Uranium mining - Knowledge

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the Navajo Nation, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Department of Energy (DOE), and the Indian Health Service (IHS), developed a coordinated Five-Year Plan to address uranium contamination. Similar interagency coordination efforts are beginning in the State of New Mexico as well. In 1978, Congress passed the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA), a measure designed to assist in the cleanup of 22 inactive ore-processing sites throughout the southwest. This also included constructing 19 disposal sites for the tailings, which contain a total of 40 million cubic yards of low-level radioactive material. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are 4000 mines with documented uranium production, and another 15,000 locations with uranium occurrences in 14 western states, most found in the Four Corners area and Wyoming.

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in all types of mining, but in open pit mining, the usual way of dealing with it – i.e. when the target mineral is found below the natural water table – is to lower the water table by pumping off the water. The ground may settle considerably when groundwater is removed and may again move unpredictably when groundwater is allowed to rise again after mining is concluded. Land reclamation after mining takes different routes, depending on the amount of material removed. Due to the high energy density of uranium, it is often sufficient to fill in the former mine with the overburden, but in case of a mass deficit exceeding the height difference between the previous surface level and the natural water table, artificial lakes develop when groundwater removal ceases. If sulfites, sulfides or sulfates are present in the now-exposed rocks

8433:, also known as the Red Book, estimates the identified amount of conventional uranium resources which can be mined for less than USD 130/kg to be about 5.5 million tonnes, up from the 4.7 million tonnes reported in 2005. Undiscovered resources, i.e. uranium deposits that can be expected to be found based on the geological characteristics of already discovered resources, have also risen to 10.5 million tonnes. This is an increase of 0.5 million tonnes compared to the previous edition of the report. The increases are due to both new discoveries and re-evaluations of known resources, encouraged by higher prices. 3230:, world production of mined uranium has peaked twice in the past: once, circa 1960 in response to stockpiling for military use, and again in 1980, in response to stockpiling for use in commercial nuclear power. Up until about 1990, the mined uranium production was in excess of consumption by power plants. But since 1990, consumption by power plants has outstripped the uranium being mined; the deficit being made up by liquidation of the military (through decommissioning of nuclear weapons) and civilian stockpiles. Uranium mining has increased since the mid-1990s, but is still less than the consumption by power plants. 3378:, fueled by naturally replenished uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. While uranium is a finite mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too – thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can last over such time scales, as Cohen contends, then nuclear energy is every bit as sustainable as solar power or any other source of energy, in terms of sustainability over the time scale of life surviving on this planet. His paper assumes extraction of uranium from seawater at the rate of 16 kilotonnes (35 3242:. The European Commission said in 2001 that at the current level of uranium consumption, known uranium resources would last 42 years. When added to military and secondary sources, the resources could be stretched to 72 years. Yet this rate of usage assumes that nuclear power continues to provide only a fraction of the world's energy supply. If electric capacity were increased six-fold, then the 72-year supply would last just 12 years. The world's present measured resources of uranium, economically recoverable at a price of US$ 130/kg according to the industry groups 1445:

this time, there is still the potential to discover exploitable resources. The OECD Redbook cites areas still open to exploration throughout the world. Many countries are conducting complete aeromagnetic gradiometer radiometric surveys to get an estimate the size of their undiscovered mineral resources. Combined with a gamma-ray survey, these methods can locate undiscovered uranium and thorium deposits. The U.S. Department of Energy conducted the first and only national uranium assessment in 1980 – the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program.

1798: 962:), sometimes with clay, silt or sand beneath the plastic liner. The extracted ore will typically be run through a crusher and placed in heaps atop the plastic. The leaching agent will then be sprayed on the ore for 30–90 days. As the leaching agent filters through the heap, the uranium will break its bonds with the oxide rock and enter the solution. The solution will then filter along the gradient into collecting pools which will then be pumped to on-site plants for further processing. Only some of the uranium (commonly about 70%) is actually extracted. 20: 2939:

occupationally induced cancer from radon, although it still remains an issue both for those who are currently employed in affected mines and for those who have been employed in the past. The power to detect any excess risks in miners nowadays is likely to be small, exposures being much smaller than in the early years of mining. Coal mining in addition to other health risks can also expose miners to radon as uranium (and its decay product radon) are often found in and near coal deposits and can accumulate underground as radon is denser than air.

2570: 2548: 2526: 2504: 2482: 2460: 2438: 201: 2753:. However, by the 1960s, the United States, USSR, France and China were reducing their acquisitions of uranium. The United States started enriching only uranium mined within its country, but by 1965, production had dropped by 40 percent. By 1971, in an attempt to stop further reductions in prices, mining executives from UCAN, Nufcor, Rio Tinto, and government representatives agreed to share the market with Canadians getting 33.5 percent, South Africa 23.75 percent, France 21.75 percent, Australia 17 percent, and 310: 951:) are used to extract the economic element from ore which has been mined and placed in piles on the surface. Heap leaching is generally economically feasible only for oxide ore deposits. Oxidation of sulfide deposits occurs during the geological process called weathering. Therefore, oxide ore deposits are typically found close to the surface. If there are no other economic elements within the ore a mine might choose to extract the uranium using a leaching agent, usually a low molar sulfuric acid. 1020:) the oxidant used is hydrogen peroxide and the complexing agent sulfuric acid. Kazakh ISL mines generally do not employ an oxidant but use much higher acid concentrations in the circulating solutions. ISL mines in the USA use an alkali leach due to the presence of significant quantities of acid-consuming minerals such as gypsum and limestone in the host aquifers. Any more than a few percent carbonate minerals means that alkali leach must be used in preference to the more efficient acid leach. 904: 2115: 1554: lb) each of weapons-grade plutonium by 2014. The US undertook to pursue a self-funded dual track program (immobilization and MOX). The G-7 nations provided US$ 1 billion to set up Russia's program. The latter was initially MOX specifically designed for VVER reactors, the Russian version of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), the high cost being because this was not part of Russia's fuel cycle policy. This MOX fuel for both countries is equivalent to about 12 kilotonnes (26 2658: 900:"shrinkage" method, only sufficient broken ore is removed via the chutes below to allow miners working from the top of the pile to drill and blast the next layer to be broken off, eventually leaving a large hole. The method known as "room and pillar" is used for thinner, flatter ore bodies. In this method the ore body is first divided into blocks by intersecting drives, removing ore while so doing, and then systematically removing the blocks, leaving enough ore for roof support. 28: 720:

and almost cylinder-like shape. The origin of breccia pipe is uncertain but it is thought that they form on intersections and faults. When the formations are found solid in ground host rock called rock flour, it usually is often a site for copper or uranium mining. Copper Creek, Arizona, is home to approximately 500 mineralized breccia pipes and Cripple Creek, Colorado, also is a site that contains breccia pipe ore deposits that is associated with a volcanic pipe.

2098: 2636: 800:. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry used specifically for uranium measurement and prospecting must account for a number of factors like the distance between the source and the detector and the scattering of radiation through the minerals, surrounding earth and even in the air. In Australia, a Weathering Intensity Index has been developed to help prospectors based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry images. 9940: 2702: 2680: 2614: 2592: 993: 2229: 856: 417:, and 80 percent of the uranium used in the Soviet nuclear program. Of the 150,000 laborers, 1281 were killed in accidents and 20,000 suffered injuries. After Stalin's death in 1953, the Red Army turned over control of production to SDAG, and prison laborers were released, reducing the population of laborers to 45,000. At its peak in 1953, the St. Joachimsthal mines had 16,100 inmates, half of whom were Soviet political prisoners. 587: 9928: 3288: 3031: 687:

vein-type deposits and the potential sources still remains a mystery, but are thought to include preexisting rocks that have been broken down by weathering and force that come from areas of long-term sediment build up. The South Chine Block is an example of a region that has been relying on vein-type hydrothermal uranium deposit demand for the past half century. Igneous deposits include

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uranium. In 2002, mined uranium supplied only 54 percent of nuclear power requirements. But as the supply of former weapons uranium has been used up, mining has increased, so that in 2012, mining provided 95 percent of reactor requirements, and the OCED Nuclear Energy Agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency projected that the gap in supply would be completely erased in 2013.

3309:, the former environment minister of the UK (1997–2003), reports that peak uranium happened in 1981. He also predicts a major shortage of uranium sooner than 2013 accompanied with hoarding and its value pushed up to the levels of precious metals. M. C. Day projected in 1975 that uranium reserves could run out as soon as 1989, but, more optimistically, would be exhausted by 2015. 3097:

known uranium reserves. The Earth's crust contains approximately 65 trillion tons of uranium, of which about 32 thousand tons flow into oceans per year via rivers, which are themselves fed via geological cycles of erosion, subduction and uplift. The ability to extract uranium from seawater economically would therefore make uranium a renewable resource in practice.

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plant operators tend to have long-term contracts with fuel suppliers that are – if at all – only minorly affected by the fluctuations of uranium prices. The effect on electricity price for end consumers is negligible even in countries like France, which derive a majority of their electric energy from nuclear power. Nonetheless, short term price developments like the

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FBRs, and geological exploration showed that scarcity of uranium was not going to be a concern for some time. By the 1980s, due to both factors, it was clear that FBRs would not be commercially competitive with existing light water reactors. The economics of FBRs still depend on the value of the plutonium fuel which is bred, relative to the cost of fresh uranium.

1714:; it has been used in Belgium and the United States, but high recovery costs limit the use of these resources, with estimated production costs in the range of US$ 60–100/kgU including capital investment, according to a 2003 OECD report for a new 100 tU/year project. Historical operating costs for the uranium recovery from phosphoric acid range from $ 48–$ 119/kg U 1394:

exploration between 1985 and 2005, so the significant increase in exploration effort that we are now seeing could readily double the known economic resources. On the basis of analogies with other metal minerals, a doubling of price from price levels in 2007 could be expected to create about a tenfold increase in measured resources, over time.

2927:(who generally have low rates of lung cancer) miners. This is in part due to the religious prohibition on smoking in Mormonism. Safety standards requiring expensive ventilation were not widely implemented or policed during this period. While radon exposure is the main source of lung cancer in non-smokers who aren't exposed to 3313:, an independent analyst with Ceedata Consulting, contends that supplies of the high-grade uranium ore required to fuel nuclear power generation will, at current levels of consumption, last to about 2034. Afterwards, he expects the cost of energy to extract the uranium will exceed the price the electric power provided. The 1653: lb) uranium per year. The rest are small experimental plants. The two large-scale commercial reprocessing plants together can reprocess 2,800 tonnes of uranium waste annually. The United States had reprocessing plants in the past but banned reprocessing in the late 1970s due to the high costs and the risk of 3104:(which is itself 3–4 times as abundant as uranium) in certain breeder reactors, although there are currently no commercially practical thorium reactors in the world and their development would require substantial financial investment which is not justified given the current low prices of natural uranium. 3194:

Most commentators conclude that a half century of unimpeded growth is possible, especially since resources costing several hundred dollars per kilogram (not estimated in the Red Book) would also be economically usable ... We believe that the world-wide supply of uranium ore is sufficient to fuel

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According to Cameco Corporation, the demand for uranium is directly linked to the amount of electricity generated by nuclear power plants. Reactor capacity is growing slowly, reactors are being run more productively, with higher capacity factors, and reactor power levels. Improved reactor performance

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Uranium production is highly concentrated. The world's top uranium producers in 2017 were Kazakhstan (39% of world production), Canada (22%) and Australia (10%). Other major producers include Namibia (6.7%), Niger (6%), and Russia (5%). Uranium production in 2017 was 59,462 tonnes, 93% of the demand.

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Uranium turned out to be far more plentiful than anticipated, and the price of uranium declined rapidly (with an upward blip in the 1970s). This is why the United States halted their use in 1977, and the UK abandoned the idea in 1994. Significant technical and materials problems were encountered with

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or 3.3 micrograms per liter of seawater. But the quantity of this resource is gigantic and some scientists believe this resource is practically limitless with respect to world-wide demand. That is to say, if even a portion of the uranium in seawater could be used the entire world's nuclear power

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is removed by drilling and blasting to expose the ore body, which is then mined by blasting and excavation using loaders and dump trucks. Workers spend much time in enclosed cabins thus limiting exposure to radiation. Water is extensively used to suppress airborne dust levels. Groundwater is an issue

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Breccia uranium deposits are found in rocks that have been broken due to tectonic fracturing, or weathering. Breccia uranium deposits are most common in India, Australia and the United States. A large mass of breccia is called a breccia pipe or chimney and is composed of the rock forming an irregular

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swelled to ten times their population in a few years. The mining cost immense amounts of money and miners were on the one hand subject to heavier repression and surveillance but on the other hand allowed more generous supply with consumer goods than other East Germans. While production was never able

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If one is willing to pay $ 300/kg for uranium, there is a vast quantity available in the ocean. It is worth noting that since fuel cost only amounts to a small fraction of nuclear energy total cost per kWh, and raw uranium price also constitutes a small fraction of total fuel costs, such an increase

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The OECD estimates that with the world nuclear electricity generating rates of 2002, with LWR, once-through fuel cycle, there are enough conventional resources to last 85 years using known resources and 270 years using known and as yet undiscovered resources. With breeders, this is extended to 8,500

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production rate is reached. Predictions of peak uranium differ greatly. Pessimistic predictions of future high-grade uranium production operate on the thesis that either the peak has already occurred in the 1980s or that a second peak may occur sometime around 2035. Optimistic predictions claim that

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Since that time, ventilation and other measures have been used to reduce radon levels in most affected mines that continue to operate. In recent years, the average annual exposure of uranium miners has fallen to levels similar to the concentrations inhaled in some homes. This has reduced the risk of

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researchers announced the successful development of a new adsorbent material dubbed "HiCap", which vastly outperforms previous best adsorbents, which perform surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions. "We have shown that our adsorbents can extract five to seven times more uranium at

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Uranium ISL uses the native groundwater in the orebody which is fortified with a complexing agent and in most cases an oxidant. It is then pumped through the underground orebody to recover the minerals in it by leaching. Once the pregnant solution is returned to the surface, the uranium is recovered

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and other ores are often mined in association (e.g., copper, gold, silver). Once the ore body has been identified a shaft is sunk in the vicinity of the ore veins, and crosscuts are driven horizontally to the veins at various levels, usually every 100 to 150 metres. Similar tunnels, known as drifts,

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The U.S. is investigating whether China is circumventing a ban on Russian uranium imports by exporting its uranium to the U.S. while importing enriched uranium from Russia. This inquiry follows a spike in Chinese uranium exports to the U.S. after the December 2023 ban, which aimed to cut off funding

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of ores (43% of production). During in-situ mining, a leaching solution is pumped down drill holes into the uranium ore deposit where it dissolves the ore minerals. The uranium-rich fluid is then pumped back to the surface and processed to extract the uranium compounds from solution. In conventional

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estimates that using only known reserves at the current rate of demand and assuming a once-through nuclear cycle that there is enough uranium for at least 100 years. However, if all primary known reserves, secondary reserves, undiscovered and unconventional sources of uranium are used, uranium will

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never materialized. Without it, uranium is used up in a once-through process and will peak and run out much sooner. However, at present, it is generally found to be cheaper to mine new uranium out of the ground than to use reprocessed uranium, and therefore the use of reprocessed uranium is limited

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Various agencies have tried to estimate how long these resources will last. The European Commission said in 2001 that at the current level of uranium consumption, known uranium resources would last 42 years. When added to military and secondary sources, the resources could be stretched to 72 years.

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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with the help of China has built an extraction facility to obtain uranium yellowcake from uranium ore. According to Western officials with information regarding the extraction site, the process is conducted by the oil-rich kingdom to champion nuclear technology. However,

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capabilities, as is the case for the vast majority of commercial power plants in operation, will refuel as seldom as possible to avoid costly downtime and usually plan refuelling shutdowns long in advance so as to allow maintenance and inspection to use the scheduled downtime as well. As such power

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Undiscovered conventional resources are resources that are thought to exist but have not been mined. It will take a significant exploration and development effort to locate the remaining deposits and begin mining them. However, since the entire earth's geography has not been explored for uranium at

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3.4.2. The Government will maintain the statutory prohibition on nuclear generation in Ireland. The Government believes that for reasons of security, safety, economic feasibility and system operation, nuclear generation is not an appropriate choice for this country. The Government will continue to

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As of 2017, identified uranium reserves recoverable at US$ 130/kg were 6.14 million tons (compared to 5.72 million tons in 2015). At the rate of consumption in 2017, these reserves are sufficient for slightly over 130 years of supply. The identified reserves as of 2017 recoverable at US$

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and in the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Hundreds of abandoned mines have not been cleaned up and present environmental and health risks in many communities. At the request of the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform in October 2007, and in consultation with

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Generally speaking, in the case of nuclear energy the cost of fuel has the lowest share in total energy costs of all fuel consuming energy forms (i.e. Fossil fuels, biomass and nuclear). Furthermore, given the immense energy density of nuclear fuel (particularly in the form of enriched uranium or

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As nuclear power plants take a long time to build and refuelling is undertaken at sporadic, predictable intervals, uranium demand is rather predictable in the short term. It is also less dependent on short-term economic boom–bust cycles as nuclear power has one of strongest fixed costs to variable

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An international consortium has set out to explore the commercial extraction of uranium from uraniferous coal ash from coal power stations located in Yunnan province, China. The first laboratory scale amount of yellowcake uranium recovered from uraniferous coal ash was announced in 2007. The three

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researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap, which vastly outperforms previous best adsorbents, which perform surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions. "We have shown that our adsorbents can extract five to seven times more uranium at

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Secondary uranium resources are recovered from other sources such as nuclear weapons, inventories, reprocessing and re-enrichment. Since secondary resources have exceedingly low discovery costs and very low production costs, they have displaced a significant portion of primary production. In 2017,

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Uranium occurs naturally in many rocks, and even in seawater. However, like other metals, it is seldom sufficiently concentrated to be economically recoverable. Like any resource, uranium cannot be mined at any desired concentration. No matter the technology, at some point it is too costly to mine

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At the Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI Takasaki Research Establishment), research and development has continued culminating in the production of adsorbent by irradiation of polymer fiber. Adsorbents have been synthesized that

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The stope, which is the workshop of the mine, is the excavation from which the ore is extracted. Three methods of stope mining are commonly used. In the "cut and fill" or "open stoping" method, the space remaining following removal of ore after blasting is filled with waste rock and cement. In the

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are the amounts of ore that are estimated to be recoverable at stated costs. As prices rise or technology allows for lower cost of recovery of known, previously uneconomic, deposits, reserves increase. For uranium this effect is particularly pronounced as the biggest currently uneconomic reserve –

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Hydrothermal uranium deposits encompass the vein-type uranium ores. Vein-type hydrothermal uranium deposits represent epigenetic concentrations of uranium minerals that typically fill breccias, fractures, and shear zones. Many studies have sought to identify the source of uranium with hydrothermal

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In studies of uranium miners, workers exposed to radon levels of 50 to 150 picocuries of radon per liter of air (2000–6000 Bq/m) for about 10 years have shown an increased frequency of lung cancer. Statistically significant excesses in lung cancer deaths were present after cumulative exposures of

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A breeder reactor produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes and thus can extend the uranium supply. It typically turns the dominant isotope in natural uranium, uranium-238, into fissile plutonium-239. This results in a hundredfold increase in the amount of energy to be produced per mass unit of

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The uranium concentrations within the solution are very important for the efficient separation of pure uranium from the acid. As different heaps will yield different concentrations, the solution is pumped to a mixing plant that is carefully monitored. The properly balanced solution is then pumped

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instead consume closer to 99% of uranium fuel. Another factor is the ability to extract uranium from seawater. About 4.5 billion tons of uranium are available from seawater at about 10 times the current price of uranium with current extraction technology, which is about a thousand times the

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ore from the ground. Over 50,000 tons of uranium were produced in 2019. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia were the top three uranium producers, respectively, and together account for 68% of world production. Other countries producing more than 1,000 tons per year included Namibia, Niger, Russia,

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Due to reduction in nuclear weapons stockpiles, a large amount of former weapons uranium was released for use in civilian nuclear reactors. As a result, starting in 1990, a significant portion of uranium nuclear power requirements were supplied by former weapons uranium, rather than newly mined

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articulate its strong position in relation to nuclear generation and transboundary safety concerns in Europe in the context of the EU Energy Strategy. Developments in relation to nuclear generation in the UK and other Member States will be closely monitored in terms of implications for Ireland.

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In 2012 it was estimated that this fuel source could be extracted at 10 times the current price of uranium. In 2014, with the advances made in the efficiency of seawater uranium extraction, it was suggested that it would be economically competitive to produce fuel for light water reactors from

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Unconventional resources are occurrences that require novel technologies for their exploitation and/or use. Often unconventional resources occur in low-concentration. The exploitation of unconventional uranium requires additional research and development efforts for which there is no imminent

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from 22 countries. However, this is not due to lack of production capacity. Historically, uranium mines and mills around the world have operated at about 76% of total production capacity, varying within a range of 57% and 89%. The low production rates have been largely attributable to excess

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to review cleanups and license sites to states or the DOE for perpetual care. Title 1 established a uranium mill remedial action program jointly funded by the federal government and the state. Title 1 of the Act also designated 22 inactive uranium mill sites for remediation, resulting in the

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fuel. Fast breeder reactors are more expensive to build and operate, including the reprocessing, and could only be justified economically if uranium prices were to rise to pre-1980 values in real terms. In addition to considerably extending the exploitable fuel supply, these reactors have an

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Known conventional resources are resources that are known to exist and easy to mine. In 2006, there were about 4 million tons of conventional resources. In 2011, this increased to 7 million tonnes. Exploration for uranium has increased: from 1981 to 2007, annual exploration expenditures grew

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There are two types of breeders: fast breeders and thermal breeders. Efforts at commercializing breeder reactors have been largely unsuccessful, due to higher costs and complexity compared to LWR, as well as political opposition. A few commercial breeder reactors exist. In 2016, the Russian

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The main problems with uranium reprocessing are the cost of mined uranium compared to the cost of reprocessing, At present, reprocessing and the use of plutonium as reactor fuel is far more expensive than using uranium fuel and disposing of the spent fuel directly – even if the fuel is only

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In-situ leaching (ISL), also known as solution mining, or in-situ recovery (ISR) in North America, involves leaving the ore where it is in the ground, and recovering the minerals from it by dissolving them and pumping the pregnant solution to the surface where the minerals can be recovered.

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The known uranium resources represent a higher level of assured resources than is normal for most minerals. Further exploration and higher prices will certainly, on the basis of present geological knowledge, yield further resources as present ones are used up. There was very little uranium

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is energy used in the mining of uranium, when that mine is predominantly a copper mine and uranium is produced only as a co-product, along with gold and other metals. The report by Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen also assumes that all enrichment is done in the older and more energy intensive

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lower grade ores. Mining companies usually consider concentrations greater than 0.075% (750 ppm) as ore, or rock economical to mine at current uranium market prices. There are around 40 trillion tons of uranium in Earth's crust, but most is distributed at trace concentration over its

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As some countries are not able to supply their own needs of uranium economically, countries have resorted to importing uranium ore from elsewhere. For example, owners of U.S. nuclear power reactors bought 67 million pounds (30 kt) of natural uranium in 2006. Out of that 84%, or

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Heap leach is significantly cheaper than traditional milling processes. The low costs allow for lower grade ore to be economically feasible (given that it is the right type of ore body). US environmental law requires that the surrounding ground water is continually monitored for possible

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capacity. Slower growth of nuclear power and competition from secondary supply significantly reduced demand for freshly mined uranium until very recently. Secondary supplies include military and commercial inventories, enriched uranium tails, reprocessed uranium and mixed oxide fuel.

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started producing medicinal radium from the Shinkolobwe mine, but closed down in the late 1930s as the radium market diminished. In May 1940, the Nazis invaded Belgium and seized Union Minière's uranium ore stored there. On 18 September 1942, 1250 t of Shinkolobwe uranium ore for the

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estimates that if one can accept ore one tenth as rich then the supply of available uranium increases 300 times. His paper shows that uranium concentration in ores is log-normal distributed. There is relatively little high-grade uranium and a large supply of very low grade uranium.

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was the original radiation detector, recording the total count rate from all energy levels of radiation. Ionization chambers and Geiger counters were first adapted for field use in the 1930s. The first transportable Geiger–Müller counter (weighing 25 kg) was constructed at the

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deferred plans to expand production from existing Canadian mines, although it continued work to open a new mine at Cigar Lake. Also in February 2014, Paladin energy suspended operations at its mine in Malawi, saying that the high-cost operation was losing money at current prices.

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In a similar manner to every other natural metal resource, for every tenfold increase in the cost per kilogram of uranium, there is a three-hundredfold increase in available lower quality ores that would then become economical. The theory could be observed in practice during the

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can be a concern for those newly developing bodies of water. Mining companies are now required by law to establish a fund for future reclamation while mining is ongoing and those funds are usually deposited in such a way as to be unaffected by bankruptcy of the mining company.

346:' resources, and a $ 13 million investment from the United States. Sengier reported that uranium ore had been extracted from the mine down to a depth of 79 meters, but that another 101 meters of ore was available for extraction. This amounted to 10,000 tons of up to 60% 1785:

uptake rates seven times faster than the world's best adsorbents", said Chris Janke, one of the inventors and a member of ORNL's Materials Science and Technology Division. HiCap also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at

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uptake rates seven times faster than the world's best adsorbents," said Chris Janke, one of the inventors and a member of ORNL's Materials Science and Technology Division. HiCap also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at

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to the public. 21st century additions to US mining law require that companies set aside the money for reclamation before the beginning of the project. The money will be held by the public to insure adherence to environmental standards if the company were to ever go bankrupt.

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suggested that below 0.01–0.02% (100–200 ppm) in ore, the energy required to extract and process the ore to supply the fuel, operate reactors and dispose properly comes close to the energy gained by using the uranium as a fissible material in the reactor. Researchers at the

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Qiu, Liang; Yan, Dan-Ping; Ren, Minghua; Cao, Wentao; Tang, Shuang-Li; Guo, Qing-Yin; Fan, Li-Ting; Qiu, Junting; Zhang, Yixi; Wang, Yong-Wen (1 May 2018). "The source of uranium within hydrothermal uranium deposits of the Motianling mining district, Guangxi, South China".

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As uranium production declines, uranium prices would be expected to increase. However, the price of uranium makes up only 9% of the cost of running a nuclear power plant, much lower than the cost of coal in a coal-fired power plant (77%), or the cost of natural gas in a

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is reported as the selling price for Australian uranium in 1978 by the Nuclear Information Centre. Uranium prices reached an all-time low in 2001, costing US$ 7/lb, but in April 2007 the price of Uranium on the spot market rose to US$ 113.00/lb, a high point of the

365:, the thorium specialists ... delivered the first ton of pure uranium oxide processed from Joachimsthal ores to the War Office in January 1940. In June 1940 ... Auer ordered sixty tons of refined uranium oxide from the Union Miniére in occupied Belgium." 1710:. As uranium prices increase, there has been interest in extraction of uranium from phosphate rock, which is normally used as the basis of phosphate fertilizers. There are 22 million tons of uranium in phosphate deposits. Recovery of uranium from phosphates is a 892:

are driven along the ore veins from the crosscut. To extract the ore, the next step is to drive tunnels, known as raises when driven upwards and winzes when driven downward, through the deposit from level to level. Raises are subsequently used to develop the

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for use in conventional power generating light water reactors. This technology is currently used at industrial scale in France, Russia and Japan. However, at current uranium prices, this is widely deemed uneconomical if only the "input" side is considered.

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The balance came from inventories held by utilities and other fuel cycle companies, inventories held by governments, used reactor fuel that has been reprocessed, recycled materials from military nuclear programs and uranium in depleted uranium stockpiles.

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less than 50 WLM. There is unexplained heterogeneity in these results (whose confidence intervals do not always overlap). The size of the radon-related increase in lung cancer risk varied by more than an order of magnitude between the different studies.

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coal power stations at Xiaolongtang, Dalongtang and Kaiyuan have piled up their waste ash. Initial tests from the Xiaolongtang ash pile indicate that the material contains (160–180 parts per million uranium), suggesting a total of 2.085 kilotonnes (4.60

372:

would later become some of the leading uranium producers in the world, immediately after the end of World War II the availability of large uranium deposits in the USSR wasn't yet known and thus the Soviets developed immense mining operations in their

1956:, based on the BN-800. These reactors are currently generating mostly electricity rather than new fuel because the abundance and low price of mined and reprocessed uranium oxide makes breeding uneconomical, but they can switch to breed new fuel and 559:

Many different types of uranium deposits have been discovered and mined. There are mainly three types of uranium deposits including unconformity-type deposits, namely paleoplacer deposits and sandstone-type, also known as roll front type deposits.

4320: 3443:

Uranium is different from conventional energy resources, such as oil and coal, in several key aspects. Those differences limit the effects of short-term uranium shortages, but most have no bearing on the eventual depletion. Some key features are:

935:

and Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans with radon levels being kept at a very low to practically "safe level" in uranium mines. Naturally occurring radon in other, non-uranium mines, also may need control by ventilation.

3321:

Yet this rate of usage assumes that nuclear power continues to provide only a fraction of the world's energy supply. If electric capacity were increased six-fold, then the 72-year supply would last just 12 years. According to the industry groups

6863: 2018:

may be economically justified. Many nations have ongoing breeder research programs. China, India, and Japan plan large scale use of breeder reactors during the coming decades. 300 reactor-years experience has been gained in operating them.

1389:

Reserves are the most readily available resources. About 96% of the global uranium reserves are found in these ten countries: Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Namibia, Uzbekistan, the United States, Niger, and Russia.

3401:

James Hopf, a nuclear engineer writing for American Energy Independence in 2004, believes that there is several hundred years' supply of recoverable uranium even for standard reactors. For breeder reactors, "it is essentially infinite".

1304:

Uranium-235, the fissile isotope of uranium used in nuclear reactors, makes up about 0.7% of uranium from ore. It is the only naturally occurring isotope capable of directly generating nuclear power. While uranium-235 can be "bred" from

2399:

is a further alternative if and when uranium prices remain at a sustained high level and consequently interest in this alternative to current "mainstream" light water reactor technology is dependent in no small part on uranium prices.

1001:

Consequently, there is little surface disturbance and no tailings or waste rock generated. However, the orebody needs to be permeable to the liquids used, and located so that they do not contaminate ground water away from the orebody.

3353:

and that uranium would be bred into plutonium (and possibly thorium would be bred into uranium). He also assumed that economic means of reprocessing would be discovered. For political, economic and nuclear proliferation reasons, the

1777: lb) of uranium contained in sea water. Several technologies to extract uranium from sea water have been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. According to the OECD, uranium may be extracted from seawater for about US$ 300/kgU. 1618:

Currently, there are eleven reprocessing plants in the world. Of these, two are large-scale commercially operated plants for the reprocessing of spent fuel elements from light water reactors with throughputs of more than 1 kilotonne

3185:

reactors would be needed to create nuclear fuel for other power producing reactors. In the 1960s, new discoveries of reserves and new uranium enrichment techniques allayed these concerns. An appraisal of nuclear power by a team at

4470:... this resource ... could support for 6,500 years 3,000 GW of nuclear capacity ... Research on a process being developed in Japan suggests that it might be feasible to recover uranium from seawater at a cost of $ 120 per lb of U 1064:

was repeated by Tamada et al. in 2006. They found that the cost varied from ¥15,000 to ¥88,000 depending on assumptions and "The lowest cost attainable now is ¥25,000 with 4g-U/kg-adsorbent used in the sea area of Okinawa, with

1055:

One method of extracting uranium from seawater is using a uranium-specific nonwoven fabric as an adsorbent. The total amount of uranium recovered from three collection boxes containing 350 kg of fabric was >1 kg of

2304:

As of July 2014, the price of uranium concentrate remained near a five-year low, the uranium price having fallen more than 50% from the peak spot price in January 2011, reflecting the loss of Japanese demand following the 2011

1036:

generation fuel could be provided over a long time period. Some proponents claim this statistic is exaggerated. Although research and development for recovery of this low-concentration element by inorganic adsorbents such as

3258:, yet another industry group, assuming the world's current rate of consumption at 66,500 tonnes of uranium per year and the world's present measured resources of uranium (4.7–5.5 Mt) are enough to last for some 70–80 years. 2362:

for use in the same light water reactors that produced the spent fuel. Whether reprocessing is economical is subject to much debate and depends in part on assumptions as to the price of uranium and the cost of disposal via

1840:) of trace uranium and thorium in coal actually exceeds the energy released by burning the coal itself. This is despite very low concentration of uranium in coal of only several parts per million average before combustion. 754:

in 1932. H.V. Ellsworth of the GSC built a lighter weight, more practical unit in 1934. Subsequent models were the principal instruments used for uranium prospecting for many years, until geiger counters were replaced by

3270:

et al. believed that there were serious limitations on nuclear energy if only U were used as a nuclear power plant fuel. They concluded that breeding was required to usher in the age of nearly endless energy. In 1956,

1599:. Spent nuclear fuel is primarily composed of uranium, with a typical concentration of around 96% by mass. The composition of reprocessed uranium depends on the time the fuel has been in the reactor, but it is mostly 2772:

In Europe a mixed situation exists. Considerable nuclear power capacities have been developed, notably in Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. In many countries development of

2414:

Uranium mining is illegal in a number of jurisdictions. As uranium is often mined incidental to other minerals a ban in practice typically means that uranium is buried again at the mine after initial extraction.

4362:

and Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans. Radon levels are kept at a very low and certainly safe level in uranium mines. (Radon in non-uranium mines also may need control by ventilation.)

2197:

of construction) and it is thus nearly never advisable to leave a nuclear power plant idle for economic reasons. However, nuclear policy can lead to short term fluctuations in demand, as evidenced by the German

4324: 1087:

seawater if the process was implemented at large scale. Uranium extracted on an industrial scale from seawater would constantly be replenished by both river erosion of rocks and the natural process of uranium

3337:, another industry group, assuming the world's current rate of consumption at 66,500 tonnes of uranium per year and the world's present measured resources of uranium (4.7 Mt) are enough to last for 70 years. 1406:

The world's largest deposits of uranium are found in three countries. Australia has just over 30% of the world's reasonably assured resources and inferred resources of uranium – about 1.673 megatonnes (3.69

2792:

opening up a public debate about uranium mining. The Movement Against Uranium Mining group was formed in 1976, and many protests and demonstrations against uranium mining were held. Concerns relate to the

930:

With regulations in place to ensure the use of high volume ventilation technology if any confined space uranium mining is occurring, occupational exposure and mining deaths can be largely eliminated. The

8635: 2922:

region contracted lung cancer and other pathologies as a result of high levels of exposure to radon in the mid-1950s. The increased incidence of lung cancer was particularly pronounced among Navajo and

3161:

paper, however, have detailed the number of incorrect assumptions of Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen that led them to this evaluation, including their assumption that all the energy used in the mining of

8988: 4478:. Although this is more than double the current uranium price, it would contribute just 0.5¢ per kWh to the cost of electricity for a next-generation reactor operated on a once-through fuel cycle—... 3317:

has calculated that, even with steep uranium prices, uranium production will have reached its peak by 2035 and that it will only be possible to satisfy the fuel demand of nuclear plants until then.

6867: 1924:

uranium, because uranium-238, which comprises 99.3% of natural uranium, is not used in conventional reactors, which instead use uranium-235 (comprising 0.7% of natural uranium). In 1983, physicist

5402:"Statement of Dr. Suzanne D. Weedman, Energy Resources Program Coordinator, USGS, U.S. Dept of the Interior before the Energy Subcommittee of the Science Committee, U.S. House of Representatives" 2322:

In general short term fluctuations in the price of uranium are of more concern to operators and owners of mines and potentially lucrative deposits than to power plant operators. Due to its high

563:

Uranium deposits are classified into 15 categories according to their geological setting and the type of rock in which they are found. This geological classification system is determined by the

970:

contamination. The mine will also have to have continued monitoring even after the shutdown of the mine. In the past mining companies would sometimes go bankrupt, leaving the responsibility of

7537: 2064:

having a number of attractive features, development on a large scale can run into difficulties, mainly due to the complexity of fuel separation and reprocessing. Advocates for liquid core and

1544:

Plutonium recovered from nuclear weapons or other sources can be blended with uranium fuel to produce a mixed-oxide fuel. In June 2000, the US and Russia agreed to dispose of 34 kilotonnes (75

663:

Precambrian quartz-pebble conglomerate-type uranium deposits occur only in rocks older than two billion years old. The conglomerates also contain pyrite. These deposits have been mined in the

9020: 5913: 2395:

also become more economical as uranium prices rise and it was among other things a decline in uranium prices in the 1970s that led to a decline in interest in breeder reactor technology. The

2391:

achievable with natural uranium is lower than that achievable with enriched uranium – having to shut down the entire reactor for every refueling would quickly make such a reactor uneconomic.

7251: 803:

A deposit of uranium, discovered by geophysical techniques, is evaluated and sampled to determine the amounts of uranium materials that are extractable at specified costs from the deposit.

1972:

than natural uranium. Research into "DUPIC" – direct use of PWR spent fuel in CANDU type reactors – is ongoing and could increase the usability of fuel without the need for reprocessing.

1107:

Uranium can be recovered as a by-product along with other co-products such as molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, zinc and petroleum products. Uranium is also often found in

450:

In 1990, 55% of world production came from underground mines, but this shrank to 33% by 1999. From 2000, new Canadian mines again increased the proportion of underground mining, and with

9097: 506: 2872:

Saudi Energy Minister denied having built a uranium ore facility and claimed that the extraction of minerals is a fundamental part of the kingdom's strategy to diversify its economy.

8961:

Paterson-Beedle, M.; Macaskie, Lynne E.; Readman, J.E.; Hriljac, J.A. (May 2009). "Biorecovery of Uranium from Minewaters into Pure Mineral Product at the Expense of Plant Wastes".

3805: 5289: 7561:

Roscoe, R. J.; Steenland, K.; Halperin, W. E.; Beaumont, J. J.; Waxweiler, R. J. (1989-08-04). "Lung cancer mortality among nonsmoking uranium miners exposed to radon daughters".

3454:

Significant secondary supplies of already mined uranium exist, including decommissioned nuclear weapons, depleted uranium tails suitable for reenrichment, and existing stockpiles.

3333:, the world's present measured resources of uranium, economically recoverable at a price of US$ 130/kg, are enough to last for 100 years at current consumption. According to the 1737:

plants were in operation. Assuming an average recoverable content of 100 ppm of uranium, and that uranium prices do not increase so that the main use of the phosphates are for

4834: 3275:

declared world fissionable reserves adequate for at least the next few centuries, assuming breeding and reprocessing would be developed into economical processes. In 1975 the

2175: lb) of natural uranium per year. For example, the United States has 103 operating reactors with an average generation capacity of 950 MWe demanded over 22 kilotonnes (49 815:

From 2008 through at least 2024, the only four countries that have reported non-domestic uranium exploration and development expenses are: China, Japan, France, and Russia.

660:–type deposits, most often occur within generally oxidized sandstone bodies, often in localized reduced zones, such as in association with carbonized wood in the sandstone. 2293:(previously Uranium Resources), has had to cease all uranium operations due to unfavorable prices. Since then, Westwater has tried branching out into other markets, namely 1936:, fueled by naturally-replenished uranium-238 extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. 796:

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is now the accepted leading technique for uranium prospecting with worldwide applications for geological mapping, mineral exploration &

742:

Uranium prospecting is similar to other forms of mineral exploration with the exception of some specialized instruments for detecting the presence of radioactive isotopes.

8376: 3279:, Geological Survey, distributed the press release "Known US Uranium Reserves Won't Meet Demand". It was recommended that the US not depend on foreign imports of uranium. 6183: 8611: 3204:

According to Robert Vance of the OECD's Nuclear Energy Agency, the world production rate of uranium has already reached its peak in 1980, amounting to 69,683 tonnes (150

1023:

The Australian government has published a best practice guide for in situ leach mining of uranium, which is being revised to take account of international differences.

7266: 7247: 6101: 4650: 4019:

Chaki, Sanjib; Foutes, Elliot; Ghose, Shankar; Littleton, Brian; Mackinney, John; Schultheisz, Daniel; Schuknecht, Mark; Setlow, Loren; Shroff, Behram (January 2006).

3925:

Chaki, Sanjib; Foutes, Elliot; Ghose, Shankar; Littleton, Brian; Mackinney, John; Schultheisz, Daniel; Schuknecht, Mark; Setlow, Loren; Shroff, Behram (January 2006).

1541: lb) of uranium oxide mine production per year which represents some 13% of world reactor requirements. The Megatons to Megawatts program came to an end in 2013. 3301:

Many analysts predicted a uranium peak and exhaustion of uranium reserves in the past or the near future. Edward Steidle, Dean of the School of Mineral Industries at

954:

If the economic and geological conditions are right, the mining company will level large areas of land with a small gradient, layering it with thick plastic (usually

5943: 4931: 2864:

to all peoples, especially indigenous communities, and said that their survival requires self-determination and emphasis on spiritual and cultural values. Increased

1049: 406:

or substitute imports which would have had to be paid for in hard currency tipped the scales in favor of continuing mining operations throughout the Cold War. After

2966:

Despite efforts made in cleaning up uranium sites, significant problems stemming from the legacy of uranium development still exist today on the territory of the

2828:

speakers from all continents, including indigenous speakers and scientists, testified to the health and environmental problems of uranium mining and processing,

2246:, can have drastic effects on mining companies, prospection and the economic calculations as to whether a certain deposit is worthwhile for commercial purposes. 884:

If the uranium is too far below the surface for open pit mining, an underground mine might be used with tunnels and shafts dug to access and remove uranium ore.

8639: 9832: 5889: 4352: 3243: 5445: 3590: 3569: 6830: 4269: 3477:, which is three times more common than uranium. Fast breeder reactors are not needed. Compared to conventional uranium reactors, thorium reactors using the 4124:

Wilford, John (2012-08-01). "A weathering intensity index for the Australian continent using airborne gamma-ray spectrometry and digital terrain analysis".

6891: 6461: 4156: 3088:

The expected amount of usable uranium for nuclear power that is recoverable depends greatly on how it is used. The main factor is the nuclear technology:

6275: 3866: 3764: 3293: 6561: 55:

but those applications have declined due to the radioactivity and toxicity of uranium and are nowadays mostly supplied with a plentiful cheap supply of

9251: 5836: 5818: 3895: 2037:

in thermal breeder reactors. Thorium is three times more plentiful than uranium. Thorium-232 is in itself not fissile, but it can be made into fissile

1828:

to cumulatively amount to 2.9 million tons over the 1937–2040 period, from the combustion of an estimated 637 billion tons of coal worldwide.

2764: 9013: 2237:

high grade plutonium), it is easy to stockpile amounts of fuel material to last several years at constant consumption. Power plants that do not have

605:. This type of uranium deposit is easier and cheaper to mine than the other types because the uranium is found not far from the surface of the crust. 5917: 8686: 7837: 5992: 5353: 1040:

compounds has occurred since the 1960s in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan, this research was halted due to low recovery efficiency.

9061:

Mudd, Gavin M.; Diesendorf, Mark (1 April 2008). "Sustainability of Uranium Mining and Milling: Toward Quantifying Resources and Eco-Efficiency".

7280: 4720:"Development of a Kelp-Type Structure Module in a Coastal Ocean Model to Assess the Hydrodynamic Impact of Seawater Uranium Extraction Technology" 3612: 3137:

There are around 40 trillion tons of uranium in Earth's crust, but most is distributed at low parts per million trace concentration over its

3092:, which comprise the great majority of reactors today, only consume about 0.5% of their uranium fuel, leaving over 99% of it as spent fuel waste. 192: 5227: 4191: 2810: 4575: 2931:, there is evidence that the combination of smoking and radon exposure increases the risk above the combined risks of either harmful substance. 7829: 6243: 5719: 7914:. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2006 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. 2952:, or to their surviving relatives. Uranium miners, uranium mill workers and uranium transport workers have been compensated under the scheme. 1136:

mass. Estimates of the amount concentrated into ores affordable to extract for under $ 130 per kg can be less than a millionth of that total.

8334: 7596: 6692: 3481:

may produce about 40 times the amount of energy per unit of mass. However, creating the technology, infrastructure and know-how needed for a

3457:

Vast amounts of uranium, roughly 800 times the known reserves of mined uranium, are contained in extremely dilute concentrations in seawater.

2989: 2853: 6985: 6225: 3345:

All the following references claim that the supply is far more than demand. Therefore, they do not predict peak uranium. In his 1956 paper,

247:

of uranium metal (tU) was produced from 1850 and 1898, with 10,000 tU produced before closure in 1968. In 1871, uranium ore mining began in

9317: 8954: 6960: 6648: 3809: 3145:

mass. Estimates of the amount concentrated into ores affordable to extract for under $ 130/kg can be less than a millionth of that total.

1487:

Both the US and Russia have committed to recycle their nuclear weapons into fuel for electricity production. This program is known as the

9857: 9385: 5859: 5297: 3398: lb) per year; however, the use of breeder reactors means that uranium would be used at least 60 times more efficiently than today. 2976: 634: 3119:

when an unprecedented price hike led to investments in the development of uranium mining of lower quality deposits, which mostly became

101:

mining, ores are processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by

9770: 9380: 5692: 1372: 1096: 9008: 1048:) that selectively adsorbs heavy metals, and the performance of such adsorbents has been improved. Uranium adsorption capacity of the 9002: 8717: 8062:"Uranium Mining and Extraction Processes in the United States Figure 2.1. Mines and Other Locations with Uranium in the Western U.S." 7635:"Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Low Chronic Radon Exposure: Results from the French Uranium Miners Cohort and the European Project" 7447: 8410: 8254: 5107: 4838: 4521:

Noriaki Seko; Akio Katakai; Shin Hasegawa; Masao Tamada; Noboru Kasai; Hayato Takeda; Takanobu Sugo; Kyoichi Saito (November 2003).

3953: 2354:

is – as of the 2020s – done commercially primarily to use the fissile material still contained in spent fuel. The commonly employed

9802: 9493: 9124: 6601: 6366: 6146: 6044: 5627: 5517: 4296: 3374:

proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. He claims that

3107:

Thirteen countries have hit peak and exhausted their economically recoverable uranium resources at current prices according to the

1802: 413:

The seventeen towns and mines under Wismut's control contributed 50 percent of the uranium used in the Soviet's first atomic bomb,

8804: 5152: 927:

technology, a method of extraction that does not produce the same occupational hazards, or mine tailings, as conventional mining.

762:

The use of airborne detectors to prospect for radioactive minerals was first proposed by G. C. Ridland, a geophysicist working at

9241: 5424: 2841: 8386: 9171: 9154: 8034:"Department of Energy, "UMTRCA Title I Disposal and Processing Sites" Regulatory Framework. 19 July 2012. Web. 5 December 2012" 4490: 3349:

wrote that nuclear energy would last for the "foreseeable future". Hubbert's study assumed that breeder reactors would replace

3001: 2734: 436: 8618: 8485: 7421: 5969: 678:

Unconformity-type deposits make up about 33% of the World Outside Centrally Planned Economies Areas' (WOCA) uranium deposits.

9246: 8459: 8359: 8211: 7745: 7399: 7274: 6796: 5611: 5500: 4436: 4253: 3680: 3648: 3420: 1786: 1384: 1080: 351: 224:, and established commercial use as glass coloring. Pitchblende from these mountains was mentioned as early as 1565, and 110 8661: 6109: 4654: 4376:

FINANCIAL ASSURANCES FOR RECLAMATION: Federal Regulations and Policies for Selected Mining and Energy Development Activities

9460: 9412: 9407: 9203: 8919:

Deffeyes, Kenneth; MacGregor, Ian (August 1978). Uranium distribution in mined deposits and in the earth's crust (Report).

4625: 2961: 771: 260: 212:

discovered the element, uranium compounds produced included nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, acetate and potassium- and sodium-

9032: 8859: 8778: 6517: 6492: 5947: 5800: 5324: 5245: 4966: 4942: 4753:"The current state of promising research into extraction of uranium from seawater – Utilization of Japan's plentiful seas" 4400: 2330:

and thus a short term increase in prices can be compensated by accessing those reserves. Furthermore, many countries have

831:

there are several methods of extraction. In 2016, the percentage of the mined uranium produced by each mining method was:

9862: 9402: 9188: 9166: 7379: 7183: 7141: 5671:"Total Commercial Uranium Inventories of U.S. Suppliers and Owners and Operators of U.S. Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors" 5646:"Total Commercial Uranium Inventories of U.S. Suppliers and Owners and Operators of U.S. Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors" 4812: 4216: 3549: 2944: 6583: 5770:"Detailed Information on the National Nuclear Security Administration: Fissile Materials Disposition Program Assessment" 3305:, predicted in 1952 that supplies of fissionable elements were too small to support commercial-scale energy production. 2875:

Despite sanctions on Russia some countries still buy its uranium in 2022, and some argue the EU should stop. As of 2022

1371:

technology could allow the current reserves of uranium to provide power for humanity for billions of years, thus making

789:

in 1949, the same year as they tested the first portable scintillation counter on the ground and in the air in northern

9932: 9365: 7925:

Veiga, L. H.; Melo, V.; Koifman, S.; Amaral, E. C. (2004). "High radon exposure in a Brazilian underground coal mine".

6835: 6771: 5769: 5649: 5081: 4033: 3939: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3009: 2865: 2250: 2185: lb) of natural uranium in 2005. As the number of nuclear power plants increases, so does the demand for uranium. 1470: 564: 377:

East Germany and Czechoslovakia which had known uranium deposits in the Ore Mountains. The deliberately opaquely named

2028: 9754: 9360: 8905: 8529: 8061: 8001: 6725: 5527: 5401: 4102: 3730: 3705: 3494: 3424: 3063: 2375:

consume less mined uranium per unit of power produced but can have higher capital costs to build due to the need for

9046: 8019: 6421: 6165: 5476: 1928:

proposed that the world supply of uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a form of

9508: 7475: 2876: 2072:

claim that these technologies negate the above-mentioned thorium's disadvantages present in solid-fueled reactors.

6841: 5077: 2768:

U.S. Delegates at the Fourth General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria, 1960

2757:

4 percent. By 1974, this market share agreement ended as uranium prices rose in concert with energy prices due to

2126:

World annual commercial reactor-related uranium requirements amounted to around 60,100 tonnes as of January 2021.

318: 9903: 9837: 5774: 5405: 5381: 3045: 2981: 2895:

are a particular problem in the mining of uranium; significant excess lung cancer deaths have been identified in

1953: 8278:"Critical note on the estimation by storm van Leeuwen J. W. and Smith P. of the energy uses and corresponding CO 8121: 6888: 6468: 3451:

Thanks to the extremely high energy density of uranium, stockpiling of several years' worth of fuel is feasible.

2737:(AEC) set a high price for uranium ore. The resultant uranium rush attracted many prospectors to the Southwest. 1893:

Some oil shales contain uranium, which may be recovered as a byproduct. Between 1946 and 1952, a marine type of

63:. In addition to being cheaper, depleted uranium is also less radioactive due to a lower content of short-lived 9852: 9422: 9370: 7107: 3334: 2130:

56 million pounds (25 kt), were imported from foreign suppliers, according to the Energy Department.

1473:

keeps inventories for security of supply to cover for emergencies where uranium is not available at any price.

828: 751: 93: 9054: 8747: 1095:

of seawater concentration at a stable level. Some commentators have argued that this strengthens the case for

8585: 6569: 6102:"Oak Ridge National Laboratory – ORNL technology moves scientists closer to extracting uranium from seawater" 5206: 4651:"Oak Ridge National Laboratory – ORNL technology moves scientists closer to extracting uranium from seawater" 3276: 3013: 1833: 1825: 1488: 5844: 5822: 3888: 2041:

in a breeder reactor. In turn, the uranium-233 can be fissioned, with the advantage that smaller amounts of

402:

nature of the mined material as well as the possibility to pay miners in soft currency but sell uranium for

9208: 9178: 9117: 8492: 7081: 5056: 4359: 3310: 3162: 3158: 3149: 932: 692: 343: 8692:. OECD World Nuclear Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency. March 2008. p. 65. Archived from 5998:. OECD World Nuclear Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency. March 2008. p. 22. Archived from 5359:. OECD World Nuclear Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency. March 2008. p. 20. Archived from 9877: 9867: 9780: 9686: 9149: 7977:"Radon concentrations in three underground lignite mines in Turkey | Radiation Protection Dosimetry" 4461:. The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, United States Government. August 2, 1999 3017:

containment of 40 million cubic yards of low-level radioactive material in UMTRCA Title 1 holding cells.

462: 8693: 7840:, U.S. Public Health Service, In collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1990. 5999: 5360: 2918:

of uranium, underground uranium mines may have high concentrations of radon. Many uranium miners in the

1119:

also contains significant amounts of uranium and has been suggested as a source for uranium extraction.

9749: 9375: 9340: 9198: 6909: 6282: 3539: 3302: 2794: 2364: 2306: 2286: 2211: 2076: 1339:

operate on a "once through fuel cycle" which leaves virtually all the energy contained in the original

847:(0.4 percent), co-product/by-product (6.1%). The remaining 0.1% was derived as miscellaneous recovery. 60: 5231: 4180: 2902:

The first major studies with radon and health occurred in the context of uranium mining, first in the

2193:

of running, rather than leaving idle an already constructed power plant are very low, compared to the

1511: lb) of low enriched uranium (LEU) over 20 years. This is equivalent to about 152 kilotonnes (340 410:, mining was wound down and the arduous task of rehabilitating the land impacted by mining was begun. 9659: 9483: 9218: 9193: 9183: 9141: 9040: 8996: 8863: 7826: 7426: 6521: 5741: 5328: 5249: 4970: 4816: 4583: 3779: 3371: 3255: 2993: 2985: 2861: 2782: 2409: 2165:

Nuclear power stations of 1000 megawatt electrical generation capacity require around 200 tonnes (440

2092: 1925: 1115:

is a waste product from phosphate mining that can contain significant amounts of uranium and radium.

554: 8193: 8150: 8107: 7067: 6251: 5555: 4611: 4242:

China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets

4181:"Powering the Blue Economy: Exploring Opportunities for Marine Renewable Energy in Maritime Markets" 3367:

on uranium prices would not involve a very significant increase in the total cost per kWh produced.

3000:. Title 1 of the Act required the EPA to set environmental protection standards consistent with the 2777:

has been stopped and phased out by legal actions. In Italy the use of nuclear power was barred by a

458:(ISL, or ISR) mining has been steadily increasing its share of the total, mainly due to Kazakhstan. 271: 9664: 9453: 9391: 9312: 9236: 9161: 6338: 5863: 5840: 3529: 3514: 3254:(IAEA), are enough to last for "at least a century" at current consumption rates. According to the 2857: 1797: 1501: lb) of Russian weapons high enriched uranium (HEU) will result in about 15 kilotonnes (33,000 1052:

is high, approximately tenfold greater in comparison to the conventional titanium oxide adsorbent.

797: 274:

took delivery of 1 t of pitchblende from St. Joachimsthal, from which Marie identified the element

209: 43:

Uzbekistan, the United States, and China. Nearly all of the world's mined uranium is used to power

8323: 7976: 7612: 6696: 6308:

Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits. Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294

3174:

technology has produced the majority of the world's enriched uranium now for a number of decades.

1706:

Uranium occurs at concentrations of 50 to 200 parts per million (ppm) in phosphate-laden earth or

711:

in Oregon. Disseminated deposits are also found in the states of Washington and Alaska in the US.

9969: 9964: 9606: 9110: 8411:"Uranium resources sufficient to meet projected nuclear energy requirements long into the future" 8079:"Laws We Use (Summaries):1978 – Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act(42 USC 2022 et seq.)" 7722: 6974: 6229: 5974: 4245: 3238:

Various agencies have tried to estimate how long uranium primary resources will last, assuming a

3154: 2892: 2788:

The years 1976 and 1977 saw uranium mining become a major political issue in Australia, with the

1678: 1674: 251:, where 50 t were mined before 1895. In 1873, the uranium mining began in the South Terras mine, 160: 6627: 6073: 5052: 4358:

Australian uranium mines have mostly been open cut and therefore naturally well ventilated. The

4339:"There are radiation protection standards in place specifically to protect uranium mine workers" 4065: 4048: 3040:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

1629: lb) of uranium per year. These are La Hague, France with a capacity of 1.6 kilotonnes (3.5 919:

exposure in unventilated uranium mining prompted the switch away from uranium mining via tunnel

859: 652:

and oxidized part of a sandstone body and the deeper down dip reduced part of a sandstone body.

537:

at 51,574 tU, the Rössing mine at 50,657 tU, the Australian Yeleerie project at 44,077, and the

470: 9974: 9775: 9733: 9728: 9611: 9488: 9213: 8970: 7708: 6717: 5586: 3116: 2279: 1332: 1092: 1017: 1013: 786: 626: 428: 331: 248: 105:. The milling process commonly yields dry powder-form material consisting of natural uranium, " 8662:"Is there enough Uranium to run a nuclear industry big enough to take over from fossil fuels?" 8277: 7220: 5867: 4426: 505:

at 183,520 tU, the McArthur River mine at 128,900 tU, the Streltsovsk mine at 118,341 tU, the

9842: 9706: 9545: 9350: 9322: 8524: 8414: 8180: 8137: 8094: 7911: 7054: 6718:"Table S1: Uranium Purchased by Owners and Operators of U.S. Civilian Nuclear Power Reactors" 5670: 5645: 5578: 4598: 3544: 3437: 3326: 3247: 2997: 2817: 2728: 2368: 2207: 2142: 1654: 1295: 1088: 1009: 756: 610: 530: 252: 240: 9009:

Evaluation of Cost of Seawater Uranium Recovery and Technical Problems toward Implementation

6935: 6202:"Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash: Abundance, Forms, and Environmental Significance" 5699: 4020: 3926: 2879:

say non-Russian miners await more certainty before deciding whether to invest in new mines.

278:. Pierre advocated its usage as a cancer cure, which fostered a spa business for that town. 9872: 9827: 9795: 9790: 9716: 9691: 9647: 9397: 9282: 9070: 8819: 8538: 8048:"U.S. EPA, Radiation Protection, "Uranium Mining Waste" 30 August 2012 Web.4 December 2012" 7934: 7033:"The Economics Of Reprocessing Vs Direct Disposal Of Spent Nuclear Fuel (Technical Report)" 5167: 5002: 4908: 4864: 4534: 4129: 3993: 3832:"Critical analysis of world uranium, Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5239, resources" 3461: 3375: 3093: 2347: 1981: 1933: 1691: 1666: 1592: 1583: 1353: 704: 664: 522: 407: 389:

after) became the biggest employer in the Saxon Ore Mountains and remote mining towns like

164: 102: 8636:"Energy Watch Group warns: Depleting uranium reserves dash hopes for atomic energy supply" 8236: 7246: 6307: 4696: 3297:(1976) citing pessimistic uranium supply predictions as an argument against nuclear power. 1741:, this scenario would result in a maximum theoretical annual output of 3.7 kilotonnes (8.2 8: 9943: 9721: 9552: 9503: 9446: 9427: 8725: 8418: 8164: 8078: 8033: 7259:

Delivering A Sustainable Energy Future For Ireland. The Energy Policy Framework 2007–2020

7103: 5119: 5115: 3957: 3509: 3411: 3350: 3089: 2335: 2290: 2269:

in the year 2000. Prices paid for uranium during the 1970s were higher, 43 US$ /lb-U

2243: 2065: 2004: 1670: 1587: 1564: lb) of natural uranium. The U.S. also has commitments to dispose of 151 tonnes (330 1521: lb) of natural U, or just over twice annual world demand. Since 2000, 30 tonnes (66 1416: lb). Kazakhstan has about 12% of the world's reserves, or about 651 kilotonnes (1.4 1403:

modestly, from US$ 4 million to US$ 7 million. This increased to US$ 11 million in 2011.

1336: 534: 501:

at 1400 tU. The world's largest deposits include the Olympic Dam mine at 295,000 tU, the

466: 347: 156: 121: 110: 44: 9074: 8823: 8571:

Edward Steidle, "Mineral Forecast 2000 A.D." (Pennsylvania State College, 1952), p. 178.

8542: 7938: 7030: 6052: 5887: 5171: 5006: 4912: 4902: 4868: 4538: 4133: 3997: 3388: lb) per year of uranium. The current demand for uranium is near 70 kilotonnes (150 2203: 2083:, (Indian Point Unit 1) ran on thorium. The first core did not live up to expectations. 1466:

Inventories are kept by a variety of organizations – government, commercial and others.

9847: 9785: 9573: 9562: 9540: 9535: 9524: 8974: 8835: 7958: 7801: 7776: 7685: 7660: 7226: 6201: 5893: 5543: 5515: 5183: 5034: 5018: 4938: 4880: 4576:"Cost Estimation of Uranium Recovery from Seawater with System of Braid type Adsorbent" 4550: 4522: 4294: 4080: 3746: 3524: 3519: 3499: 3478: 3314: 3177:

In the early days of the nuclear industry, uranium was thought to be very scarce, so a

3108: 2949: 2789: 2750: 2396: 2080: 2061: 1662: 1596: 1111:

minerals, where it has to be removed because phosphate is mostly used for fertilizers.

920: 872: 836: 775: 390: 141: 19: 8562:

Note case 1 on p. 57 which gives 1989 as the year by which reserves could be expended.

7331: 5428: 5014: 4036:

Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Radiation Protection Division. pp. 1–8 to 1–9.

4022:

Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials From Uranium Mining

3942:

Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Radiation Protection Division. pp. 1–8 to 1–9.

3928:

Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials from Uranium Mining

255:, Cornwall, producing most of the 300 tU from that area in the 19th century. In 1898, 163:, depending on the application. Enrichment requires conversion of the yellowcake into 9822: 9696: 9589: 9498: 9086: 8978: 8930: 8901: 8455: 7950: 7946: 7893: 7806: 7741: 7690: 7604: 7578: 7574: 7484: 7270: 7145: 7121: 6746: 5607: 5523: 5496: 5038: 5026: 4789: 4432: 4249: 4217:"Advances in extracting uranium from seawater announced in special issue | ORNL" 3726: 3701: 3676: 3644: 3448:

The uranium market is diverse, and no country has a monopoly influence on its prices.

3355: 3267: 3178: 3167: 2992:

the authority to establish health and environmental standards for the stabilization,

2915: 2821: 2380: 2327: 2238: 2138: 1957: 1711: 1328: 1032: 708: 688: 591: 578:, costs would have to be lowered by a factor of 3–6 to make its recovery economical. 498: 323: 8665: 7962: 7856:. Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, US Environmental Protection Agency. June 2003. 7351: 7197: 6440: 4884: 4554: 4497: 4005: 2153:

tail of lower enrichment. This has somewhat lowered the demand for natural uranium.

609:

Uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks include those in sandstone (in Canada and the

9898: 9893: 9679: 9674: 9557: 9513: 9297: 9078: 8966: 8920: 8827: 8550: 8546: 8496: 8047: 7942: 7883: 7796: 7788: 7680: 7672: 7570: 7431: 7036: 6670: 6400: 5599: 5488: 5175: 5010: 4993:

Deffeyes, Kenneth S.; MacGregor, Ian D. (January 1980). "World Uranium Resources".

4872: 4779: 4731: 4542: 4141: 4137: 4060: 4001: 3839: 3831: 3765:"Sanierung der Hinterlassenschaften des Uranbergbaus – Strahlenschutz – sachsen.de" 2806: 2384: 2343: 2339: 2214:, which also led to the temporary shutdown of several German nuclear power plants. 2199: 2150: 2149:

from a given amount of natural uranium, by re-enriching tails ultimately leaving a

2146: 1987: 1969: 1964:

reactor, which was designed to be fueled with natural uranium, is capable of using

1929: 971: 924: 888: 804: 723: 518: 490: 482: 478: 451: 444: 362: 137: 89: 56: 8215: 7444: 7407: 7169: 6808: 4458: 2210:(2009–2013) only for a reversal of that reversal to occur as a consequence of the 1855:

and extracting uranium from the ash. The plant produced about 150 metric tons of U

200: 9908: 9669: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9036: 9024: 8992: 8612:"Secure energy: options for a safer world – Energy security and uranium reserves" 8581: 8449: 7980: 7850: 7833: 7560: 7383: 6895: 4520: 3504: 3346: 3306: 3272: 2849: 2845: 2833: 2798: 2781:

in 1987; this is now under revision. Ireland in 2008 also had no plans to change

2392: 2372: 2046: 2015: 1918: 1837: 1734: 1595:(or recycling) can increase the supply of uranium by separating the uranium from 1368: 1045: 908: 510: 474: 374: 176: 172: 168: 133: 129: 97: 6131: 4904:

Mass and Composition of the Continental Crust Estimated Using the CRUST2.0 Model

4675: 4338: 3085:

260/kg are 7.99 million tons (compared to 7.64 million tons in 2015).

9913: 9345: 9029: 8985: 8867: 8782: 7142:"Comparison Of Enriched And Natural Uranium Power Reactors. (Technical Report)" 6525: 6496: 6359: 5756:"Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel – Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper" 5253: 4974: 4752: 4629: 4404: 3171: 3132: 3120: 2754: 2746: 2323: 2223: 2190: 2134: 1945: 1941: 1707: 1037: 966:

into a processing plant where the uranium is separated from the sulfuric acid.

746: 649: 575: 538: 502: 395: 358: 335: 290: 233: 7888: 7871: 7634: 7376: 6467:. The Scottish Parliament – The information centre. 2001-01-09. Archived from 6405: 6388: 5723: 5377: 4876: 4820: 4459:"Presidential Committee recommends research on uranium recovery from seawater" 3012:

to implement EPA standards and provide perpetual care for some sites; and the

9958: 9652: 9601: 9287: 7792: 7608: 7488: 7031:

Matthew Bunn; Steve Fetter; John p. Holdren; Bob Van Der Zwaan (2003-07-01).

6587: 4793: 4784: 4767: 2967: 2837: 2829: 2802: 2797:

from uranium mining. Notable Australian anti-uranium activists have included

2774: 2738: 2282:. This was very close to the all time high (adjusted for inflation) in 1977. 2119: 2054: 1991: 1944:

started producing commercially at full power (800 MWe), joining the previous

1894: 1844: 1813: 1112: 987: 948: 944: 903: 844: 832: 727: 672: 526: 455: 440: 403: 339: 327: 221: 48: 7761: 7658: 7032: 6961:"Trump's $ 1.5 billion uranium stockpile: A solution in search of a problem" 6775: 5888:

Matthew Bunn; Bob van der Zwaan; John P. Holdren & Steve Fetter (2003).

5603: 5268: 4375: 3287: 2232:

Uranium prices can fluctuate widely, which has an effect on mining companies

1690:

economic need, given the large conventional resource base and the option of

9701: 9355: 9292: 9090: 8934: 7954: 7897: 7810: 7777:"Radon, Smoking, and Lung Cancer: The Need to Refocus Radon Control Policy" 6549:. Australian Uranium Association / World Nuclear Association. January 2009. 6546: 5804: 5755: 5737: 5332: 4523:"Aquaculture of Uranium in Seawater by a Fabric-Adsorbent Submerged System" 4270:"US probes uranium imports from China to prevent circumventing Russian ban" 3534: 3416: 3266:

There have been numerous predictions of peak uranium in the past. In 1943,

3182: 2919: 2896: 2825: 2194: 2114: 1848: 1116: 790: 782: 630: 614: 385:

should give the illusion of prospection for a metal the Soviets definitely

309: 267: 228:

of uranium was produced from 1825 until 1898. In 1852, the uranium mineral

52: 27: 7694: 7676: 7582: 5409: 9584: 6331: 6023: 5890:"The Economics of Reprocessing vs. Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel" 5269:"Japan Joins the Race for Uranium Amid Global Expansion of Nuclear Power" 3005: 2761:

boycotts, and the United States ending its trade ban of foreign uranium.

2376: 2346:

that can make re-enrichment worthwhile if market conditions call for it.

2050: 2042: 2038: 2000: 1738: 1694:

spent fuel. Phosphates, seawater, uraniferous coal ash, and some type of

1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1341: 763: 668: 550: 378: 298: 294: 286: 282: 217: 167:

and production of the fuel (again usually uranium dioxide, but sometimes

8486:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'" 7510: 7445:

Warren P. Strobel; Michael R. Gordon; Felicia Schwartz (4 August 2020).

6975:"Management of Reprocessed Uranium, Current Status and Future Prospects" 5022: 4736: 4719: 3844: 2948:

provides compensation to sufferers of various health problems linked to

2903: 2358:

process recovers uranium and plutonium which can then be converted into

1902: 1335:. Due to the currently low price of uranium, the majority of commercial 9469: 9307: 9302: 8948: 8362:, International Atomic Energy Agency workshop, Ghana, July 2010, p. 24. 6134:(Press release). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 21 August 2012. 2778: 2742: 2351: 2309:. As a result of continued low prices, in February 2014 mining company 2249:

Since 1981 uranium prices and quantities in the US are reported by the

1965: 1640: 1361: 1060:

after 240 days of submersion in the ocean. The experiment by Seko

1057: 887:

Underground uranium mining is in principle no different from any other

867: 767: 598: 514: 486: 106: 9082: 7149: 5030: 4626:"Official website for DOE Project Extraction of Uranium from Seawater" 4157:"Uranium Seawater Extraction Makes Nuclear Power Completely Renewable" 2097: 1767:

Unconventional uranium resources include up to 4,000 megatonnes (8,800

992: 9639: 9417: 8960: 8381: 7010: 5492: 3725:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. 296, 326, 343. 2317: 2228: 1695: 1108: 1091:

from the surface area of the ocean floor, both of which maintain the

1071:]." With the May, 2008 exchange rate, this was about $ 240/kg-U. 812:– is bigger than all known land based resources of uranium combined. 779: 700: 618: 602: 432: 256: 213: 9005:

at Uranium SA Website (South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy)

8925: 8831: 8298: 7538:"Nuclear revival buoys uranium sector, but new mines not on horizon" 6693:"Why nuclear power is not a sustainable source of low carbon energy" 6332:"Fast Reactor Technology: A Path to Long-Term Energy Sustainability" 5179: 4546: 3081:

the supply is far more than demand and do not predict peak uranium.

855: 31:

Schematic diagram of stages from uranium mining to energy production

9711: 9634: 9595: 8949:

Health Impacts for Uranium Mine and Mill Residents – Science Issues

8451:

Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century

7040: 6562:"Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy – Now You're Cooking with Thorium" 5444: 4855:

Sevior M. (2006). "Considerations for nuclear power in Australia".

2928: 2911: 2359: 2298: 1817: 1482: 1357: 1331:

in all natural uranium samples, uranium-235 is ultimately a finite

1219:

Economically extractable reserves of uranium (0.01% ore or better)

996:

Trial well field for in-situ recovery at Honeymoon, South Australia

840: 809: 638: 571: 399: 229: 7775:

Lantz, Paula M.; Mendez, David; Philbert, Martin A. (March 2013).

7659:

Roscoe, R. J.; Deddens, J. A.; Salvan, A.; Schnorr, T. M. (1995).

5516:

Nuclear Energy Agency; International Atomic Energy Agency (2004).

5440: 5438: 4718:

Wang, Taiping; Khangaonkar, Tarang; Long, Wen; Gill, Gary (2014).

4381:(Report). U.S. Government Accountability Office. December 16, 2016 4295:

Nuclear Energy Agency; International Atomic Energy Agency (2018),

3920: 3918: 3916: 586: 9102: 8764:"Nuclear energy's future from a uranium producer's perspective", 6632: 6313:(Report). U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey 4321:"New Radon Emission Standards for U.S. Underground Uranium Mines" 3474: 3101: 3077: 2907: 2294: 2034: 1995: 1949: 1898: 1852: 1821: 1810: 1806: 1531: lb) of military HEU is displacing about 10.6 kilotonnes (23 1031:

The uranium concentration in sea water is low, approximately 3.3

893: 696: 594: 494: 382: 136:), the vast majority of commercial nuclear power plants and many 39: 6166:"Abstracts from the Extracting Uranium from Seawater Conference" 4988: 4986: 4984: 4012: 785:

was filed by Professors Pringle, Roulston & Brownell of the

9616: 8898:

Uranium and Thorium Resource Assessment, Encyclopedia of Energy

7262: 7198:"Thorium for Energy: Historical Challenges and Current Efforts" 5857: 5435: 3913: 2924: 2388: 2310: 2101:

The 10 countries responsible for 94% of all uranium extraction.

1986:

A fast breeder, in addition to consuming uranium-235, converts

1677:

both have isotopic compositions not optimal for use in today's

622: 425: 421: 289:

deposit was discovered. Other significant discoveries included

275: 7448:"Saudi Arabia, With China's Help, Expands Its Nuclear Program" 6422:"Nuclear waste-burning reactor moves a step closer to reality" 6184:"Advances in decades-old dream of mining seawater for uranium" 5970:"Phosphate industry may restart uranium mining as price soars" 5801:"Uranium and Depleted Uranium – Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper" 5628:"Uranium Resources: Plenty to Sustain Growth of Nuclear Power" 3044:

Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against

517:

at 71,300 tU, the Brazilian Itataia complex at 67,240 tU, the

9438: 8374: 5916:. Union of Concerned Scientists. January 2006. Archived from 5477:"Uranium 2018: Resources, Production and Demand ('Red Book')" 4981: 3464:

would increase the uranium use efficiency by about 100 times.

2888: 2355: 1961: 1454:

about 7% of uranium demand was met from secondary resources.

959: 916: 414: 369: 244: 225: 125: 47:. Historically uranium was also used in applications such as 8609: 8020:"Now is the time for homeowners to be concerned about Radon" 7633:

Tirmarche, M.; Laurier, D.; Mitton, M.; Gelas, J.M. (2000).

4049:"Geology of Aurora Uranium Prospect, Malheur County, Oregon" 2910:

and then in the Southwestern United States during the early

2261:

in 1981 down to 12.55 in 1990 and to below 10 US$ /lb-U

350:. The project also acquired most of the production from the 109:", which is nowadays commonly sold on the uranium market as 7632: 7473:

Wong, Edward; Swanson, Ana; Crowley, Michael (2022-11-04).

6936:"Paladin Energy suspends production at Malawi uranium mine" 6441:"Plutonium End Game: Stop Reprocessing, Start Immobilizing" 6197: 6186:(Press release). American Chemical Society. 21 August 2012. 6080: 5786: 5595: 5582: 4424: 3406: 3330: 3322: 3195:

the deployment of 1000 reactors over the next half century.

2899:

studies of uranium miners employed in the 1940s and 1950s.

2758: 2069: 2029:

Breeder reactor § Thermal breeder reactors and thorium

1906: 1781: 1661:

reprocessed once. Reprocessing is most useful as part of a

1075: 1005:

in much the same way as in any other uranium plant (mill).

955: 770:(ionization chambers and Geiger counters) was conducted by 8687:"Uranium Resources 2003: Resources, Production and Demand" 7267:

Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources

7248:

Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources

6495:. World Nuclear Association. November 2007. Archived from 6389:"Effect of DUPIC Cycle on CANDU Reactor Safety Parameters" 6226:"Coal Combustion – ORNL Review Vol. 26, No. 3&4, 1993" 5993:"Uranium Resources 2003: Resources, Production and Demand" 5698:. United States Department of Energy (DOE). Archived from 5354:"Uranium Resources 2003: Resources, Production and Demand" 3076:

Peak uranium is the point in time that the maximum global

1968:

from Light Water Reactors as fuel, since it contains more

1801:

Annual release of "technologically enhanced"/concentrated

766:

in 1943. In 1947, the earliest recorded trial of airborne

8781:. World Nuclear Association. January 2010. Archived from 7762:"Smoking and Radon Exposure | Causes of Lung Cancer" 6861: 6649:"Uranium – the market, lower prices and production costs" 6276:"Sparton produces first yellowcake from Chinese coal ash" 5858:

Steve Fetter & Frank N. von Hippel (September 2005).

5803:. World Nuclear Association. January 2009. Archived from 4850: 4848: 4018: 3924: 3700:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 12–18. 3485:

is uneconomical at current and predicted uranium prices.

3187: 1836:, the theoretical maximum energy potential (when used in 1816:

naturally found in coal and concentrated in heavy/bottom

1067: 731: 726:, the world's largest uranium deposit, was discovered by 342:. In 1943, the Sengier reopened the Sinkolobwe mine with 7511:"Elephant in the summit room — Russia's uranium exports" 5275:. Vol. 4, no. 4. Japan Focus. article ID 1626. 5216:. Vol. 20, no. 2. Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. 1290:

The table assumes the fuel will be used in a LWR burner.

420:

By 1975, 75% of global uranium ore production came from

6568:. Vol. 91, no. 5. p. 408. Archived from 5914:"Nuclear Reprocessing: Dangerous, Dirty, and Expensive" 4717: 671:

district of Ontario, Canada, and from the gold-bearing

644:

Sandstone uranium deposits are generally of two types.

9833:

International Conference on Population and Development

8360:"Red Book – Uranium: Resources, Production and Demand" 7924: 7869: 7735: 7535: 7122:"Economics of Nuclear Power from Heavy Water Reactors" 6628:"U.S. nuclear power plants to get more Russia uranium" 6553: 6196: 5714: 5712: 4845: 3808:. World Uranium Association. July 2013. Archived from 3244:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2118:

World consumption of primary energy by energy type in

1439: 1352:, which makes up over 99% of natural uranium, unused. 6387:

Mohamed, Nader M. A.; Badawi, Alya (1 October 2016).

5987: 5985: 5961: 5944:"Survey of Energy Resources 2007 Uranium – Resources" 4896: 4894: 3747:"Uranbergbau im Erzgebirge – Wismut damals und heute" 947:

is an extraction process by which chemicals (usually

774:. (a Canadian Crown Corporation since sold to become 8518: 8516: 8479: 8477: 7011:"Uranium Enrichment Tails Upgrading (Re-enrichment)" 5284: 5282: 4766:

Alexandratos, Spiro D.; Kung, Stephen (2016-04-20).

4047:

Roper, Michael W.; Wallace, Andy B. (1 April 1981).

3430: 2253:. The import price dropped from 32.90 US$ /lb-U 16:

Process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground

9098:

Uranium glows ever hotter (Investors Chronicle, UK)

9049:

Awards shine spotlight on big business green record

9018:, a 1990 documentary on the risks of uranium mining 8986:

World Uranium Mining (giving production statistics)

8447: 8405: 8403: 8370: 8368: 8271: 8269: 7774: 6360:"Fast Breeder Reactor Programs: History and Status" 6074:"Analysis of Uranium Supply to 2050 – STI-PUB-1104" 5709: 5204: 4697:"Uranium Extraction from Seawater, citing B. Chan, 2003:wastes, and can consume nuclear waste from current 648:type deposits occur at the boundary between the up 9252:List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia 7509: 7474: 7472: 7446: 7318:A History of the Australian Environmental Movement 7219: 7104:Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: U.S. Policy Development 6910:"Uranium producer Cameco scraps production target" 6607:. OECD Publishing, Paris. 3 April 2023. p. 99 6281:. World Nuclear News. October 2007. Archived from 5982: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5425:"Uranium:Sustainable Resource or Limit to Growth?" 5346: 5260: 4891: 4676:"PNNL: News – Fueling nuclear power with seawater" 3889:"Extraction of uranium from seawater: a few facts" 2318:Effect of price on mining and nuclear power plants 1698:are examples of unconventional uranium resources. 1476: 8918: 8748:"U.S. Panel Shifts Focus to Reusing Nuclear Fuel" 8513: 8474: 8282:emissions from the complete nuclear energy chain" 7738:A Century of X-rays and Radioactivity in Medicine 7709:"Ask a Mormon: Why don't Mormons drink or smoke?" 7114: 5279: 5101: 5099: 5097: 4992: 3978: 3976: 3974: 2955: 1097:nuclear power to be considered a renewable energy 907:Historical method of underground uranium mining, 695:, Greenland; the disseminated uranium deposit at 513:at 80,500 tU, Uzbekistan mines at 76,000 tU, the 368:While the Soviet Republics of Kazakhstan and the 285:, Katanga Province, was discovered. In 1931, the 120:. While some nuclear power plants – most notably 9956: 8400: 8365: 8266: 7838:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 7640:. International Radiation Protection Association 6619: 6602:"Uranium 2022: Resources, Production and Demand" 5673:. United States Department of Energy. 2007-05-18 5220: 4907:. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2007. 4765: 4297:"Uranium 2018: Resources, Production and Demand" 3123:after uranium prices returned to a lower level. 2844:. People who spoke at the 1992 hearing include: 1611:and smaller amounts of other isotopes including 8580: 8483: 7507: 7082:"Economic Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing" 6559: 5931: 5738:"Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel" 5588:Uranium 2016 – Resources, Production and Demand 5471: 5469: 5467: 5422: 5053:"Key Characteristics of Nonrenewable Resources" 4900: 4772:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2075:The first successful commercial reactor at the 1999:advantage in that they produce less long-lived 1952:is under construction after the success of the 1909:shale was used in Sweden for the same purpose. 1397: 196:Miners on North Star Mountain in Colorado, 1879 9060: 8443: 8441: 8431:Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand 5519:Uranium 2003: Resources, Production and Demand 5094: 4901:Peterson, B. T.; Depaolo, D. J. (2007-12-01). 4857:International Journal of Environmental Studies 4701:Physics 241, Stanford University, Winter 2011" 3971: 3887:Guidez, Joel; Gabriel, Sophie (4 March 2016). 3615:. Canberra: Geoscience Australia. October 2019 3170:technology, whereas the less energy intensive 2326:, uranium is easy to stockpile in the form of 2202:, which was decided upon by the government of 9454: 9118: 8805:"Breeder reactors: A renewable energy source" 8525:"Nuclear Energy: A Second Round of Questions" 7872:"Radon: a likely carcinogen at all exposures" 7851:"EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes" 6822: 6752:. Energy Information Administration, U.S. DoE 6640: 6386: 5967: 5266: 5153:"Breeder reactors: A renewable energy source" 4699:"Amidoxime Uranium Extraction From Seawater," 3886: 3593:. London: World Nuclear Association. May 2020 2162:translates into greater uranium consumption. 2145:have enabled the economic production of more 1885:could be recovered from that ash pile alone. 1577: 1436: lb) of uranium, representing about 9%. 1356:can recover part of that energy by producing 1292:Uranium becomes far more economical when used 92:(57% of world production) or by conventional 9318:List of Nuclear-Free Future Award recipients 8375:Uranium shortage poses threat (2005-08-15). 8324:"Update of the 2003 Future of Nuclear Power" 7536:Camellia Moors; Kip Keen (9 November 2022). 7184:"The History and Future of Breeder Reactors" 6828: 6807:. Ux Consulting Company, LLC. Archived from 6270: 6268: 5946:. World Energy Council. 2007. Archived from 5690: 5464: 5319: 5317: 5315: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4514: 4425:V.I. Ferronsky; V.A. Polyakov (2012-03-06). 4046: 3982: 3829: 9858:United Nations world population conferences 9386:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 8852: 8438: 8214:. World Nuclear Association. Archived from 8205: 8203: 8071: 7865: 7863: 7822: 7820: 7563:Journal of the American Medical Association 7329: 6797:"Constant 2007 US$ vs. Current US$ Spot U 6625: 6438: 6209:U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-163-97 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5427:. World Nuclear Association. Archived from 4496:. October 2007. Section D10. Archived from 4066:10.1306/2F919ABC-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D 3190:in 2003, and updated in 2009, stated that: 2977:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 1684: 1426: lb). Canada has 485 kilotonnes (1,100 635:Arizona breccia pipe uranium mineralization 155:from the natural 0.72% to 3–5% (for use in 9771:Population and housing censuses by country 9461: 9447: 9381:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States 9125: 9111: 7904: 6690: 6684: 6646: 6586:. Cameco Corporation. 2008. Archived from 6560:Mujid S. Kazimi (September–October 2003). 6147:"Nanofibers Extract Uranium from Seawater" 6145:Intagliata, Christopher (21 August 2012). 6144: 5851: 5821:. European Nuclear Society. Archived from 5758:. World Nuclear Association. January 2009. 5230:. European Nuclear Society. Archived from 5200: 5198: 5196: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 4628:. Web.ornl.gov. 2012-06-08. Archived from 4244:. New York, NY, United States of America: 4103:"The Discovery of the Olympic Dam Deposit" 3282: 3148:One highly criticized life cycle study by 2137:technology in the 2000s, replacing former 681: 461:In 2009, top producing mines included the 8924: 8638:. Sonnenseite. 2006-06-12. Archived from 8212:"What can 40 Years of Red Books Tell Us?" 7999: 7887: 7800: 7684: 7217: 6404: 6265: 5577: 5312: 5238: 5207:"Nuclear fuel resources: Enough to last?" 4919: 4854: 4800: 4783: 4735: 4724:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 4353:"Environmental Aspects of Uranium Mining" 4064: 3843: 3780:"Principal uranium deposits of the world" 3695: 3643:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 5–8. 3340: 3064:Learn how and when to remove this message 2383:. Furthermore they need to be capable of 1733:Worldwide, approximately 400 wet-process 361:, referring to German uranium research, " 9494:Estimates of historical world population 8971:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.71-73.621 8287:. Paul Scherrer Institute Policy Report. 8209: 8200: 7860: 7817: 7476:"Five Ways Sanctions Are Hitting Russia" 6933: 6862:Westwater Resources, Inc. (2019-02-14). 6769: 6510: 6367:International Panel on Fissile Materials 5562: 5105: 4744: 4303:(joint report), p. 62, NEA no. 7413 3670: 3638: 3286: 2893:health effects of high exposure to radon 2763: 2227: 2113: 2096: 1803:Naturally occurring radioactive material 1796: 1102: 991: 902: 854: 656:sandstone uranium deposits, also called 585: 308: 199: 191: 26: 18: 9242:List of countries by uranium production 8659: 8617:. Oxford Research Group. Archived from 8262:. UK National Nuclear Laboratory. 2010. 7661:"Mortality among Navajo uranium miners" 7316:Drew Hutton and Libby Connors, (1999). 7310: 7101: 6220: 6218: 5906: 5193: 5133: 5045: 4401:"In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium" 4154: 4123: 3830:Hall, Susan; Margaret, Coleman (2012). 1792: 1722:. In 2011, the average price paid for U 1274:lower grade fossil placers, sandstones 896:where the ore is mined from the veins. 601:. Note alternating red and white/green 187: 9957: 9063:Environmental Science & Technology 8796: 8746:Wald, Matthew L. (24 September 2009). 8722:The American Energy Independence Index 8002:"A peril that dwelt among the Navajos" 7843: 7299: 7297: 6907: 6248:U.S. Energy Information Administration 6049:U.S. Energy Information Administration 5860:"Is U.S. Reprocessing Worth The Risk?" 4932:"Uranium Resources and Nuclear Energy" 4653:. Ornl.gov. 2012-08-21. Archived from 4573: 4239: 3720: 3583: 3562: 3002:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 2735:United States Atomic Energy Commission 2452:banned in 1986. Prospecting is legal. 1730:in the United States was $ 122.66/kg. 1448: 9442: 9247:List of countries by uranium reserves 9106: 8955:Uranium mining left a legacy of death 8802: 8610:Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen (2007). 8331:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8275: 8122:"Fact Sheet on Uranium Mill Tailings" 7723:"No smoking / Tobacco – Mormon Rules" 7307:, Cambridge University Press, p. 173. 7218:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (May 23, 2008). 6991:from the original on 31 December 2022 6419: 6352: 6299: 6132:"Fueling nuclear power with seawater" 5290:"Uranium Supplies: Supply of Uranium" 5150: 4235: 4233: 4105:. Unley, SA: Rotary Club of Hyde Park 3901:from the original on 10 December 2022 3777: 3421:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2795:health risks and environmental damage 2033:Fissile uranium can be produced from 1905:, Estonia, and between 1950 and 1989 1851:, United States, burning uraniferous 1787:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 1385:List of countries by uranium reserves 1294:in a fast burner reactor such as the 1081:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 352:Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories) 239:Around 1850, uranium mining began in 204:Yellowcake and ore mined in Australia 9927: 9413:The Navajo People and Uranium Mining 9408:History of the anti-nuclear movement 8745: 8340:from the original on 3 February 2023 8157: 8114: 7400:"World Uranium Hearing, a Look Back" 6305: 6215: 6190: 6163: 4813:"What is uranium? How does it work?" 4768:"Special Issue: Uranium in Seawater" 4750: 4491:"Nuclear power – the energy balance" 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3024: 2962:Uranium mining and the Navajo people 2914:. Because radon is a product of the 2007:, generating energy in the process. 1026: 822: 772:Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited 9863:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 9403:International Uranium Film Festival 8900:, Boston University, Boston, 2004, 8522: 7870:Darby, S; Hill, D; Doll, R (2005). 7294: 6651:. Nuclear Engineering International 4428:Isotopes of the Earth's Hydrosphere 4403:. World-nuclear.org. Archived from 4197:from the original on 15 August 2022 3550:World energy supply and consumption 2945:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 2496:One of the world's largest sources 2156: 1942:BN-800 fast-neutron breeder reactor 1440:Undiscovered conventional resources 978: 915:The health effects discovered from 778:). The first patent for a portable 330:, who had stockpiled the ore in an 326:was purchased from Union Minière's 216:. Klaproth detected the element in 13: 9366:Nuclear power in the United States 9132: 8885: 8803:Cohen, Bernard L. (January 1983). 8417:(NEA). 3 June 2008. Archived from 8237:"Uranium Extraction from Seawater" 7927:Journal of Radiological Protection 7252:"Section 3. The Policy Framework." 7102:Andrews, Anthony (27 March 2008). 6982:International Atomic Energy Agency 6836:Australian Conservation Foundation 6772:"Uranium prices will correct soon" 6393:Nuclear Engineering and Technology 6026:. Wise Uranium Project. 2008-02-17 6024:"Uranium Recovery from Phosphates" 5650:United States Department of Energy 5632:International Atomic Energy Agency 5487:. OECD Publishing: 15, 107. 2018. 5151:Cohen, Bernard L. (January 1983). 4230: 4100: 4034:US Environmental Protection Agency 3940:US Environmental Protection Agency 3675:. Viking Penguin. pp. 21–23. 3252:International Atomic Energy Agency 3233: 3228:International Atomic Energy Agency 2866:renewable energy commercialization 2022: 1373:nuclear power a sustainable energy 1252:pegmatites, unconformity deposits 565:International Atomic Energy Agency 14: 9986: 9755:Population and Development Review 9361:Botanical prospecting for uranium 8942: 8530:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7781:American Journal of Public Health 7665:American Journal of Public Health 7352:"Anti-uranium demos in Australia" 7170:"The slow death of fast reactors" 6934:Komnenic, Ana (7 February 2014). 6889:Uranium 5-year spot price history 6829:Dave Sweeney (January 14, 2014). 6770:Seccombe, Allan (24 April 2007). 6726:Energy Information Administration 6045:"Uranium Marketing Annual Report" 5837:"Reprocessing plants, world-wide" 5819:"Reprocessing plants, world-wide" 5446:"World Uranium Mining Production" 5378:"Terrestrial Gamma Radioactivity" 5106:McCarthy, J. (12 February 1996). 5015:10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0180-66 4030:Mining and Reclamation Background 3936:Mining and Reclamation Background 3806:"World Uranium Mining Production" 3714: 3657: 3627: 3591:"World Uranium Mining Production" 3570:"World Uranium Mining Production" 3495:Botanical prospecting for uranium 3431:Possible effects and consequences 3425:United States Secretary of Energy 3126: 2860:. They highlighted the threat of 2741:made a significant discover near 2562:a long history of uranium mining 1491:. Down blending 500 tonnes (1,100 9939: 9938: 9926: 9803:Population concern organizations 9509:Projections of population growth 8771: 8758: 8739: 8710: 8679: 8653: 8628: 8603: 8574: 8565: 8352: 8316: 8291: 8247: 8229: 8054: 8040: 8026: 8012: 7993: 7969: 7918: 7768: 7754: 7729: 7715: 7701: 7652: 7626: 7589: 7575:10.1001/jama.1989.03430050045024 7554: 7529: 7501: 7466: 7438: 7414: 7392: 7369: 7344: 7323: 7240: 7211: 7200:. Large.stanford.edu. 2018-02-20 7190: 7176: 7162: 7134: 7095: 7074: 7024: 7003: 6967: 6953: 6927: 6901: 6881: 6855: 6789: 6763: 6739: 6710: 6673:. Cameco Corporation. 2007-04-09 6663: 6594: 6576: 6539: 6485: 6462:"Research Note 01/03 – Dounreay" 6454: 6432: 6413: 6380: 6324: 5331:. September 2009. Archived from 4755:. Global Energy Policy Research. 3029: 2700: 2678: 2656: 2634: 2612: 2590: 2568: 2546: 2524: 2502: 2480: 2458: 2436: 2206:(1998–2005) reversed during the 1643:, England at 1.2 kilotonnes (2.6 1065:18 repetitionuses [ 939: 544: 38:is the process of extraction of 9904:Human impact on the environment 9838:Population Action International 8377:"Uranium shortage poses threat" 8124:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 7736:Mould, Richard Francis (1993). 7332:"Aborigines count cost of mine" 6908:Nickel, Rod (7 February 2014). 6866:(Press release). Archived from 6722:Uranium Marketing Annual Report 6647:Steve Kidd (1 September 2016). 6524:. February 2008. Archived from 6244:"Belfield Ashing Facility Site" 6236: 6176: 6157: 6138: 6124: 6094: 6066: 6037: 6016: 5881: 5829: 5811: 5793: 5775:Office of Management and Budget 5762: 5748: 5730: 5684: 5663: 5638: 5620: 5509: 5416: 5406:U.S. Department of the Interior 5394: 5370: 5112:Progress and its Sustainability 5070: 4959: 4941:. December 2006. Archived from 4827: 4759: 4751:Seko, Noriaki (July 29, 2013). 4711: 4689: 4668: 4643: 4618: 4567: 4483: 4451: 4418: 4393: 4368: 4345: 4331: 4313: 4288: 4262: 4209: 4173: 4148: 4117: 4094: 4073: 4040: 4006:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.001 3946: 3880: 3859: 3823: 3798: 3771: 3199: 3020: 2990:Environmental Protection Agency 2982:United States environmental law 2882: 2342:which still contain a share of 2133:Because of the improvements in 1975: 1954:China Experimental Fast Reactor 1477:Decommissioning nuclear weapons 675:conglomerates of South Africa. 220:from the George Wagsfort mine, 9853:United Nations Population Fund 9468: 9423:1974 Elliot Lake miners strike 9371:Church Rock uranium mill spill 8724:. October 2021. Archived from 8551:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458313 8000:Pasternak, Judy (2006-11-19). 7508:Wester van Gaal (2022-05-31). 7221:"Italy Embraces Nuclear Power" 7108:Congressional Research Service 7013:. Wise-uranium.org. 2007-06-04 6774:. Miningmx.com. Archived from 6695:. Hubbert Peak. Archived from 6164:Wang, Brian (24 August 2012). 5205:R. Price; J.R. Blaise (2002). 4574:Tamada M, et al. (2006). 4142:10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.12.022 3956:. earthsci.org. Archived from 3757: 3739: 3689: 3605: 3468: 3335:Australian Uranium Association 3261: 3100:Uranium can also be bred from 2956:United States clean-up efforts 1461: 1201:Earth's continental crust (av) 879: 752:University of British Columbia 737: 581: 381:(the German term "Wismut" for 144:, which raises the content of 1: 9047:The Guardian (22 Jan. 2008): 8484:M. King Hubbert (June 1956). 7827:Toxological profile for radon 7422:"The Declaration of Salzberg" 7320:, Cambridge University Press. 6864:"Form 10K Summary SEC Filing" 6831:"Uranium: Undermining Africa" 5691:Linda Gunter (January 2006). 5108:"Facts from Cohen and others" 4323:. onemine.org. Archived from 3867:"Geology of Uranium Deposits" 3723:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 3555: 3473:An alternative to uranium is 3410:be depleted in 47,000 years. 3277:US Department of the Interior 3014:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2086: 1888: 1834:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1701: 1489:Megatons to Megawatts Program 1316:, a natural decay product of 860:Rössing open pit uranium mine 819:for Russia's war in Ukraine. 574:but at present prices on the 570:Uranium is also contained in 319:Union Minière du Haut Katanga 304: 23:2021 uranium mining by nation 8866:. March 2008. Archived from 8495:. p. 36. Archived from 8454:. AuthorHouse. p. 173. 8448:Samuel Upton Newtan (2007). 7912:"UNSCEAR 2006 Report Vol. I" 7305:Resistance to New Technology 6420:Clark, Duncan (2012-07-09). 5968:Ted Jackovics (2007-05-11). 5408:. 2001-05-03. Archived from 5267:Hisane Masaki (2006-04-22). 5252:. March 2007. Archived from 5057:American Petroleum Institute 4582:(4): 358–363. Archived from 3696:Helmreich, Jonathan (1986). 3311:Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen 3159:Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen 3150:Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen 3046:Knowledge's inclusion policy 1574: lb) of non-waste HEU. 1398:Known conventional resources 1177:Very low-grade ore – 0.01% U 1122: 344:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 7: 9878:World Population Foundation 9868:World Population Conference 9781:World population milestones 8963:Advanced Materials Research 8812:American Journal of Physics 8167:. U.S. Department of Energy 7303:Bauer, Martin (ed) (1995). 6747:"Section 9: Nuclear Energy" 6369:. February 2010. p. 11 5160:American Journal of Physics 4973:. June 2008. Archived from 4819:. June 2006. Archived from 4301:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 3869:. World Nuclear Association 3836:USGS Publications Warehouse 3784:USGS Publications Warehouse 3572:. World Nuclear Association 3488: 3226:According to data from the 2790:Ranger Inquiry (Fox) report 2722: 2403: 2371:. Reactors that can run on 2053:and especially compared to 1912: 1762: 1378: 1263:fossil placers, sandstones 1153:Very high-grade ore – 20% U 850: 699:, Namibia; uranium-bearing 463:McArthur River uranium mine 313:Uranium production in 2015. 263:, yielding 10 tU annually. 10: 9991: 9750:Population and Environment 9376:Sequoyah Fuels Corporation 9341:Uranium in the environment 7947:10.1088/0952-4746/24/3/008 7330:Phil Mercer (2004-05-25). 6626:Tom Doggett (2008-02-01). 6051:. May 2012. Archived from 5505:– via OECD iLibrary. 3540:Uranium in the environment 3303:Pennsylvania State College 3130: 2959: 2842:radioactive waste disposal 2726: 2407: 2365:deep geological repository 2307:Fukushima nuclear disaster 2287:Fukushima nuclear disaster 2221: 2212:Fukushima nuclear accident 2090: 2077:Indian Point Energy Center 2026: 1979: 1948:. As of 2020, the Chinese 1916: 1581: 1578:Reprocessing and recycling 1480: 1382: 985: 728:Western Mining Corporation 714: 548: 437:Elliot Lake area of Canada 182: 9922: 9886: 9811: 9763: 9742: 9660:Human population planning 9625: 9571: 9522: 9484:Demographics of the world 9476: 9331: 9260: 9229: 9140: 9041:World Nuclear Association 8997:World Nuclear Association 8864:World Nuclear Association 7427:Nuclear-Free Future Award 7404:Nuclear-Free Future Award 6691:John Busby (2005-10-31). 6522:World Nuclear Association 6406:10.1016/j.net.2016.03.010 5742:World Nuclear Association 5450:World Nuclear Association 5329:World Nuclear Association 5250:World Nuclear Association 4971:World Nuclear Association 4877:10.1080/00207230601047255 4817:World Nuclear Association 4431:. Springer. p. 399. 3256:World Nuclear Association 2986:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 2862:radioactive contamination 2663:United States of America 2410:Uranium mining by country 2217: 2109: 2093:Uranium mining by country 2014:At higher uranium prices 1289: 1044:have a functional group ( 1008:In Australian ISL mines ( 555:Uranium mining by country 9665:Compulsory sterilization 9392:The Return of Navajo Boy 9313:Floyd Red Crow Westerman 9237:List of uranium projects 8718:"World Uranium Reserves" 8385:. London. Archived from 7793:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300926 7597:"Uranium Miners' Cancer" 6898:, accessed 7 Sept. 2014. 6728:, U.S. DoE. May 16, 2007 6339:American Nuclear Society 5864:Arms Control Association 5841:European Nuclear Society 5423:Colin MacDonald (2003). 5273:The Asia-Pacific Journal 4785:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01293 4240:Massot, Pascale (2024). 3778:Byers, Virginia (1978). 3721:Rhodes, Richard (1986). 3639:Dahlkamp, Franz (1991). 3530:Uranium mining in France 3515:List of uranium projects 2858:Floyd Red Crow Westerman 2334:reserves in the form of 1832:According to a study by 1685:Unconventional resources 1679:thermal-neutron reactors 808:uranium extraction from 798:environmental monitoring 730:in 1975 and is owned by 507:Novokonstantinovka mines 210:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 132:(usually in the form of 9607:Malthusian growth model 9030:World Supply of Uranium 9003:In Situ Leaching Method 8276:Dones, Roberto (2007). 7889:10.1023/A:1012518223463 7453:The Wall Street Journal 6671:"Uranium 101 – Markets" 6518:"Fast Neutron Reactors" 6493:"Fast Neutron Reactors" 5720:"Megatons to Megawatts" 5604:10.1787/uranium-2016-en 4837:. Axton. Archived from 4246:Oxford University Press 4188:US Department of Energy 4081:"Uranium: Where Is It?" 3894:. Stanford University. 3359:to only a few nations. 3283:Pessimistic predictions 3155:Paul Scherrer Institute 3008:protection limits; the 2189:costs ratios (i.e. the 1675:reactor-grade plutonium 1639: lb) per year and 1050:polymer fiber adsorbent 827:As with other types of 682:Igneous or hydrothermal 394:to compete with global 259:was first mined in the 179:) from that feedstock. 9734:Zero population growth 9729:Sustainable population 9653:Malthusian catastrophe 9612:Overshoot (population) 9489:Demographic transition 8768:, October 2008, p. 29. 8256:The Thorium Fuel Cycle 8188:Cite journal requires 8145:Cite journal requires 8102:Cite journal requires 8067:. epa.gov. 2014-07-16. 8050:. epa.gov. 2014-07-16. 7062:Cite journal requires 6306:Dyni, John R. (2006). 6198:U.S. Geological Survey 5722:. USEC. Archived from 5078:"Non-renewable energy" 4915:. Abstract #V33A–1161. 4678:. Pnnl.gov. 2012-08-21 4606:Cite journal requires 4219:. Ornl.gov. 2016-04-21 3671:Zoellner, Tom (2009). 3341:Optimistic predictions 3298: 3197: 3117:uranium bubble of 2007 2783:its non-nuclear stance 2769: 2280:uranium bubble of 2007 2233: 2123: 2102: 1863:before shutting down. 1829: 1333:non-renewable resource 1169:Low-grade ore – 0.1% U 997: 912: 863: 787:University of Manitoba 757:scintillation counters 606: 477:mines at 3250 tU, the 332:Archer Daniels Midland 314: 272:Marie Skłodowska-Curie 249:Central City, Colorado 243:, where more than 620 205: 197: 85:than natural uranium. 59:which is also used in 32: 24: 9843:Population Connection 9707:Mere addition paradox 9546:Physiological density 9351:Uranium mining debate 9323:World Uranium Hearing 9055:Extracting a disaster 8586:"On the road to ruin" 8415:Nuclear Energy Agency 8165:"Pragmatic Framework" 8022:. radon-pennsylvania. 7677:10.2105/AJPH.85.4.535 6474:on September 24, 2004 5693:"Uranium Inventories" 5452:. OECD-NEA & IAEA 3613:"Uranium and thorium" 3545:Uranium mining debate 3462:fast neutron reactors 3438:gas-fired power plant 3419:, a professor at the 3376:fast breeder reactors 3290: 3248:Nuclear Energy Agency 3192: 3094:Fast breeder reactors 2998:uranium mill tailings 2824:, in September 1992. 2818:World Uranium Hearing 2767: 2729:Uranium mining debate 2369:nuclear transmutation 2231: 2208:second Merkel cabinet 2143:separative work units 2117: 2100: 1934:fast breeder reactors 1800: 1667:fast-neutron reactors 1655:nuclear proliferation 1296:Integral Fast Reactor 1161:High-grade ore – 2% U 1103:Co-product/by-product 1093:solubility equilibria 995: 923:towards open cut and 906: 858: 589: 531:Inkai Uranium Project 312: 253:St Stephen-in-Brannel 241:Joachimsthal, Bohemia 203: 195: 30: 22: 9873:World Population Day 9828:Church of Euthanasia 9717:Non-identity problem 9692:Political demography 9648:Human overpopulation 9398:Nuclear labor issues 9155:Kakadu National Park 7084:. Commdocs.house.gov 6232:on February 5, 2007. 4503:on November 22, 2008 4128:. 183–184: 124–142. 4032:. Washington, D.C.: 3938:. Washington, D.C.: 3641:Uranium Ore Deposits 3483:thorium-fuel economy 3351:light water reactors 3090:light-water reactors 3010:Department of Energy 2348:Nuclear reprocessing 2251:Department of Energy 2066:molten salt reactors 2005:light water reactors 1982:Fast breeder reactor 1793:Uraniferous coal ash 1593:Nuclear reprocessing 1584:Nuclear reprocessing 1354:Nuclear reprocessing 1337:light water reactors 866:In open pit mining, 523:Langer Heinrich Mine 497:at 1435 tU, and the 471:Rössing uranium mine 408:German reunification 188:Early uranium mining 165:uranium hexafluoride 157:light water reactors 122:heavy water reactors 88:Uranium is mined by 45:nuclear power plants 9722:Reproductive rights 9553:Population dynamics 9504:Population momentum 9428:Yellowcake boomtown 9075:2008EnST...42.2624M 8824:1983AmJPh..51...75C 8779:"Nuclear Economics" 8543:1975BuAtS..31j..52D 8523:Day, M. C. (1975). 7939:2004JRP....24..295V 7615:on January 15, 2009 7375:Jennifer Thompson. 6963:. 24 February 2020. 6572:on January 2, 2008. 6151:Scientific American 5726:on 24 October 2014. 5325:"Supply of Uranium" 5246:"Supply of Uranium" 5172:1983AmJPh..51...75C 5116:Stanford University 5007:1980SciAm.242a..66D 4995:Scientific American 4967:"Supply of Uranium" 4913:2007AGUFM.V33A1161P 4869:2006IJEnS..63..859S 4737:10.3390/jmse2010081 4539:2003NucTe.144..274S 4276:. 17 September 2024 4134:2012Geode.183..124W 3998:2018OGRv...96..201Q 3986:Ore Geology Reviews 3845:10.3133/sir20125239 3698:Gathering Rare Ores 3510:Isotopes of uranium 3412:Kenneth S. Deffeyes 3370:In 1983, physicist 2733:In March 1951, the 2584:ban lifted in 2008 2336:reprocessed uranium 2291:Westwater Resources 2285:Following the 2011 2244:2007 uranium bubble 1897:shale was used for 1847:operated a mill in 1671:reprocessed uranium 1588:Reprocessed uranium 1449:Secondary resources 1220: 1141: 768:radiation detectors 467:Ranger Uranium Mine 348:triuranium octoxide 334:warehouse near the 261:Uravan Mineral Belt 128:– can operate with 9848:Population Matters 9563:Population pyramid 9541:Population density 9536:Population decline 9057:The Guardian, 2008 9035:2013-02-12 at the 9023:2007-09-30 at the 8991:2018-12-26 at the 8965:. 71–73: 621–624. 8766:Mining Engineering 8752:The New York Times 8421:on 5 December 2008 8241:large.stanford.edu 7832:2016-04-15 at the 7481:The New York Times 7382:2016-01-28 at the 7377:Anti-nuke protests 7227:The New York Times 7172:. 2 November 2016. 6894:2014-09-07 at the 6566:American Scientist 5894:Harvard University 5300:on 17 October 2015 5228:"Uranium reserves" 4939:Energy Watch Group 4705:large.stanford.edu 4527:Nuclear Technology 3954:"uranium deposits" 3525:Uranium metallurgy 3520:Nuclear fuel cycle 3500:Energy development 3479:thorium fuel cycle 3315:Energy Watch Group 3299: 3240:once-through cycle 3109:Energy Watch Group 2996:, and disposal of 2950:radiation exposure 2887:Uranium ore emits 2770: 2751:Grants, New Mexico 2749:made another near 2556:Northern Territory 2397:thorium fuel cycle 2328:strategic reserves 2234: 2124: 2103: 2081:Buchanan, New York 2062:thorium fuel cycle 1843:From 1965 to 1967 1830: 1824:. As predicted by 1663:nuclear fuel cycle 1597:spent nuclear fuel 1285:volcanic deposits 1218: 1139: 998: 913: 873:acid mine drainage 864: 837:underground mining 776:Cameco Corporation 607: 533:at 51,808 tU, the 529:at 55,753 tU, the 525:at 60,830 tU, the 521:at 62,856 tU, the 391:Johanngeorgenstadt 315: 208:Before 1789, when 206: 198: 142:uranium enrichment 61:uranium ammunition 33: 25: 9952: 9951: 9823:7 Billion Actions 9697:Population ethics 9590:Carrying capacity 9499:Population growth 9436: 9435: 9083:10.1021/es702249v 8461:978-1-4259-8510-3 8006:Los Angeles Times 7747:978-0-7503-0224-1 7387:Green Left Weekly 7276:978-0-7557-7521-7 6984:. February 2007. 6584:"Uranium Markets" 6439:Arjun Makhijani. 6112:on 25 August 2012 5787:National Archives 5613:978-92-64-26844-9 5502:978-92-64-22351-6 5294:World-nuclear.org 4778:(15): 4101–4361. 4438:978-94-007-2856-1 4255:978-0-19-777140-2 4083:. geoinfo.nmt.edu 3682:978-0-670-02064-5 3650:978-3-642-08095-1 3356:plutonium economy 3294:All-Atomic Comics 3268:Alvin M. Weinberg 3181:would be needed. 3179:closed fuel cycle 3168:gaseous diffusion 3157:who analyzed the 3074: 3073: 3066: 2984:that amended the 2916:radioactive decay 2822:Salzburg, Austria 2720: 2719: 2716:a major producer 2578:Western Australia 2421:Country/Territory 2239:online refuelling 2139:gaseous diffusion 1990:uranium-238 into 1932:. He claims that 1712:mature technology 1302: 1301: 1227:tonnes of uranium 1224:Ore concentration 1216: 1215: 1033:parts per billion 1027:Seawater recovery 823:Mining techniques 709:McDermitt Caldera 703:, and the Aurora 689:nepheline syenite 499:McClean Lake mine 324:Manhattan Project 138:research reactors 103:chemical leaching 9982: 9942: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9899:Green Revolution 9680:Two-child policy 9675:One-child policy 9598: 9558:Population model 9514:World population 9463: 9456: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9298:Yvonne Margarula 9127: 9120: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9094: 9069:(7): 2624–2630. 8982: 8938: 8928: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8834:. Archived from 8809: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8775: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8664:. Archived from 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8616: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8501: 8490: 8481: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8427: 8426: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389:on June 12, 2011 8372: 8363: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8339: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8207: 8198: 8197: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8148: 8143: 8141: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8010: 8009: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7867: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7611:. Archived from 7593: 7587: 7586: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7513: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7430:. Archived from 7418: 7412: 7411: 7406:. Archived from 7396: 7390: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7327: 7321: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7279:. Archived from 7256: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7060: 7058: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6899: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6840:. Archived from 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6399:(5): 1109–1119. 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6364: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6250:. Archived from 6240: 6234: 6233: 6228:. Archived from 6222: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6200:(October 1997). 6194: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6108:. Archived from 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5940: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5866:. Archived from 5855: 5849: 5848: 5843:. Archived from 5833: 5827: 5826: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5593: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5522:(joint report). 5513: 5507: 5506: 5493:10.1787/20725310 5473: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5296:. Archived from 5286: 5277: 5276: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5182:. Archived from 5157: 5148: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122:on 10 April 2007 5118:. Archived from 5103: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5049: 5043: 5042: 4990: 4979: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4936: 4928: 4917: 4916: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3922: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3636: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3460:Introduction of 3394: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3210: 3209: 3144: 3142: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3032: 3025: 2942:In the USA, the 2807:Yvonne Margarula 2706: 2704: 2703: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2518:no active mines 2508: 2506: 2505: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2424:State / Province 2418: 2417: 2393:Breeder reactors 2385:online refueling 2344:fissile material 2340:depleted uranium 2204:Gerhard Schröder 2200:nuclear phaseout 2181: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2157:Demand forecasts 2151:depleted uranium 2147:enriched uranium 2141:plants, cheaper 2045:are produced by 2016:breeder reactors 1970:fissile material 1930:renewable energy 1873: 1872: 1838:breeder reactors 1773: 1772: 1747: 1746: 1649: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1603:, with about 1% 1570: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1549: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1432: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1271:100 million 1221: 1217: 1193:Sedimentary rock 1142: 1138: 1135: 1133: 972:mine reclamation 925:in-situ leaching 889:hard rock mining 843:(12.9 percent), 839:(30.8 percent), 835:(49.7 percent), 829:hard rock mining 805:Uranium reserves 724:Olympic Dam mine 658:Colorado Plateau 535:Kiggavik project 519:Marenica project 493:at 1400 tU, the 491:Rabbit Lake mine 489:at 1808 tU, the 485:at 2981 tU, the 483:Olympic Dam mine 481:at 3003 tU, the 479:Streltsovsk mine 473:at 3574 tU, the 469:at 4423 tU, the 465:at 7400 tU, the 445:Colorado Plateau 375:satellite states 236:was identified. 154: 152: 151: 90:in-situ leaching 84: 82: 81: 73: 71: 70: 57:depleted uranium 9990: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9918: 9882: 9816: 9814: 9807: 9759: 9738: 9687:Overconsumption 9670:Family planning 9627: 9621: 9594: 9578: 9575: 9567: 9529: 9526: 9518: 9472: 9467: 9437: 9432: 9333: 9327: 9278:Katsumi Furitsu 9273:Kevin Buzzacott 9268:Thomas Banyacya 9256: 9225: 9136: 9131: 9037:Wayback Machine 9025:Wayback Machine 8993:Wayback Machine 8945: 8926:10.2172/6395443 8888: 8886:Further reading 8883: 8882: 8873: 8871: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8832:10.1119/1.13440 8807: 8801: 8797: 8788: 8786: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8763: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8731: 8729: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8671: 8669: 8658: 8654: 8645: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8595: 8593: 8582:Michael Meacher 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8555: 8553: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8488: 8482: 8475: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8446: 8439: 8424: 8422: 8409: 8408: 8401: 8392: 8390: 8373: 8366: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8221: 8219: 8208: 8201: 8189: 8187: 8178: 8177: 8170: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8146: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8103: 8101: 8092: 8091: 8084: 8082: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8013: 7998: 7994: 7985: 7983: 7981:Oxford Academic 7975: 7974: 7970: 7923: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7882:(10): 1341–51. 7868: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7834:Wayback Machine 7825: 7818: 7773: 7769: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7734: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7657: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7618: 7616: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7544: 7534: 7530: 7521: 7519: 7506: 7502: 7493: 7491: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7443: 7439: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7389:, 16 July 1997. 7384:Wayback Machine 7374: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7315: 7311: 7302: 7295: 7286:on 2010-12-23. 7283: 7277: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7232: 7230: 7216: 7212: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7186:. 25 June 2014. 7182: 7181: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7154: 7152: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6906: 6902: 6896:Wayback Machine 6886: 6882: 6873: 6871: 6860: 6856: 6847: 6845: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6781: 6779: 6768: 6764: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6731: 6729: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6700: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6558: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6529: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6418: 6414: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6342: 6341:. November 2005 6334: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6204: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5983: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5781: 5779: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5744:. January 2009. 5736: 5735: 5731: 5718: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5591: 5576: 5563: 5551: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5475: 5474: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5436: 5421: 5417: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5265: 5261: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5209: 5203: 5194: 5186: 5180:10.1119/1.13440 5155: 5149: 5134: 5125: 5123: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5046: 4991: 4982: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4920: 4899: 4892: 4853: 4846: 4835:"About Uranium" 4833: 4832: 4828: 4811: 4810: 4801: 4764: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4716: 4712: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4547:10.13182/NT03-2 4519: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4238: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4153: 4149: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4101:Hudson, Geoff. 4099: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4045: 4041: 4028:. Vol. 1: 4025: 4017: 4013: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3934:. Vol. 1: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3669: 3658: 3651: 3637: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3505:Energy security 3491: 3471: 3433: 3423:and the former 3391: 3389: 3381: 3379: 3347:M. King Hubbert 3343: 3307:Michael Meacher 3285: 3273:M. King Hubbert 3264: 3236: 3234:Primary sources 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3121:stranded assets 3070: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3023: 2964: 2958: 2897:epidemiological 2885: 2868:was advocated. 2850:Katsumi Furitsu 2846:Thomas Banyacya 2834:nuclear weapons 2799:Kevin Buzzacott 2731: 2725: 2701: 2699: 2694:banned in 2019 2679: 2677: 2672:banned in 1982 2657: 2655: 2650:banned in 1996 2635: 2633: 2628:banned in 2021 2613: 2611: 2591: 2589: 2569: 2567: 2547: 2545: 2525: 2523: 2503: 2501: 2490:South Australia 2481: 2479: 2459: 2457: 2446:New South Wales 2437: 2435: 2412: 2406: 2373:natural uranium 2320: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2226: 2220: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2112: 2095: 2089: 2047:neutron capture 2031: 2025: 2023:Thermal breeder 1984: 1978: 1960:as needed. The 1958:close the cycle 1921: 1919:Breeder reactor 1915: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1795: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1742: 1735:phosphoric acid 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1704: 1687: 1657:via plutonium. 1646: 1644: 1632: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1590: 1582:Main articles: 1580: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1464: 1451: 1442: 1429: 1427: 1419: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1387: 1381: 1369:Breeder reactor 1346: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1293: 1291: 1260:80 million 1140:Uranium grades 1131: 1129: 1125: 1105: 1046:amidoxime group 1029: 990: 984: 942: 909:Nucla, Colorado 882: 853: 825: 740: 717: 707:deposit of the 684: 613:), Precambrian 584: 557: 549:Main articles: 547: 511:Cigar Lake Mine 509:at 93,630, the 475:Moiynkum Desert 454:it is now 37%. 435:located in the 307: 190: 185: 177:uranium nitride 173:uranium hydride 169:uranium carbide 150: 148: 147: 146: 145: 134:uranium dioxide 130:natural uranium 118: 114: 98:open-pit mining 80: 78: 77: 76: 75: 69: 67: 66: 65: 64: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9988: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9970:Nuclear energy 9967: 9965:Uranium mining 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9936: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9914:Sustainability 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9890: 9888: 9887:Related topics 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9778: 9776:Largest cities 9773: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9645: 9637: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9596:I = P × A × T 9592: 9587: 9581: 9579: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Uranium market 9343: 9337: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9134:Uranium mining 9130: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9058: 9052: 9044: 9027: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8983: 8958: 8952: 8944: 8943:External links 8941: 8940: 8939: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8851: 8795: 8770: 8757: 8738: 8709: 8678: 8652: 8627: 8624:on 2008-11-21. 8602: 8584:(2006-06-07). 8573: 8564: 8512: 8473: 8460: 8437: 8399: 8364: 8351: 8315: 8290: 8279: 8265: 8246: 8228: 8210:Robert Vance. 8199: 8190:|journal= 8156: 8147:|journal= 8113: 8104:|journal= 8070: 8053: 8039: 8025: 8011: 7992: 7968: 7933:(3): 295–305. 7917: 7903: 7859: 7842: 7816: 7787:(3): 443–447. 7767: 7753: 7746: 7728: 7714: 7700: 7651: 7625: 7603:. 1960-12-26. 7588: 7553: 7542:S&P Global 7528: 7500: 7465: 7437: 7434:on 2012-09-23. 7413: 7410:on 2013-06-03. 7391: 7368: 7358:. 5 April 1998 7343: 7322: 7309: 7293: 7275: 7269:. p. 25. 7239: 7210: 7189: 7175: 7161: 7133: 7113: 7094: 7073: 7064:|journal= 7041:10.2172/822658 7023: 7002: 6966: 6952: 6926: 6900: 6880: 6854: 6821: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6762: 6738: 6709: 6683: 6662: 6639: 6618: 6593: 6590:on 2008-08-06. 6575: 6552: 6538: 6509: 6484: 6453: 6431: 6412: 6379: 6351: 6323: 6298: 6264: 6235: 6214: 6189: 6175: 6156: 6137: 6123: 6093: 6065: 6036: 6015: 5981: 5975:Herald Tribune 5960: 5930: 5905: 5880: 5850: 5847:on 2015-06-22. 5828: 5825:on 2015-06-22. 5810: 5807:on 2013-02-12. 5792: 5761: 5747: 5729: 5708: 5705:on 2008-09-16. 5683: 5662: 5637: 5634:. 1 June 2006. 5619: 5612: 5561: 5552:|website= 5528: 5508: 5501: 5463: 5434: 5431:on 2013-06-16. 5415: 5412:on 2008-10-05. 5393: 5369: 5366:on 2009-03-20. 5345: 5311: 5278: 5259: 5256:on 2013-02-12. 5237: 5234:on 2008-05-22. 5219: 5192: 5189:on 2007-09-26. 5132: 5093: 5069: 5044: 4980: 4977:on 2013-02-12. 4958: 4918: 4890: 4844: 4841:on 2011-07-07. 4826: 4823:on 2013-02-24. 4799: 4758: 4743: 4710: 4688: 4667: 4642: 4617: 4608:|journal= 4566: 4513: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4450: 4437: 4417: 4392: 4367: 4344: 4330: 4327:on 2013-04-15. 4312: 4287: 4261: 4254: 4229: 4208: 4190:. April 2019. 4172: 4147: 4116: 4093: 4072: 4039: 4011: 3970: 3945: 3912: 3879: 3858: 3822: 3797: 3770: 3756: 3738: 3731: 3713: 3706: 3688: 3681: 3656: 3649: 3626: 3604: 3582: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3432: 3429: 3342: 3339: 3284: 3281: 3263: 3260: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3214: lb) of U 3201: 3198: 3172:gas centrifuge 3133:Uranium market 3131:Main article: 3128: 3127:Uranium supply 3125: 3072: 3071: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3019: 2957: 2954: 2884: 2881: 2877:S&P Global 2755:Rio Tinto Zinc 2747:Paddy Martinez 2727:Main article: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2405: 2402: 2324:energy density 2319: 2316: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2224:Uranium market 2222:Main article: 2219: 2216: 2191:marginal costs 2158: 2155: 2135:gas centrifuge 2120:terawatt-hours 2111: 2108: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2049:, compared to 2027:Main article: 2024: 2021: 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1917:Main article: 1914: 1911: 1901:production in 1890: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1860: 1856: 1794: 1791: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708:phosphate rock 1703: 1700: 1686: 1683: 1579: 1576: 1481:Main article: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1460: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1399: 1396: 1380: 1377: 1345: 1327:present at 55 1321: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1241:vein deposits 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1156:200,000 ppm U 1154: 1150: 1149: 1148:Concentration 1146: 1124: 1121: 1104: 1101: 1038:titanium oxide 1028: 1025: 1018:Honeymoon Mine 986:Main article: 983: 977: 941: 938: 881: 878: 852: 849: 824: 821: 747:Geiger counter 739: 736: 716: 713: 691:intrusives at 683: 680: 654:Peneconcordant 621:, Precambrian 615:unconformities 583: 580: 576:uranium market 546: 543: 541:at 42,243 tU. 539:Trekkopje mine 503:Imouraren mine 396:uranium market 359:Richard Rhodes 336:Bayonne Bridge 306: 303: 291:Beira Province 234:Massif Central 189: 186: 184: 181: 149: 116: 112: 79: 68: 36:Uranium mining 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9987: 9976: 9975:Nuclear power 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9945: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9894:Bennett's law 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9815:organizations 9810: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9602:Kaya identity 9600: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9570: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9288:Jacqui Katona 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204:Navajo Nation 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9189:United States 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8906:0-12-176480-X 8903: 8899: 8896:Herring, J.: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8870:on 2013-02-16 8869: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8841:on 2007-09-26 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8785:on 2010-06-04 8784: 8780: 8774: 8767: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8728:on 2022-06-27 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8699:on 2009-03-20 8695: 8688: 8682: 8668:on 2013-09-15 8667: 8663: 8660:Dave Kimble. 8656: 8642:on 2011-10-03 8641: 8637: 8631: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8537:(10): 52–59. 8536: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8517: 8502:on 2008-05-27 8498: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8478: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8442: 8434: 8432: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8369: 8361: 8355: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8319: 8304: 8303:Stormsmith.nl 8300: 8294: 8283: 8272: 8270: 8258: 8257: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8218:on 2012-10-20 8217: 8213: 8206: 8204: 8195: 8182: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8139: 8123: 8117: 8109: 8096: 8080: 8074: 8063: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8036:. lm.doe.gov. 8035: 8029: 8021: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7996: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7864: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7757: 7749: 7743: 7740:. CRC Press. 7739: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7711:. 9 May 2014. 7710: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7671:(4): 535–40. 7670: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7636: 7629: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7569:(5): 629–33. 7568: 7564: 7557: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7517: 7512: 7504: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7454: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7214: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7179: 7171: 7165: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7083: 7077: 7069: 7056: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7012: 7006: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6870:on 2020-02-23 6869: 6865: 6858: 6844:on 2014-04-13 6843: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6811:on 2008-06-10 6810: 6806: 6792: 6778:on 2007-09-28 6777: 6773: 6766: 6748: 6742: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6699:on 2008-05-17 6698: 6694: 6687: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6542: 6528:on 2013-02-24 6527: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6499:on 2013-02-24 6498: 6494: 6488: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6309: 6302: 6288:on 2009-03-20 6284: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6254:on 2011-08-12 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6179: 6171: 6170:NextBigFuture 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6055:on 2012-09-27 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6025: 6019: 6005:on 2009-03-20 6001: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5950:on 2008-05-06 5949: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5920:on 2008-01-15 5919: 5915: 5909: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5870:on 2005-10-26 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5788: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5672: 5666: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5545: 5531: 5529:92-64-01673-2 5525: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5335:on 2013-02-12 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4948:on 2012-04-17 4944: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863:(6): 859–72. 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4747: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4657:on 2012-08-25 4656: 4652: 4646: 4632:on 2015-12-10 4631: 4627: 4621: 4613: 4600: 4586:on 2008-06-12 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4460: 4454: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4407:on 2009-04-24 4406: 4402: 4396: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4234: 4218: 4212: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4162: 4158: 4155:James Conca. 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4104: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:AAPG Bulletin 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960:on 2016-09-03 3959: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3929: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3812:on 2014-06-13 3811: 3807: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3732:9781451677614 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3707:0-691-04738-3 3703: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3592: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3377: 3373: 3372:Bernard Cohen 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3213: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3057: 3054:November 2022 3047: 3041: 3038:This section 3036: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988:and gave the 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2968:Navajo Nation 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838:nuclear tests 2835: 2831: 2830:nuclear power 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2811:Jillian Marsh 2808: 2804: 2803:Jacqui Katona 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:nuclear power 2766: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739:Charles Steen 2736: 2730: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2195:capital costs 2192: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2055:plutonium-239 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992:plutonium-239 1989: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:Bernard Cohen 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1876: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845:Union Carbide 1841: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1820:and airborne 1819: 1815: 1814:radioisotopes 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1563: 1553: 1542: 1540: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1425: 1415: 1404: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164:20,000 ppm U 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113:Phosphogypsum 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 994: 989: 988:In situ leach 981: 976: 973: 967: 963: 961: 957: 952: 950: 949:sulfuric acid 946: 945:Heap leaching 940:Heap leaching 937: 934: 928: 926: 922: 918: 910: 905: 901: 897: 895: 890: 885: 877: 874: 869: 861: 857: 848: 846: 845:heap leaching 842: 838: 834: 833:in-situ leach 830: 820: 816: 813: 811: 806: 801: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 753: 748: 743: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 679: 676: 674: 673:Witwatersrand 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 631:breccia pipes 628: 624: 620: 617:(in Canada), 616: 612: 604: 600: 596: 593: 588: 579: 577: 573: 568: 566: 561: 556: 552: 545:Deposit types 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:Dominion mine 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 456:In situ leach 453: 448: 446: 442: 441:Witwatersrand 438: 434: 430: 429:conglomerates 427: 423: 418: 416: 411: 409: 405: 404:hard currency 401: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 366: 364: 360: 357:According to 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:Staten Island 337: 333: 329: 328:Edgar Sengier 325: 320: 311: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281:In 1913, the 279: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222:Ore Mountains 219: 215: 211: 202: 194: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 108: 104: 99: 95: 91: 86: 62: 58: 54: 50: 49:uranium glass 46: 41: 37: 29: 21: 9931: 9743:Publications 9702:Antinatalism 9640: 9617:World3 model 9477:Major topics 9390: 9356:Peak uranium 9293:Scott Ludlam 9133: 9066: 9062: 9048: 9043:, March 2007 9015: 8962: 8897: 8872:. Retrieved 8868:the original 8854: 8843:. Retrieved 8836:the original 8818:(1): 75–76. 8815: 8811: 8798: 8787:. Retrieved 8783:the original 8773: 8765: 8760: 8751: 8741: 8730:. Retrieved 8726:the original 8721: 8712: 8701:. Retrieved 8694:the original 8681: 8670:. Retrieved 8666:the original 8655: 8644:. Retrieved 8640:the original 8630: 8619:the original 8605: 8594:. Retrieved 8590:The Guardian 8589: 8576: 8567: 8554:. Retrieved 8534: 8528: 8504:. Retrieved 8497:the original 8465:. Retrieved 8450: 8430: 8429: 8423:. Retrieved 8419:the original 8391:. Retrieved 8387:the original 8380: 8358:Jan Slezak, 8354: 8342:. Retrieved 8330: 8318: 8306:. Retrieved 8302: 8293: 8255: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8220:. Retrieved 8216:the original 8181:cite journal 8171:December 16, 8169:. Retrieved 8159: 8138:cite journal 8128:December 16, 8126:. Retrieved 8116: 8095:cite journal 8085:December 16, 8083:. Retrieved 8073: 8056: 8042: 8028: 8014: 8005: 7995: 7984:. 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Retrieved 3564: 3535:Uranium tile 3482: 3472: 3442: 3434: 3417:Ernest Moniz 3404: 3400: 3395: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3344: 3319: 3300: 3292: 3265: 3237: 3225: 3211: 3203: 3193: 3183:Fast breeder 3176: 3147: 3136: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3060: 3051: 3039: 3021:Peak uranium 3004:, including 2975: 2973: 2965: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2920:Four Corners 2904:Joachimsthal 2901: 2886: 2883:Health risks 2874: 2870: 2826:Anti-nuclear 2820:was held in 2815: 2787: 2771: 2732: 2641:New Zealand 2413: 2387:because the 2331: 2321: 2303: 2284: 2248: 2235: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2104: 2074: 2060:Despite the 2059: 2043:transuranics 2032: 2013: 2009: 1985: 1976:Fast breeder 1938: 1922: 1892: 1874: 1865: 1849:North Dakota 1842: 1831: 1779: 1774: 1766: 1748: 1732: 1705: 1692:reprocessing 1688: 1659: 1650: 1636: 1626: 1617: 1591: 1571: 1561: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1528: 1518: 1508: 1498: 1486: 1468: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1367: 1303: 1212:0.003 ppm U 1172:1,000 ppm U 1126: 1117:Coal fly ash 1106: 1085: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1054: 1042: 1030: 1022: 1007: 1003: 999: 979: 968: 964: 953: 943: 929: 914: 898: 886: 883: 865: 826: 817: 814: 802: 795: 791:Saskatchewan 783:spectrometer 761: 744: 741: 722: 718: 685: 677: 662: 657: 653: 645: 643: 627:conglomerate 608: 569: 562: 558: 460: 449: 419: 412: 398:prices, the 386: 367: 356: 316: 280: 268:Pierre Curie 265: 238: 207: 87: 53:ferrouranium 35: 34: 9626:Society and 9585:Biocapacity 9172:Elliot Lake 8999:, July 2006 8556:13 February 8344:22 February 7644:10 November 7518:(interview) 6995:22 February 5166:(1): 75–6. 4360:Olympic Dam 4201:22 February 4109:2 September 3992:: 201–217. 3905:22 February 3619:2 September 3597:2 September 3469:Substitutes 3291:Panel from 3262:Predictions 3163:Olympic Dam 3143:10 ton 3006:groundwater 2994:restoration 2854:Manuel Pino 2707:Kazakhstan 2685:Kyrgyzstan 2606:ban lifted 2377:heavy water 2051:uranium-235 2039:uranium-233 2001:transuranic 1877: lb) U 1751: lb) U 1739:fertilizers 1613:uranium-232 1609:uranium-236 1605:uranium-235 1601:uranium-238 1462:Inventories 1279:100–200 ppm 1134:10 ton 1062:et al. 933:Olympic Dam 880:Underground 764:Port Radium 738:Exploration 705:crater lake 669:Elliot Lake 665:Blind River 629:, collapse 597:mine, near 582:Sedimentary 551:Uranium ore 495:Akouta mine 452:Olympic Dam 379:SDAG Wismut 299:Radium Hill 295:Tyuya Muyun 287:Port Radium 283:Shinkolobwe 218:pitchblende 161:even higher 94:underground 9959:Categories 9813:Events and 9628:population 9574:Population 9525:Population 9470:Population 9308:Sun Xiaodi 9303:JoAnn Tall 9261:Opposition 9209:New Mexico 9179:Kazakhstan 9142:By country 8874:2008-05-14 8845:2007-08-03 8789:2010-02-21 8732:2022-11-30 8703:2008-04-23 8672:2013-09-15 8646:2008-02-08 8596:2008-05-09 8506:2008-04-18 8467:2009-04-13 8425:2008-06-16 8393:2008-04-25 8222:2022-11-30 7986:2022-03-04 7876:Ann. Oncol 7619:2008-06-26 7547:2022-11-30 7522:2022-11-30 7516:EUobserver 7494:2022-11-30 7362:2023-03-16 7337:2023-03-16 7233:2008-05-22 7204:2022-04-14 7155:2022-04-14 7127:2022-04-14 7106:(Report). 7088:2022-04-14 7046:2022-04-14 7017:2022-04-14 6940:Mining.com 6874:2020-02-22 6848:2014-04-13 6815:2008-05-10 6782:2008-05-10 6756:2008-05-10 6732:2008-05-10 6703:2008-04-18 6677:2008-05-01 6532:2008-05-13 6503:2008-02-20 6478:2008-04-28 6447:2008-04-28 6373:2017-02-28 6345:2008-05-14 6317:2007-07-09 6292:2008-05-14 6258:2023-03-16 6153:(Podcast). 6116:15 January 6087:2008-05-07 6083:. 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