178:Siberian
152:Estonian
133:Yukaghir
78:Yukaghir
2363:italics
2261:Austric
2238:Kho-Bwa
2233:Hrusish
2211:Siangic
2153:Karasuk
2053: ?
1966:Kenaboi
1931:Japonic
1896:Kra–Dai
1857: ?
1848:Kusunda
1754:Elamite
1726:Kassite
1712:Kaskian
1615:Camunic
1587:Iberian
1544:Eurasia
1346:: 1–58.
1016:].
424:'root'
413:'hear'
402:'skin'
388:*pukta-
347:'name'
303:'suck'
196:History
148:Finnish
144:Siberia
51:Siberia
2223:Mijiic
2216:Digaro
2163:Pontic
2091:Borean
2086:Altaic
2050:Rouran
2043:Turkic
2036:Uralic
2025:Other
1910:Turkic
1838:Nihali
1733:Gutian
1705:Hattic
1698:Turkic
1664:Minoan
1636:Sicani
1581:Basque
1575:Turkic
1568:Uralic
1552:Europe
1486:Lingua
1359:
1250:
1201:
1165:
1146:
1127:
1108:
963:
548:*sula-
540:*sala-
516:*ńali-
500:*mälki
460:*̮ila-
418:*wonč-
410:*kule-
355:*sala-
336:'say'
333:*monV-
325:'eat'
278:*ćuppa
275:*čupo-
154:, and
140:Europe
129:Uralic
73:Uralic
2001:Nivkh
1955:Ongan
1233:[
1065:[
1012:[
652:Notes
588:Sayan
508:*nimi
407:*qol-
385:*pöɣ-
377:*pije
352:*olo-
344:*nime
330:*mon-
311:*koje
300:*ime-
240:" by
232:" by
182:Nivkh
2370:bold
2228:Miju
1996:Ainu
1357:ISBN
1315:2013
1248:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1018:2014
961:ISBN
677:2019
374:*pe:
366:*or-
363:*ör-
341:*ńu:
319:*leɣ
308:*köj
297:*iw-
289:*emä
286:*eme
188:and
165:and
131:and
97:None
1943:rim
1542:of
1501:at
1319:doi
1186:264
1022:doi
224:by
192:).
2389::
1344:55
1342:.
1313:.
1309:.
1298:67
1296:.
1269:.
1220:.
1184:.
1180:.
1091:.
1080:12
1078:.
1054:20
1048:.
1008:.
896:^
668:.
169:.
158:.
150:,
135:.
49:,
45:,
2372:.
1989:"
1985:"
1532:e
1525:t
1518:v
1419:.
1365:.
1327:.
1321::
1277:.
1271:7
1256:.
1222:8
1207:.
1171:.
1152:.
1133:.
1114:.
1093:1
1030:.
1024::
969:.
943:.
931:.
919:.
824:.
812:.
800:.
788:.
776:.
764:.
740:.
679:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
