481:
343:
501:
323:
662:
270:, many people moved from rural areas to cities for employment in the manufacturing industry, thus causing urban populations to boom. Subsequent economic change left many cities economically vulnerable. Studies such as the Urban Task Force (DETR 1999), the Urban White Paper (DETR 2000), and a study of Scottish cities (2003) hypothesize areas suffering from industrial decline, high unemployment, poverty, and a decaying physical environment (sometimes including
3183:
753:(GDR). To fill the housing needs, the GDR quickly built many prefabricated apartment buildings. In addition, historic preservation of pre-war buildings varied; in some cases, the rubble of buildings destroyed by the war were simply left there while in other cases the debris was removed, and an empty lot remained. Other standing historical structures were left to decay in the early GDR as they did not represent the socialist ideals of the country.
762:
362:
3903:
3171:
1064:
728:
apartment buildings were "hi-jacked" by gangs who collected rentals from residents but failed to pay the utility bills, leading to termination of municipal services and a refusal by the legal owners to invest in maintenance or cleaning. Occupied today by low-income residents and immigrants and being over-crowded; the proliferation of crime, drugs, illegal businesses, and decay of properties have become prevalent.
3205:
688:. The idea behind the project was to provide an urban housing project, where hundreds of families could socialize and create a community. The design included a public transportation rail station, and a park area between the two buildings. The planners wanted to create a small city model with parks, playing fields, and other facilities.
434:, many of them townspeople with urban skills. By the end of the Second Great Migration, African-Americans had become an urbanized population, with more than 80% of Black Americans living in cities. A majority of 53 percent remained in the South, while 40 percent lived in the Northeast and Midwest and 7 percent in the West.
551:
saw job growth (particularly among women). The UK also saw urban areas become more ethnically diverse, however urban decline was not limited to areas which saw population changes. Manchester in 1991 had a non-white population 7.5% higher than the national average, but
Newcastle had a 1% smaller non-white population.
748:
in 1990. Hoyerswerda's population has dropped about 40% since its peak and there is a significant lack of teenagers and twenty- forty-some year olds due to the declining birthrates during the uncertainty of reunification. Part of the blight in east
Germany is due to the construction and preservation
619:
From the 1950s to the 1970s, publicly funded housing projects resulted in large areas of mid- to high-rise buildings. These modern "grands ensembles" were welcomed at the time, as they replaced shanty towns and raised living standards, but these areas were heavily affected by economic depression in
854:
has become an industry in itself, with hundreds of agencies and charities set up to tackle the issue. European cities have the benefit of historical organic development patterns already concurrent to the New
Urbanist model, and although derelict, most cities have attractive historical quarters and
638:
sparked by the accidental electrocution of two teenagers in the northern suburbs of Paris, and fueled in part by the substandard living conditions in these areas. Many deprived suburbs of French cities were the scenes of clashes between youth and the police, with violence and numerous car burnings
550:
Population decline in particular was noted to be faster in inner city areas than in outer ones, however a decline was noted throughout the 1970s, through the 1990s in both inner and outer city areas. Jobs declined between 1984 and 1991 (a decline observed particularly among men), while outer areas
471:
Inner-city property values declined, and economically disadvantaged populations moved in. In the U.S., the new inner-city poor were often
African-Americans that migrated from the South in the 1920s and 1930s. As they moved into traditional white neighborhoods, ethnic frictions served to accelerate
496:
carried out extensive slum clearances. These efforts continued after the war, however in many of these slums, depopulation became common, producing compounding decay. The UK is unlike much of Europe in having high overall population density, but low urban population density outside of London. In
858:
In the inner-city estates and suburban cities, the solution is often more drastic, with 1960s and 1970s state housing projects being demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional
European urban style, with a mix of housing types, sizes, prices, and tenures, as well as a mix of other uses such as
727:
in 1994, many middle-class white residents moved out and were replaced by mainly low-income workers and unemployed people, including many refugees and undocumented immigrants from neighboring countries. Many businesses that operated in the area followed their customers to the suburbs, and some
285:, many political decisions favored suburban development and encouraged suburbanization through financial incentives like government supported FHA loans and VA mortgage aid. This allowed many veterans of World War II and their families to afford comfortable single family housing in suburbs.
829:
For multiple reasons including increased demand for urban amenities, some cities have rebounded from these policy mistakes. Meanwhile, some of the inner suburbs built in the 1950s and 1960s are beginning the process of decay, as those who are living in the inner city are pushed out due to
402:
Some historians differentiate between the first Great
Migration (1910–1930), numbering about 1.6 million African-American migrants who left mostly Southern rural areas to migrate to northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and, after a lull during the
1349:
557:
Urban decay has been found by the
Foundation to be "more extreme and therefore more visible" in the north of the United Kingdom. This trend of northern decline has been observed not just in the United Kingdom but also in much of Europe. Some
1173:, laying a concrete slab on top of lively, bustling Third Avenue, buried the avenue in shadow, and when the parkway was completed, the avenue was cast forever into darkness and gloom, and its bustle and life were forever gone.
1911:
and on the North and West Sides, urban renewal in this context too often meant, as contemporaries noted, "***** removal". Between 1948 and 1963 alone, some 50,000 families (averaging 3.3 members) and 18,000 individuals were
863:, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century housing in the 1950s to make way for a large estate of high-rise flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared again to make way for new development built along new urbanist lines.
292:
has historically been a base for the prosperity of major cities. When these industries relocate to larger, less urban environments, some cities have experienced population loss with associated urban decay, and even
554:
Features of
British urban decay analyzed by the Foundation included empty houses; widespread demolitions; declining property values; and low demand for all property types, neighborhoods, and tenures.
468:, suburban retail and employment centers, and low-density housing estates. Large areas of many northern cities in the United States experienced population decreases and a degradation of urban areas.
1790:
642:
Today the situation remains generally unchanged; however, there is a level of disparity. Some areas are experiencing increased drug trafficking, while some northern suburbs of Paris and areas like
631:
government of 1871, considered as "lawless" or "outside the law", even "outside the
Republic", as opposed to "deep France" or "authentic France", which is associated with the countryside.
780:
The main responses to urban decay have been through positive public intervention and policy, through a plethora of initiatives, funding streams, and agencies, using the principles of
60:) is the sociological process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. There is no single process that leads to urban decay.
826:
demolished entire neighborhoods in many inner cities and it was as much a cause of urban decay as a remedy. These government efforts are now thought by many to have been misguided.
1808:
519:
in the 1980s and 1990s undertook extensive studies culminating with a 1991 report which analyzed the 20 most difficult council estates. Many of the most unpopular estates were in
497:
London, many former slum neighbourhoods like in
Islington became "highly prized", however this was the exception to the rule, and much of the north of England remains deprived.
1101:
627:, especially the northern Parisian banlieues, are criticized by the country's territorial spatial planning administration. They have been ostracized since the French
297:. Cutbacks on police and fire services may result, while lobbying for government funded housing may increase. Increased city taxes encourage residents to move out.
437:
From the 1930s until 1977, African-Americans seeking borrowed capital for housing and businesses were discriminated against via the federal-government–legislated
235:. Another characteristic of urban decay is blight – the visual, psychological, and physical effects of living among empty lots, buildings, and condemned houses.
3487:
460:
Later urban centers were drained further through the advent of mass car ownership, the marketing of suburbia as a location to move to, and the building of the
124:
1294:
1696:
562:
towns have also experienced urban decay towards the end of the 20th century. The UK's period of urban decay was exemplified by popular songs, such as
1554:
653:
towns in France are experiencing increasing crime, decay, and decreasing population. The issue remains a divisive issue in French public politics.
3015:
2671:
893:
1235:
The 1965 law brought an end to the lengthy and destructive—at least for cities—period of tightly restricted immigration a spell born of the
1573:
1471:
William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–3
3714:
699:, led to urban decay inside this project and in the surrounding areas. Many families left homeless by the earthquake squatted inside the
1812:
281:) eliminated some of the cities' public transport service advantages, e.g., fixed-route buses and trains. In particular, at the end of
3707:
2962:
1517:
408:
3357:
2243:
2035:
1473:
1868:
Nipper, Josef (2002). "The Transformation of Urban East Germany since the 'Wende' : From a Socialist City to a .... ?".
3719:
1269:
3932:
3724:
597:
1954:; Hanlon, Bernadette; Vicino, Thomas J. (2007). "The Decline of Inner Suburbs: The New Suburban Gothic in the United States".
504:
Many areas that suffered population decline from the 1970s still have signs of urban decay, such as this derelict building in
3062:
1935:
1791:"Johannesburg's Ponte City: 'the tallest and grandest urban slum in the world' – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 33"
1637:
Ninety-five percent of cities with populations greater than 100,000 people in the U.S. lost population between 1970 and 1975.
1196:
1152:
1649:
457:
to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.
2995:
1353:
809:
805:
575:
1999:
411:(1940–1970), in which 5 million or more African-Americans moved, including many to California and various western cities.
3587:
2314:
1530:... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by
2459:
1835:
1374:
842:
In Western Europe, where undeveloped land is scarce and urban areas are generally recognized as the drivers of the new
392:
378:
1632:
1228:
1114:
3243:
2065:
1526:
Recommended restrictions should include provision for the following ... Prohibition of the occupancy of properties
592:
Large French cities are often surrounded by areas of urban decay. While city centers tend to be occupied mainly by
3838:
3208:
3072:
2840:
2711:
2266:
1720:
Anne-Marie Thiesse (1997) Ils apprenaient la France, l'exaltation des régions dans le discours patriotique, MSH.
212:
Since the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay has been a phenomenon associated with some Western cities, especially in
3432:
3067:
2955:
2337:
2116:
1762:
Crankshaw, Owen; White, Caroline (December 1995). "Racial Desegregation and Inner City Decay in Johannesburg".
1685:
1535:
567:
442:
2800:
2950:
2416:
2309:
2271:
2028:
1539:
454:
139:
17:
3031:
3010:
2985:
2008:
1558:
1423:
Boustan, L. P. (2010). "Was Postwar Suburbanization "White Flight"? Evidence from the Black Migration*".
635:
480:
1748:
1362:
Rent Control: Myths and Realities—International Evidence of the Effects of Rent Control in Six Countries
3582:
3036:
3005:
2436:
2319:
2294:
2060:
801:
450:
1397:
3803:
3577:
3482:
3198:
2167:
2070:
2055:
1324:
461:
1437:
305:
contributes to urban blight by reducing new construction and investment in housing and discouraging
3057:
3041:
3000:
2945:
2875:
2820:
2646:
2224:
2214:
2209:
628:
539:, and Liverpool, their unpopularity driven by a variety of causes from the loss of key industries,
346:
342:
3828:
3492:
3187:
3149:
3134:
2990:
2880:
2489:
2376:
2304:
2286:
2276:
2021:
1106:
954:
692:
438:
35:
1581:
3813:
3702:
3674:
3559:
3193:
3129:
2885:
2607:
2444:
2253:
2161:
1432:
1366:
1360:
593:
289:
101:
3853:
3644:
3634:
3619:
3472:
3414:
3104:
2915:
2721:
2661:
2556:
1902:
1555:"Text of Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 — Title VIII (Community Reinvestment)"
613:
384:
267:
1542:
With Revisions to February, 1938 (Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.
3927:
3843:
3818:
3236:
2666:
2656:
2602:
2386:
2329:
2261:
1963:
745:
91:
1514:
8:
3883:
3497:
2686:
2623:
2597:
2406:
2391:
919:
908:
903:
843:
769:
544:
536:
524:
247:
96:
77:
31:
1967:
1470:
3782:
2905:
2587:
2126:
1979:
1908:
1775:
1735:
1450:
1096:
540:
528:
366:
354:
153:
130:
106:
87:
39:
792:
has also had a significant effect, and remains the primary means of a natural remedy.
3868:
3777:
3649:
3602:
3597:
3382:
3337:
3099:
2925:
2730:
2550:
2381:
2371:
2299:
2235:
2188:
2156:
2131:
2121:
2096:
1983:
1975:
1951:
1931:
1885:
1843:
1628:
1370:
1224:
1192:
1158:
1148:
1120:
1110:
1016:
1011:
996:
785:
271:
72:
1624:
3888:
3833:
3787:
3757:
3694:
3664:
3439:
3124:
2810:
2521:
2474:
2421:
2172:
1971:
1925:
1877:
1771:
1454:
1442:
1218:
1143:
985:
975:
819:
741:
404:
1538:, Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the
500:
3767:
3679:
3464:
3449:
3367:
3260:
3229:
3154:
3114:
2860:
2815:
2745:
2469:
2464:
1653:
1521:
1477:
1186:
1170:
1043:
847:
765:
251:
195:
191:
187:
134:
2785:
1446:
414:
Between 1910 and 1970, African-Americans moved from southern States, especially
3863:
3823:
3569:
3549:
3372:
3305:
2865:
2845:
2825:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2735:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2449:
2426:
2366:
2044:
1320:
1048:
980:
944:
939:
913:
878:
831:
789:
643:
559:
493:
243:
239:
202:
164:
160:
82:
1295:"Financing Suburbia: How government mortgage policy determined where you live"
3921:
3907:
3878:
3848:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3592:
3544:
3315:
3175:
3144:
3139:
3109:
2920:
2870:
2775:
2706:
2696:
2681:
2612:
2566:
2545:
2506:
2479:
2219:
2178:
1889:
1847:
1068:
1021:
1006:
851:
823:
815:
773:
431:
331:
228:
213:
206:
183:
1124:
322:
277:
Changes in transportation from public to private, (specifically the private
3858:
3742:
3639:
3624:
3512:
3454:
3427:
3404:
3362:
3094:
2855:
2850:
2740:
2726:
2691:
2642:
2538:
2497:
2411:
2401:
2183:
1603:
1053:
1031:
1001:
969:
949:
883:
781:
750:
720:
563:
388:
327:
302:
282:
246:
decisions, economic deprivation of the local populace, the construction of
232:
113:
1881:
1270:"Suburban Sprawl: The Greatest Social Change of Post-World War II America"
1162:
661:
3684:
3669:
3554:
3522:
3477:
3422:
3399:
3352:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3300:
3273:
2910:
2835:
2701:
2676:
2526:
2516:
1236:
1138:
991:
924:
737:
520:
465:
423:
396:
335:
306:
298:
294:
1686:"The slow death of great cities? Urban abandonment or urban renaissance"
1572:
Avery, Robert B.; Bostic, Raphael W.; Canner, Glenn B. (November 2000).
250:
and railroad lines that bypass or run through the area, depopulation by
3873:
3808:
3659:
3609:
3517:
3444:
3377:
3342:
3268:
2830:
2511:
2086:
2005:
1240:
934:
929:
888:
509:
505:
334:(5 August 1980) campaigned before this ruin on Charlotte Street in the
172:
149:
274:
and obsolete infrastructure)—prove "highly resistant to improvement".
3629:
3537:
3394:
3389:
3310:
3295:
3119:
2749:
2592:
1502:
1499:
Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium
964:
898:
724:
485:
446:
419:
374:
255:
179:
761:
361:
3734:
3654:
3527:
3347:
3278:
2571:
2561:
2533:
2501:
2454:
2193:
2111:
2106:
1026:
716:
680:, a large public housing estate built between 1962 and 1975 in the
650:
587:
1627:
By Katharine L. Bradbury, Kenneth A. Small, Anthony Downs, p. 28.
2651:
2013:
704:
696:
681:
676:
In Italy, a well-known case of urban decay is represented by the
666:
609:
605:
601:
571:
532:
415:
350:
221:
119:
1220:
Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival]
3614:
3507:
3285:
2754:
2637:
2101:
685:
670:
217:
492:
Like many industrial nations before the Second World War, the
3290:
2396:
2002:
Follow up report to UK Government's 'Urban task Force' report
1650:"White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism"
959:
860:
859:
retail or commercial. One of the best examples of this is in
427:
225:
168:
1325:"The Curley Effect: The Economics of Shaping the Electorate"
1102:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
3532:
3252:
2091:
624:
145:
1574:"The Performance and Profitability of CRA-Related Lending"
1216:
814:
In the United States, early government policies included "
516:
3221:
278:
1907:"(In Chicago) while whites were among those uprooted in
776:
project was built; it failed and was razed in the 1970s.
715:
In South Africa, the most prominent urban decay case is
707:
drug trade, as well as other gang and illicit activity.
600:, with many tenants being of North African origin (from
1836:"Quiet epitaph to industry: a typical East German town"
1144:
The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York
1927:
American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto
1809:"Cop killed, 6 arrested after Hillbrow cash van heist"
30:"Urban blight" redirects here. For the ska band, see
1764:
International Journal of Regional and Urban Research
1515:"Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual, 1938
464:. In North America, this shift manifested itself in
220:. Cities have experienced population flights to the
1580:. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Archived from
1348:
756:
353:has gone through a major economic and demographic
1950:
1571:
1332:The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization
646:are undergoing refurbishment and re-development.
238:Urban decay is often the result of inter-related
3919:
1466:
1464:
749:practices of the socialist government under the
703:. The lack of police presence, led to a rise in
68:Urban decay can include the following aspects:
1625:Urban Decline and the Future of American Cities
1596:
1761:
1528:except by the race for which they are intended
254:of peripheral lands, real estate neighborhood
3237:
2029:
1461:
1352:; Block, Walter; Hayek, Friedrich A. (1981).
988:, mismatch between job location and residence
894:Crime prevention through environmental design
453:, designed to encourage commercial banks and
383:Historically in the United States, the white
326:Urban decay in the United States: Presidents
1683:
1256:The Growth and Decline of Cities and Regions
1365:. Vancouver: The Fraser Institute. p.
1319:
723:which was formerly affluent. At the end of
691:However, various events, starting with the
488:built by George Peabody in the 19th century
159:Large and/or less regulated populations of
3244:
3230:
2036:
2022:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1923:
1436:
1267:
598:surrounded by public housing developments
2244:Regional Planning Association of America
1723:
1684:Power, Anne; Mumford, Katharine (1999).
1547:
1089:
760:
660:
499:
479:
360:
341:
321:
1422:
1205:
1095:
740:face or are facing population loss and
14:
3920:
1867:
1833:
1501:, Michael Schill & Susan Wachter,
1268:Gigantino, Anthony (20 January 2019).
1184:
449:. In 1977, the US Congress passed the
3225:
2017:
1788:
1729:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1217:Paul S. Grogan; Tony Proscio (2002).
634:In November 2005, the French suburbs
63:
27:Sociological process affecting cities
3204:
2006:http://urban.probeinternational.org/
1483:
1398:"1545 Charlotte St, Bronx, NY 10460"
1137:
1131:
810:Law enforcement in the United States
806:Social programs in the United States
576:Down in the Tube Station at Midnight
3588:Technical aspects of urban planning
2315:Professional transportation planner
2000:Towards a Strong Urban Renaissance'
1565:
623:The banlieues of large cities like
24:
2043:
1776:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1995.tb00531.x
1660:
1258:. CASE-Brookings Census Brief No.1
855:buildings ripe for redevelopment.
795:
379:United States cities by crime rate
25:
3944:
1993:
1924:Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi (2000).
1702:from the original on 16 July 2020
1188:How East New York Became a Ghetto
475:
34:. For the cosmetics company, see
3901:
3358:Cities with the most skyscrapers
3203:
3182:
3181:
3169:
1976:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00020.x
1730:Bassolino. Teduccio. p. 50.
1254:Lupton, R. and Power, A. (2004)
1147:. New York: Knopf. p. 522.
1062:
719:, an inner-city neighborhood of
439:discriminatory lending practices
317:
258:, and immigration restrictions.
3839:Sustainable Development Goal 11
3720:Most populous national capitals
2712:Transferable development rights
2267:Environmental impact assessment
1944:
1917:
1903:Encyclopedia of Chicago History
1896:
1861:
1827:
1801:
1782:
1755:
1714:
1642:
1618:
1508:
1492:
1416:
1390:
788:, its UK/European equivalent).
772:, Missouri. In the 1950s, this
757:Policy responses to urban decay
736:Many east German towns such as
710:
3725:Most populous satellite cities
2338:Community economic development
2117:Planning and zoning commission
1834:Harris, John (15 March 2011).
1536:Federal Housing Administration
1425:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1342:
1313:
1287:
1261:
1248:
1178:
818:" and building of large-scale
517:The Joseph Rowntree Foundation
443:Federal Housing Administration
13:
1:
3933:Demographic economic problems
3715:Most densely populated cities
1606:. Federal Reserve Board (FRB)
1078:
639:resulting in media coverage.
484:An early slum replacement in
2951:Planning Accreditation Board
2310:Transit-oriented development
2272:Recreation resource planning
1930:. Harvard University Press.
1789:Smith, David (11 May 2015).
1604:"Community Reinvestment Act"
596:residents, cities are often
312:
201:Desolate cityscape known as
140:Political disenfranchisement
7:
2009:Urban Renaissance Institute
1447:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.417
866:
10:
3949:
3583:Theories of urban planning
3251:
2963:Professional organizations
2320:Urban freight distribution
2295:Transportation forecasting
1693:Joseph Rowntree Foundation
1532:inharmonious racial groups
1480:. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
802:Community Reinvestment Act
799:
751:German Democratic Republic
731:
585:
451:Community Reinvestment Act
395:north toward cities after
393:African-American migration
391:for suburban areas due to
372:
369:suffering from urban decay
261:
29:
3897:
3796:
3733:
3693:
3578:History of urban planning
3568:
3483:Central business district
3463:
3413:
3259:
3199:List of planning journals
3163:
3085:
3050:
3024:
2978:
2971:
2938:
2898:
2774:
2767:
2580:
2488:
2435:
2359:
2350:
2328:
2285:
2252:
2234:
2202:
2168:History of urban planning
2149:
2140:
2079:
2051:
972:, the country counterpart
837:
581:
462:Interstate Highway System
38:. For the 2007 film, see
3135:Marine spatial planning
2647:Healthy community design
2225:Village design statement
2215:Preservation development
2210:Conservation development
1870:Hommes et Terres du Nord
1520:29 December 2008 at the
1169:The construction of the
746:reunification of Germany
656:
430:to other regions of the
347:Packard Automotive Plant
3829:Million Tree Initiative
3150:Real estate development
2881:List of urban theorists
2377:City Beautiful movement
2305:Rational planning model
2287:Transportation planning
2277:Sustainable development
1274:Lasalle Digital Commons
1185:Thabit, Walter (2003).
1107:Oxford University Press
955:Municipal disinvestment
636:were the scene of riots
472:flight to the suburbs.
231:; often in the form of
36:Urban Decay (cosmetics)
3814:Ecological engineering
3703:World's largest cities
3675:Cycling infrastructure
3560:Peri-urban agriculture
3194:List of planned cities
3130:Landscape architecture
2886:List of urban planners
2608:Conservation community
2445:Collaborative planning
2254:Environmental planning
2162:Comprehensive planning
1914:
1639:
1544:
1175:
777:
673:
513:
489:
409:Second Great Migration
370:
358:
339:
301:economists argue that
290:manufacturing industry
102:Economic restructuring
3854:Urban forest inequity
3645:Multiple nuclei model
3635:Concentric zone model
3620:Mixed-use development
3488:Most expensive cities
3473:World's cities by GDP
3105:Development economics
2956:Real estate education
2916:James Howard Kunstler
2841:Konstantinos Doxiadis
2722:Urban growth boundary
2662:Mixed-use development
2557:Intentional community
1905:
1882:10.3406/htn.2002.2826
1635:
1561:on 16 September 2008.
1524:
1243:of the 1920s", p. 140
1167:
916:, the reverse process
800:Further information:
764:
664:
503:
483:
373:Further information:
364:
349:, closed since 1958.
345:
330:(5 October 1976) and
325:
268:Industrial Revolution
3844:Sustainable urbanism
3819:Green infrastructure
2657:Leapfrog development
2603:Complete Communities
2460:Intelligent urbanism
2387:Garden city movement
2330:Economic development
2262:Environmental design
1540:National Housing Act
1323:; Shleifer, Andrei,
1223:. pp. 139–145.
455:savings associations
365:Part of the city of
3884:Urban reforestation
3498:Most livable cities
3063:Communist countries
2687:Planning Permission
2624:Filtering (housing)
2598:Cluster development
2407:Settlement movement
2392:Indigenous planning
1968:2007GComp...1..641S
1578:Economic Commentary
1476:2 July 2004 at the
1301:. 28 September 2021
1097:Jackson, Kenneth T.
920:Fenceline community
904:Deindustrialization
545:counterurbanization
537:South Wales valleys
525:Newcastle upon Tyne
178:Elevated levels of
125:Fragmented families
107:Abandoned buildings
97:Counterurbanization
78:Deindustrialization
32:Urban Blight (band)
3783:Urban homesteading
3708:throughout history
2946:Planning education
2906:Elizabeth Farrelly
2750:High-rise urbanism
2588:Affordable housing
2127:World Urbanism Day
1952:Short, John Rennie
778:
674:
665:Council houses in
541:population decline
529:Greater Manchester
514:
490:
371:
367:Camden, New Jersey
359:
357:in recent decades.
340:
242:issues, including
173:semi-feral animals
154:drug-related crime
88:Population decline
64:Aspects and causes
40:Urban Decay (film)
3915:
3914:
3908:Cities portal
3869:Urban heat island
3778:Urban exploration
3650:Linear settlement
3598:Public open space
3433:direct-controlled
3383:Abandoned village
3338:Metropolitan area
3219:
3218:
3176:Cities portal
3100:Civil engineering
3081:
3080:
2934:
2933:
2763:
2762:
2731:Peri-urbanisation
2551:Planned community
2382:Dark-sky movement
2372:Car-free movement
2346:
2345:
2300:Trip distribution
2236:Regional planning
2189:Urban green space
2157:Land-use planning
2132:Labor market area
2122:Growth management
2097:Metropolitan area
1956:Geography Compass
1937:978-0-674-00830-4
1743:Missing or empty
1584:on 7 October 2008
1404:. 1 November 2012
1198:978-0-8147-8267-5
1154:978-0-394-48076-3
1071:
1069:Cities portal
1017:Urban exploration
997:Retail apocalypse
786:Urban Renaissance
272:contaminated land
109:or infrastructure
73:Industrialization
16:(Redirected from
3940:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3889:Zero-carbon city
3834:Sustainable city
3788:Unitary urbanism
3758:Urban morphology
3695:Urban population
3665:Bicycle-friendly
3440:Independent city
3415:Urban government
3373:Shrinking cities
3246:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3125:Land development
2976:
2975:
2811:Donald Appleyard
2772:
2771:
2522:Mining community
2475:Radical planning
2422:Transition towns
2357:
2356:
2173:Spatial planning
2147:
2146:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1988:
1987:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:on 28 April 2021
1811:. Archived from
1805:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1695:. pp. 1–6.
1690:
1681:
1658:
1657:
1656:on 10 June 2007.
1652:. Archived from
1646:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1557:. Archived from
1551:
1545:
1512:
1506:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1358:
1350:Friedman, Milton
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1093:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
986:Spatial mismatch
976:Shrinking cities
820:housing projects
768:public housing,
684:neighborhood of
649:Some previously
405:Great Depression
338:, New York City.
131:living standards
21:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3792:
3768:Urban sociology
3729:
3689:
3680:Pedestrian zone
3564:
3493:Cheapest cities
3465:Urban economics
3459:
3450:Autonomous city
3409:
3368:Suburbanization
3261:Urban geography
3255:
3250:
3220:
3215:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3155:Social sciences
3115:Urban economics
3087:
3077:
3046:
3020:
2967:
2930:
2894:
2861:Peter Calthorpe
2816:Ebenezer Howard
2777:
2759:
2746:Verticalization
2576:
2484:
2470:Market urbanism
2465:Livable streets
2431:
2352:
2342:
2324:
2281:
2248:
2230:
2198:
2142:
2136:
2075:
2047:
2042:
1996:
1991:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1901:
1897:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1522:Wayback Machine
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1478:Wayback Machine
1469:
1462:
1438:10.1.1.595.5072
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1321:Glaeser, Edward
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1231:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1171:Gowanus Parkway
1155:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1063:
1061:
1044:Urban economics
869:
840:
812:
798:
759:
742:urban shrinkage
734:
713:
693:1980 earthquake
678:Vele di Scampia
659:
651:mono-industrial
590:
584:
566:' 1981 single "
478:
389:left the cities
381:
320:
315:
264:
252:suburbanization
196:light pollution
192:water pollution
188:noise pollution
135:quality of life
66:
48:(also known as
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3913:
3912:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Urban forestry
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Green urbanism
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Climate change
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3593:Urban planners
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3570:Urban planning
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Municipal bond
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Satellite city
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3016:United Kingdom
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Czech Republic
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2926:Randal O'Toole
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Patrick Geddes
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Kevin A. Lynch
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:Guy Benveniste
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Daniel Burnham
2803:
2801:Colin Buchanan
2798:
2796:Clarence Stein
2793:
2791:Clarence Perry
2788:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2738:
2736:Urban vitality
2733:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:Healthy cities
2640:
2635:
2633:Brusselization
2629:Gentrification
2626:
2621:
2618:Eminent domain
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2490:Cities by type
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Context theory
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Athens Charter
2363:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:Urban planning
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1994:External links
1992:
1990:
1989:
1962:(3): 641–656.
1943:
1936:
1916:
1895:
1860:
1826:
1800:
1781:
1770:(4): 622–638.
1754:
1722:
1713:
1659:
1641:
1617:
1595:
1564:
1546:
1507:
1491:
1482:
1460:
1415:
1389:
1376:978-0889750333
1375:
1341:
1312:
1286:
1260:
1247:
1229:
1204:
1197:
1177:
1153:
1130:
1115:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1051:
1049:Urban planning
1046:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:Slum clearance
978:
973:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
945:Land recycling
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
914:Gentrification
911:
909:Deurbanization
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Benign neglect
870:
868:
865:
839:
836:
832:gentrification
822:for the poor.
797:
794:
790:Gentrification
758:
755:
733:
730:
712:
709:
658:
655:
644:Vaulx-en-Velin
612:), and recent
586:Main article:
583:
580:
560:seaside resort
494:United Kingdom
477:
476:United Kingdom
474:
319:
316:
314:
311:
263:
260:
244:urban planning
240:socio-economic
229:commuter towns
210:
209:
203:greyfield land
199:
176:
165:abandoned pets
161:urban wildlife
157:
142:
137:
127:
122:
116:
110:
104:
99:
94:
92:overpopulation
85:
83:Gentrification
80:
75:
65:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Urban prairie
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Urban ecology
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Anti-urbanism
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Urban culture
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Urban studies
3751:
3749:
3748:Urban warfare
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Urban renewal
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Commuter town
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Public policy
3143:
3141:
3140:Public health
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Urban ecology
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3073:Ancient Egypt
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Lewis Mumford
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Raymond Unwin
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2778:practitioners
2773:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Tract housing
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Temporary use
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Planning gain
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Creative city
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Urban village
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Model village
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Commuter town
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2480:Urban renewal
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Structuralism
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Rural housing
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Redevelopment
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:(in French).
1871:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1737:
1726:
1717:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1633:0-8157-1053-4
1630:
1626:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:0-8133-3952-9
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1191:. NYU Press.
1190:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:0-19-504983-7
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Urban prairie
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Rural poverty
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
864:
862:
856:
853:
852:urban renewal
849:
845:
835:
833:
827:
825:
824:Urban renewal
821:
817:
816:urban renewal
811:
807:
803:
796:United States
793:
791:
787:
783:
775:
774:urban renewal
771:
767:
763:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
729:
726:
722:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
672:
668:
663:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
637:
632:
630:
626:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
579:
577:
574:1979 single "
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
507:
502:
498:
495:
487:
482:
473:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:United States
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
376:
368:
363:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
333:
332:Ronald Reagan
329:
324:
318:United States
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:and parts of
215:
214:North America
208:
207:urban prairie
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:air pollution
181:
177:
174:
170:
169:feral animals
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
146:gang activity
144:Crime (e.g.,
143:
141:
138:
136:
132:
128:
126:
123:
121:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3899:
3859:Urban forest
3743:New Urbanism
3640:Sector model
3625:Urban design
3513:Modern ruins
3502:
3455:Capital city
3428:Municipality
3405:College town
3363:Urbanization
3209:
3186:
3167:
3095:Architecture
3068:Nazi Germany
2876:Thomas Adams
2856:Loretta Lees
2851:Le Corbusier
2821:Edmund Bacon
2786:Andrés Duany
2741:Urbanization
2727:Urban sprawl
2716:
2692:Rural flight
2672:Permeability
2667:Model cities
2539:Logging camp
2498:Company town
2412:Smart growth
2402:New Urbanism
2184:Urban design
1959:
1955:
1946:
1926:
1919:
1906:
1898:
1876:(1): 63–74.
1873:
1869:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1840:The Guardian
1839:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:the original
1803:
1795:The Guardian
1794:
1784:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1745:|title=
1725:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1692:
1654:the original
1644:
1636:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1577:
1567:
1559:the original
1549:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1361:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:Strong Towns
1298:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1219:
1187:
1180:
1168:
1142:
1139:Caro, Robert
1133:
1105:. New York:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1059:
1058:
1054:Urban theory
1037:
1036:
1032:White flight
1002:Rural ghetto
970:Rural flight
950:Modern ruins
884:Black flight
872:
871:
857:
841:
828:
813:
784:(or through
782:New Urbanism
779:
735:
721:Johannesburg
714:
711:South Africa
700:
690:
677:
675:
648:
641:
633:
622:
618:
591:
564:The Specials
556:
553:
549:
515:
491:
470:
459:
436:
413:
401:
385:middle class
382:
328:Jimmy Carter
303:rent control
287:
283:World War II
276:
265:
237:
233:white flight
211:
129:Low overall
114:unemployment
67:
58:urban blight
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
18:Urban blight
3928:Urban decay
3797:Environment
3685:Walkability
3670:Cyclability
3603:Green space
3555:Habitat III
3523:Shanty town
3503:Urban decay
3478:Global city
3423:City status
3400:Closed city
3353:Megalopolis
3333:Conurbation
3321:City proper
3301:Twin cities
3274:City centre
3088:disciplines
2911:Jane Jacobs
2836:James Rouse
2717:Urban decay
2702:Third place
2677:Placemaking
2527:Pit village
2517:Global city
1912:displaced."
1431:: 417–443.
1305:25 February
1279:25 February
1237:nationalism
992:Survivalism
925:Food desert
850:economies,
844:information
766:Pruitt–Igoe
738:Hoyerswerda
620:the 1980s.
594:upper-class
521:East London
466:strip malls
424:Mississippi
397:World War I
336:South Bronx
307:maintenance
299:Libertarian
266:During the
112:High local
54:urban death
46:Urban decay
3922:Categories
3874:Urban park
3809:Eco-cities
3660:Smart city
3610:Urban wild
3518:No-go area
3445:City-state
3378:Ghost town
3343:Metropolis
3269:Urban area
2831:Ian McHarg
2776:Theorists/
2553:(New town)
2512:Ghost town
2351:Concepts/
2087:Urban area
1819:6 November
1408:17 October
1382:18 October
1338:(1): 12–13
1241:xenophobia
1079:References
935:Ghost town
930:Ghetto tax
889:Brownfield
744:since the
614:immigrants
568:Ghost Town
510:Merseyside
506:Birkenhead
445:(FHA) via
387:gradually
150:corruption
118:Increased
3630:Grid plan
3538:Squatting
3395:Tent city
3390:Lost city
3311:Edge city
3296:Core city
3120:Geography
3032:Barcelona
3011:Singapore
2986:Australia
2979:Countries
2593:Cityscape
2360:Movements
1984:145605374
1909:Hyde Park
1890:0018-439X
1848:0261-3077
1736:cite book
1610:5 October
1588:5 October
1503:Cityscape
1433:CiteSeerX
1038:Specific:
1012:Ruin porn
965:Redlining
940:Greyfield
899:Dead mall
770:St. Louis
725:apartheid
572:The Jam's
486:Islington
447:redlining
420:Louisiana
375:Rust Belt
313:Countries
279:motor car
256:redlining
180:pollution
50:urban rot
3735:Urbanism
3655:Land use
3528:Skid row
3348:Megacity
3279:Downtown
3188:Category
3037:Shanghai
2939:Training
2581:Concepts
2572:Boomtown
2562:Arcology
2534:Man camp
2502:Monotown
2455:Ekistics
2437:Theories
2353:theories
2194:Urbanism
2143:branches
2112:Planning
2107:Land use
2061:Theories
1697:Archived
1518:Archived
1474:Archived
1141:(1974).
1125:11785435
1099:(1985).
1027:Urbicide
873:General:
867:See also
717:Hillbrow
588:Banlieue
441:for the
248:freeways
3210:Commons
3086:Related
2899:Critics
2652:LEED-ND
2150:General
2080:General
2071:Outline
2056:History
1964:Bibcode
1853:11 June
1706:16 July
1455:2975073
848:service
732:Germany
705:Camorra
697:Irpinia
682:Scampia
667:Scampia
629:Commune
610:Tunisia
606:Algeria
602:Morocco
533:Glasgow
416:Alabama
355:decline
351:Detroit
262:History
222:suburbs
182:(e.g.,
163:(e.g.,
120:poverty
3615:Zoning
3508:Ghetto
3326:limits
3286:Suburb
3253:Cities
3058:Africa
3042:Sydney
3025:Cities
3006:Serbia
3001:Russia
2972:Places
2768:People
2755:Zoning
2638:Infill
2102:Suburb
1982:
1934:
1888:
1846:
1631:
1453:
1435:
1402:Zillow
1373:
1227:
1195:
1163:834874
1161:
1151:
1123:
1113:
838:Europe
808:, and
686:Naples
671:Naples
582:France
570:" and
543:, and
535:, the
426:, and
218:Europe
194:, and
171:, and
152:, and
3291:Exurb
3051:Other
2991:China
2427:YIMBY
2397:NIMBY
2203:Rural
2175:(Eur)
2141:Major
2066:Index
1980:S2CID
1700:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1451:S2CID
1357:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
1084:Notes
960:NIMBY
861:Hulme
657:Italy
428:Texas
295:riots
226:exurb
3533:Slum
2620:(US)
2227:(UK)
2164:(US)
2092:City
1932:ISBN
1886:ISSN
1855:2019
1844:ISSN
1821:2018
1749:help
1708:2020
1629:ISBN
1612:2008
1590:2008
1489:AAME
1410:2015
1384:2013
1371:ISBN
1307:2023
1281:2023
1239:and
1225:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1159:OCLC
1149:ISBN
1121:OCLC
1111:ISBN
846:and
701:Vele
625:Lyon
608:and
407:, a
377:and
288:The
224:and
1972:doi
1878:doi
1772:doi
1443:doi
1429:125
1354:"3"
695:in
578:".
205:or
133:or
90:or
56:or
3924::
2748:/
2729:/
2645:/
2631:/
2500:/
1978:.
1970:.
1958:.
1884:.
1842:.
1838:.
1793:.
1768:19
1766:.
1740::
1738:}}
1734:{{
1691:.
1662:^
1576:.
1534:.
1463:^
1449:.
1441:.
1427:.
1400:.
1369:.
1367:68
1359:.
1336:21
1334:,
1330:,
1297:.
1272:.
1233:.
1207:^
1157:.
1119:.
1109:.
834:.
804:,
669:,
616:.
604:,
547:.
531:,
527:,
523:,
508:,
422:,
418:,
399:.
309:.
190:,
186:,
167:,
148:,
52:,
3245:e
3238:t
3231:v
2037:e
2030:t
2023:v
1986:.
1974::
1966::
1960:1
1940:.
1892:.
1880::
1874:4
1857:.
1823:.
1797:.
1778:.
1774::
1751:)
1747:(
1710:.
1614:.
1592:.
1505:.
1457:.
1445::
1412:.
1386:.
1309:.
1283:.
1201:.
1165:.
1127:.
512:.
198:)
175:)
156:)
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.